Empirical evidence suggests that the BSM model is often rejected for S&P 500 index options due to its failure to capture important stylized facts in the option market. However, its continued use in the finance industry can be attributed to its simplicity, baseline pricing benchmark role, market standardisation, and usefulness in hedging and risk management.
The Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) model is a widely used mathematical framework for pricing options. However, empirical evidence suggests that the model is often rejected for S&P 500 index options, indicating its limitations in accurately capturing market dynamics. Here are three stylized empirical facts from the option market that support this claim:
Volatility Smile/Smirk: One significant stylized fact in the option market is the presence of the volatility smile or smirk. The BSM model assumes that the volatility of the underlying asset is constant.
However, empirical evidence consistently demonstrates that the implied volatility of options tends to vary with the strike price, leading to a smile-shaped or smirk-shaped volatility curve. This phenomenon indicates that the BSM model fails to account for the observed variations in market volatility.
Skewness and Kurtosis: Another empirical fact observed in the option market is the skewness and kurtosis of option returns. Skewness refers to the asymmetry in the distribution of returns, while kurtosis represents the tails' thickness.
The BSM model assumes that underlying asset returns follow a log-normal distribution, which implies that the distribution is symmetric and has finite tails. However, empirical studies have shown that option returns exhibit significant skewness and kurtosis, indicating that the BSM model does not capture these characteristics accurately.
Non-constant Risk-Free Rate: The BSM model assumes a constant risk-free rate over the option's life. However, empirical evidence suggests that interest rates vary over time, affecting the pricing and hedging strategies of options. In practice, market interest rates fluctuate, and the term structure of interest rates is not flat. These variations introduce uncertainties and complexities that the BSM model fails to account for.
Despite the empirical evidence rejecting the BSM model for S&P 500 index options, it continues to be extensively used in the finance industry for several reasons:
Simplicity and Ease of Use: The BSM model is a relatively simple mathematical formula that provides a closed-form solution for option pricing. It is easy to implement and understand, making it a popular choice for quick calculations and initial valuations.
Baseline Pricing Benchmark: While the BSM model may not accurately capture market dynamics, it serves as a baseline pricing benchmark against which more sophisticated models can be compared. It provides a starting point for option pricing and allows for the assessment of deviations and adjustments required to incorporate additional market factors.
Liquidity and Market Standardisation: The extensive use of the BSM model has led to the establishment of a liquid options market and standardised trading practices. Market participants are accustomed to using BSM-based pricing, and it serves as a common language for option traders, facilitating liquidity and market efficiency.
Hedging and Risk Management: The BSM model's simplicity and tractability make it useful for risk management purposes. Despite its limitations, it provides a framework for constructing delta and gamma hedging strategies, allowing market participants to manage and offset risks associated with their options positions.
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What is the amount of the operating cash flow for a firm with $323,348 profit before tax, $100,000 depreciation expense, and a 35% marginal tax rate?
The operating cash flow for the firm is $198,512.
Operating cash flow is calculated by adding back depreciation to the profit before tax and adjusting for taxes.
Operating cash flow is a measure of the cash generated from a company's core business operations. To calculate the operating cash flow, we start with the firm's profit before tax, which in this case is $323,348. We then add back the depreciation expense of $100,000 since it is a non-cash expense that reduces the firm's taxable income but does not affect its cash position. This gives us a total of $423,348.
Next, we need to adjust for taxes. The marginal tax rate is given as 35%. To find the tax amount, we multiply the taxable income ($323,348) by the tax rate (35%), which equals $113,172. Subtracting this tax amount from the previous total gives us $310,176.
Finally, we subtract the change in working capital from the adjusted total. Working capital refers to the difference between current assets (e.g., cash, accounts receivable) and current liabilities (e.g., accounts payable, short-term debt).
If there is an increase in working capital, it represents cash outflow, and if there is a decrease, it represents cash inflow. Without information about the change in working capital, we assume it to be zero, so we do not make any adjustment.
Therefore, the operating cash flow for the firm is $310,176, considering the given information.
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Is vertical integration the only technique available to remove
hold up in a business - yes or no?
No, vertical integration is not the only technique available to remove hold-up in a business.
While vertical integration can be one approach to address hold-up issues, it is not the sole technique available. Hold-up refers to a situation where one party takes advantage of their bargaining power to demand more favorable terms after a transaction has already begun. To mitigate hold-up, alternative strategies can be employed, such as long-term contracts, relationship-specific investments, reputation mechanisms, or using legal frameworks and regulations to enforce agreements. These techniques aim to create incentives for parties to uphold their commitments and reduce the risk of hold-up. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations, and the most suitable approach depends on the specific context and characteristics of the business relationship. It is important to consider a range of strategies and select the most appropriate ones to effectively address hold-up concerns.
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2. What is the concept of 'break even' and why is this
important?
3. Identify some basic mistakes when first budgeting for
events.
The concept of 'break even' refers to the point at which total revenue equals total costs, resulting in neither profit nor loss. It is the level of sales or activity at which an organization covers all its expenses without making a profit. In other words, it is the point where the organization recoups its investment and starts generating positive returns.
The break-even point is important for several reasons:
Financial Planning: Knowing the break-even point helps organizations determine the minimum level of sales or activity required to cover costs and avoid losses. It allows for effective financial planning and budgeting.
Decision Making: Understanding the break-even point helps in making informed decisions about pricing, production volume, cost structure, and resource allocation. It assists in evaluating the viability of new projects or investments.
Performance Evaluation: Comparing actual sales or activity levels with the break-even point helps assess the financial performance of the organization. It provides insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of operations.
Risk Assessment: The break-even analysis helps organizations assess the risks associated with their operations. It identifies the level of sales or activity required to mitigate potential losses and ensures the organization remains financially stable.
When budgeting for events, there are some common mistakes that can hinder effective financial planning. Some of these basic mistakes include:
Underestimating Expenses: Failing to accurately estimate and account for all expenses related to the event can lead to budget shortfalls. Forgetting to include costs such as venue rental, catering, equipment rental, marketing, and staff can result in unexpected financial burdens.
