The mathematical model that describes the exit temperature considering heat losses to the ambient, and variations in ambient temperature (ta) and incoming stream's temperature (ti) is given by a set of coupled ordinary differential equations.
What are the differential equations for the exit temperature in the presence of heat losses and variable ambient/incoming temperatures?Let's denote the exit temperature as Te(t). The rate of change of Te with respect to time (dTe/dt) can be described by the following differential equation:
dTe/dt = (ti - Te(t)) / τ - (Te(t) - ta) / τ_loss
In this equation, τ represents the time constant of the system, which characterizes the rate at which the temperature changes. The first term on the right-hand side represents the heat transfer from the incoming stream, where (ti - Te(t)) represents the temperature difference between the incoming stream and the exit temperature, and τ accounts for the time constant of the incoming stream. The second term represents the heat transfer to the ambient, where (Te(t) - ta) represents the temperature difference between the exit temperature and the ambient temperature, and τ_loss represents the time constant for heat losses.
Learn more about mathematical model
brainly.com/question/30517381
#SPJ11
Having troubles with the subject inheritence. This is a myProgramming question using c++. I was hoping to get some help. Thank you.
Assume the existence of a Phone class. Define a derived class, CameraPhone that contains two data members: an integer named, imageSize, representing the size in megabytes of each picture, and an integer named memorySize, representing the number of megabytes in the camera's memory. There is a constructor that accepts two integer parameters corresponding to the above two data members and which are used to initialize the respective data members. There is also a function named numPictures that returns (as an integer) the number of pictures the camera's memory can hold.
There is a function named num Pictures that returns the number of pictures the camera's memory can hold as an integer.
The Camera Phone class is a derived class of the Phone class. It has two data members: image Size and memory Size, representing the size of each picture and the camera's memory, respectively. The constructor of the Camera Phone class takes two integer parameters to initialize these data members. Additionally, there is a function named num Pictures that returns the number of pictures the camera's memory can hold as an integer.
In more detail, the Camera Phone class inherits the properties and behaviors of the Phone class and adds its own specific data members and functions. The image Size data member represents the size of each picture taken by the camera and the memory Size data member represents the total memory capacity of the camera. The constructor of the Camera Phone class initializes these data members with the provided parameters.
The num Pictures function calculates the number of pictures that can be stored in the camera's memory by dividing the memory Size by the image Size. The result is returned as an integer.
By using the Camera Phone class, you can create objects that have the ability to store pictures and calculate the number of pictures that can be stored based on the memory capacity and picture size.
Know more about camera's memory, here:
https://brainly.com/question/30701482
#SPJ11
If an emergency medical, law enforcement, fire truck, tow truck, or txdot vehicle is stopped on the road with its lights on or flashing, then the driver is required:____.
If an emergency medical, law enforcement, fire truck, tow truck, or TXDOT vehicle is stopped on the road with its lights on or flashing, then the driver is required to take necessary precautions and proceed with caution.
Drivers approaching such vehicles should reduce their speed, be prepared to stop if necessary, and yield the right of way if directed by the emergency vehicle or a traffic control officer. It is important to maintain a safe distance from the stopped vehicle and give ample space for emergency personnel to carry out their duties.
These precautions are mandated to ensure the safety of both the emergency responders and other road users. It is crucial to obey traffic laws and exercise caution when encountering emergency vehicles with their lights on or flashing.
Learn more about law enforcement here:
https://brainly.com/question/29422434
#SPJ11
Refrigerant leaving the metering device going to the evaporator should be________________
Refrigerant leaving the metering device and entering the evaporator should be in a **low-pressure liquid state**.
The metering device in a refrigeration system, such as a thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) or an orifice tube, plays a crucial role in controlling the flow and pressure of the refrigerant. Its primary function is to regulate the refrigerant flow rate into the evaporator, ensuring proper cooling and heat absorption.
When the refrigerant passes through the metering device, it undergoes a pressure drop, transitioning from a high-pressure liquid state to a low-pressure liquid state. This pressure reduction allows the refrigerant to expand and evaporate inside the evaporator coil, absorbing heat from the surrounding air or space.
It is important for the refrigerant leaving the metering device and entering the evaporator to be in a low-pressure liquid state rather than a vapor or high-pressure liquid. A low-pressure liquid state ensures efficient heat transfer within the evaporator, as the liquid refrigerant can absorb heat effectively from the system's surroundings.
If the refrigerant were to enter the evaporator as a vapor or a high-pressure liquid, it could lead to several issues. Vapor entering the evaporator would hinder the heat transfer process, as it would need to undergo additional phase change from vapor to liquid before effectively absorbing heat. On the other hand, a high-pressure liquid entering the evaporator could result in reduced evaporator efficiency and potential damage to the system components.
Therefore, maintaining the refrigerant in a low-pressure liquid state as it leaves the metering device and enters the evaporator is essential for optimal refrigeration system performance and efficient heat transfer.
Learn more about thermostatic expansion valve here:
https://brainly.com/question/32417746
#SPJ11
a segment of rural freeway is being designed for a ffs of 65 mph using 11 ft lanes in a mountainous area. the lateral clearance is nominal (1 ft). the directional (i.e. one-way) design flow rate is expected to be 2,400 passenger cars per hour. how many lanes in one direction will be needed to provide at least a los b?
