Determine the osmotic pressure (atm) of an aqueous sugar solution with a
concentration of 2.5 M at 25 °C?

The correct alternative is (b). NaOH will be present in the test tube, after performing electrolysis.

Aqueous electrolysis of salt solutions finds the salt ions in competition with electrolysis of water at the respective electrodes. That is, water can undergo reduction at the cathode as can the cation of the salt; while at the anode water can undergo oxidation as can the anion of the salt. The reactions are as follows:

Cathode:

H₂O(l) + 2e⁻ ⇄ 2OH⁻(aq) + H₂(g)

Anode:  

2H₂O(l) ⇄ O₂(g) + 4H⁺(aq) + 4e⁻

The distinction can be determined by comparing the 'Standard Reduction Potentials' of the half-reactions.

For NaCl(s) => Na⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq) :

At the Cathode:

Na⁺ + e⁻ => Na⁰(s); εo = -2.71v

2H₂O(l) + 2e⁻ ⇄ 2OH⁻(aq) + H₂(g); εo = -0.83v (Dominant Rxn at cathode – more positive value)

At the Anode:

Cl⁻(aq) => Cl₂(g) + 2e⁻; εo = 1.36v

2H₂O(l) => O₂(g) + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻; εo = 1.23v (Dominant Rxn at anode – more positive value)

Since the more dominant reaction at the cathode(reduction) produces hydroxide ions, the solution would become alkaline with Na⁺ ions already present.

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The condition that will increase the entropy in a reaction is heating up the reaction (option B).

Entropy in chemistry is the measure or degree of the disorder or randomness present in a chemical system.

In a chemical reaction, reacting substances called reactants collide with one another to form products.

However, the degree at which the reactants collide with one another is referred to as the entropy of the reaction.

Therefore, the condition that will increase the entropy in a reaction is heating up the reaction i.e. increase in temperature.

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Answer:

A.) 2,4,5-trimethylhexan-2-ol

B.) 6-bromo-3-ethylhexan-2-one

C.) 3-isoproyl-4-propyloctan-1-al

Explanation:

A.) Since there is an alcohol (-OH) group in the molecule, the name should have the ending -ol. Since the alcohol is on the 2nd carbon, there should be a 2 in front of the -ol. The longest carbon chain contains 6 single-bonded carbons, making this a hexane. There are 3 methyl (-CH₃) groups on the 2nd, 4th, and 5th carbons.

Therefore, the IUPAC name is: 2,4,5-trimethylhexan-2-ol

B.) Since there is a ketone (C=O) group in the molecule, the name should have the ending -one. Since the ketone takes priority, it is on the 2nd carbon. As such, there should be a 2 in front of the -one. The longest carbon chain contains 6 single-bonded carbons, making this a hexane. There is an ethyl (-CH₂CH₃) group on the 3rd carbon and a bromo (-Br) group on the 6th carbon.

Therefore, the IUPAC name is: 6-bromo-3-ethylhexan-2-one

C.) Since there is an aldehyde (HC=O) group in the molecule, the name should have the ending -al. Since the aldehyde is on the 1st carbon, you can add a 1 before the -al (technically not necessary). The longest carbon chain contains 8 single-bonded carbons, making this an octane. There is an isopropyl (-CHCH₃CH₃) group on the 3rd carbon and a propyl (-CH₂CH₂CH₃) on the 4th carbon.

Therefore, the IUPAC name is: 3-isoproyl-4-propyloctan-1-al (or 3-isoproyl-4-propyloctanal)

This exercise is related to the subject of Structured Thinking. See the definition of structured thinking below.

The process of developing a structured framework to address an unstructured situation is known as structured thinking.

Structured thinking is a strategy of problem-solving that entails breaking a huge problem into smaller ones in order to tackle the larger problem more quickly and effectively.

Categorizing things and identifying themes are two subjects under structured thinking.

To categorize anything requires:

Identifying themes entails:

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Using standard heats of formation, the standard enthalpy change for the reaction  is  mathematically given as

= 542.11 kJ

Generally, the equation for  standard enthalpy change is  mathematically given as

[tex]\Delta H rxn = \Delta H product - \Delta H reactant[/tex]

therefore,

[tex]\Delta H rxn = (\Delta H Br_2 + \Delta H 3F_2) - (\Delta H 2BrF_3)[/tex]

= (30.91 kJ + 3*0 kJ) - (2*(-255.6) kJ)

= 542.11 kJ

In conclusion, the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction is

= 542.11 kJ

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Answer:

4.0  x 10^-6 moles

Explanation:

0.0040 M Ba(OH)2      means there is .0040 moles per liter

    you want 1 ml which is 1/1000 liter so you get 1/1000 of the moles

= .0000040 moles

Taking into account the definition of pH and pOH, [H₃O⁺] will be 1×10⁻³ M.

pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity that indicates the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution or substance.