Overestimating Revenue: Relying on overly optimistic projections for ticket sales, sponsorships, or donations can create unrealistic revenue expectations. It is important to conduct thorough market research and consider historical data to make reasonable revenue estimates.
Ignoring Contingencies: Failing to allocate funds for unexpected expenses or contingencies can disrupt the budget. It is essential to set aside a contingency fund to handle unforeseen circumstances, such as equipment failures, weather-related issues, or last-minute changes.
Poor Record-Keeping: Inadequate tracking of expenses and revenue can lead to confusion and inaccuracies in the budget. Maintaining detailed and organized records throughout the event planning process is crucial for effective budget management and financial transparency.
Lack of Stakeholder Involvement: Not involving relevant stakeholders, such as event organizers, sponsors, or finance personnel, in the budgeting process can result in miscommunication and conflicting expectations. Collaboration and clear communication among all parties involved are essential to create a realistic and comprehensive budget.
By avoiding these common mistakes and adopting sound budgeting practices, event planners can enhance their financial planning, ensure the successful execution of the event, and maintain financial stability.
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QUESTION 13
If a company's earnings before taxes (EBT) is 5000, and has a tax rate of 15%, while interest payments are 750 what is the company's net income?
O a. 3612.5
O b. 4887.5
O c. 4250
O d. None of the above
The company's net income can be calculated by subtracting the taxes and interest payments from the earnings before taxes (EBT). Therefore, the answer is a. 3612.5.
Here's the detailed explanation:
Net income is the final profit or earnings of a company after deducting all expenses, including taxes and interest payments. To calculate the net income, we need to subtract the taxes and interest payments from the earnings before taxes (EBT).
Given that the EBT is 5000, the tax rate is 15%, and the interest payments are 750, we can use the following formula:
Net income = EBT - (Tax rate × EBT) - Interest payments
Substituting the values, we have:
Net income = 5000 - (0.15 × 5000) - 750
Simplifying the equation, we get:
Net income = 5000 - 750 - 750
Net income = 3500 - 750
Net income = 2750
Therefore, the company's net income is 2750.
Comparing this with the given options, none of the options provided match the calculated net income of 2750.
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What is the importance of warehousing in integrated supply chain management? Feel free to consider logistics operations performed in warehouses and their benefits for this question. Also explain why firms choose to store their goods even though it is known that storing increases costs and risks.
Warehouse management is essential to the management of supply networks. A company strategy may be significantly impacted by how you handle and keep your inventory. General warehouse and distribution warehouses are the two types of warehouses.
Seasonal goods are kept in general warehouses as reserve stock. Limited handling, little transportation, and little customer service. Distribution warehouses, on the other hand, offer a wide range of services for short-term storage. In supply chain management, warehouses assist to increase the utility value of items.
Your items will always be where they need to be at the appropriate moment thanks to warehousing. putting in place warehouse best practices to make sure that all business processes are handled correctly. It significantly improves the company's overall performance. The cost of damaged or spoilt goods, in addition to that of storage capacity, labor, and insurance, are all included in a company's holding expenses.
Costs related to holding product that has not yet sold off include storage fees. These expenses, together with ordering and shortfall fees, make up a portion of the overall cost of the inventory. Quick payment collection and precise reorder point calculation are two tactics to reduce holding costs.
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which of the following is developed by an organization to establish, communicate, and monitor ethical values and legal requirements that characterize its history, culture, industry, and operating environment
The answer is Code of Ethics. Code of Ethics is developed by an organization to establish, communicate, and monitor ethical values and legal requirements that characterize its history, culture, industry, and operating environment.
A code of ethics is a formal statement that defines an organization's ethical stance on issues like corporate governance, fiduciary responsibility, respect for stakeholder interests, and compliance with the law. It outlines the company's values, beliefs, and operating principles, as well as the ethical standards to which its staff and management are held. The code is frequently viewed as a commitment to moral and legal conduct, as well as a way to safeguard a company's reputation and competitive advantage.
A code of ethics is a set of guidelines that an organization creates to ensure that its staff and management adhere to ethical and legal standards. It is a crucial tool in today's corporate world because it establishes clear expectations for employees while also safeguarding the company's interests.
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Holiday Laboratories purchased a high-speed industrial centrifuge at a cost of $490,000. Shipping costs totaled $12,400. Foundation work to house the centrifuge cost $9,000. An additional water line had to be run to the equipment at a cost of $3,700. Labor and testing costs totaled $4,700. Materials used up in testing cost $2,900. (Leave no cells blank. Enter O where needed.) a. What is the total cost of the equipment?
The total cost of the equipment, including all additional expenses, is $522,000.
To calculate the total cost of the equipment, we need to add up the original cost of the equipment with the various additional expenses incurred. The original cost of the equipment is given as $490,000. In addition to the equipment cost, there are several other expenses. Shipping costs totaled $12,400, foundation work cost $9,000, an additional water line installation cost $3,700, labor and testing costs amounted to $4,700, and materials used up in testing had a cost of $2,900. To find the total cost, we sum up all these expenses:
$490,000 + $12,400 + $9,000 + $3,700 + $4,700 + $2,900 = $522,000.
Therefore, the total cost of the equipment, including all additional expenses, is $522,000.
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There are 9 different recordings that the presenter shows to the audience. Criticize different management styles displayed in each recording. What are the effects of each style on the orchestra player
Different management styles displayed in each recording and their effects on the orchestra players: There are different management styles displayed in the recordings shown by the presenter to the audience.