To determine the number of lanes needed to provide at least Level of Service (LOS) B, we need to calculate the capacity of the segment and compare it to the design flow rate.
The capacity of a freeway lane can be estimated using the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). For a rural freeway with 11 ft lanes and a design speed of 65 mph, the capacity can be approximately 1,900 passenger cars per hour per lane.
To calculate the required number of lanes, we divide the design flow rate (2,400 passenger cars per hour) by the lane capacity (1,900 passenger cars per hour per lane).
So, 2,400 / 1,900 = 1.26 lanes.
Since we cannot have a fraction of a lane, we round up to the nearest whole number. Therefore, at least 2 lanes in one direction will be needed to provide at least LOS B on the segment of the rural freeway.
To know more about Service visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30418810
#SPJ11
A winery in Paso Robles uses three identical 25 m3 lagoons in series to remove BOD from their 12.3 m3/d waste stream. If the BOD degradation rate coefficient in each lagoon is 1.2/day, what is their total percentage of BOD reduction
Overall BOD reduction = (BOD reduction in lagoon 1) * (BOD reduction in lagoon 2) * (BOD reduction in lagoon 3)
Now we can substitute the values and calculate the overall BOD reduction.
To calculate the total percentage of BOD reduction in the three lagoons, we need to determine the BOD reduction in each lagoon and then calculate the overall reduction.
Given:
Number of lagoons (n) = 3
Volume of each lagoon (V) = 25 m^3
Waste stream flow rate (Q) = 12.3 m^3/d
BOD degradation rate coefficient (k) = 1.2/day
The BOD reduction in each lagoon can be calculated using the formula:
BOD reduction = (1 - e^(-kV)) * 100
Applying this formula to each lagoon, we get:
BOD reduction in lagoon 1 = (1 - e^(-1.2 * 25)) * 100
BOD reduction in lagoon 2 = (1 - e^(-1.2 * 25)) * 100
BOD reduction in lagoon 3 = (1 - e^(-1.2 * 25)) * 100
To calculate the overall reduction, we multiply the individual reductions:
Learn more about reduction here
https://brainly.com/question/33512011
#SPJ11
a voltage amplifier with an input resistance of 40 kn, an output resistance of i 00 n, and a gain of 300 v n is connected between a 10-kn source with an open-circuit voltage of to m v and a i 00-n load. for this situation:
The current flowing through the circuit is approximately 0.4 μA.
To analyze the situation, we can use the voltage divider rule and the concept of load and source resistance to determine the voltage across the load and the current flowing through the circuit.
Given data:
Input resistance (Rin) = 40 kΩ
Output resistance (Rout) = 100 Ω
Gain (Av) = 300 V/V
Source resistance (Rsource) = 10 kΩ
Open-circuit voltage (Voc) = 20 mV
Load resistance (Rload) = 100 Ω
To calculate the voltage across the load (Vload), we can use the voltage divider rule:
Vload = Voc * (Rload / (Rsource + Rin + Rload))
Substituting the given values:
Vload = 20 mV * (100 Ω / (10 kΩ + 40 kΩ + 100 Ω))
Vload = 20 mV * (100 Ω / 50.1 kΩ)
Vload ≈ 0.04 mV
The voltage across the load is approximately 0.04 mV.
To calculate the current flowing through the circuit, we can use Ohm's Law:
I = Vload / Rload
Substituting the values:
I = 0.04 mV / 100 Ω
I = 0.4 μA
Learn more about circuit here
https://brainly.com/question/12608491
#SPJ11
In three-phase motors, each phase is ________ degrees out of phase (symmetrical) with the other phases
In three-phase motors, each phase is 120 degrees out of phase symmetrical with the other phases. Three-phase motors are a type of electric motor that employs three-phase electrical power.
The voltage of each phase is shifted by 120 degrees or one-third of a cycle from that of the other phases. The current in each phase is also shifted by one-third of a cycle from that of the other phases. This arrangement allows for a smooth, steady flow of power to the motor, resulting in less vibration and noise than single-phase motors. Three-phase power is used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications, including pumps, compressors, fans, and conveyor belts. In addition, three-phase motors are used in appliances such as washing machines, refrigerators, and air conditioners. Three-phase motors are typically more efficient and reliable than single-phase motors. They are also more expensive and require more complex wiring. However, the benefits of three-phase power make it a popular choice for high-power applications.
To know more about electrical power visit:
https://brainly.com/question/27442707
#SPJ11
A variable _________ sensor contains a stationary electrode and a flexible diaphragm.
A variable **pressure** sensor contains a stationary electrode and a flexible diaphragm.
In a variable pressure sensor, the diaphragm serves as the sensing element that responds to changes in pressure. The diaphragm is typically made of a flexible material, such as metal or silicon, and it deforms in response to applied pressure. The stationary electrode is positioned in proximity to the diaphragm, and as the diaphragm flexes, the distance between the diaphragm and the electrode changes. This change in distance affects the capacitance or resistance between the diaphragm and the electrode, allowing for the measurement of pressure.
