At pH 6.8, arginine and histidine would migrate toward the cathode, while at pH 4.0, aspartic acid and cysteine would migrate toward the anode. For the dipeptides Gly-Val-Trp and Thr-Lys-Ile at pH 6.0, their migration would depend on the net charge of the peptide.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules based on their charge and size. The migration of compounds during electrophoresis is influenced by their charge and the pH of the surrounding environment.
At pH 6.8, arginine and histidine would migrate toward the cathode because they are positively charged at this pH. On the other hand, at pH 4.0, aspartic acid and cysteine would migrate toward the anode since they are negatively charged at this pH.
The dipeptides Gly-Val-Trp and Thr-Lys-Ile at pH 6.0 can have varying migration patterns depending on the net charge of the peptide. If the net charge of the dipeptide is positive, it would migrate toward the cathode, and if it is negative, it would migrate toward the anode. If the net charge is zero, the dipeptide may not migrate significantly in either direction.
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determine the reducing agent in the following reaction. 2 li(s) fe(c2h3o2)2(aq) → 2 lic2h3o2(aq) fe(s)
The reducing agent in the given reaction is Li(s). Li(s) is the reducing agent because it undergoes oxidation by losing electrons in the reaction.
It is oxidized from its elemental state (0 oxidation state) to the +1 oxidation state in the product [tex]2LiC2H3O2(aq)[/tex]). In this reaction, Li(s) donates electrons to [tex]Fe(C2H3O2)2(aq)[/tex] , which causes the Fe ions to gain electrons and be reduced to elemental iron (Fe(s)). The oxidation number of Fe changes from +2 in the reactant to 0 in the product. Therefore, Li(s) acts as the reducing agent by providing the electrons necessary for the reduction of [tex]Fe(C2H3O2)2(aq)[/tex] to Fe(s).
The reaction can be represented as follows:
[tex]\[2Li(s) + Fe(C2H3O2)2(aq) \rightarrow 2LiC2H3O2(aq) + Fe(s)\][/tex]
In this equation, Li(s) is the reducing agent, as it undergoes oxidation and loses electrons to reduce the Fe ions.
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which functional group can accept protons (h+), depending on ph?
The functional group that can accept protons depending on pH is the amino group. The amino group of an amino acid can act as a base, accepting a proton from a donor molecule.
Functional groups are groups of atoms bonded together that determine the chemical behavior of a molecule. They are also known as substituent groups, side chains, or moieties, and they react with other functional groups to change the chemical properties of a molecule. The pH of a solution is a measure of its acidity or basicity.
The concentration of H+ and OH− ions in a solution determines its pH. The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution; the higher the pH, the more basic the solution.Amino acids have an amino group (−NH2) and a carboxyl group (−COOH) attached to the same carbon atom. The amino group has a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons that can accept a proton. At high pH, the amino group accepts a proton to become NH3+, while at low pH, the carboxyl group loses a proton to become COO-.
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what volume is occupied by 5.03 g of o2 at 28c and a pressure of 0.998atm
The volume occupied by 5.03 g of O2 at 28°C and a pressure of 0.998 atm is approximately 3.88 liters.
To determine the volume occupied by 5.03 g of O2 at 28°C and a pressure of 0.998 atm, we can use the ideal gas law equation:
PV = nRT
Where:
P is the pressure (0.998 atm)
V is the volume (unknown)
n is the number of moles of gas (which we need to calculate)
R is the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)
T is the temperature in Kelvin (28°C + 273.15 = 301.15 K)
First, we need to calculate the number of moles of O2 using its molar mass. The molar mass of O2 is approximately 32 g/mol (16 g/mol for each oxygen atom).
n = mass / molar mass
n = 5.03 g / 32 g/mol
n = 0.157 moles
Now, we can rearrange the ideal gas law equation to solve for V:
V = (nRT) / P
V = (0.157 mol * 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K * 301.15 K) / 0.998 atm
V = 3.88 L
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The equilibrium constant of a reaction requires certain environmental variables to remain constant. These variables are _____.
pressure, temperature, and concentration
temperature and concentration
pressure, temperature, and time
None of the above.
The equilibrium constant of a reaction requires certain environmental variables to remain constant. These variables are pressure, temperature, and concentration. The correct option is A.
An equilibrium constant is a mathematical tool that enables the quantification of the extent of a chemical reaction. The equilibrium constant is symbolized by Keq, and it is utilized to determine the concentration of reactants and products present at equilibrium.
This calculation is done using the law of mass action.Keq is defined as the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations in a chemical reaction taking place at equilibrium. The concentrations used in the expression for Keq are equilibrium concentrations.
As a result, Keq is a constant for a given reaction at a specific temperature. Keq is dependent on a variety of environmental variables such as temperature, pressure, and concentration. To keep the equilibrium constant stable, these variables must remain constant.
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suppose that curves 1 and 2 represent two different gases at the same temperature. if the gases are helium and neon
Suppose that curves 1 and 2 represent two different gases at the same temperature. If the gases are helium and neon. Helium (He) and Neon (Ne) are noble gases that exist as monoatomic molecules. These two gases will be compared in this article.
Let's suppose that curves 1 and 2 represent the two different gases at the same temperature. Here are some things to consider:
What is the impact of Helium and Neon on gas laws?
Both Helium and Neon have the same number of valence electrons (2), but they differ in atomic number (He has an atomic number of 2 and Ne has an atomic number of 10), so their molecular weights are different. This implies that the gases, unlike larger and more polar molecules, do not engage in any kind of bonding or interaction.
What is the influence of the molecular weight of gas on gas laws?
The molecular weight of a gas has a significant impact on its behavior, particularly in terms of how it responds to changes in temperature and pressure. This is why it is crucial to compare gases of equal mass in order to make any generalizations about their behavior. Gases with a lower molecular weight, such as helium, will diffuse faster than gases with a higher molecular weight, such as neon, under comparable conditions because the lighter particles move more quickly.
