Draw Design Transitions Animations Slide Show Record Review View Help Tell me what you want to do eful-files from the Internet can contain viruses. Unless you need to edit, it's sater to stay in Protected View, Enable Editing Assignment 2 RM10,000 A sum of RM10,000.00 was found in a park. There are two different persons, Astra and Zeneca, claimed that they have carelessly dropped the money while at the park earlier. Since they came to the park together with another person, Omi was also called as the witness. Astra said that at least one of them does not own the money. And Zeneca also claimed that Astra is not telling the truth. Omi remained silence. Use logic to explain who did not tell the truth. 4 ^4 ENG -ch O Alig T 471 3:21 PM 6/18/20

There are three types of activities in the MS Project program. The types of activities are duration, effort-driven, and fixed duration.

Below is a brief description of each of them:

Duration: This type of activity is time-based. In other words, it requires a specific amount of time to complete. For example, painting a room might take three hours, and writing a report might take ten hours.

Effort-Driven: This type of activity is effort-based. In other words, it requires a certain amount of effort to complete. For example, coding a program might take eight hours of work, but it might take sixteen hours of effort.

Fixed Duration: This type of activity is fixed in terms of its duration. For example, installing a new server might take three days.

No matter how much effort is put into it, the duration of the task will remain fixed.

Hence, there are three types of activities in the MS Project program: duration, effort-driven, and fixed duration.

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The theoretical price of Jester Joker's Toys stock is $27.28.

To calculate the theoretical price, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM) formula.

First, we need to calculate the present value of each dividend payment.

In the first year, the dividend is $1.60. Since the dividend is expected to grow by 10% per year, the present value of the first year's dividend is $1.60 / (1 + 0.05/4) = $1.5238.

In the second year, the dividend is expected to grow by 20% from the first year's dividend, so the dividend in the second year is $1.5238 * (1 + 0.20) = $1.8285. The present value of the second year's dividend is $1.8285 / (1 + 0.05/4)^2 = $1.7132.

From the third year onwards, the dividend is expected to grow by 5% per year. Using the formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity, we can calculate the present value of these dividends. The dividend in the third year is $1.7132 * (1 + 0.05) = $1.7988, and the present value of the third year's dividend is $1.7988 / (0.05/4) = $143.90.

Finally, we can calculate the present value of all the dividends by summing the present values of each dividend payment. The present value of all the dividends is $1.5238 + $1.7132 + $143.90 = $146.14.

Therefore, the theoretical price of Jester Joker's Toys stock is $146.14 / (1 + 0.05/4)^2 = $27.28.

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The performance pathway that George experienced represents the "Peter Principle."

The Peter Principle states that individuals in a hierarchical organization will eventually be promoted to their level of incompetence. In George's case, he started as a field sales representative and was promoted to higher positions based on his performance. However, once he reached a management position in 2019, his performance declined, leading to his demotion.

This aligns with the Peter Principle, as George may have excelled in his previous roles but reached a level where his skills and abilities were not suitable for the management position. It is important for organizations to consider an individual's competencies and qualifications when making promotion decisions to avoid the negative effects of the Peter Principle.

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c. the Mexican peso depreciated against the U.S. dollar. In 2019, 1.00 U.S. dollar bought 2.85 Mexican pesos, while in 2020, 1.00 U.S. dollar bought 2.21 Mexican pesos. Therefore, from 2019 to 2020, the U.S. dollar appreciated relative to the Mexican peso.

Between 2019 and 2020, the exchange rate shifted from 2.85 Mexican pesos per U.S. dollar to 2.21 Mexican pesos per U.S. dollar. This means that the U.S. dollar gained strength compared to the Mexican peso. When a currency's value increases, it is said to appreciate. In this case, the U.S. dollar appreciated relative to the Mexican peso. Thus, option b. "the U.S. dollar appreciated relative to the Mexican peso" is the correct answer.

The appreciation of the U.S. dollar implies that it can buy more Mexican pesos in 2020 than in 2019. This shift could be attributed to various factors such as changes in economic conditions, interest rates, or investor sentiment. It's essential to consider exchange rate fluctuations when engaging in international trade or traveling between countries.