By detecting the deformation of the flexible diaphragm, the sensor can accurately measure variations in pressure and provide corresponding electrical signals. Variable pressure sensors are commonly used in various applications, including automotive, industrial, and medical fields, where precise pressure monitoring is required.
Learn more about pressure sensor here:
https://brainly.com/question/31562056
#SPJ11
problem 1: a) given is the following circuit. find analytically the impulse response h(t) of the system where tex2html wrap inline303 and tex2html wrap inline305. vin(t)
The circuit is shown in the figure below: Impulse Response: It is required to find the impulse response h(t) of the system. To find h(t), the output y(t) must be found when the input is an impulse, i.e., vin(t) = δ(t).
As such, all capacitors are replaced by open circuits and all inductors are replaced by short circuits. The circuit is shown in the figure below for t < 0.For t > 0, the circuit is shown below:Equation for node A:For t > 0, node A voltage can be obtained using KCL as:$$C_1\frac{dv_A(t)}{dt} + C_2\frac{v_A(t) - v_B(t)}{dt} + \frac{v_A(t)}{R_1} = 0$$Equation for node B:For t > 0, node B voltage can be obtained using KCL as:$$C_2\frac{v_B(t) - v_A(t)}{dt} + \frac{v_B(t) - v_o(t)}{R_2} = 0$$Substituting the value of vA(t) from equation (1) in equation (2).
we get:$$\frac{d}{dt} \left( C_2v_B(t) \right) + \left( \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} \right) v_B(t) - \frac{d}{dt} \left( C_2v_o(t) \right) = 0$$Taking Laplace Transform:$$\begin{aligned}& sC_2V_B(s) + \left( \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} \right)V_B(s) - sC_2V_o(s) = V_B(s)\\& \Rightarrow V_B(s) \left( sC_2 + \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} - 1 \right) = sC_2V_o(s)\end{aligned}$$.
{R(C_1)}}\end{aligned}$$Inverse Laplace Transform: Using the inverse Laplace Transform, we get:$$V_o(t) = \frac{1}{C_1}e^{-\frac{t}{RC_1}}u(t)$$where u(t) is the unit step function. Impulse Response: Using the definition of impulse response, h(t) can be found as:$$h(t) = \ frac{1}{C_1}e^{-\frac{t}{RC_1}}u(t)$$Therefore, the impulse response of the system is given as h(t) = (1/C1)e^(-t/RC1)u(t).
To know more about impulse visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30466819
#SPJ11
Consider a plate whose top surface is being cooled by air where as the bottom surface is exposed to a hot stream at 200 C with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 35 W/m^2.K. The air thermal conductivity is 0.243 W/m.K whereas the thermal conductivity of the plate is about 237 W/m.K. If the bottom surface of the plate 150 C, determine the temperature gradient in the air and the temperature gradient in the plate at the top surface of the plate.
Additional information such as the dimensions and geometry of the plate to calculate the surface area and cross-sectional area accurately.
To determine the temperature gradients in the air and the plate, we can use the heat transfer equation:
q = h * A * ΔT
For the air side:
h = 35 W/m^2.K
ΔT_air = (200 - 150) C = 50 C
Assuming the top surface area of the plate is A_plate, we can calculate the heat transfer rate in the air:
q_air = h * A_plate * ΔT_air
For the plate side:
k_plate = 237 W/m.K (thermal conductivity of the plate)
Δx_plate = thickness of the plate
ΔT_plate = (T_bottom - T_top) C = (150 - T_top) C
Assuming the cross-sectional area of the plate is A_cross_section, we can calculate the heat transfer rate in the plate:
q_plate = k_plate * A_cross_section * (ΔT_plate / Δx_plate)
To determine the temperature gradients, we need to equate the heat transfer rates:
q_air = q_plate
h * A_plate * ΔT_air = k_plate * A_cross_section * (ΔT_plate / Δx_plate)
Learn more about dimensions here
https://brainly.com/question/31460047
#SPJ11
(a) derive linear density expressions for fcc [100] and [111] directions in terms of the atomic radius r. (b) compute and compare linear density values for these same two directions for silver.
(a) The linear density expressions for FCC [100] and [111] directions in terms of the atomic radius r are:
FCC [100]: Linear density = (2 * r) / a
FCC [111]: Linear density = (4 * r) / (√2 * a)
How are the linear density expressions derived?In a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, atoms are arranged in a cubic lattice with additional atoms positioned in the center of each face.
(a) For the FCC [100] direction, we consider a row of atoms along the edge of the unit cell. Each atom in the row contributes a length of 2 * r. The length of the unit cell along the [100] direction is given by 'a'. Therefore, the linear density is calculated as (2 * r) / a.
(b) For the FCC [111] direction, we consider a row of atoms that runs diagonally through the unit cell. Each atom in the row contributes a length of 4 * r. The length of the unit cell along the [111] direction is given by √2 * a. Therefore, the linear density is calculated as (4 * r) / (√2 * a).
Learn more about density expressions
brainly.com/question/33048274
#SPJ11
The seguin brothers developed the first air-cooled engine with cylinders arranged in a radial fashion called _____ .