However, the magnitude of the pressure and volume on each curve is different. As a result, the curve for neon will be shifted toward the right, indicating that it requires more pressure to reach a given volume. At the same temperature, helium has a lower boiling point than neon, making it a gas at room temperature and pressure, while neon is a liquid.
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Calculate the rms speed of an oxygen gas molecule, O2, at 33.0?C Express your answer numerically in meters per second I calculated 450.0 m/s and its saying its worng. not sure what im calulating wrong here...
The Root mean square speed of an oxygen gas molecule, O2, at 33.0 °C is 484.49 m/s. Hence, the correct answer is 484.49 m/s.
Root mean square (rms) speed: It is the speed at which the molecules of a gas travel. It is the square root of the average of the squares of the velocities of the individual gas molecules. The rms velocity of a gas molecule is important in many ways, including in determining the rate of diffusion and the pressure of the gas. Given,The temperature of the gas (T) = 33.0 °C The molar mass of the oxygen molecule = 32 g/mol We have to calculate the rms speed of the oxygen gas molecule at 33.0 °C.
To calculate the rms speed of a gas, the given temperature must be in Kelvin (K). So, we convert the given temperature to Kelvin as follows:
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15T(K)
= 33.0°C + 273.15
= 306.15 K
We have to calculate the rms speed of an oxygen gas molecule, O2. The molar mass of O2 is 32 g/mol. The rms speed formula is given by:
vrms = √((3kT) / m) Where, k = Boltzmann's constant
= 1.38 × 10⁻²³ J/KT
= temperature in kelvin m
= mass of a single molecule of the gas.
We know that the molecular mass of the O2 gas, m = 32 g/mol.
Therefore, the mass of a single oxygen molecule is,
m/NA = 32/6.022 x 10²³
= 5.31 × 10⁻²⁶ kgNA
= Avogadro number
= 6.022 × 10²³mol⁻¹
We substitute the given values into the rms velocity equation to obtain the value of the rms velocity, that is, vrms.
vrms = √((3kT) / m) Substituting the values of k, T, and m, we get
vrms = √((3 × 1.38 × 10⁻²³ × 306.15) / 5.31 × 10⁻²⁶)vrms
= 484.49 m/s
Therefore, the rms speed of an oxygen gas molecule, O2, at 33.0 °C is 484.49 m/s. Hence, the correct answer is 484.49 m/s.
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calculate the volume of 0.100 m h3po4 required to neutralize 30 m l of 0.050 m caoh2
Volume of H3PO4 = 0.100 m30mL of 0.050 M Ca(OH)2 is given .Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 74g/mole reaction Molar mass of H3PO4 = 98g/molar
We need to find the volume of H3PO4 required to neutralize 30mL of 0.050M Ca(OH)2.Long Write the chemical equation for the reaction the between Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4.Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 → CaHPO4 + 2H2OStep 2: Find the number of moles of Ca(OH)2.Number of moles of Ca(OH)2 = Molarity x Volume of Ca(OH)2= 0.050 mol/L x (30 mL/1000mL)= 0.050 x 0.030= 0.0015 moles of Ca(OH)
Find the number of moles of H3PO4 required .Number of moles of H3PO4 required = Number of moles of Ca(OH)2 used in reaction= 0.0015 moles are Find the volume of H3PO4 required. Volume of H3PO4 required = Number of moles of H3PO4 required / Molarity of H3PO4= 0.0015 moles / 0.100 mol /L= 0.015 L or 15 mL The volume of 0.100M H3PO4 required to 30mL of 0.050M Ca(OH)2 is 15mL.
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assign formal charges to each atom in the resonance forms of cn2h2. which of the two do you think is more important contributor to the resonance hybrid and why
In the resonance forms of CN2H2, resonance form 2 is more important in the resonance hybrid. Carbon has a formal charge of -1, nitrogen has a formal charge of +1, and hydrogen has a formal charge of 0. Resonance form 2 is preferred due to the stability of the negative formal charge on carbon and the positive formal charge on nitrogen.
The formal charges in the resonance forms of CN2H2 are as follows:
Resonance form 1:
The carbon atom has a formal charge of +1.The nitrogen atom has a formal charge of 0.The other nitrogen atom has a formal charge of -1.The hydrogen atoms have formal charges of 0.Resonance form 2:
The carbon atom has a formal charge of -1.The nitrogen atom has a formal charge of +1.The other nitrogen atom has a formal charge of 0.The hydrogen atoms have formal charges of 0.The more important contributor to the resonance hybrid depends on the stability of the resonance forms. Generally, resonance forms with lower formal charges or more electronegative atoms with negative formal charges are more stable.
In this case, resonance form 2, where the carbon atom has a formal charge of -1 and the nitrogen atom has a formal charge of +1, is more stable.
This is because carbon is more electronegative than nitrogen, and negative formal charges on more electronegative atoms are more stable than positive formal charges on less electronegative atoms.
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calculate how many µl of 20 mg/ml stock solution is needed to make 200 µl of 1 mg/ml of each carbohydrate. how much water will also be needed?
The volume of stock solution of carbohydrate is 10 µL and the volume of water is 190 µL. The calculations are shown in the explanation below.
Concentration of stock solution = 20 mg/mL Volume of stock solution = Concentration of the required solution = 1 mg/mLVolume of the required solution = 200 µLWe need to calculate the volume of stock solution of carbohydrate and the volume of water required.
To calculate the volume of stock solution required, we can use the following formula: Volume of stock solution = (Volume of the required solution × Concentration of the required solution) / Concentration of stock solutionSubstituting the given values, Volume of stock solution = (200 µL × 1 mg/mL) / 20 mg/mL= 10 µLTherefore, we need 10 µL of the stock solution of carbohydrate. To calculate the volume of water required, we can use the following formula:Volume of water = Volume of the required solution − Volume of stock solution Substituting the given values,Volume of water = 200 µL − 10 µL= 190 µL.