The management styles include authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire, and transformational management styles. Authoritarian management style: This style is characterized by a leader who makes all the decisions without the input of the team members. The leader is also known as a dictator. In this style, the leader is dominant and uses intimidation and threats to ensure that the team members follow instructions. The effects of this style on the orchestra player include: Loss of morale Decreased creativity High turnover among the players Democratic management style: In this style, the leader involves the team members in the decision-making process. The leader seeks input from the team members, and the final decision is made based on the collective decision of the team. The effects of this style on the orchestra player include: High morale Increased creativity High retention rate among the players Laissez-faire management style: In this style, the leader does not provide any direction or supervision to the team members. The team members are free to make decisions without any guidance from the leader. The effects of this style on the orchestra player include: Lack of direction Low motivation among the players Poor quality of work Transformational management style: This style is characterized by a leader who inspires and motivates the team members. The leader focuses on the individual strengths of the team members and uses these strengths to achieve the team goals. The effects of this style on the orchestra player include: High motivation among the players Increased creativity High retention rate among the players In conclusion, different management styles have different effects on the orchestra players.
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The Taylors agreed to make monthly payments on a mortgage of $335 000 amortized over 15 years. Interest for the first three years was 4.5% compounded semi-annually. Determine the mortgage balance at them end of the three-year term. (Rounded to the nearest dollar)
A. $284,603.06
B. $282,909.28
C. $291,087 29
D. $281,177.09
The mortgage balance at the end of the three-year term for the principal amount of $335,000 is equal to option B. $282,909.28.
Principal amount (P) = $335,000
Interest rate (r) = 4.5% compounded semi-annually
Total number of compounding periods (n)
= 15 years × 12 months/year
= 180 months
To calculate the mortgage balance at the end of the three-year term,
Use the formula for the remaining balance on an amortizing loan,
Remaining Balance = P × (1 + r)ⁿ - (C × [(1 + r)ⁿ - 1] / r)
Where,
P = Principal amount (initial mortgage)
r = Interest rate per compounding period
n = Total number of compounding periods
C = Monthly payment
Monthly payment (C) = Calculated using an amortization formula
To calculate the monthly payment (C), use the formula,
C = P × (r × (1 + r)ⁿ) / ((1 + r)ⁿ⁻¹)
Using the values and formulas, calculate the monthly payment,
r
= 4.5% / 2
= 0.045 / 2
= 0.0225 (semi-annual rate)
n
= 3 years × 2 (since the interest is compounded semi-annually)
= 6 semi-annual periods
C = $335,000 × (0.0225 × (1 + 0.0225)⁶) / ((1 + 0.0225)⁶⁻¹)
⇒C ≈ $2,664.0571
Now calculate the remaining balance at the end of the three-year term,
Remaining Balance
= $335,000 × (1 + 0.0225)⁶- ($2,664.0571 × [(1 + 0.0225)⁶⁻¹ / 0.0225)
Using a financial calculator , the remaining balance at the end of the three-year term is approximately $282,909.28.
Therefore, the mortgage balance at the end of the three-year term is given by option B. $282,909.28.
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A mining facility acquired mining rights for $126,000,000 on February 12, 2018; and the mineral deposit is estimated at 42,000,000 tons. During the year, 2,800,000 tons were mined and sold. What is the appropriate adjusting entry for December 31, 2021?
Group of answer choices
Debit Depletion Expense $1,260,000; Credit Accumulated Depletion $1,260,000
Debit Depletion Expense $11,400,000; Credit Accumulated Depletion $11,400,000
Debit Depreciation Expense $11,400,000; Credit Accumulated Depreciation $11,400,000
Debit Depletion Expense $8,400,000; Credit Accumulated Depletion $8,400,000
The appropriate adjusting entry for December 31, 2021, is Debit Depletion Expense $11,400,000 and Credit Accumulated Depletion $11,400,000, assuming that depletion is calculated using the units-of-production method. Hence correct option is Second Option.
The mining facility acquired mining rights for $126,000,000 on February 12, 2018, and the mineral deposit is estimated at 42,000,000 tons. 2,800,000 tons were mined and sold during the year. The appropriate adjusting entry for December 31, 2021 is as follows:Debit Depletion Expense $11,400,000; Credit Accumulated Depletion $11,400,000Answer more than 100 words:Depletion is a method of allocating the cost of natural resources, such as oil, gas, minerals, and timber, over the time period that the resources are extracted and sold. It is a non-cash expense that reduces the value of the natural resource asset over time. The formula for calculating depletion is as follows: Depletion per unit = (Cost - Residual value) / Estimated total units Depletion expense = Depletion per unit x Units extracted and sold The depletion method chosen by the company is either the units-of-production method or the straight-line method.
When using the units-of-production method, the depletion rate per unit of production is constant throughout the resource's useful life. As a result, the depletion expense varies depending on the number of units extracted and sold each year. When using the straight-line method, the depletion rate is calculated by dividing the total cost of the resource by its estimated total units. The depletion expense is then spread equally over the estimated useful life of the resource. In this scenario, a mining facility acquired mining rights for $126,000,000 on February 12, 2018, and the mineral deposit is estimated at 42,000,000 tons. During the year, 2,800,000 tons were mined and sold.
Therefore, correct option is second, "Debit Depletion Expense $11,400,000; Credit Accumulated Depletion $11,400,000."
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Universal Pension and Labor Supply This question refers to the article presented in class, "Impact of the Universal Allowance for Older Persons on Labor Force Participation: The Case of Thailand" by Paweenawat and Vechbanyongratana (2015). Like other developing countries, Thailand has a large informal economy with about two- thirds of its labor force in the informal sector. Informally employed workers do not contribute to social security, are not eligible for a pension through the social security system, and are not subject to most labor laws. To help protect the elderly, the Thai government enacted the Universal Allowance for Older Persons in 2009, which provided a cash payment of 500 baht per month to elderly aged 60 and over. • The Thai labor law specifies that the mandatory retirement age is 60 years old, but approximately half of Thais between the ages of 61 and 75 remain in the labor force. Why is this the case?
The fact that approximately half of Thais between the ages of 61 and 75 remain in the labor force, despite the mandatory retirement age being 60 years old, can be attributed to several reasons:
1. Economic necessity: Many individuals in Thailand rely on income from work to sustain their livelihoods and meet their financial needs. The Universal Allowance for Older Persons, which provides a cash payment of 500 baht per month, may not be sufficient to cover their expenses. Therefore, continuing to work beyond the mandatory retirement age becomes necessary for financial stability.