The Seguin brothers developed the first air-cooled engine with cylinders arranged in a radial fashion called the Gnome engine.
This revolutionary design featured the cylinders arranged around a stationary crankshaft, with the crankcase and cylinders rotating as a single unit. This arrangement allowed for improved cooling as the cylinders were exposed to the airflow. The Gnome engine played a significant role in the development of early aircraft engines, particularly during World War I. Its radial configuration provided a compact and lightweight design, making it popular for aviation applications.
Additionally, the air-cooled nature of the engine eliminated the need for liquid cooling systems, reducing complexity and increasing reliability. The Gnome engine's design set the foundation for the development of future radial engines, which continued to be used in aviation for several decades.
Learn more about engines here: https://brainly.com/question/28562659
#SPJ11
if the base-side of the circuit is tuned so that the base input current is 0.25 ma, what range of r3 values will guarantee transistor operation out of saturation
To guarantee transistor operation out of saturation, we need to ensure that the base current is sufficient to drive the transistor into the active region. The base input current of 0.25 mA is given.
In order to calculate the range of R3 values, we need to consider the relationship between the base current (IB), the base-emitter voltage (VBE), and the value of R3.
The base-emitter voltage (VBE) is typically around 0.7V for a silicon transistor.
Using Ohm's Law, we can calculate the value of R3 using the formula R3 = (V - VBE) / IB, where V is the supply voltage.
Let's assume a supply voltage of 5V. Substituting the values, we get[tex]R3 = (5V - 0.7V) / 0.25mA = 17.2 kΩ.[/tex]
Therefore, any value of R3 greater than 17.2 kΩ will guarantee transistor operation out of saturation.
To know more about guarantee transistor visit:
brainly.com/question/30335329
#SPJ11
Under normal operating conditions, the electric motor exerts a torque of 2.4 kN.m on shaft AB. Knowing that each shaft is solid, determine the maximum shearing stress in (a) shaft AB, (b) shaft BC, and (c) shaft CD.
To determine the maximum shearing stress in each shaft, we need to use the formula for shear stress:
Shear stress (τ) = (Torque * radius) / (Polar moment of inertia)
Given:
Torque on shaft AB = 2.4 kN.m
Shaft AB: Diameter = d1, Radius = r1
Shaft BC: Diameter = d2, Radius = r2
Shaft CD: Diameter = d3, Radius = r3
We also need to consider that the polar moment of inertia for a solid shaft is given by:
Polar moment of inertia (J) = (π/32) * (d^4)
(a) Shaft AB:
τ_AB = (2.4 kN.m * r1) / ((π/32) * (d1^4))
(b) Shaft BC:
τ_BC = (2.4 kN.m * r2) / ((π/32) * (d2^4))
(c) Shaft CD:
τ_CD = (2.4 kN.m * r3) / ((π/32) * (d3^4))
Substituting the appropriate values for each shaft, we can calculate the maximum shearing stress in each case.
Learn more about shear stress here:
https://brainly.com/question/12910262
#SPJ11
As the air goes through the compressor of a gas turbine engine, it undergoes an increase in pressure such that the pressure ratio at the compressor exit to the compressor inlet is 15 (Note this is a ratio and not a difference). What is the ratio of exit to inlet density, given the bulk modulus of air is 101000 N/m2
The pressure ratio of air
through
the compressor of a gas turbine engine at the compressor exit to the
compressor
inlet is 15.
The
ratio
of exit to inlet density, given the bulk modulus of air is 101000 N/m² can be calculated as follows:The bulk modulus is given by:Bulk modulus, K =
pressure
÷ volumewhere;K = bulk moduluspressure = increase in pressurevolum = change in volumeWhen the air goes through the compressor, the pressure is increased to a ratio of 15, i.e., P_exit = 15P_inlet.
This is the
increase
in pressure. Therefore, the pressure is now P_exit, while the volume of the air has not yet been calculated, hence we will assume the
volume
as V.
To know more about
compressor
visit:
https://brainly.com/question/31672001
#SPJ11
A signal x[n] is sampled so that the Nyquist sampling is satisfied. The time between each sample is 0.0002 sec. A total of 1024 points are taken. The FFT is zero centered. What frequency in Hz corresponds to the right most point?
The frequency in Hz that corresponds to the rightmost point is half of the sampling frequency, which is 5000 Hz / 2 = 2500 Hz.
The Nyquist sampling theorem states that in order to avoid aliasing, the sampling frequency should be at least twice the highest frequency component of the signal.
In this case, if the total number of points taken is 1024, and the time between each sample is 0.0002 sec, then the total duration of the signal is given by:
Duration = Total number of points * Time between each sample
= 1024 * 0.0002 sec
= 0.2048 sec
Since the FFT is zero-centered, the rightmost point corresponds to half of the sampling frequency. To find the sampling frequency, we can divide the total number of points by the duration of the signal:
Sampling frequency = Total number of points / Duration
= 1024 / 0.2048 sec
= 5000 Hz
Learn more about frequency here
https://brainly.com/question/29739263
#SPJ11
Estimate the as-discarded density of the following solid waste. if the compaction ration is 2.5, what size collection vehicle is needed per 1,000 kg of waste? component mass (%) density (kg/m3) newspaper 15 85 other papers 24 85 cardboard 33 50 glass 4.2 195 plastics 0.49 65 aluminum 0.13 160 ferrous 1.18 320 nonferrous 0.35 160 yard waste 17.97 105 food waste 1.67 290 dirt 2.01 480
The estimated as-discarded density of the solid waste is 198.18 kg/m^3.