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i. Tanzanian shilling is expected to appreciate by 25% in one year.

ii. Tanzanian investor can benefit from interest rate arbitrage by borrowing at 12% in Kenya and investing at 15% in Tanzania.

iii. There is a currency arbitrage opportunity as the market exchange rate of 2000 Tsh/USD is more favorable than the implied rate of 2500 Tsh/USD based on the Tanzanian-Kenyan exchange rates.

i. To calculate the appreciation or depreciation of Tanzanian shillings, we need to compare the current exchange rate (20 Tsh/Kshs) with the expected future exchange rate (25 Tsh/Kshs).

Appreciation/Depreciation = (Future Exchange Rate - Current Exchange Rate) / Current Exchange Rate

= (25 - 20) / 20

= 5/20

= 0.25 or 25% appreciation of Tanzanian shillings

ii. To determine if there is an opportunity for interest rate arbitrage, we compare the interest rates in Tanzania (15%) and Kenya (12%).

The interest rate differential is calculated by subtracting the lower interest rate (Kenya) from the higher interest rate (Tanzania).

Interest Rate Differential = Tanzania Interest Rate - Kenya Interest Rate

= 15% - 12%

= 3%

Since there is a positive interest rate differential of 3%, there is a chance for interest rate arbitrage. A Tanzania investor can benefit by borrowing funds in Tanzania at a lower interest rate (15%) and investing them in Kenya at a higher interest rate (12%), earning the interest rate differential as profit.

iii. To determine if there is a currency arbitrage opportunity, we compare the market exchange rates for Tanzanian shillings and Kenyan shillings with the market exchange rate for Tanzanian shillings and USD and Kenyan shillings and USD.

Market Exchange Rate for Tanzanian Shilling and USD = 2000 Tsh/USD

Market Exchange Rate for Kenyan Shilling and USD = 80 Kshs/USD

Cross Rate = Market Exchange Rate for Tanzanian Shilling and USD / Market Exchange Rate for Kenyan Shilling and USD

= 2000 Tsh/USD / 80 Kshs/USD

= 25 Tsh/Kshs

Since the cross rate matches the expected future exchange rate of 25 Tsh/Kshs, there is no currency arbitrage opportunity.

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The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) for the fans is 632.45 units. By using this order quantity, the total yearly inventory cost is $3,784.71, which is lower than the cost of your predecessor's decision to order 1,000 fans four times a year.

The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) formula is given by:

EOQ = √((2DS)/H),

where D is the annual demand, S is the ordering cost per order, and H is the annual holding cost per unit.

Substituting the given values into the formula:

EOQ = √((2 * 4,000 * 50) / 15) = 632.45 units (rounded to two decimal places).

Using this EOQ as the order quantity, we can calculate the total yearly inventory cost as:

Total Yearly Inventory Cost = (D/Q) * S + (Q/2) * H,

where Q is the order quantity.

For the EOQ of 632.45 units:

Total Yearly Inventory Cost = (4,000/632.45) * 50 + (632.45/2) * 15 = $3,784.71.

The total yearly inventory cost using the EOQ is lower than the cost of your predecessor's decision to order 1,000 fans four times a year.

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Question 3: The statement "The lot-for-lot lot-sizing technique is particularly appropriate when demand is not very smooth and set up cost is small compared to holding cost" is True. The lot-for-lot lot-sizing technique is a method used in production planning where the order quantity is equal to the demand quantity for each time period. This approach is suitable when demand is not smooth, meaning it fluctuates significantly, and when the set-up cost (cost of preparing a machine or process for production) is relatively small compared to the holding cost (cost of holding inventory).

Question 2: The statement "Customer satisfaction is the only objective of product/service designs" is False. While customer satisfaction is an important objective in product/service designs, it is not the only objective. Other objectives may include cost-effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, innovation, marketability, and compliance with regulations or industry standards.

Question 1: The statement "The master production schedule is a forecast of demand for families of products" is False. The master production schedule (MPS) is a plan that details the specific quantity and timing of finished products to be produced. It is based on a combination of various factors, including customer demand, available inventory, production capacity, and resource availability. While demand forecasts may inform the MPS, the MPS itself focuses on the production plan rather than being a forecast of demand.

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If the minimum payment is 3% of the outstanding balance, it would be $360.The balance after the first payment would be $11,880.