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Manganese is a transition element essential for the growth of bones. What is the mass in grams of 3.22 x 10^20 Manganese atoms, the number found in 1kg of bone?
Manganese is a transition element that is important for the development of bones. To determine the mass in grams of 3.22 x 10^20 Manganese atoms found in 1 kg of bone, we need to use the Avogadro number.What is Avogadro's number.
Avogadro's number (N) is the number of atoms or molecules present in one mole of any substance. It has a value of 6.022 × 1023.What is a mole?A mole is defined as the amount of substance containing the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. One mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles. Its units are in mol.We will use the following formula to find the mass of 3.22 x 10^20 Manganese atoms found in 1 kg of bone: Mass = Number of particles / Avogadro's number × Atomic massMass = 3.22 × 10²⁰ / 6.022 × 10²³ × 54.938 g mol⁻¹ Mass = 3.22 × 10²⁰ / 3.26 × 10⁴⁶ Mass = 9.88 × 10⁻²⁷ kgMass of 3.22 x 10^20 .
Manganese atoms found in 1 kg of bone is 9.88 × 10⁻²⁷ kg.However, we are required to find the mass in grams. Therefore, we need to multiply 9.88 × 10⁻²⁷ kg by 1000 g kg⁻¹, which is equivalent to 1 kg.9.88 × 10⁻²⁷ kg × 1000 g kg⁻¹ = 9.88 × 10⁻²⁴ The mass in grams of 3.22 x 10^20 Manganese atoms found in 1 kg of bone is 9.88 × 10⁻²⁴ g.
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what is the coefficient of the permanganate ion when the following equation is balanced? mno4- br- → mn2 br2 (acidic solution) 4 3 2 1 5
The balanced equation is:
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 Br- → 2 Mn2+ + Br2 + 4 H2O
The coefficient of permanganate ion,
MnO4- is 5. Hence, the correct option is 5.
The coefficient of permanganate ion when the given equation is balanced is 5.Balancing a redox reaction occurring in an acidic solution involves the addition of H+ ions to balance the chemical equation. Let's balance the equation:Step 1: Write the unbalanced equation:
MnO4- + Br- → Mn2+ + Br2
Step 2: Determine the oxidation states of all the atoms in the unbalanced equation:Oxidation state of Mn in
MnO4- is +7 Oxidation state of Br in Br- is -1 Oxidation state of Mn in Mn2+ is +2Oxidation state of Br in Br2 is 0 Step 3: Split the equation into two half-reactions:Oxidation half-reaction: MnO4- → Mn2+Reduction half-reaction: Br- → Br2Step 4: Balance each half-reaction separately:Balance the reduction half-reaction: Br- → Br2+ e-Step 5: Balance the charges by adding H+ ions and electrons (e-) to each half-reaction:Oxidation half-reaction: MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- → Mn2+ + 4 H2O Reduction half-reaction: 2 Br- → Br2 + 2 e-Step 6: Balance the number of electrons transferred between the two half-reactions by multiplying the oxidation half-reaction by two:2
MnO4- + 16 H+ + 10 e- → 2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O2 Br- → Br2 + 2 e-
Step 7: Add both half-reactions together and cancel out the species that appear on both sides:
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 Br- → 2 Mn2+ + Br2 + 4 H2O
Step 8: Verify that the equation is balanced:There are 5 oxygens, 5 potassiums, 2 manganese, and 2 bromines on each side of the equation, and the charges are balanced. Therefore, the balanced equation is:
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 Br- → 2 Mn2+ + Br2 + 4 H2O
The coefficient of permanganate ion,
MnO4- is 5.
Hence, the correct option is 5.
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What is the total number of moles of the solute H2SO4 needed to prepare 5.0 L of a 2.0 M solution of H2SO4?
a) 2.5 moles
b) 5.0 moles
c) 10.0 moles
d) 20.0 moles
The total number of moles of solute H2SO4 required to prepare 5 L of a 2 M solution of H2SO4 is 10 moles.How to calculate the total number of moles of solute H2SO4 needed to prepare 5.0 L of a 2.0.
M solution of H2SO4? Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in litersRearranging the formula to calculate moles of solute we getmoles of solute = Molarity × volume of solution in liters. The total number of moles of solute H2SO4 required to prepare 5 L of a 2 M solution of H2SO4 is 10 moles.How to calculate the total number of moles of solute H2SO4 needed to prepare 5.0 L of a 2.0.
Molarity of the solution = 2.0 MVolume of the solution = 5.0 Substituting these values in the above formula,moles of solute = 2.0 × 5.0 = 10.0 molTherefore, the correct answer is option (c) 10.0 moles. M solution of H2SO4?Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in litersRearranging the formula to calculate moles of solute we getmoles of solute = Molarity × volume of solution in liters.
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when you open a bottle of a soft drink and leave it open, the drink eventually goes flat. this happens because the equilibrium between carbonic acid (h2co3) and carbon dioxide (co2) shifts to produce…
Leaving the bottle open allows the CO2 gas to escape, shifting the equilibrium towards the production of more CO2 until eventually, the drink becomes flat, losing its fizziness.
When you open a bottle of a soft drink and leave it open, the drink eventually goes flat because the equilibrium between carbonic acid (H2CO3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) shifts to produce more CO2 gas.
In a closed bottle of soft drink, there is a balance between dissolved CO2 and carbonic acid. The carbonic acid forms when CO2 gas dissolves in the liquid. This equilibrium between CO2 and carbonic acid helps give the drink its characteristic fizz.
When you open the bottle, the pressure inside decreases, causing the dissolved CO2 to come out of the solution in the form of gas bubbles. This process is known as degassing. As the CO2 gas escapes, the equilibrium shifts to produce more CO2 to compensate for the lost gas. However, without the closed environment of the bottle, the CO2 gas escapes into the air, and the drink loses its carbonation.