How is the as-discarded density of solid waste calculated?The as-discarded density of solid waste is calculated by summing the product of the mass percentage and density of each component. Let's calculate it step by step:
1. Calculate the component mass in kilograms by multiplying the mass percentage with the total waste mass (1,000 kg in this case).
- Newspaper: 0.15 * 1,000 kg = 150 kg
- Other papers: 0.24 * 1,000 kg = 240 kg
- Cardboard: 0.33 * 1,000 kg = 330 kg
- Glass: 0.042 * 1,000 kg = 42 kg
- Plastics: 0.0049 * 1,000 kg = 4.9 kg
- Aluminum: 0.0013 * 1,000 kg = 1.3 kg
- Ferrous: 0.0118 * 1,000 kg = 11.8 kg
- Nonferrous: 0.0035 * 1,000 kg = 3.5 kg
- Yard waste: 0.1797 * 1,000 kg = 179.7 kg
- Food waste: 0.0167 * 1,000 kg = 16.7 kg
- Dirt: 0.0201 * 1,000 kg = 20.1 kg
2. Calculate the total volume of each component by dividing its mass by its density.
- Newspaper volume: 150 kg / 85 kg/m^3 = 1.76 m^3
- Other papers volume: 240 kg / 85 kg/m^3 = 2.82 m^3
- Cardboard volume: 330 kg / 50 kg/m^3 = 6.6 m^3
- Glass volume: 42 kg / 195 kg/m^3 = 0.22 m^3
- Plastics volume: 4.9 kg / 65 kg/m^3 = 0.08 m^3
- Aluminum volume: 1.3 kg / 160 kg/m^3 = 0.0081 m^3
- Ferrous volume: 11.8 kg / 320 kg/m^3 = 0.037 m^3
- Nonferrous volume: 3.5 kg / 160 kg/m^3 = 0.022 m^3
- Yard waste volume: 179.7 kg / 105 kg/m^3 = 1.71 m^3
- Food waste volume: 16.7 kg / 290 kg/m^3 = 0.058 m^3
- Dirt volume: 20.1 kg / 480 kg/m^3 = 0.042 m^3
3. Calculate the total volume of all components:
Total volume = sum of volumes of all components = 1.76 m^3 + 2.82 m^3 + 6.6 m^3 + 0.22 m^3 + 0.08 m^3 + 0.0081 m^3 + 0.037 m^3 + 0.022 m^3 + 1.71 m^3 + 0.058 m^3 + 0.042 m^3 = 13.43 m^3
4. Calculate the as discarded density by dividing the total mass (1,000 kg) by the total volume:
As-discarded density = 1,000 kg / 13.43 m^3 ≈ 74.44 kg/m^3
Learn more about density
brainly.com/question/29775886
#SPJ11
which professional uses practical knowledge of science to design and manufacture machines? engineer experimental scientist technician theoretical scientist
Engineers - professionals who apply scientific knowledge to design and manufacture machines.
We have,
Engineers are professionals who use their practical knowledge of science, mathematics, and technology to design, develop, and manufacture machines, systems, and structures.
They apply scientific principles and theories to create practical solutions for various industries and sectors.
Engineers utilize their expertise to design, analyze, and improve machines, ensuring they meet specific requirements, functionality, safety standards, and efficiency.
They consider factors such as materials, cost-effectiveness, environmental impact, and feasibility while designing and manufacturing machines.
Overall, engineers combine scientific knowledge with practical skills to innovate and create technology and machinery that serves various purposes in society.
Thus,
Engineers - professionals who apply scientific knowledge to design and manufacture machines.
Learn mroe about engineers here:
https://brainly.com/question/19237499
#SPJ4
The most common type of compressor housing used in a domestic refrigerator is the ____________________ type.
The most common type of compressor housing used in a domestic refrigerator is the hermetic type.
In a domestic refrigerator, the hermetic compressor housing is the most commonly employed design. The hermetic compressor consists of a sealed unit that contains both the compressor and the motor, ensuring they are enclosed and protected from external factors. This design offers several advantages, including improved efficiency, reduced noise, and simplified maintenance. The hermetic housing prevents the leakage of refrigerant and allows for a compact and space-efficient refrigerator design. By incorporating the compressor and motor within a sealed unit, the hermetic type ensures reliable and efficient operation of the refrigerator.
Learn more about hermetic here:
https://brainly.com/question/32473035
#SPJ11
glycerin at 60of is to be pumped through a horizontal smooth pipe at 3.1 m 3 /s. it is desired that the flow should be laminar and the pressure drop should be no more than 100 pa/m. determine the minimum allowable pipe diameter
This is nearly equal to 0.026 m or 26 mm (approx).Therefore, the minimum allowable pipe diameter is 26 mm.
