Determine and prove whether an argument in English is valid or invalid. Prove whether each argument is valid or invalid. First find the form of the argument by defining predicates and expressing the hypotheses and the conclusion using the predicates. If the argument is valid, then use the rules of inference to prove that the form is valid. If the argument is invalid, give values for the predicates you defined for a small domain that demonstrate the argument is invalid. QUESTION A AND B ALREADY SOLVED. PLEASE solve part C, D, E using same method, and give some explantion for your answer. THANKS! The domain for each problem is the set of students in a class. (a) Every student on the honor roll received an A. No student who got a detention received an A. No student who got a detention is on the honor roll. H(x): x is on the honor roll A(x): x received an A. D(x): x got a detention.

Hello! I'm happy to help you out in this matter. Following is the answer to your argument :

(c) Every student who received an A is on the honor roll.
H(x): x is on the honor roll
A(x): x received an A.
This argument is invalid. We can show this by giving a counterexample. For example, consider a scenario where there is a student named John who received an A, but he is not on the honor roll. This scenario contradicts the conclusion of the argument, which states that every student who received an A is on the honor roll. Therefore, the argument is invalid.

(d) No student who is on the honor roll received a detention.
H(x): x is on the honor roll
D(x): x got a detention.
This argument is valid. We can prove its validity using the rules of inference. The argument can be written symbolically as ¬∃x(H(x) ∧ D(x)), which can be rewritten using De Morgan's law as ∀x(¬H(x) ∨ ¬D(x)). This is a valid argument form known as the rule of inference called universal instantiation.

(e) Every student who did not receive an A got a detention.
A(x): x received an A.
D(x): x got a detention.
This argument is invalid. We can show this by giving a counterexample. For example, consider a scenario where there is a student named Sarah who did not receive an A, but she did not get a detention either. This scenario contradicts the conclusion of the argument, which states that every student who did not receive an A got a detention. Therefore, the argument is invalid.

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How will you show fairness in every situation brainly?

Read or review the script Mona used for her oral report about the solar system.

Mars is one of the planets in the solar system. It is near Earth, and there are some robotic machines exploring Mars. There might be life on the Red Planet.

Other planets include Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Venus, Uranus, and Neptune. Earth is a planet too, and it is the third planet from the Sun.

The sun is in the middle of the solar system which is part of the Milky Way which is a galaxy in the universe. Planets go orbiting around the sun in circles, and orbit means go around. Is there life on other planets? We don’t know, but there probably is.

In discussing Mona’s presentation, Stephen said “I didn’t understand your explanation of orbits.” Mona responded, “I was totally clear about orbits, they’re circular paths around the sun!” What rule did Mona break?
She should have left the room.
She should have been clearer.
She should have just listened.
She didn’t break a rule.

Розібрати слова за будовою . потемнілий, надовго, мінусовий, співаючи.