The pH is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions, that is, the concentration of hydrogen ions or H₃O⁺:

pH= - log [H⁺]= - log [H₃O⁺]

Similarly, pOH is a measure of hydroxyl ions in a solution and is expressed as the logarithm of the concentration of OH⁻ ions, with the sign changed:

pOH= - log [OH⁻]

The following relationship can be established between pH and pOH:

pOH + pH= 14

In this case, you know that [OH⁻]= 1×10⁻¹¹ M.

Replacing in the definition of pOH, it is calculated as:

pOH= - log (1×10⁻¹¹ M)

Solving;

pOH= 11

Replacing in the relationship established between pH and pOH, the pH can be calculated as:

pH + 11= 14

Solving:

pH= 14 - 11

pOH= 3

Replacing in the definition of pH the concentration of H₃O⁺ ions is obtained:

- log [H₃O⁺]= 3

Solving:

[H₃O⁺]= 10⁻³

[H₃O⁺]= 1×10⁻³ M

In summary, [H₃O⁺] will be 1×10⁻³ M.

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The oxidation number of chlorine in KClO3 is +5 (option A).

The oxidation number of an element is the hypothetical charge of an atom within a molecule.

The oxidation number of an element like chlorine in a compound like Pottasium chlorate can be calculated as follows:

The oxidation number of the elements in KClO3 is as follows:

1 + x - 2(3) = 0

x - 5 = 0

x = +5

Therefore, the oxidation number of chlorine in KClO3 is +5.

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If the mass of the sun is 2x, at least one planet will fall into the habitable zone. if I place a planet in orbits 84, 1, and 5, and all planets will orbit the sun successfully.

The size of the sun and motion of planets around it is illustrated below;

If the mass of the sun is 1x, at least one planet will fall into the habitable zone. if I place a planet in orbits 2, 6, and 75, and all planets will orbit the sun successfully.

If the mass of the sun is 2x, at least one planet will fall into the habitable zone. if I place a planet in orbits 84, 1, and 5, and all planets will orbit the sun successfully.

If the mass of the sun is 3x, at least one planet will fall into the habitable zone if I place a planet in orbits 672, and 7 and all planets will orbit the sun successfully.

Thus, If the mass of the sun is 2x, at least one planet will fall into the habitable zone. if I place a planet in orbits 84, 1, and 5, and all planets will orbit the sun successfully.

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Answer:

0.084 moles of H₂O

Explanation:

RAM of Mg = 24, of H = 1, of O = 16

Mg(OH)₂ + 2HCI --> MgCl2 + 2H₂O

Mole of Mg(OH)₂ = mass/MolarMass

= 1/24 = 0.042mol

From the equation,

1 mole of Mg(OH)₂ = 2 moles of H₂O

0.042mol of Mg(OH)₂ = 2 × 0.042 of H₂O

= 0.084 moles of H₂O

The balanced redox reaction in the chemical reaction is given below:

40H2S + 48H+ + 16MnO4¯ ---> 5S8 + 16Mn2+ + 64H2O

Balancing the redox reaction:

Solution:

1) Half-reactions:

H2S ---> S8

MnO4¯ ---> Mn2+

2) Balance:

8H2S ---> S8 + 16H+ + 16e¯

5e¯ + 8H+ + MnO4¯ ---> Mn2+ + 4H2O

3) Make the number of electrons equal (note that there are no common factors between 5 and 16 except 1):

40H2S ---> 5S8 + 80H+ + 80e¯ <--- factor of 5

80e¯ + 128H+ + 16MnO4¯ ---> 16Mn2+ + 64H2O <---

factor of 16

4) Thus, the final answer is given below;

40H2S + 48H+ + 16MnO4¯ ---> 5S8 + 16Mn2+ + 64H2O

Oxidation-reduction can simply be defined as a special type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the substrate change.

So therefore, the balanced redox reaction in the chemical reaction is given below:

40H2S + 48H+ + 16MnO4¯ ---> 5S8 + 16Mn2+ + 64H2O

Complete question:

Balance the following redox reaction:

MnO4¯ + H2S ---> Mn2+ + S8

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Answer:

2.64 M

Explanation:

To find the molarity, you need to (1) convert grams to moles (via molar mass), then (2) convert mL to L, and then (3) calculate the molarity (via molarity ratio). The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the sigs figs of the given values.