Given data:Viscosity of glycerin,
μ = 1.51 × 10−3 Pa-s
Density of glycerin, ρ = 1260 kg/m³
Flow rate, Q = 3.1 m³/s
Maximum pressure drop, ∆P = 100 Pa/m
Minimum allowable pipe diameter is to be calculated using the above-given data.
We know that the Reynold's number (Re) is given by the formula:
Re = ρVD/μ
Where, V is the velocity of the fluid flowing through the pipe.
D is the diameter of the pipe.
Substituting the given values of μ, ρ, and V, we get
Re = ρVD/μ
= (1260 kg/m³) (V) (D) / (1.51 × 10−3 Pa-s)......(i)
The flow will be laminar if Re ≤ 2000.As the flow is desired to be laminar, therefore, the maximum allowable Reynold's number should be 2000.
Now, we know that V = Q/A,
where A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
Substituting the given values of Q, π/4(D²), and
V in the above equation, we get :
V = Q/A
= 3.1 m³/s / [π/4 (D²)]
= 3.1 × 4 / πD²......(ii)
Substituting the value of ρVD/μ from equation (i) in equation (ii), we get
Re = (1260 kg/m³) (3.1 × 4 / πD²) (D) / (1.51 × 10−3 Pa-s) ≤ 2000
Simplifying this equation, we get
D³ ≤ (0.491 / (1260 kg/m³ × 1.51 × 10−3 Pa-s × 2000))......(iii)
Substituting the given values of ρ, μ, and Re in equation (iii), we get :
D³ ≤ 5.47 × 10⁻⁷
So, the minimum allowable pipe diameter is given by the cube root of
5.47 × 10⁻⁷
To know more about laminar visit:
brainly.com/question/23008935
#SPJ11
How Do You Manufacture a Custom Pressure Vessel?
A pressure vessel is a type of container used to hold gases or liquids at a different pressure than the outside environment. These vessels are frequently used in industries like oil and gas, chemical, and manufacturing.
The following are the steps to create a custom pressure vessel:
Step 1: Design and Specification The first step in producing a custom pressure vessel is to determine its design and specifications. The design process usually begins with the selection of materials, which may be determined by the contents to be held and the environmental conditions to which the vessel will be exposed.
Step 2: Fabrication Once the design and specification of the vessel have been established, the next step is fabrication. This step entails welding the components together in the appropriate location. The welding method used is determined by the material to be welded, the design specifications, and the cost-effectiveness of the technique.
Step 3: Inspection The final step in creating a custom pressure vessel is testing and inspection. The inspection process examines the vessel to ensure that it conforms to design standards and specifications and that it will perform as intended under the specified conditions.
Any necessary adjustments are made during this stage.The above-mentioned steps are the common steps that one follows to manufacture a custom pressure vessel.
For more such questions vessel,Click on
https://brainly.com/question/14857474
#SPJ8
bracing or blocking installed between steel or wood joists at intermediate points to stabilize the joists against buckling and, in some cases, to permit adjacent joists to share loads.
Bracing or blocking installed between steel or wood joists at intermediate points to stabilize the joists against buckling and, in some cases, to permit adjacent joists to share loads is called bridging.Bridging refers to a diagonal brace installed between adjacent floor joists to prevent them from twisting or buckling.
Bridging adds rigidity to the floor structure and aids in the distribution of load. When two joists are bolted together, the rigidity of the bridging blocks increases.In cases where steel bridging is used, the bridging is frequently composed of steel angle sections. A diagonal wooden member or metal strap is employed in the case of wood bridging.Bridging should be used with engineered floor systems and stick-built framing systems.
Bridging is not required in certain floor systems like parallel chord trusses and open web joists.Bridging is necessary in floors where joists exceed 20 times the depth. Bridging should be installed in floors with spaced joists more than 16 inches on center to prevent joist twisting and buckling. Bridging is installed between the 2nd and 3rd joists, the 4th and 5th joists, and so on.
The bridging should be placed flush with the joists' tops, with fasteners into the joist sides spaced every 8 inches. Bridging should be attached to each joist with two 8d nails, with one nail angled in from each side at an angle of 60 degrees.Bridging is also essential in unoccupied attics to keep joists from moving or twisting due to wind or other external forces.
To know more about fasteners visit:
brainly.com/question/29522431
#SPJ11
a) draw the logic circuit corresponding to the following logic expression. use only 2- input and gates, 2- input or gates, 2-input xor gate and 1- input not gate. b) c) determine output y when inputs a=’1’, b=’0’ and c=’1’. y= (((not(not(a) and b)) or not(c))xor a) and (a or not (c))
a) A logic circuit corresponding to the given logic expression using only 2-input and gates, 2-input or gates, 2-input xor gate and 1-input not gate is shown below.
b) To determine the output y when inputs a=1, b=0, and c=1. We substitute the values a=1, b=0, and c=1 in the given logic expression. y= (((not(not(1) and 0)) or not(1))xor 1) and (1 or not (1))= (((not(0) and 0)) or 0) xor 1= (1 or 0) xor 1= 1 xor 1= 0Therefore, the output is 0 when a=1, b=0, and c=1.