If the minimum payment is 3% of the outstanding balance, it would be $360. Since $360 is greater than the minimum required payment of $35, we use $360.The interest rate for the first month would be (20% / 12) * 12,000 = $200. Therefore, the payment towards the principal would be $360 - $200 = $160. Hence, the balance after the first payment would be $12,000 - $160 = $11,880.

Given: A credit card balance of $12,000 and an annual interest rate of 20%, the monthly interest rate would be (20% / 12) = 1.67%.The minimum required monthly payment is either 3% of the outstanding balance or $35, whichever is greatest. Hence, in this case, 3% of $12,000 would be $360. As $360 is greater than $35, we take $360 as the minimum required monthly payment.

The monthly interest on the outstanding balance would be (1.67% * $12,000) = $200. Therefore, the payment towards the principal would be $360 - $200 = $160.The balance after the first payment would be the outstanding balance after subtracting the payment made towards the principal. Hence, the balance after the first payment would be $12,000 - $160 = $11,880.

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To calculate the bond's current price, we need to use the formula for the present value of an annuity. The bond price is $1075.99. This bond's current price is $1075.99.

To calculate the price of the bond currently, we need to use the formula for the present value of an annuity:PV of bond = (coupon payment / semi-annual rate) × [1 - (1 / (1 + semi-annual rate)^(number of payments))]+ (par value / (1 + semi-annual rate)^(number of payments))= (3/0.03) × [1 - (1 / (1 + 0.04)^20)]+ (100 / (1 + 0.04)^20)= 100.00 × 15.0384+ 38.5541= $1075.99(B) Compute the percentage of returns from reinvestment income in total dollar returns:

The percentage of returns from reinvestment income in total dollar returns would be the return on the coupons that were reinvested in the bond's yield at the time of reinvestment. The dollar value of total returns would be the dollar value of the bond when it was sold minus the dollar value of the bond when it was purchased.

If $3000 was invested in the bond at the start of the period and reinvested every six months at a yield of 8%, the future value of the investment at the end of the period would be $3744.28. Therefore, the total dollar return would be $744.28. The percentage of returns from reinvestment income would be 24.8% (($744.28 / $3000) × 100)).

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To determine the change in money supply of the economy based on a new cash deposit of €1000 and a cash reserve ratio of 5%,

we can follow these steps:

Understand the cash reserve ratio (CRR):

The cash reserve ratio is the portion of deposits that banks are required to hold as reserves with the central bank. It is expressed as a percentage.

Calculate the required reserve:

Multiply the new cash deposit by the cash reserve ratio. In this case, the cash reserve ratio is 5% (or 0.05), so the required reserve is €1000 * 0.05 = €50.

Determine the money multiplier:

The money multiplier represents the ratio by which an initial deposit can generate new money through the banking system. The formula for the money multiplier is 1 / (cash reserve ratio).

In this case, the money multiplier is 1 / 0.05 = 20.

Calculate the change in money supply:

Multiply the required reserve by the money multiplier. This will give us the change in money supply resulting from the new cash deposit. In this case, the change in money supply is €50 * 20 = €1000.

Based on these calculations, the correct answer is B) €10,000. The new cash deposit of €1000 will increase the money supply of the economy by €10,000.
Therefore, the correct answer is D) €20000.

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Summary tasks are the higher-level tasks in Microsoft Project that contain subtasks and summarize the work involved in those subtasks.

The entire project can be represented as a summary task, or there can be multiple summary tasks, each with its own set of subtasks.

The summary task's duration is typically the total duration of all of its subtasks. The summary task is often referred to as the "parent" task, while the subtasks are referred to as "child" tasks.

Normal Tasks:

Normal tasks are tasks that are not summary tasks. They are the primary building blocks of the project, with a set duration and work required to complete them.

Normal tasks can be stand-alone tasks or subtasks of a summary task.

The start and end dates of a normal task are determined by the start date of the project, the task's duration, and any constraints placed on the task.

Differences between summary tasks and normal tasks:

1. Summary tasks are higher-level tasks that contain subtasks, while normal tasks are individual tasks that make up the project.

2. The duration of a summary task is typically the total duration of its subtasks, while the duration of a normal task is determined by the task's duration and constraints.

3. Summary tasks are often referred to as "parent" tasks, while normal tasks are referred to as "child" tasks.

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Question 1:

To calculate the average time a customer has to wait in line before getting served by the check-out employee, we can use the M/M/1 queuing model.