2. Insufficient pension coverage: The social security system in Thailand may not adequately cover all individuals, particularly those in the informal sector who do not contribute to social security. As a result, individuals may not have access to a substantial pension or retirement benefits, further motivating them to remain in the labor force.
3. Personal fulfillment and social engagement: Work can provide a sense of purpose, social interaction, and personal fulfillment. Many older individuals choose to remain in the labor force because they enjoy their work or value the social connections it provides. Retirement may not be seen as desirable or fulfilling for some individuals.
These factors contribute to the significant labor force participation among Thais aged 61 to 75, despite the mandatory retirement age of 60.
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When looking at the methods that are available to produce visual data representation. In the production of a plot in most statistical programming languages, it is a simple process, including R. When the data in R needs to visualize, making base plots that actually can be used, it is a complicated process. The visualization package ggplot2 in R, which was developed by Hadley Wickham and based on the principles of Leland Wickham (1999). In this discussion board, you are to present your position on the use of ggplot2, either for it or against it. You will need to support your position in this discussion board, with the research that you use to express the position you are taking. (Min 250)
The R Core Team and the R Foundation for Statistical Computing support the R language as a programming language for statistical computing and graphics.
Thus, Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman, two statisticians, developed R, which is used by data miners, bioinformaticians, and statisticians for data analysis and creating statistical software.
A vast number of extension packages with reusable code and documentation have been added to the base R language.
R is one of the most widely used programming languages in data mining, according to user surveys and analyses of scholarly literature databases.
Thus, The R Core Team and the R Foundation for Statistical Computing support the R language as a programming language for statistical computing and graphics.
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In Canada, family and friends remain the greatest contributors
to meeting home personal support needs.
In Canada, family and friends play a significant role as the greatest contributors to meeting home personal support needs. This is evident in various situations where individuals with disabilities, chronic illnesses, or aging-related challenges require assistance.
Family members and close friends step up to provide care, emotional support, and help with daily activities. There are several reasons why family and friends are crucial in meeting home personal support needs. Firstly, they offer familiarity and intimacy that formal support services may not provide. Family members understand the unique needs and preferences of their loved ones, allowing for personalized care. Additionally, Canada has a strong sense of community and social support networks, which reinforces the reliance on family and friends as primary caregivers.
While formal support services do exist, they may have limitations such as availability and capacity. This further emphasizes the significant role that family and friends play in filling the gaps and providing the necessary support. However, it's important to acknowledge the challenges faced by caregivers, such as physical and emotional strain and financial burdens. Efforts are being made to enhance formal support services and provide caregivers with the resources and respite care they need. Balancing the contributions of family and friends with formal support is vital to ensure the well-being of both caregivers and those in need of personal support.
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7) Fincorp will pay year-end dividend of S2.40 per share which is expected t0 grow at a 4% rate for the indefinite future_ The discount rate is 12% _ What is the stock selling for? If earnings are 53.10 a share, what is the implied value of the firm's growth opportunities?
The stock selling for is $31.68. The implied value of the firm's growth opportunities is $797.29.
Fincorp will pay year-end dividend of S2.40 per share, which is expected to grow at a 4% rate for the indefinite future. The discount rate is 12%. Here is how to calculate the stock's selling price:P0 = D1 / (r - g)Where:P0 = price of the stock todayD1 = the next year's dividend = S2.40 * (1 + 4%) = S2.496r = the required rate of return = 12%g = the growth rate of dividends = 4%
Therefore:P0 = S2.496 / (12% - 4%) = $31.68If earnings are 53.10 a share, the implied value of the firm's growth opportunities is as follows:PEG Ratio = P/E Ratio / Growth Rate
Where:P/E Ratio = Price / Earnings = $31.68 / 53.10 = 0.596Growth Rate = 4%PEG Ratio = 0.596 / 4% = 14.9We will use the following formula to calculate the implied value of the firm's growth opportunities:PEG Ratio = (P0 - D0) / E1Where:P0 = Price of the stock today = $31.68D0 = the dividend paid at time 0 = S2.40E1 = earnings per share in one year = $53.10PEG Ratio = (P0 - D0) / E1P0 = PEG Ratio * E1 + D0P0 = 14.9 * $53.10 + $2.40 = $797.29
Therefore, the implied value of the firm's growth opportunities is $797.29.
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In 2020 at the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) decreased the target cash rate to 0.1 percent to enable the economy to recover from the severe recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, on 4th May 2022, the RBA increased the cash rate by 0.25%, to reduce rising inflation rate.
Part A: What type of monetary policy did the RBA implement on 4th May 2022? Outline the RBA’s monetary policy transmission process, from the announcement through to real GDP. Part B: The Australian dollar (AUD) started to appreciate against the US dollar (USD), after the RBA increased the cash rate on 4th May 2022. Explain why and how the AUD has been appreciating in reaction to the RBA monetary policy action. Your answer must include the actions financial investors in Australia and the United States. You may use the flexible exchange rate diagram above to illustrate your answer. Assume the initial equilibrium point is A.
Part C: What would be the impact of the appreciating AUD on net exports (NX) in Australia and the United states, ceteris paribus? Briefly explain.
Part A: The monetary policy implemented by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) on 4th May 2022 can be described as a contractionary or tightening monetary policy. By increasing the cash rate by 0.25%, the RBA aims to reduce the rising inflation rate.
This increase in the cash rate makes borrowing more expensive for individuals and businesses, which in turn reduces consumption and investment spending. The transmission process of the RBA's monetary policy can be outlined as follows:
Announcement: The RBA announces the increase in the cash rate, signaling its intention to control inflation and tighten monetary conditions.
Increased borrowing costs: As the cash rate rises, commercial banks increase their lending rates, making borrowing more expensive for households and businesses.