To know more about output visit:
brainly.com/question/14227929
#SPJ11
an aircraft is flying at an altitude of 30,000 ft where the freestream pressure and temperature have values 0.3 bar and 229 k. the pressure at a point on the wing is 0.22 bar. assuming isentropic flow over the wing, calculate the temperature and density at this point. (use r
Now that we have the Mach number, we can calculate the temperature and density at the point on the wing using the isentropic flow relations. The temperature ratio (T_ratio) can be found using the formula:
[tex]T_ratio = (1 + ((gamma - 1) / 2) * M^2)[/tex]The density ratio (rho_ratio) can be found using the formula:
[tex]rho_ratio = (1 + ((gamma - 1) / 2) * M^2)^(1 / (gamma - 1))[/tex]
To calculate the temperature and density at a point on the wing, we can use the isentropic flow relations. First, we need to find the Mach number at the given altitude.
Using the formula for the speed of sound in air:
[tex]a = sqrt(gamma * R * T)[/tex]
Where:
gamma = specific heat ratio of air (around 1.4 for air)
R = specific gas constant of air (around[tex]287 J/kg*K)[/tex]
T = temperature in Kelvin (given as 229 K)
Finally, we can calculate the temperature and density at the point on the wing using the following formulas:
[tex]T_point = T * T_ratio\\rho_point = rho * rho_ratio[/tex]
To know more about temperature visit:
brainly.com/question/15267055
#SPJ11
a cylindrical rod 380 mm (15.0 in.) long and having a diameter of 10.0 mm (0.40 in.), is to be subjected to a tensile load. if the rod is to experience neither plastic deformation nor an elongation of more than 0.9 mm (0.035 in.) when the applied load is 24,500 n (5500 lbf), which of the four metals or alloys listed below are possible candidates? justify your choice(s).
To determine if a metal or alloy is a possible candidate for the given conditions, we need to calculate the maximum stress and compare it with the yield strength of each material. If the maximum stress is less than the yield strength, the material is a possible candidate.
1. Aluminum (yield strength: 275 MPa):
The maximum stress can be calculated using the formula stress = force/area.
The area of the rod can be calculated using the formula area = π * (radius^2).
Since the diameter is given, the radius is half of the diameter.
Substituting the given values, we can calculate the maximum stress.
maximum stress = (24500 N) / (π * (0.005 m)^2)
2. Steel (yield strength: 250 MPa):
Follow the same process as above to calculate the maximum stress.
3. Brass (yield strength: 220 MPa):
Again, calculate the maximum stress using the given values.
4. Copper (yield strength: 100 MPa):
Repeat the calculation process for the maximum stress.
Now, compare the maximum stress calculated for each material with their respective yield strengths.
If the maximum stress is less than the yield strength, the material is a possible candidate for the given conditions.
To know more about conditions visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29418564
#SPJ11
1.12 you’ve experienced convection cooling if you’ve ever extended your hand out the window of a moving vehicle or into a flowing water stream. with the surface of your hand at a temperature of 30°c, determine the convection heat flux for (a) a vehicle speed of 40 km/h in air at −8°c with a convection coefficient of 40 w/m2 ⋅k and (b) a velocity of 0.2 m/s in a water stream at 10°c with a convection coefficient of 900 w/m2 ⋅k. which condition would feel colder? contrast these results with a heat flux of approximately 30 w/m2 under normal room conditions.
To determine the convection heat flux in each scenario, we can use the formula Q = hA(T_surface - T_surrounding), where Q is the heat flux, h is the convection coefficient, A is the surface area, and T_surface and T_surrounding are the temperatures of the surface and the surrounding medium, respectively.
For scenario (a):
- Vehicle speed: 40 km/h
- Air temperature: -8°C
- Surface temperature: 30°C
- Convection coefficient: 40 W/m²·K
First, we need to convert the vehicle speed from km/h to m/s:
40 km/h = (40 * 1000) m / (60 * 60) s ≈ 11.11 m/s
Next, we can calculate the heat flux:
Q = 40 W/m²·K * A * (30°C - (-8°C))
Now, let's move on to scenario (b):
- Water stream velocity: 0.2 m/s
- Water temperature: 10°C
- Surface temperature: 30°C
- Convection coefficient: 900 W/m²·K
For this scenario, we can calculate the heat flux using the same formula:
Q = 900 W/m²·K * A * (30°C - 10°C)
To determine which condition feels colder, we compare the heat flux values. The higher the heat flux, the faster heat is transferred away from the hand, making it feel colder.
Now, let's compare the heat flux values with the approximate heat flux under normal room conditions (30 W/m²):
- If the heat flux is higher than 30 W/m², the condition would feel colder.
- If the heat flux is lower than 30 W/m², the condition would feel warmer.
To find the convection heat flux, we use the formula Q = hA(T_surface - T_surrounding). By calculating the heat flux for each scenario, we can determine which condition would feel colder by comparing the values with the approximate heat flux under normal room conditions.
To know more about temperatures , visit ;
https://brainly.com/question/7510619
#SPJ11
The flow of water in a 3-mm-diameter pipe is to remain laminar. Plot a graph of the maximum flowrate allowed as a function of temperature for <<0 100 C
To plot a graph of the maximum flowrate allowed as a function of temperature for a laminar flow of water in a 3-mm-diameter pipe from 0 to 100°C, we need to consider the effects of temperature on the viscosity of water.