Given data:

- Arrival rate (λ) = 30 customers per hour

- Interarrival time standard deviation (σ) = 2 minutes

- Service rate (μ) = 1 customer per 1.7 minutes

- Service time standard deviation (σ) = 3 minutes

First, we need to calculate the utilization (ρ) of the system, which is the ratio of arrival rate to service rate:

ρ = λ / μ = 30 / 1.7 = 17.647

Next, we calculate the average time a customer spends in the system, including both waiting time and service time, using Little's Law:

W = L / λ

where W is the average time a customer spends in the system, L is the average number of customers in the system, and λ is the arrival rate.

Since we are interested only in the waiting time (not including service time), we subtract the average service time (1/μ) from the average time spent in the system:

Wait time = W - (1 / μ)

To calculate L, the average number of customers in the system, we use the formula:

L = λ * W

Now we can calculate the average wait time:

Wait time = (L / λ) - (1 / μ)

Substituting the values:

Wait time = ((λ * W) / λ) - (1 / μ)

         = W - (1 / μ)

Using Little's Law, L = λ * W, we need to calculate L.

L = λ * W = 30 * W

To calculate W, we use the queuing formula for an M/M/1 system:

W = (ρ / (1 - ρ)) * (1 / μ - 1 / λ)

Substituting the values:

W = (ρ / (1 - ρ)) * (1 / μ - 1 / λ)

 = (17.647 / (1 - 17.647)) * (1 / 1.7 - 1 / 30)

 = (17.647 / (-16.647)) * (0.588 - 0.033)

 = (17.647 / (-16.647)) * 0.555

 ≈ 0.588 minutes

Finally, we can calculate the average wait time:

Wait time = W - (1 / μ)

         = 0.588 - (1 / 1.7)

         ≈ 0.588 - 0.588

         ≈ 0 minutes

Therefore, the average time a customer has to wait in line before getting served by the check-out employee is approximately 0 minutes.

Question 2:

Given that the employee takes 1.5 minutes to sort a single video, and there are 8 hours in a shift, we can calculate the number of videos the employee can sort over the shift.

Number of videos sorted = (8 hours) * (60 minutes per hour) / (1.5 minutes per video)

                       = 320 videos

Therefore, the employee can sort 320 videos over an 8-hour shift.

Question 3:

To find the average number of customers who are at the checkout desk, either waiting or currently being serviced, we can use the M/M/1 queuing model.

The average number of customers in the system (L) can be calculated using Little's Law:

L = λ * W

where L is the average number of customers in the system, λ is the arrival rate, and W is the average time a customer

spends in the system.

We have already calculated W in question 1 as approximately 0.588 minutes, and λ is given as 30 customers per hour.

L = 30 customers per hour * 0.588 minutes

 ≈ 17.64 customers

Therefore, the average number of customers who are at the checkout desk, either waiting or currently being serviced, is approximately 17 customers.

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a) The required rate of return on Jancos stock is approximately 24.79%.

b) The Dividend Yield on Jancos stock is approximately 20.82%.

c) The Capital Gains Yield on Jancos stock is 3.90%.

a) To calculate the required rate of return on Jancos stock, we can use the Dividend Discount Model (DDM) formula:

[tex]\[ \text{Required rate of return} = \frac{\text{Dividend per share}}{\text{Stock price}} + \text{Dividend growth rate} \][/tex]

Given the following information:

Dividend per share = $3.82

Stock price = $18.36

Dividend growth rate = 3.90% = 0.039

Substituting these values into the formula:

[tex]\[ \text{Required rate of return} = \frac{3.82}{18.36} + 0.039 \]\\\[ \text{Required rate of return} \approx 0.2089 + 0.039 \]\\\[ \text{Required rate of return} \approx 0.2479 \][/tex]

The required rate of return on Jancos stock is approximately 24.79%.

b) The Dividend Yield on Jancos stock can be calculated as follows:

[tex]\[ \text{Dividend Yield} = \frac{\text{Dividend per share}}{\text{Stock price}} \][/tex]

Given the dividend per share of $3.82 and the stock price of $18.36, we have:

[tex]\[ \text{Dividend Yield} = \frac{3.82}{18.36} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Dividend Yield} \approx 0.2082 \][/tex]

The Dividend Yield on Jancos stock is approximately 20.82%.

c) The Capital Gains Yield on Jancos stock can be calculated as follows:

[tex]\[ \text{Capital Gains Yield} = \text{Dividend growth rate} \][/tex]

Given the dividend growth rate of 3.90%, the Capital Gains Yield on Jancos stock is 3.90%.