Reduced consumer spending: Higher borrowing costs discourage consumers from taking out loans for purchases such as houses, cars, or other goods and services. This leads to a decrease in consumer spending, which can affect businesses' revenue.
Decreased business investment: With higher borrowing costs, businesses find it more expensive to finance their investment projects. This can lead to a reduction in business investment, impacting economic growth and employment.
Lower inflationary pressures: By reducing consumer spending and business investment, the tightening monetary policy aims to curb inflationary pressures in the economy.
Impact on real GDP: The decrease in consumer spending and business investment can result in a slowdown in economic activity, which can potentially lead to a decrease in real GDP growth.
Part B: The appreciation of the Australian dollar (AUD) against the US dollar (USD) after the RBA increased the cash rate can be explained by several factors:
Interest rate differential: When the RBA increases the cash rate, it makes Australian interest rates relatively higher compared to those in the United States. This attracts foreign investors who seek higher returns on their investments. To invest in Australia, these investors need to exchange their foreign currency (USD) for Australian dollars (AUD), increasing the demand for AUD and causing its value to appreciate.
Capital inflows: The higher interest rates in Australia make it more attractive for foreign investors to invest in Australian assets such as stocks, bonds, and real estate. This leads to an increase in capital inflows into the Australian economy, further increasing the demand for AUD and causing its value to appreciate.
Speculative activity: Financial investors in Australia and the United States may engage in speculative activities based on expectations of further appreciation of the AUD. If they anticipate that the AUD will continue to strengthen, they may buy AUD in the hope of selling it at a higher exchange rate in the future. This speculative demand for AUD can also contribute to its appreciation.
Part C: The impact of the appreciating AUD on net exports (NX) in Australia and the United States, ceteris paribus (all other things being equal), can be explained as follows:
Australia: An appreciating AUD makes Australian goods and services relatively more expensive for foreign buyers. This can lead to a decrease in Australian exports, as foreign buyers may switch to cheaper alternatives from other countries. Consequently, net exports in Australia may decrease.
United States: An appreciating AUD makes US goods and services relatively cheaper for Australian buyers. This can lead to an increase in US exports to Australia, as Australian buyers find US products more affordable. Consequently, net exports in the United States may increase.
Overall, ceteris paribus, an appreciating AUD tends to have a negative impact on net exports in Australia and a positive impact on net exports in the United States. However, it's important to consider that other factors, such as changes in the relative competitiveness of industries, exchange rate expectations, and non-price factors, can also influence net exports.
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The income elasticity of demand of a good is -0.2. If income rises by 5%, by how much quantities demanded of the good will change? Is the good normal or inferior? Group of answer choices -1%, normal 2.5%, normal -2.5%, inferior -1%, inferior
Given the income elasticity of demand of a good is -0.2. If income rises by 5%, the quantity demanded of the good will change by -1%.
The income elasticity of demand is a measure of the change in quantity demanded in response to a change in income of consumers. It indicates how much the quantity demanded of a good or service changes with a change in consumers' income. If the income elasticity of demand is negative, the good is inferior, which means that the demand for the good decreases with an increase in income. Whereas, if the income elasticity of demand is positive, the good is normal, which means that the demand for the good increases with an increase in income.Mathematically, the income elasticity of demand is expressed as the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in income. It can be given as:Income elasticity of demand (Ey) = Percentage change in quantity demanded / Percentage change in incomeGiven, Ey = -0.2 and the percentage change in income is 5%.Therefore, the percentage change in quantity demanded can be calculated as:Percentage change in quantity demanded = Ey × Percentage change in income= -0.2 × 5%= -0.01 or -1%Hence, the quantity demanded of the good will change by -1% if income rises by 5%. Since the income elasticity of demand is negative, the good is inferior. Thus, the correct option is -1%, inferior.
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According to Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory, which type of leadership styles are effective in the following instances and why? a. Mr. Ali found that his subordinate, Ms Savina, is competent but demotivated [4]
b. Ms. Suma has determined that her subordinate has high willingness to perform, but has low ability.
A leader should use a supportive style of leadership in this situation, A leader should use a directive style of leadership in this situation
According to Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory, the following type of leadership styles are effective in the given instances: a. Mr. Ali found that his subordinate, Ms Savina, is competent but demotivated: A leader should use a supportive style of leadership in this situation. In the supportive leadership style, the leader provides emotional support, recognition, and feedback to the followers. This style is effective when followers have the ability to do the task but lack the motivation or commitment to do it. Since Ms. Savina is competent but demotivated, the supportive leadership style can be useful to her in gaining motivation.
The supportive leadership style helps followers to feel valued and appreciated for their work. b. Ms. Suma has determined that her subordinate has high willingness to perform but has low ability: A leader should use a directive style of leadership in this situation. In the directive leadership style, the leader provides specific directions and closely supervises the followers. This style is effective when followers lack the ability to do the task but have the willingness to perform. Since the subordinate has high willingness but low ability, the directive style can be used to give specific directions that help the subordinate complete the task efficiently. The directive leadership style helps followers to develop new skills and gain knowledge needed to accomplish the task.
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Entity A had a cash balance of ₱310,000 at the beginning of the period. During the period Entity A had the following transactions: (a) Rendered services worth ₱420,000, on account; (b) Obtained a ₱500,000 loan; (c) Collected ₱270,000 accounts receivable; (d) Paid total expenses of ₱680,000; and (e) Paid half of the loan. How much is the ending balance of cash? show your solution, indicate right after your answer if it has net debit balance or net credit balance.
Entity A had a cash balance of P310,000 at the beginning of the period. The ending balance of cash is P570,000. The net credit balance is P260,000.
Entity A had a cash balance of P310,000 at the beginning of the period. During the period Entity A had the following transactions:
(a) Rendered services worth P420,000, on account.'
(b) Obtained a P500,000 loan.
(c) Collected P270,000 accounts receivable.
(d) Paid total expenses of P680,000.
(e) Paid half of the loan.
The ending balance of cash is P420,000.