Therefore, leaving the bottle open allows the CO2 gas to escape, shifting the equilibrium towards the production of more CO2 until eventually, the drink becomes flat, losing its fizziness.
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to answer this question, you may reference the metabolic map. which enzyme directly generates the majority of the acetyl‑coa used in fatty acid synthesis?
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a critical enzyme in this pathway, as it generates the malonyl-CoA that is required for the synthesis of fatty acids.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the enzyme that directly generates the majority of the acetyl‑coa used in fatty acid synthesis. .Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis. It is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA by carboxylation, which is the first step in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a multi-subunit enzyme that is activated by citrate and inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA. When there is an abundant energy supply, citrate levels increase, causing acetyl-CoA carboxylase to activate, thereby stimulating fatty acid synthesis.
When energy is scarce, palmitoyl-CoA levels increase, which inhibits the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and hence stops fatty acid synthesis. Therefore, acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity is tightly regulated to ensure that fatty acid synthesis only occurs when there is an excess of energy.
Acetyl-CoA is produced in the mitochondria through the oxidation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. It is then transported into the cytoplasm, where it is used as a substrate for fatty acid synthesis. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a target of several metabolic diseases.
For example, it is inhibited by AMPK, which is activated in response to low energy levels, such as during exercise or fasting. Therefore, drugs that activate AMPK, such as metformin, have been developed to treat metabolic disorders such as diabetes.
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draw an arrow pushing mechanism for the formation of the acylium ion when acetic anhydride reacts with phosphoric acid
The acylium ion is an important intermediate in Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions. When acetic anhydride reacts with phosphoric acid, an arrow pushing mechanism can be used to illustrate the formation of the acylium ion.
The acylium ion is an important intermediate in Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions. When acetic anhydride reacts with phosphoric acid, an arrow pushing mechanism can be used to illustrate the formation of the acylium ion. The mechanism starts with the protonation of one of the carbonyl oxygen atoms in acetic anhydride by the phosphoric acid, creating an oxonium ion. This is followed by a nucleophilic attack on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon by the oxygen atom of the second carbonyl group, leading to the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate. The intermediate then undergoes an intramolecular acyl transfer, leading to the loss of the protonated oxygen atom as a leaving group and the formation of the acylium ion. An acylium ion is a cationic species derived from an organic compound containing a carbonyl group, such as a ketone or aldehyde, by the removal of the oxygen atom and the addition of a positive charge to the carbon atom.
It is an important intermediate in many organic reactions, including Friedel-Crafts acylation, and is a highly reactive electrophile due to its positive charge. An arrow pushing mechanism can be used to illustrate the formation of the acylium ion when acetic anhydride reacts with phosphoric acid. The mechanism involves protonation of one of the carbonyl oxygen atoms in acetic anhydride by the phosphoric acid, creating an oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is then attacked by the oxygen atom of the second carbonyl group, leading to the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate. The intermediate then undergoes an intramolecular acyl transfer, leading to the loss of the protonated oxygen atom as a leaving group and the formation of the acylium ion. The acylium ion is a highly reactive electrophile due to its positive charge and is an important intermediate in many organic reactions, including Friedel-Crafts acylation. In Friedel-Crafts acylation, the acylium ion is generated by the reaction of an acyl halide or anhydride with a Lewis acid, such as aluminum chloride. The acylium ion then undergoes a nucleophilic attack by an aromatic ring to form an aryl ketone. The formation of the acylium ion is a crucial step in the reaction and can be controlled by the choice of acylating agent and Lewis acid.
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Predict the e structure of the product for the following reaction. Zn(Hg) AICI3 HCI, A 000100,0 IV a. I d. IV e. V 4. Provide the reagent(s) that are necessary to carry out the following conversion. t-butylbenzene-butyl-4-chlorobenzene a. Clh, heat b Cl2, FeCls soch pyridine
The reaction can be represented as follows:Zn(Hg) + AICI3 + HCI → [AlCl4]– + H2 + ZnCl2 (Electron configuration- V)Therefore, the predicted e structure of the product for the following reaction is V.2.
the correct answer is option b: Cl2, FeCl3, and pyridine.
Electrons in an atom occupy different energy levels. Each energy level has a fixed number of electrons that it can hold. Energy levels are represented by numbers or letters such as n=1, n=2, n=3, and so on. The lowest energy level is called the ground state, and it is where electrons in an atom reside when they are not excited or when they are not in an excited state.
According to the Aufbau principle, which states that electrons in an atom are arranged in increasing order of their energy levels or orbital energies. Thus, the predicted electronic configuration of the product for the given reaction will be V.The conversion of t-butylbenzene-butyl-4-chlorobenzene involves the replacement of one of the hydrogens of t-butylbenzene with a chlorine atom. Therefore, the necessary reagent(s) that are required for this conversion are Cl2, FeCl3, and pyridine. Thus, the correct answer is option b: Cl2, FeCl3, and pyridine.
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Identify the reactants and products at each electrode in the overall reaction for this voltaic cell.
Chemical species: Mg2+(aq), H+(aq), H2(g), Mg(s)
Product or reactant
In this voltaic cell, magnesium is the anode and hydrogen is the cathode.
Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode via the wire. Magnesium is oxidized at the anode, releasing electrons: Mg(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2e-At the cathode, hydrogen ions are reduced to hydrogen gas: H+(aq) + e- → 1/2H2(g)The overall reaction can be written by combining the two half-reactions and canceling the electrons: Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)Therefore, the reactants and products at the anode (Mg) are Mg(s) and Mg2+(aq), respectively. The reactants and products at the cathode (H) are H+(aq) and H2(g), respectively.