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The estimated value per share of Procter and Gamble (PG) at the end of 2018 using the dividend-discount model is approximately $88.03.

To estimate the value per share of Procter and Gamble (PG) at the end of 2018 using the dividend-discount model, we need to calculate the present value of its future dividends. Here's the calculation:

Dividend in 2019 = $2.84 * (1 + 8.1%) = $3.07

Dividend in 2020 = $3.07 * (1 + 8.1%) = $3.32

Dividend in 2021 = $3.32 * (1 + 8.1%) = $3.59

Dividend in 2022 = $3.59 * (1 + 8.1%) = $3.88

Dividend in 2023 = $3.88 * (1 + 8.1%) = $4.19

Dividend in 2024 = $4.19 * (1 + 2.6%) = $4.30 (constant growth rate)

Using the dividend-discount model, we can calculate the value per share at the end of 2018 as follows:

Value per share = [($3.07 / (1 + 8.9%)) + ($3.32 / (1 + 8.9%)^2) + ($3.59 / (1 + 8.9%)^3) + ($3.88 / (1 + 8.9%)^4) + ($4.19 / (1 + 8.9%)^5) + ($4.30 / (1 + 8.9%)^5)] + ($4.30 / (8.9% - 2.6%)) * (1 / (1 + 8.9%)^5)

Calculating the above expression, the estimated value per share of PG at the end of 2018 is approximately $88.03.

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The value of the equity stake in the firm is closest to $30,000, calculated using the FCFE approach with given values. Option a is correct.

To determine the value of the equity stake in the firm, we can use the Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) approach.

The formula is:

Equity Value = FCFE / (WACC - Growth Rate)

Using the given values:

FCFE = $1200

WACC = 9%

Growth Rate = 5%

Equity Value = $1200 / (0.09 - 0.05)

Equity Value = $1200 / 0.04

Equity Value = $30,000

Therefore, the value of the equity stake in the firm is closest to $30,000. The answer is option a.

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The repayment check, including both principal and interest, was approximately $24,048.42.

To calculate the repayment check, we can use the formula for calculating the future value of a loan:

Future Value = Principal + Interest

Given:

Principal (P) = $23,592

Rate of interest (r) = 8.3% per year

Time (t) = 7 months

First, we need to convert the annual interest rate to a monthly rate:

Monthly interest rate = (8.3% / 12) = 0.0083

Next, we calculate the interest:

Interest = Principal * Monthly interest rate * Time

Interest = $23,592 * 0.0083 * (7/12) ≈ $455.58

Finally, we can calculate the repayment check:

Repayment check = Principal + Interest

Repayment check = $23,592 + $455.58 ≈ $24,048.42

Therefore, the repayment check, including both principal and interest, was approximately $24,048.42.

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Transaction volume and inventory flow typically vary throughout the day or week and can depend on factors such as product type and location.

Transaction volume often fluctuates, generally peaking during specific hours or days, and can correlate positively or negatively between locations depending on factors like regional trends and demographics. Variations can further depend on product attributes, such as size or flavor. Inventory levels also fluctuate, with potential stockouts occurring due to sudden demand surges, theft, or supply chain disruptions. The cost of timely replenishment can be compared to the opportunity cost of stockouts to maintain optimal inventory levels. Understanding these patterns can help in efficient inventory management and reducing stockout situations.

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The equivalent nominal interest rate with daily compounding, given a bank's quoted rate of 11.1% compounded annually, would be higher than 11.1%.

To find the equivalent nominal interest rate with daily compounding, we need to consider the compounding frequency and adjust the quoted rate accordingly. In this case, the bank quotes a rate of 11.1% compounded annually, meaning the interest is compounded once per year.

To convert this annual rate to a daily compounding rate, we use the formula for compound interest:

A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)

Where:

A = the final amount

P = the principal (initial amount)

r = the annual interest rate (as a decimal)

n = the number of compounding periods per year

t = the number of years

Since we want to find the nominal interest rate with daily compounding, we can set n = 365 (assuming a standard year with 365 days).