Given:Beginning cash balance = P310,000 (given)
Rendered services on account = P420,000
Loan obtained = P500,000
Accounts receivable collected = P270,000
Total expenses paid = P680,000
Half of the loan paid = P250,000 (P500,000/2)
To compute the ending cash balance, we need to compute the total inflows and outflows of cash during the period.
Inflows: From accounts receivable collection = P270,000
From services rendered on account = P420,000
From loan obtained = P500,000
Total inflows = P1,190,000
Outflows: To pay for expenses = P680,000
To pay for half of the loan = P250,000
Total outflows = P930,000
Cash increase = Total inflows - Total outflows
Cash increase = P1,190,000 - P930,000 = P260,000
Ending cash balance = Beginning cash balance + Cash increase
Ending cash balance = P310,000 + P260,000
Ending cash balance = P570,000
The ending balance of cash is P570,000. The net credit balance is P260,000.
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DHL-Logistics solutions and special expertise 3/18 We have a wide range of solutions that can be tailored to your business particular needs. Our aim is to optimise and improve your supply chain, helping you gain a competitive advantage. DHL Express offers the following service for Small to Medium Enterprises (SMMEs): . Delivery Services O Export 0 Import O Domestic O Business Solutions Optional Services 10 Preparation and packaging O Shipment Protection Duty Billing Services O Additional Services Customs Services o Customs Preparation 0 Customs Process o Customs Support DHL Express completes multi million pound facility upgrade in South Africa DHL Express has upgraded its Johannesburg Gateway facility, a fixed base for shipment handling, based at OR Tambo International Airport, after outgrowing its capacity due to rapid volume growth.
DHL Logistics Solutions offer a variety of solutions that can be customized to the specific needs of your business. They seek to improve your supply chain, allowing you to gain a competitive advantage.
DHL Express offers a variety of services for small and medium-sized enterprises, including delivery services (export, import, domestic, and business solutions), optional services, duty billing services, and customs services.
In South Africa, DHL Express has completed a multi-million-pound upgrade to its Johannesburg Gateway facility in response to rapid volume growth and a lack of capacity.
DHL Logistics Solutions and special expertise offer a variety of customizable solutions for your business's specific needs. They aim to optimize and enhance your supply chain, giving you a competitive edge.
DHL Express provides a variety of services for small to medium-sized enterprises, including delivery services for exports, imports, domestic, and business solutions. Optional services, duty billing services, and customs services are also available.
In response to rapid volume growth and a lack of capacity, DHL Express has completed a multi-million-pound upgrade to its Johannesburg Gateway facility. This upgrade enhances the fixed base's shipment handling, which is located at OR Tambo International Airport.
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Company 'A' issues a bond at $1,000 and offers a payment of $50/year every year for 3 years. If the current market value of the bond is $935, what is the current yield?
a. 5.35%
b. 5%
c. 5.5%
d. 6.5%
The calculated current yield is approximately 16.04%.
What is the current yield for a bond with a $1,000 face value, $50 annual payment for 3 years, and a current market value of $935?To calculate the current yield, we can use the formula:
Current Yield = (Annual Interest Payment / Current Market Value) ˣ 100%
Given that the bond offers a payment of $50/year for 3 years, the total annual interest payment is $50 ˣ 3 = $150.
Substituting the values into the formula:
Current Yield = ($150 / $935) ˣ 100%
Calculating this expression:
Current Yield ≈ 0.1604 ˣ 100% ≈ 16.04%
Therefore, the current yield is approximately 16.04%.
None of the answer choices provided match the calculated value, so it appears to be missing from the options.
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The following information relates to a company's sales forecast and production planning: Quarter Demand Forecast 38,500 2 55,200 3 50,800 4 75,500 Beginning Workforce = 500 workers Production per Employee = 50 units per quarter Hiring Cost = $150 per worker Firing cost = $300 per worker Inventory Carrying Cost = $3 per unit per quarter Production Cost = $2 per unit If a level production strategy is used the number of units in inventory at the end of quarter 3 is
The production planning and sales forecast for a company is as follows: Quarter Demand Forecast1 38,5002 55,2003 50,8004 75,500Beginning Workforce = 500 workers Production per Employee = 50 units per quarter Hiring Cost = $150 per worker Firing cost = $300 per worker Inventory Carrying Cost = $3 per unit per quarter Production Cost = $2 per unit.
To find out the number of units in inventory at the end of quarter 3 with level production strategy, follow the given steps: Calculation of Production Requirements: Quarter Demand Forecast (units) Production Requirements (units) 1 38,500 39,000 2 55,200 39,000 3 50,800 39,000 4 75,500 39,000Total 219,000
Calculation of Workforce Requirements: Quarter Production Requirements Workforce Required1 39,000 7802 39,000 7803 39,000 7804 39,000 780Total 3,120Calculation of Hiring and Firing Costs: Particulars Cost Number of workers Total Hiring $150 280 $42,000 Firing $300 220 $66,000Net Hiring and Firing Costs = $24,000Calculation of Production Cost and Carrying Cost: Quarter Production Requirements Production Cost Carrying Cost Total Cost1 39,000 $78,000 $117,000 $195,0002 39,000 $78,000 $117,000 $195,0003 39,000 $78,000 $117,000 $195,0004 39,000 $78,000 $0 $78,000Total $312,000 $468,000 $780,000Total Cost per unit = $3.56Total Number of Units in Inventory at the End of Quarter 3= Units Produced - (Units Sold + Units in Inventory)Units Produced in Quarters 1, 2 and 3= 39,000 × 3 = 117,000Units Sold in Quarters 1 and 2= 38,500 + 55,200= 93,700Units in Inventory at the End of Quarter 3= 117,000 - 93,700= 23,300Therefore, the number of units in inventory at the end of quarter 3 with level production strategy is 23,300.
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List two tools uses that can help to get a better
understanding of a project.