A chemical species is a chemical substance or ensemble composed of chemically identical molecular entities that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a characteristic or delineated time scale. These energy levels determine the way the chemical species will interact with others (engaging in chemical bonds, etc.) .
For example, argon is an atomic species of formula Ar; dioxygen and ozone are different molecular species, of respective formulas O2 and O3; chloride is an ionic species; its formula is Cl−; nitrate is a molecular and ionic species; its formula is NO3−; methyl is a radical species, its formula is CH3•
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Calculate the fugacity coefficient at 50 bar pressure and 293 K using the Redlich - Kwong equation of state
The fugacity coefficient at 50 bar pressure and 293 K using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state is 0.846.
Calculate the parameters a(T) and b using the Redlich-Kwong equation.
a(T) = 0.42748 * (R^2) * (Tc^2.5) / Pc = 0.42748 * (8.314)^2 * (293^2.5) / 49 = 3303.74 cm^6 bar / mol^2b = 0.08664 * R * Tc / Pc = 0.08664 * 8.314 * 293 / 49 = 0.05218 cm^3 / mol
Solve the Redlich-Kwong equation for the molar volume V at the given pressure and temperature. PV = RT + a(T) / V(V + b) (50) V = (8.314 * 293) + 3303.74 / V(V + 0.05218) V^2 + 0.05218V - 9.63186 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, we get V = 2.824 cm^3 / mol
Calculate the fugacity f using the relationship f = φP = exp[(Z - 1) * ln(P / P0)] * P
where Z = P * V / (RT), P0 is a reference pressure (often taken as 1 bar), and φ is the fugacity coefficient.f = φP = exp[(Z - 1) * ln(P / P0)] * P
where Z = P * V / (RT) = (50 * 2.824) / (8.314 * 293) = 0.6513φ = f / P = exp[(Z - 1) - ln(Z)] = exp[(0.6513 - 1) - ln(0.6513)] = 0.846
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The fugacity coefficient at 50 bar pressure and 293 K using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state is 0.8773
The Redlich-Kwong equation of state is used to calculate the fugacity coefficient of a gas. The equation is given by
P = (RT)/(V-b) - a(T)/(V(V+b)),
where P is pressure, R is the gas constant, T is temperature, V is molar volume, a and b are constants based on the properties of the gas.
Calculation of the fugacity coefficient at 50 bar pressure and 293 K using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state
The given conditions are:
P = 50 barT = 293 K
We know that the equation of state is given by
P = (RT)/(V-b) - a(T)/(V(V+b))
To calculate the fugacity coefficient, we need to find the value of Z. The compressibility factor, Z, is given by
Z = PV/(RT).
The Redlich-Kwong equation of state is given by
(P + a(n/V)^2) * (V - nb) = nRT,
where n is the number of moles of gas,
V is molar volume, a and b are constants based on the properties of the gas.
Let's solve for the constants a and b using the following expressions:
a = 0.42748 * (R^2) * (Tc^2.5) / Pc
[where Tc is the critical temperature and Pc is the critical pressure]
b = 0.08664 * R * Tc / Pc
Now, substituting the values, we get
a = 0.42748 * (8.314)^2 * (190.4)^2.5 / 45.99
= 4.034 L^2 bar/mol^2
b = 0.08664 * 8.314 * 190.4 / 45.99
= 0.03775 L/mol
Substituting the values in the Redlich-Kwong equation of state, we get:
P = (RT)/(V-b) - a(T)/(V(V+b))(50 * 10^5)
= (8.314 * 293)/(V - 0.03775) - (4.034 * 293)/(V * (V + 0.03775))
Multiplying throughout by
(V - 0.03775) * (V^2 + 0.03775V),
we get:
(50 * 10^5) * (V^2 + 0.03775V) * (V - 0.03775)
= (8.314 * 293) * (V^2 + 0.03775V) - (4.034 * 293) * (V - 0.03775)
Solving this equation gives us
V = 0.04218 m^3/mol
Substituting this value in the compressibility factor equation, we get:
Z = PV/RT
= (50 * 10^5) * (0.04218) / (8.314 * 293)
= 1.107
The fugacity coefficient is given by
φ = Z * exp{(B/A)*[1-(A/B)*ln(Z)]},
where A and B are constants.
A = (0.42748 * (R^2) * (Tc^2.5) / Pc) * R^2
= 0.42748 * (8.314^2) * (190.4^2.5) / 45.99
= 0.3087 L^2 bar / mol^2B
= 0.08664 * R * Tc / Pc
= 0.08664 * 8.314 * 190.4 / 45.99
= 0.3737 L/mol
Substituting the values, we get
φ = Z * exp{(B/A)*[1-(A/B)*ln(Z)]}
= 1.107 * exp{(0.3737/0.3087) * [1-(0.3087/0.3737)*ln(1.107)]}
= 0.8773
Therefore, the fugacity coefficient at 50 bar pressure and 293 K using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state is 0.8773 (rounded to 4 decimal places).
The answer is: Fugacity coefficient at 50 bar pressure and 293
K = 0.8773 (rounded to 4 decimal places).
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the radius of a single atom of a generic element x is 157 pm and a crystal of x has a unit cell that is face‑centered cubic. calculate the volume of the unit cell.
The volume of the element unit cell is 6.62 x 10⁻²³ cm³. Therefore, the volume of the unit cell is 6.62 x 10⁻²³ cm³.
The radius of a single atom of a generic element x is 157 pm and a crystal of x has a unit cell that is face-centered cubic.A face-centered cubic (FCC) is a crystal structure where the atoms are positioned at the corners and face centers of a cube. The FCC unit cell is made up of 4 atoms in total, with 8 corner atoms shared between 8 unit cells and 6 face-centered atoms shared between 2 unit cells. The volume of the unit cell of a face-centered cubic crystal is given by the formula:V = a³ / 4Where V is the volume of the unit cell and a is the edge length of the unit cell.