(Step 1)

Molar Mass (NH₄NO₃): 2(14.007 g/mol) + 4(1.008 g/mol) + 3(15.998 g/mol)

Molar Mass (NH₄NO₃): 80.04 g/mol

66.5 grams NH₄NO₃                1 mole
---------------------------------  x  ----------------------  =  0.831 moles NH₄NO₃
                                             80.04 grams

(Step 2)

1,000 mL = 1 L

 315 mL                1 L
--------------  x  ------------------  =  0.315 L
                        1,000 mL

(Step 3)

Molarity = moles / volume

Molarity = 0.831 moles / 0.315 L

Molarity = 2.64 M

Answer: 1

Explanation: Lithium has a single electron in the second principal energy level, and so we say that lithium has one valence electron.

1 is correct

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When the crystals of potassium permanganate are preserved in water, the purple-coloured crystals of potassium permanganate break further into smaller particles that populate the distance between the molecules of water imparting a purple colour to the water. This is an example of diffusion.

Diffusion is the process of movement of solvent from higher concentration to lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane. So, we can form the decision that it cannot occur through a thick membrane from which small molecules cannot pass through.

Osmosis is the direction of solvent particles from a solution that is diluted to a more concentrated one. In contrast, diffusion is the movement of particles from a higher concentration region to a part of lower concentration.

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Answer:

[tex]\boxed{\sf no.\ of \ molecules = 7.13 \times 10^{22} \ molecules}[/tex]

Explanation:

Mass in g = m = 5.68 g

Molar mass = M = (16)3 = 48 g/mol

Avogadro's number = [tex]N_A[/tex] = 6.023 × 10²³

No. of molecules = ?

[tex]\displaystyle no.\ of \ molecules = \frac{m}{M} \times N_A[/tex]

Put the givens in the above formula

[tex]\displaystyle no. \ of \ molecules =\frac{5.68}{48} \times 6.023 \times 10^{23}\\\\no. \ of\ molecules = 0.12 \times 6.023 \times 10^{23}\\\\no. \ of \ molecules = 0.713\times 10^{23}\\\\no.\ of \ molecules = 7.13 \times 10^{22} \ molecules\\\\\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]

This is an exercise in the general or combined gas law.

To start solving this exercise, we obtain the following data:

We use the following formula:

P₁V₁T₂ = P₂V₂T₁ ⇒ General formula

Where

We clear the formula for the initial volume:

[tex]\boldsymbol{\sf{V_{1}=\dfrac{P_{2}V_{2}T_{1}}{P_{1}T_{2}} } }[/tex]

We substitute our data into the formula to solve:

[tex]\boldsymbol{\sf{V_{1}=\dfrac{(3.69 \not{atm})(56.4 \ ml)(295.5 \not{k})}{(1.95 \not{atm})(284.9\not{k})} }}[/tex]

[tex]\boldsymbol{\sf{V_{1}=\dfrac{61498.278}{555.555} \ lm }}[/tex]

[tex]\boxed{\boldsymbol{\sf{V_{1}=110.697 \ lm }}}[/tex]

The helium-filled balloon has a volume of 110.697 ml.

Answer:

111  ml

Explanation:

Use the general rule for gases:

P1 V1 / T1    =   P2 V2 / T2      Looking for V1     T must be in Kelvin

re-arrange to :

V1 =   P2 V 2  * T1 / (T2 * P1)      <==== now sub in the values

V1 = 3.69 * 56.4 * (22.5 + 273.15) / [(11.9 + 273.15) * 1.95]

V1 = 110.6949 ml

    for correctness, the answer should only have THREE significant digits as all of the factors have three SD

V1 = 111 ml

Answer:

78.7

Explanation:

The number has 4 significant figures: 7,8 6 and 5.

To round off to 3 significant figures, the target digit is the third significant figure in the number.The determining digit is the fourth significant figure in the number; it is 5 hence the target digit will go up by 1 and any digits to the right of it will be rounded down to 0.

Answer:

X = ¹₀n

Explanation:

The mass number is the total amount of neutrons and protons in the element. The atomic number is the total protons in the element. The mass number is the superscript and the atomic number is the subscript. The mass and atomic numbers must be balanced on both sides of the equation. The element can be identified by the atomic number.

In the event that we have an atomic number of zero, there is no element this represents, so the letter "n" should be used.

²³₁₁Na + ¹₁H  →  ²³₁₂Mg + X

Mass Number:

Reactants = Products

23 + 1 = 23 + ?

24 = 23 + ?

1 = ?

Atomic Number:

Reactants = Products

11 + 1 = 12 + ?

12 = 12 + ?