Thank you.
project management
Project management is the process of planning, organizing, executing, and controlling resources (people, tools, materials) to attain specific project objectives within time, budget, and quality constraints. It is a systemic approach to handle projects and accomplish their goals effectively.
The two tools that can be utilized to get a better understanding of a project are as follows:
1. Gantt Charts: Gantt charts are bar graphs that illustrate project schedules. They are used to plan and track the progress of tasks in a project. They assist in recognizing how tasks are linked and how they affect one another. Gantt charts depict the start and end dates of all project tasks and are very helpful in scheduling and keeping track of progress throughout the project.
2. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a hierarchical diagram of all project activities and deliverables. This chart outlines all project activities, indicating the tasks required to achieve each deliverable. It helps to break down the project into smaller, more manageable components and establishes a clear structure for managing the project. The WBS provides a comprehensive understanding of the project, assists with planning, and aids in allocating resources. It also ensures that all project activities are accounted for and that nothing is overlooked.
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What is meant by ‘human resource information management systems’
(HRIMS)? Why are they necessary and important, give examples?
Human Resource Information Management Systems (HRIMS) refer to a combination of information technology and HR services that assist human resources personnel in managing data.
It includes the storage, protection, management, retrieval, and sharing of information and documents related to human resources.
HRIMS are important and necessary for a variety of reasons, including Streamlined administration: HRIMS automate repetitive manual tasks, reducing the time required for such tasks.
It allows HR personnel to focus on more strategic activities like creating policies, hiring, and training.
Faster decision-making: HRIMS provides a centralized and efficient way to manage information.
This allows for easier access to data, and faster decision-making by HR personnel. Improving Compliance: HRIMS keeps employee records updated and organized.
It helps to prevent data redundancy and data inconsistencies. HRIMS also ensures compliance with relevant regulations and policies.
Reduced Paperwork: HRIMS reduces the need for paperwork. It enables HR personnel to go paperless, saving time and money.
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A project has the following estimated values for the initial investment and annual operating cash flows. The firm has a required return (cost of capital) of 13%. What is the IRR for this project? Year Cash Flow 0 - $195,800 1 61,000 2 85,000 3 87,000 4 90,000
a 16.4% b 14.7% c 21.2% d 18.1%
e 19.9%
To calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) for the project, we need to find the discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of the project equal to zero. The NPV formula is as follows:
NPV = CF0 / (1 + r)^0 + CF1 / (1 + r)^1 + CF2 / (1 + r)^2 + CF3 / (1 + r)^3 + CF4 / (1 + r)^4
Where:
CF0 = Initial investment
CF1, CF2, CF3, CF4 = Cash flows in years 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively
r = Discount rate or cost of capital
Given:
CF0 = -$195,800
CF1 = $61,000
CF2 = $85,000
CF3 = $87,000
CF4 = $90,000
r = 13% or 0.13
Using these values, we can calculate the IRR by finding the discount rate that makes the NPV equal to zero. Since this involves trial and error, we can use an iterative method or a financial calculator/software to find the approximate IRR.
After performing the calculations, the IRR for this project is approximately 18.1%. Therefore, the correct answer is option (d) 18.1%.
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Portfolios falling to the right of the efficient frontier
a.do not use all of the assets in the portfolio.
b.fall within the set of feasible portfolios.
c.would be desirable if only they were possible.
d.have too much risk for the expected return.
Portfolios falling to the right of the efficient frontier have too much risk for the expected return. The correct answer is Option D.
What is a portfolio?
A portfolio is a group of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, and cash equivalents, as well as their mutual, exchange-traded, and closed-fund counterparts. The theory is that diversification will mitigate the risk of loss for individual holdings.
Portfolio management is about balancing the desire for growth with the need to safeguard against loss. When it comes to investing in portfolios, there are numerous factors to consider. Some of these factors include risk, return, and feasibility.
Risk: Risk refers to the likelihood of an investment losing its value. When you purchase a stock, there is a risk that the value of that stock will fall, and you will lose money on your investment. The risk of an investment is frequently linked to the expected return, with riskier investments providing a higher potential return.
Feasible: Feasibility refers to the viability of an investment or a portfolio. A feasible portfolio is one that is financially feasible for the investor. It is critical to analyze the potential returns and the risks associated with a portfolio before investing in it.
Return: A return is the income generated by an investment. It may come in the form of dividends, interest payments, or an increase in the asset's value. Investors must weigh the potential returns of an investment against its potential risks to determine if it is worthwhile.
Portfolios that fall to the right of the efficient frontier have too much risk for the expected return. As a result, option d is the right answer.
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Accounts from the Perril Company's Income Statement, including some accounts and from the Perril Company's Balance Sheet, for the year ending December 31, 2021 are listed below:
• Additional paid in capital = $1,210 • Beginning inventoły = $540 • Depreciation = $1,440 • Dividends paid = $1,030 • Ending inventory = $510 Gross sales = $13,940 • Interest expense = $550 • Notes payable = $2,650 • Operating expenses (excluding depreciation) = $3,420 • Purchases $5,370 • Returns and allowances = $120 Perril Company has a tax rate of 25 percent. Using the data above, compute what Perril Company (a retail clothing store) reported as Addition to Retained Earnings 2021
Perril Company has a tax rate of 25 percent, Perril Company (a retail clothing store) reported $477.50 as Additional to Retained Earnings 2021.
Additional to Retained Earnings 2021
= Net income – Dividends paid
We have to calculate Net income before proceeding to calculate Additional to Retained Earnings 2021. Gross sales is given as $13,940, whereas Returns and allowances is given as $120.
Thus, the net sales can be calculated as follows:
Net sales = Gross sales – Returns and allowances
= $13,940 – $120= $13,820
Now, we can calculate Cost of goods sold as follows:
Cost of goods sold = Beginning inventory + Purchases - Ending inventory
= $540 + $5,370 - $510
= $6,400
Gross Profit = Net sales - Cost of goods sold
= $13,820 - $6,400
= $7,420
Operating expenses (excluding depreciation) is given as $3,420.