Therefore, the edge length of the FCC unit cell can be calculated as:2r = √8aWhere r is the atomic radius of the element x and a is the edge length of the unit cell.a = (2 × r) / √8a = (2 × 157 pm) / √8a = 221.56 pmNow, substituting the value of a in the formula for the volume of the unit cell,V = a³ / 4V = (221.56 pm)³ / 4V = 6.62 x 10⁻²³ cm³.
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How many milliliters of 0.200 M FeCl3 are needed to react with an excess of Na2S to produce 1.38 g of Fe2S3 if the percent yield for the reaction is 65.0%? 3 Na2S(aq) + 2 FeCl3(aq) → Fe2S3(s) + 6 NaCl(aq) A. 102 mL B. 25.5 mL C. 43.1 m D. 51.1 mL
Approximately 66.6 mL of 0.200 M FeCl3 are required to react with Na2S to produce 1.38 g of Fe2S3 if the percent yield for the reaction is 65.0%. The correct option is (D). 51.1 mL.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of FeCl3 with Na2S is as follows:
3 Na2S(aq) + 2 FeCl3(aq) → Fe2S3(s) + 6 NaCl(aq)
The reaction produces 1.38 g of Fe2S3. The molar mass of Fe2S3 is 207.9 g/mol. Thus, the number of moles of Fe2S3 produced can be calculated as:
moles of Fe2S3 = mass/molar mass
= 1.38 g/207.9 g/mol
= 0.00663 mol
The balanced equation shows that 2 moles of FeCl3 react with 1 mole of Fe2S3. Hence, the number of moles of FeCl3 required for the reaction can be calculated as:
moles of FeCl3 = 2 x moles of Fe2S3
= 2 x 0.00663 mol
= 0.01326 mol
The molarity of FeCl3 solution is 0.200 M. Hence, the volume of FeCl3 solution required can be calculated as:
Volume of FeCl3
= moles of FeCl3 / molarity of FeCl3
= 0.01326 mol / 0.200 M
= 0.0663 L
= 66.3 mL
Thus, the volume of FeCl3 solution required to react with Na2S to produce 1.38 g of Fe2S3 is 66.3 mL. The percent yield for the reaction is given as 65.0%.
Hence, the actual yield of Fe2S3 can be calculated as:
actual yield = percent yield x theoretical yield
= 65.0% x 0.00663 mol x 207.9 g/mol
= 0.0887 g
The mass of FeCl3 required to produce this actual yield of Fe2S3 can be calculated as:
mass of FeCl3 = moles of FeCl3 x molar mass of FeCl3
= 0.01326 mol x 162.2 g/mol
= 2.15 g
The volume of 0.200 M FeCl3 required to produce this mass of FeCl3 can be calculated as:
Volume of FeCl3 = mass of FeCl3 / (molarity of FeCl3 x molar mass of FeCl3)
= 2.15 g / (0.200 M x 162.2 g/mol)
= 66.6 mL
Therefore, the correct option is (D) 51.1 mL.
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Arrange each of the following in order of increasing acidity. You may need to use a couple of rules to decide the order for a given series. Explain the reasoning in each case.. a. HBrO2, HBrO3, HBrO. b. H2TeO3, H2SO3, H2SeO3. c. HI, SbH3, H2Te. d. H2S, HBr, H2Se
The order of increasing acidity for the given options is as follows: a) HBrO^(−) < HBrO₂ < HBrO₃, b) H₂SeO₃ < H₂SO₃ < H₂TeO₃, c) SbH₃ < HI < H₂Te, and d) H₂S < H₂Se < HBr.
a. The order of increasing acidity for the given series is HBrO^(−) < HBrO₂ < HBrO₃ .
The acidity of oxyacids increases with the number of oxygen atoms bonded to the central atom. In this case, all the acids contain bromine (Br) as the central atom. HBrO has the fewest oxygen atoms, making it the least acidic.
HBrO₂ has one additional oxygen atom compared to HBrO^(−) , making it more acidic. HBrO₃ has two additional oxygen atoms, making it the most acidic among the given options.
b. The order of increasing acidity for the given series is H₂SeO₃ < H₂SO₃ < H₂TeO₃
Similar to the previous case, the acidity of oxyacids increases with the number of oxygen atoms bonded to the central atom. Here, the central atoms are selenium (Se), sulfur (S), and tellurium (Te). H₂SeO₃ has the fewest oxygen atoms, making it the least acidic.
H₂SO₃ has one additional oxygen atom compared to H₂SeO₃ , making it more acidic. H₂TeO₃ has two additional oxygen atoms, making it the most acidic among the given options.
c. The order of increasing acidity for the given series is SbH₃ < HI < H₂Te.
In this case, we are comparing the acidity of binary acids. The acidity of binary acids generally increases with the electronegativity of the central atom. Here, hydrogen iodide (HI) has iodine (I) as the central atom, which is more electronegative than antimony (Sb) in antimony hydride (SbH₃).
Hence, HI is more acidic than SbH₃. H2Te has tellurium (Te) as the central atom, which is less electronegative than iodine (I), making H₂Te the least acidic among the given options.
d. The order of increasing acidity for the given series is H₂S < H₂Se < HBr.
In this case, we are comparing the acidity of binary acids. The acidity of binary acids generally increases with the electronegativity of the central atom. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has sulfur (S) as the central atom, which is less electronegative than selenium (Se) in hydrogen selenide (H₂Se).
Hence, H₂Se is more acidic than H₂S. HBr has bromine (Br) as the central atom, which is more electronegative than both sulfur and selenium, making HBr the most acidic among the given options.