0 = ?

The complete equation is:

²³₁₁Na + ¹₁H  →  ²³₁₂Mg + ¹₀n

Answer:

1.12 g CaCl₂

Explanation:

To find the mass of calcium chloride, you need to (1) convert grams KCl to moles KCl (via molar mass), then (2) convert moles KCl to moles CaCl₂ (via mole-to-mole ratio from equation coefficients), and then (3) convert moles CaCl₂ to grams CaCl₂ (via molar mass). It is important to arrange the conversions in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given value.

Molar Mass (KCl): 39.098 g/mol + 35.453 g/mol

Molar Mass (KCl): 74.551 g/mol

Molar Mass (CaCl₂): 40.078 g/mol + 2(35.453 g/mol)

Molar Mass (CaCl₂): 110.984 g/mol

1 CaCl₂(aq) + K₂CO₃(aq) -----> 2 KCl(aq) + CaCO₃(aq)

1.50 g KCl            1 mole              1 mole CaCl₂           110.984 g
-----------------  x  -----------------  x  -----------------------  x  ------------------  =
                           74.551  g           2 moles KCl              1 mole

=  1.12 g CaCl₂

The mass of pentane the student should weigh out is

The density of pentane is 0.626 gcm-3

To calculate the mass of pentane following expression is used,

(Density is defined as the mass divide by volume)

Density = mass / volume

mass of pentane = Density of pentane * Volume of pentane

mass of pentane = 0.626 gcm-3 * 45.0 mL

                             = 28.17 g

Here the unit of mass of pentane is g,

However the unit of density is gcm-3 and unit of volume is mL i.e. cm3

Hence,   Mass = gcm-3 * cm3

              Mass = g

The mass of pentane the student should weigh out is 28.17g

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Stoichiometry is used in formulating airbags that shows relationship between product and reactants.

The quick chemical decomposition of solid sodium azide (NaN3) that allows the air bag to inflate fast at any time when the car hit anything. The decomposition reaction is initiated in a car by a small ignition that occurs due to collision sensing mechanism. The nitrogen gas produced during the reaction inflates the air bag which protect the person in the car.

So we can conclude that Stoichiometry is used in formulating airbags that shows relationship between product and reactants.

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Stoichiometry is important in formulating airbags, producing contrails, or formulating rocket engines so as to ensure the required amount of products are formed.

Stoichiometry is the molar relationship between the reactants and products of a reaction.

It is the ratio in which moles of reactants of a reaction combine to form moles of products.

Stoichiometry is important in determining the amount of reactants required to produce a given amount of products.

For example, stoichiometry is important in formulating airbags, producing contrails, or formulating rocket engines in order to ensure the mass of reactants used is enough to produce the required products.

In conclusion, stoichiometry of  a reaction provides the knowledge about the amount of reactants required to form products.

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Answer:

SO2(g) + O2(g) SO3(g) (needs to be balanced. Balance it by placing a 1/2 in front of the 02.) This is a 5-sig-fig problem, so when you calculate your molar masses, you must use all of the sig figs available to you from the periodic table. That's how you can get this problem correct. Melissa Maribel likes to round the numbers from the periodic table, and usually that is ok. But for problems where you have many sig figs, your molar masses from the periodic table must have at least as many sig figs as your data. Therefore, for each oxygen atom, please use 15.9994 g/mol. For each sulfur atom, please use 32.066 g/mol. Thank you.

Answer:

7.1029 gms of O2

Explanation:

First balance the equation to get

2 SO2  + O2 ====>  2 SO3

Mole weight of sulfur dioxide gas

 S   +   2 O  ==   32.066 + 2 * 15.999   = 64.064 gm/mole  ( 5 signif digits)

     28.442 gm / 64.064 gm/mole = .44396 mole  of SO2 ( 5 sig digits)

From the balanced equation, you can see you need 1/2 as many moles of O2   as  SO2:

mole weight of O2  =   2 * 15.999 = 31.998 gm / mole   ( 5 sig digits)

   now you need    1/2  of  .44396 moles of this

              1/2  * .44396  * 31.998 = 7.1029  gm    ( 5 sig digits)

Answer: The answer is B fractional distillation.

Explanation:

Individual components of a mixture can be separated out by a number of methods. These are:

gravity separation: If the various components of the mixture have different gravity, they will form different layers (when shaken and allowed to settle). This way they can be separated out.

Filtration: Particles of different

The procedure to purify/separate these enzymes might be associated with the ion exchange chromatography methodology.

The ion exchange chromatography methodology is a technique to separate molecules such as proteins (in this case enzymes) based on their charge.