We also have depreciation as $1,440 and interest expense as $550. Thus, we can calculate Earnings before taxes (EBT) as follows:
EBT = Gross Profit - Operating expenses (excluding depreciation) - Depreciation - Interest expense
= $7,420 - $3,420 - $1,440 - $550
= $2,010
We can calculate Income tax as follows:
Income tax = EBT x Tax rate=
$2,010 x 25%=
$502.50
Net income = EBT - Income tax
= $2,010 - $502.50
= $1,507.50
Now, we can calculate Additional to Retained Earnings 2021 as follows:
Additional to Retained Earnings 2021 = Net income - Dividends paid
= $1,507.50 - $1,030
= $477.50
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The Saadiyaat Beach Club was once called the Monte-Carlo Beach Club because it was first operated by the Monaco-based luxury hospitality group Monte-Carlo Société des Bains de Mer who had an agreement to operate this on behalf of the owners, the Tourism Development & Investment Company. This is an example of:
a.Corporate Vertical Marketing System
b.Sequential Vertical Marketing System
c.Administered Vertical Marketing System
d.Contractual Vertical Marketing System
The example of the Monte-Carlo Beach Club's initial operation by the Monaco-based luxury hospitality group Monte-Carlo Société des Bains de Mer on behalf of the owners, the Tourism Development & Investment Company is a CONTRACTUAL VERTICAL MARKETING SYSTEM
The correct option is B.
.What is a Contractual Vertical Marketing System?A contractual vertical marketing system is a marketing arrangement in which independent firms, such as manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers, join together to increase efficiency and scale. Contractual VMS is a well-known type of vertical marketing system. In this kind of relationship, independent companies decide to join together to increase their sales and improve their efficiency.
The parties involved in a contractual VMS system operate independently, but they collaborate to attain the same goal of increased efficiency, sales, and profits. Therefore, the Saadiyaat Beach Club was once called the Monte-Carlo Beach Club because it was first operated by the Monaco-based luxury hospitality group Monte-Carlo Société des Bains de Mer who had an agreement to operate this on behalf of the owners, the Tourism Development & Investment Company. This is an example of a contractual vertical marketing system.
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What makes a product/service a purple cow?
What are the current purple cows for Americans (provide examples
not included in the video)?
A Purple Cow has the following attributes:It is Remarkable, Memorable,Relevant, these makes a product, a purple cow . Some of the current Purple Cows for Americans are:1 Tesla, Netflix, Beyond Meat, Airbnb
A Purple Cow is a product, service, or idea that stands out in a crowd of products, services, or ideas. It is something that is unique, remarkable, and different from everything else. The term "purple cow" comes from a book by Seth Godin, where he talks about how to make a product or service remarkable and attract attention.
The product/service must be something that people will talk about and remember.It is Different: The product/service must be different from everything else in the market.It is Memorable: The product/service must be something that people will remember and associate with your brand.It is Relevant: The product/service must be relevant to the needs and desires of your target audience.
Some of the current Purple Cows for Americans are:1. Tesla: Tesla is a company that makes electric cars that are not only environmentally friendly but also faster and more luxurious than traditional gas-powered cars.2. Airbnb: Airbnb is a company that allows people to rent out their homes or apartments to travelers. It is unique and has disrupted the hotel industry.3. Netflix: Netflix is a streaming service that has revolutionized the way people watch TV shows and movies. It is affordable, convenient, and has a wide variety of content.
Beyond Meat: Beyond Meat is a company that produces plant-based meat substitutes that taste like real meat. It is a healthier alternative to traditional meat and has become very popular among vegetarians and vegans.5. Peloton: Peloton is a fitness company that produces high-quality exercise bikes and treadmills with built-in screens that allow users to stream live or on-demand workout classes. It is convenient, affordable, and has disrupted the fitness industry.
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Distinguish between Client’s risks and Contractor’s risk on a construction project and discuss how these can affect the project outcome.
PLEASE ADDRESS THE QUESTION DIRECTLY AND NO ADDED INFORMATION PLEASE STATE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO AND THEIR MEANIG AND HOW CAN THEY CAN IMPACT A PROJECT OUTCOME. PLEASE KEEP IT TO THE POINT
In a construction project, client's risk and contractor's risk are the two main types of risks. The client is the one who hires the contractor to execute the construction works. The contractor, on the other hand, is the one who is responsible for the construction process.
These two types of risk can have an impact on the construction project outcome.Differences between Client’s risks and Contractor’s risk on a construction projectClient's risk is a risk that the client faces in a construction project. This type of risk arises from the uncertainty and unpredictability of the construction project. The client's risk is the risk that the client will suffer financial losses as a result of the project's outcome. If the construction project's result is not what the client expected, the client's risk will come into play. On the other hand, the contractor's risk is the risk that the contractor faces in a construction project. The contractor's risk is a risk that arises from the contractor's work process. If the contractor fails to complete the project as planned, the contractor's risk will come into play.How these risks can affect the project outcomeBoth of these risks have the potential to negatively impact the outcome of the construction project. If the client's risk is too high, the project may fail. The client may also face significant financial losses. Furthermore, if the contractor's risk is too high, the project may be delayed, resulting in financial losses for the contractor. As a result, both of these risks must be managed effectively in order to minimize their impact on the project outcome.
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Donald owes $29000 in a consolidated student loan. If the loan must be repaid in 19 years at 6% annual interest, what will his monthly payment be?
a)$127
b)$254
c)$64
d)$213
Donald's monthly payment, given the cost of the student loan, and the number of years as well as annual interest, is D. $ 213
How to find the monthly payment ?The monthly payment is constant and periodic which means that it is an annuity. This makes the current loan balance of $ 29, 000 the present value of an annuity.
The periodic rate :
= 6 % / 12 months
= 0. 5 %
The number of periods :
= 19 x 12
= 228 months
The monthly payment is:
= Present annuity value / Present value of Annuity interest factor, 0. 5%, 228 periods
= 29, 000 / 135.85424588579
= $ 213
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