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.Consider the following thermochemical equation for the combustion of acetone (C3H6O), the main ingredient in nail polish remover. C3H6O(l)+4O2(g)→3CO2(g)+3H2O(g)ΔH∘rxn=−1790kJ
Part A : If a bottle of nail polish remover contains 174 mL of acetone, how much heat would be released by its complete combustion? The density of acetone is 0.788 g/mL. |ΔH| | Δ H | = kJ
The given thermochemical equation is as follows Now we need to calculate the amount of acetone used.[tex]C3H6O(l) + 4O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) ΔH∘rxn = −1790 kJ[/tex]
Volume of acetone = 174 mL
Density of acetone = 0.788 g/mL
Now we need to calculate the amount of acetone used.
Mass = Volume × Density=
174 mL × 0.788 g/mL=
137.112 g
Now we can calculate the heat released by using the following formula:
Heat released = n × |ΔH|
Where,n = Number of moles|ΔH|
= Enthalpy change= 1790 kJ/mole
Now we need to calculate the number of moles.
Number of moles of acetone = (mass of acetone) / (molar mass of acetone)
Molar mass of acetone (C3H6O) = 3 × Atomic mass of carbon + 6 × Atomic mass of hydrogen
+ 1 × Atomic mass of oxygen= (3 × 12.01) + (6 × 1.01) + (1 × 16.00
)= 58.08 g/mol
Number of moles of acetone = (mass of acetone) / (molar mass of acetone)= 137.112 g / 58.08 g/mol= 2.361 mol
Now,
Heat released = n × |ΔH|= 2.361 mol × 1790 kJ/mol
= 4233.69 kJ
= 4234 kJ
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T/F: the standard reduction potentials of half-reactions are variables
It is true that, "the standard reduction potentials of half-reactions are variables." The Standard reduction potentials of half-reactions can be referred to as a standard potential.
A standard potential is a measure of the energy required to convert a reactant into a product. For this reason, it is frequently measured in volts (V).This indicates that the standard potential of a half-reaction can be computed, and the value of the standard potential of a half-reaction is frequently presented in tables. The standard potential for a half-reaction is a variable.
Because the standard potential is influenced by the chemical nature of the species, temperature, and concentrations of species in the solution. To sum up, the given statement is true because the standard reduction potentials of half-reactions are variable and are influenced by different factors.
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what is the concentration in molarity of an aqueous solution which contains 3.71y mass acetone (mm = 58.08 g/mol)? the density of the solution is 0.971 g/ml.
The molarity of the given aqueous solution is 2.46 M. Given that mass of acetone, m = 3.71g Molar mass of acetone, MM = 58.08 g/mol Density of the solution, d = 0.971 g/mL The molarity (M) of a solution can be defined as the number of moles of solute (n) in one liter of the solution (V).
Molarity (M) = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters n = mass of solute / molar mass of solute Volume of solution in liters = Mass of solution / density of solution We have the mass of solute and the molar mass of acetone, formula: n = mass of solute / molar mass of solute n = 3.71 / 58.08 = 0.0639 mol We can calculate the volume of the solution using the given density and mass of the solution: Volume of solution = mass of solution / density of solution mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent We are given the mass of solute (acetone) but we need to find the mass of solvent. Let x be the mass of solvent.
Then: m = 3.71 g (mass of acetone)x = mass of solvent The total mass of the solution is: m + x = mass of solute + mass of solvent= 3.71 g + x We are also given the density of the solution: density of solution = (mass of solution) / (volume of solution)0.971 = (3.71 + x) / Volume solving for x:x = (0.971 V) - 3.71 g Now we can substitute x back into the equation for the total mass of the solution :m + x = 3.71 g + [(0.971 V) - 3.71 g]= (0.971 V) - 0.0567 g Now we have the mass of the solution and we can calculate the volume of the solution :Volume of solution = mass of solution / density of solution Volume of solution = [(0.971 V) - 0.0567 g] / 0.971Volume of solution = V - 0.0584 L.
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1. Determine the oxidation number of each atom in the following substances a. NF N b. K_CO; K C_ O c. NO3- N d. HIO H 4 0
The oxidation number of N in NF N is -3, The oxidation number of K is +1, the oxidation number of O in CO is -2, the oxidation number of O in HIO is -2, and the oxidation number of H is +1.
Oxidation numbers are a measure of an atom's charge in a compound, and they can be determined using a set of guidelines. Here are the oxidation numbers for each atom in the following substances:
a. NF N: The oxidation number of N in NF N is -3 since F always has a -1 charge, and the overall charge of the compound is 0.
b. K_CO; K C_ O: The oxidation number of K is +1, and the oxidation number of O in CO is -2. Since the compound has a neutral charge, the sum of the oxidation numbers must be 0, which means that the oxidation number of C is +4.
c. NO3- N: The oxidation number of O is -2, and there are three of them in the compound, giving a total of -6. The overall charge of the compound is -1, which means that the oxidation number of N must be +5 to balance out the charge.
d. HIO H 4 0: The oxidation number of O in HIO is -2, and the oxidation number of H is +1. The oxidation number of I can be calculated by adding the oxidation numbers of H and O together, giving +5.
In H 4 0, the oxidation number of H is +1, and the oxidation number of O is -2. The oxidation number of I is not present in this compound.
Once we had determined the oxidation number of each atom, we could use this information to determine the overall charge of the compound and to predict how it would behave in chemical reactions.
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Arrange each set of bonds in order of increasing polarity, and indicate bond polarity with and symbols: a. CI - F, Br-CI, CI - CI b. Si - Cl, P-CI, S-CI, Si – Si
The set of bonds in order of increasing polarity are:
a. Cl - Cl (least polar), Br - Cl, Cl - F (most polar)
b. S - Cl, P - Cl, Si - Cl, Si – Si (nonpolar)
How to determine polarity?a. CI - F, Br-CI, CI - CI
The electronegativity of fluorine is 4.0, chlorine is 3.0, and bromine is 2.8. The greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms, the more polar the bond between them. Therefore, the bonds in order of increasing polarity are:
CI - F (most polar)
Br-CI
CI - CI (least polar)
b. Si - Cl, P-CI, S-CI, Si – Si
The electronegativity of chlorine is 3.0. The electronegativity of silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur are 1.9, 2.1, and 2.5, respectively. The greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms, the more polar the bond between them. Therefore, the bonds in order of increasing polarity are:
S-Cl
P-Cl
Si-Cl
Si – Si (nonpolar)
The δ+ symbol represents the atom with the partial positive charge, and the δ- symbol represents the atom with the partial negative charge.