Let's assume we start with a principal of $100. Plugging in the values, the formula becomes:

A = 100(1 + 0.111/365)^(365 * t)

To find the equivalent nominal interest rate, we solve for r:

A/P = (1 + r/n)^(nt)

(1 + r/n)^(nt) = A/P

1 + r/n = (A/P)^(1/(nt))

r/n = [(A/P)^(1/(nt))] - 1

r = n * [(A/P)^(1/(nt))] - 1

In this case, A/P is the ratio of the final amount to the principal. Since the principal cancels out in this ratio, we can use any values for A and P as long as the ratio remains the same. Let's assume the final amount is $1000. Now the formula becomes:

r = 365 * [(1000/100)^(1/(365 * t))] - 1

To find the nominal interest rate for t = 1 year, we can substitute t = 1 into the equation:

r = 365 * [(1000/100)^(1/(365 * 1))] - 1

Calculating this value will give us the equivalent nominal interest rate with daily compounding.

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Your lecturer/supervisor is responsible for providing guidance and clarification on research objectives, content-related matters, writing style improvement, acknowledgment of sources, and display of summary data. They should also offer assistance with data analysis when possible.

The project proposal should be submitted according to the date specified in the course outline. The feedback you receive from Assignment 1 is additional to other feedback you may receive from your lecturer during face-to-face meetings and forum discussions.

The marking rubric for the project proposal is shown in Appendix K and includes the following components:

1. Abstract and Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study (30%)
2. Chapter 2: Review of the Literature (30%)
3. Chapter 3: Research Methodology (30%)
4. Format & Overall Impression (10%)

For the Presentation (Assignment 2) [20%], it will be assessed by at least two lecturers and typically takes place one week after the Project Proposal report submission deadline. The presentation should last 10-15 minutes, followed by a 10-minute Q&A session. It will be evaluated based on content, presentation style, and the ability to answer questions.

The Final Project Report (Final Assessment) [60%] is the culmination of your study. It should include an abstract, Chapter 1 to Chapter 5, bibliography, and appendices. The report should not exceed 10,000 words (excluding abstract, appendices, and exhibits).

The Project Report should adequately describe the research problem and objectives, review relevant literature, justify the research approach and methods, explain research findings, propose recommendations, and suggest improvements for future research.

The project report must be submitted according to the deadline specified in the course outline. Make sure to submit it to Tumitin and ensure that the similarity percentage is within an acceptable range.

The report should be word-processed and cover the following suggested topics: cover page, acknowledgment, table of content, abstract, list of tables, and list of figures. The chapters should include the following:

1. Chapter 1: Introduction
  - Problem statement
  - Purpose of study
  - Research objectives
  - Research questions
  - Definition of key variables

2. Chapter 2: Literature Review
  - Background study
  - Related theory/model
  - Discussion of recent findings
  - Research framework
  - Hypotheses

3. Chapter 3: Research Methodology
  - Variables and measurement
  - Population, sample, sampling technique
  - Data collection technique
  - Techniques of analysis
  - Questionnaire

4. Chapter 4: Analysis of Results
  - Data analysis
  - Tables, summary statistics
  - Results of hypothesis testing, meeting research objectives and questions

5. Chapter 5: Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
  - Comment on the results
  - Managerial implications
  - Limitations of the research
  - Future research opportunities

6. Bibliography

7. Appendices
  - Survey questionnaire
  - Statistical data

Remember, your lecturer/supervisor is there to provide guidance on research objectives, content-related matters, writing style improvement, acknowledgment of sources, and display of summary data. They can also assist with data analysis.

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Implementing Lean can have several drawbacks or dangers these include resistance to change, employee morale issues, potential disruptions to operations, and the need for significant time and resources.

Resistance to change is a common challenge when implementing Lean. Employees may be resistant to new processes and ways of working, especially if they perceive them as threatening their job security or disrupting established routines. This resistance can hinder the successful adoption and implementation of Lean principles.

Another drawback is the potential impact on employee morale. Lean initiatives often involve streamlining processes, which may lead to job redundancies or changes in roles and responsibilities. If not managed properly, these changes can create anxiety and lower morale among employees, affecting their motivation and productivity.