1. Start by understanding the relationship between temperature and viscosity. As temperature increases, the viscosity of water decreases. This relationship can be described by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation or the Arrhenius equation.
2. Next, determine the maximum flowrate allowed for laminar flow in a 3-mm-diameter pipe. The maximum flowrate in a laminar flow is given by the Hagen-Poiseuille equation: Qmax = (π * r^4 * ΔP) / (8 * η * L), where Qmax is the maximum flowrate, r is the radius of the pipe, ΔP is the pressure drop, η is the dynamic viscosity, and L is the length of the pipe.
3. Substitute the values into the equation. For a 3-mm-diameter pipe, the radius (r) would be 1.5 mm or 0.0015 m. Assume a constant pressure drop (ΔP) and pipe length (L) for simplicity.
4. Now, focus on the dynamic viscosity (η) of water as a function of temperature. You can obtain this information from literature or reference tables. Let's assume you have a table or equation that provides the dynamic viscosity values for water at different temperatures.
5. Use the dynamic viscosity values to calculate the maximum flowrate for each temperature using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.
6. Plot a graph with temperature on the x-axis and the maximum flowrate on the y-axis. This graph will show how the maximum flowrate changes with temperature for a laminar flow in a 3-mm-diameter pipe.
Remember to label the axes, title the graph appropriately, and include units for clarity.
To know more about temperature visit:
https://brainly.com/question/7510619
#SPJ11
a brass alloy is known to have a yield strength of 275 mpa (40,000 psi), a tensile strength of 380 mpa (55,000 psi), and an elastic modulus of 103 gpa (15.0 × 106 psi). a cylindrical specimen of this alloy 12.7 mm (0.50 in.) in diameter and 250 mm (10.0 in.) long is stressed in tension and found to elongate 7.6 mm (0.30 in.). on the basis of the information given, is it possible to compute the magnitude of the load necessary to produce this change in length? if so, calculate the load; if not, explain why.
Yes, it is possible to compute the magnitude of the load necessary to produce the given change in length. The formula used to calculate the load in this case is.
Load = Stress × Area
To find the stress, we can use the formula:
Stress = Force / Area
Given that the elongation is 7.6 mm and the original length is 250 mm, we can calculate the strain:
Strain = Elongation / Original length
The elastic modulus is given as 103 GPa, which is equivalent to 103,000 MPa. We can use this value to find the stress:
Stress = Elastic modulus × Strain
Once we have the stress, we can calculate the area of the specimen. Since it is a cylindrical shape, the formula for the area is:
Area = π × (Diameter/2)^2
Given that the diameter is 12.7 mm, we can substitute this value into the formula to find the area. With the stress and area, we can now calculate the load using the first formula mentioned above.
Please note that the calculation involves unit conversions and substitution of values into formulas. The final load can be determined using the steps outlined above.
To know more about calculate visit:
https://brainly.com/question/32553819
#SPJ11
An object is being acted upon by three forces and as a result moves with a constant velocity. One force is 60.0 N along the +x-axis, and the second is 75.0 N along the +y-axis. What is the magnitude of the third force?
(a) 67.5 N
(b) 135 N
(c) 48.0 N
(d) 96.0 N
(e) 15.0 N
Given that an object is being acted upon by three forces and moves with a constant velocity. One force is 60.0 N along the +x-axis, and the second is 75.0 N along the +y-axis.Let F1 = 60.0 N act along x-axis and F2 = 75.0 N act along y-axis and F3 = ? be the magnitude of the third force acting on the object.Let the direction of F3 force makes an angle θ with the x-axis. Here, the direction of the resultant force is making an angle of θ with the +x-axis.
If F is the resultant force of F1 and F2, then F makes an angle of 53.13º with the x-axis.θ = tan-1 (75.0 N/60.0 N)= 53.13ºNow, we can find the resultant force using Pythagoras Theorem; that is,F = √(F1² + F2²)F = √((60.0 N)² + (75.0 N)²)F = √(3600 N² + 5625 N²)F = √9225 N²F = 96.04 NThe magnitude of the third force is 96.0 N. Thus, the correct option is (d) 96.0 N.
To know more about object visit:
https://brainly.com/question/31018199
#SPJ11
the shaft consists of two solid sections of different diameters, and is fixed to rigid supports and both a and d. determine the support reaction torques at a and d given:diameterac
To determine the support reaction torques at points A and D, we need more information. The diameter of section AC is mentioned, but we also need the length of each section and the applied load or moment.
However, I can explain the general process for determining support reaction torques in this type of scenario.
1. Identify the forces and moments acting on the shaft: These could include applied loads, reactions from the supports, and any other external forces or moments. 2. Draw a free-body diagram: Sketch the shaft, including the different sections, supports at points A and D, and any applied forces or moments. Label the forces and moments acting on the shaft.
Remember, the specific values for the length, applied load, and other parameters are necessary to provide an accurate answer. Please provide more information if you have it, and I will be happy to assist you further.
To know more about support reaction visit:
brainly.com/question/30453200
#SPJ11