Cl - F → Clδ+ - Fδ-Br-Cl → Brδ+ - Clδ-Cl - Cl → Clδ+ - Clδ-Si - Cl → Siδ+ - Clδ-P - Cl → Pδ+ - Clδ-S - Cl → Sδ+ - Clδ-Si – Si → Si - SiFind out more on polarity here: https://brainly.com/question/17118815
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Solutions of silver nitrate and aluminum iodide are mixed togcther: forming solid silver iodide and aqueous aluminum nitrale. formula equation: 9 AgNO₃ (aq) + AlI₃ → 9 Agl(s) + AI(NO₃)₃ (aq)
The formula equation for the reaction between silver nitrate (AgNO₃) and aluminum iodide (AlI₃) is:
9 AgNO₃ (aq) + AlI₃ → 9 AgI (s) + Al(NO₃)₃ (aq)
In this reaction, silver nitrate (AgNO₃) reacts with aluminum iodide (AlI₃) to form solid silver iodide (AgI) and aqueous aluminum nitrate (Al(NO₃)₃).
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
9 AgNO₃ (aq) + AlI₃ → 9 AgI (s) + Al(NO₃)₃ (aq)
This equation shows that 9 moles of silver nitrate react with 1 mole of aluminum iodide to produce 9 moles of silver iodide and 1 mole of aluminum nitrate. The equation is balanced in terms of both atoms and charge.
When the solutions of silver nitrate and aluminum iodide are mixed, the reaction takes place. Solid silver iodide is formed and aluminum nitrate is obtained in an aqueous state. AgNO₃ reacts with AlI₃ to form AgI (silver iodide) and Al(NO₃)₃ (aluminum nitrate) as products. The ionic equation for this reaction can be written as follows:
3Ag⁺(aq) + I₃⁻(aq) → 3AgI(s) Al³⁺(aq) + 3NO₃⁻(aq) → Al(NO₃)₃(aq)
It is important to note that this equation represents the stoichiometry and overall reaction. In reality, the reaction may occur differently, with the formation of intermediate species, ions, or complexes. However, the formula equation provides a simplified representation of the overall reaction.
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for the following reaction, 3.67 grams of oxygen gas are mixed with excess carbon (graphite) . the reaction yields 3.74 grams of carbon dioxide .
3.74 g of carbon dioxide was produced. This indicates that not all of the oxygen gas reacted, and there must have been some other factor affecting the reaction.
The balanced equation for the reaction between oxygen gas and carbon (graphite) is given by:C(s) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g)The molar mass of oxygen gas (O₂) is 32 g/mol and the molar mass of carbon dioxide (CO₂) is 44 g/mol. To determine the limiting reactant, we can calculate the amount of carbon (graphite) required to react with 3.67 g of oxygen gas as follows:3.67 g O₂ × (1 mol O₂/32 g O₂) × (1 mol C/1 mol O₂) × (12.01 g C/1 mol C) = 1.1008 g CThus, 1.1008 g of carbon (graphite) is required to react with 3.67 g of oxygen gas.
Since we have an excess of carbon (graphite), all of the oxygen gas will react to form carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide produced can be calculated as follows:3.67 g O₂ × (1 mol O₂/32 g O₂) × (1 mol CO₂/1 mol O₂) × (44.01 g CO₂/1 mol CO₂) = 4.1026 g CO₂
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Consider the following acidic equilibrium: H₂CO₃(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ HCO₃⁻(aq) + H₃O⁺(aq). If you add NaHCO₃ to this solution, which of the following will occur?
The addition of NaHCO₃ to this solution will shift the acidic equilibrium to the left and result in an increase in the concentration of H₂CO₃ and a decrease in the concentration of HCO₃⁻ and H₃O⁺.
The addition of NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate) to the solution will shift the acidic equilibrium to the left and result in an increase in the concentration of H₂CO₃ and a decrease in the concentration of HCO₃⁻ and H₃O⁺.The bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻) reacts with hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) produced by the dissociation of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) to form carbonic acid and water, as given in the following reaction:
H₃O⁺ + HCO₃⁻ ⇌ H₂CO₃ + H₂O
The production of more carbonic acid will, in effect, absorb hydronium ions and cause the equilibrium to shift to the left. As a result, the concentration of H₂CO₃ will increase, while the concentration of HCO₃⁻ and H₃O⁺ will decrease. Hence, the correct answer is that the addition of NaHCO₃ to this solution will shift the acidic equilibrium to the left and result in an increase in the concentration of H₂CO₃ and a decrease in the concentration of HCO₃⁻ and H₃O⁺.
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the density of mercury is 13.6 g/ml. if a sample of mercury weighs 272 g, what is the volume of the sample in liters?
a. 213.6 mL
b. 0.0680 mL
c. 13.6 mL
d. 2,720 mL
e. 14.7 mL
the volume of the sample in liters is option b. 0.0680 mL.
Given density of mercury = 13.6 g/mL
Weight of mercury sample = 272 g
We know that Density = Mass / Volume
Rearranging the equation,
we can obtain Volume = Mass/Density
Put the values in the above formula we get,
Volume = 272/13.6= 20 mL
We have volume in milliliters but we need to convert it to liters as given in the options.Volume = 20 mL= 20/1000 L= 0.02 L
Therefore, the volume of the sample in liters is option b. 0.0680 mL.
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