The ion exchange chromatography methodology is based on the use of different types of resins that allow the separation of molecules based on their charges and mass.

In conclusion, the procedure to purify/separate these enzymes might be associated with the ion exchange chromatography methodology.

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The product of the given reaction and the balanced form is as follows: Cu3(PO4)2 + 2Fe(OH)3 → 2FePO4 + 3Cu(OH)2 (option C).

A chemical reaction involves the formation of products from the combination of two or more reactants.

However, for the reaction to be balanced, the number of moles of each element on both sides of the equation must be equal.

According to this question, the following reaction is given: Cu3(PO4)2 + Fe(OH)3 → ?

The product of the given reaction and the balanced form is as follows: Cu3(PO4)2 + 2Fe(OH)3 → 2FePO4 + 3Cu(OH)2.

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Answer:

B.) [tex]K_{eq} = \frac{[SO_3][NO]}{[SO_2][NO_2]}[/tex]

Explanation:

The general equilibrium expression looks like this:

[tex]K_{eq} = \frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b}[/tex]

In this expression,

-----> K = equilibrium constant

-----> uppercase letters = formulas

-----> lowercase letters = balanced equation coefficients

The products are in the numerator and the reactants are in the denominator. Since all of the molecules are gases, they should all be included in the expression. Since the coefficients in the balanced equation are all 1, they do not need to be represented in the expression.

The equilibrium constant expression is:

[tex]K_{eq} = \frac{[SO_3][NO]}{[SO_2][NO_2]}[/tex]

The pH of a 0.0100 M sodium benzoate solution is determined as 8.09.

The pH of a solution is a measure of hydrogen (H+) ion concentration, which is, in turn, a measure of acidity of the solution.

pH is can also be determined from pOH of the solution as shown below;

pH = 14 - pOH

let the hydroxyl concentration, OH = x

x²/M = kb

x²/0.01 = 1.5 x 10⁻¹⁰

x² = 1.5 x 10⁻¹²

x = √(1.5 x 10⁻¹²)

x = 1.2247 x 10⁻⁶

pOH = - log(OH⁻)

pOH = -log( 1.2247 x 10⁻⁶)

pOH = 5.91

pH = 14 - 5.91

pH = 8.09

Thus, the pH of a 0.0100 M sodium benzoate solution is determined as 8.09.

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Answer:

80.5%

Explanation:

The percent yield is made up of the theoretical yield and actual yield. The theoretical yield is the amount of product produced from the balanced chemical equation and molar masses. The actual yield is the amount of product produced in an experiment.

To find the percent yield, you need to (1) convert grams C₃H₈ to moles C₃H₈ (via molar mass), then (2) convert moles C₃H₈ to moles CO₂ (via mole-to-mole ratio from equation coefficients), then (3) convert moles CO₂ to grams CO₂ (via molar mass), and then (4) calculate the percent yield. It is important to arrange the conversions/ratios in a way that allows for the cancellation of units.

(Steps 1 - 3)

Molar Mass (C₃H₈): 3(12.01 g/mol) + 8(1.01 g/mol)

Molar Mass (C₃H₈): 44.11 g/mol

Molar Mass (CO₂): 12.01 g/mol + 2(16.0 g/mol)

Molar Mass (CO₂): 44.01 g/mol

1 C₃H₈ + 5 O₂ -----> 3 CO₂ + 4 H₂O

296 g C₃H₈           1 mole            3 moles CO₂           44.01 g
-------------------  x  ----------------  x  ----------------------  x  ----------------  =  886 g CO₂
                               44.11 g            1 mole C₃H₈            1 mole

(Step 4)

                                  Actual Yield
Percent Yield  =  ------------------------------  x  100%
                              Theoretical Yield

                                713 g CO₂
Percent Yield  =  ----------------------  x  100%
                                886 g CO₂

Percent Yield  =  80.5%

Answer:

v = 2.141 ml

Explanation:

we can use the "ideal gas law" :-

p :- pressure ( pa )

V :- Volume ( m³ )

n :- amount of substance ( mol )

R :- Ideal gas constant ( 8.314 Jmol-¹ K-¹ )

T :- Temperature ( K)

If there was an inverse relationship between the temperature and the volume, our daily lives change because in high temperature things will contract.

If there was an inverse relationship between the temperature and the volume then with increasing temperature decrease occur in the volume of a substance. If this type of relationship is present in the world, the objects will contract when the temperature is high and expand when the temperature is low which make the solid materials expand at winter and contract at summer season.

So we can conclude that if there was an inverse relationship between the temperature and the volume, our daily lives change because in high temperature things will contract.

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