Implementing Lean can also result in temporary disruptions to operations. As businesses reconfigure their processes and workflows, there may be initial inefficiencies or delays before the new system becomes fully optimized. These disruptions can impact productivity and customer satisfaction in the short term.

Lastly, implementing Lean requires a significant investment of time and resources. Businesses need to allocate resources for training employees, implementing new technologies or systems, and continuously monitoring and improving processes. This commitment can be a barrier for some organizations, particularly those with limited resources or competing priorities.

Overall, while Lean offers numerous benefits, businesses need to carefully consider and address these potential drawbacks to ensure successful implementation and maximize the advantages of Lean principles.

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The interest earned after 1 year will be R144.

Principal amount (P) = R150 (monthly savings)

Rate of interest (r) = 8% per annum = 0.08

Time period (t) = 1 year

Using the formula for simple interest: I = P * r * t

I = R150 * 0.08 * 1 = R12

Therefore, the interest earned after 1 year is R12.

The amount in the savings account after 5 years, we need to use the formula for compound interest. The interest is added once a year, so the compounding period is yearly. The formula is:

A = P * [tex](1 + r)^n[/tex]

Where:

P = R150 (monthly savings)

r = 8% per annum = 0.08

n = 5 (number of years)

Substituting the values into the formula, we get:

A = R150 * (1 + 0.08)^5 = R150 * 1.46933 = R220.40

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The NPV of the project, considering a 5-year operation and subsequent cessation, is approximately $19,340.52.

To calculate the NPV, we first determine the cash flows for each year by subtracting the costs from the revenues. Then, we discount each cash flow to its present value using the discount rate. The net working capital requirement for each year is 5% of the following year's revenues.

Using the given information, we find the following cash flows for each year:

Year 1: Revenue = $80,000, Costs = $30,000, Net working capital = $4,000

Year 2: Revenue = $100,000, Costs = $30,000, Net working capital = $5,000

Year 3: Revenue = $160,000, Costs = $30,000, Net working capital = $8,000

Year 4: Revenue = $200,000, Costs = $30,000, Net working capital = $10,000

Year 5: Revenue = $240,000, Costs = $30,000, Net working capital = $12,000

Next, we discount each cash flow to its present value using a discount rate of 8% (given the expected return on the market portfolio). The present values of the cash flows are then summed up, and the initial investment of $60,000 is subtracted to obtain the NPV.

Calculating the NPV using the formula mentioned earlier, we find an NPV of approximately $19,340.52.

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The continuously-compounded monthly return for this period is approximately 17.75%.

To calculate the continuously-compounded monthly return, we can use the formula:

Continuously-Compounded Monthly Return = ln(Ending Stock Price / Beginning Stock Price) * 100%

The continuously-compounded monthly return is commonly used in finance and investment analysis to assess the performance of assets and to calculate annualized returns based on shorter time periods.

Continuously-compounded monthly return refers to the rate of growth or change in the value of an investment over a one-month period, assuming continuous compounding.

Where ln represents the natural logarithm.

Using the given values:

Beginning Stock Price = $116

Ending Stock Price = $139

Continuously-Compounded Monthly Return = ln($139 / $116) * 100%

= ln(1.198275862069) * 100%

≈ 0.1775 * 100%

≈ 17.75%

The continuously-compounded monthly return for this period is approximately 17.75%.

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A work breakdown structure (WBS) breaks down a project into components, subcomponents, activities, and tasks.

The purpose of a WBS is to provide a hierarchical and organized representation of the project's deliverables and work packages. It helps in defining the scope of the project, identifying dependencies between different elements, and estimating the time and resources required for each task.

Here's a step-by-step explanation of how a WBS is created:

1. Start by identifying the main project deliverables or outcomes. These are the high-level components of the project.
2. Break down each deliverable into its subcomponents. These are the lower-level elements that contribute to the completion of the deliverables.
3. Continue breaking down the subcomponents further until you reach a level where the tasks are manageable and clearly defined.
4. Assign unique identifiers to each component, subcomponent, activity, and task for easy reference.
5. Ensure that the breakdown is logical and follows a consistent structure throughout the entire WBS.
6. Include all the necessary activities and tasks required to complete the project, leaving no gaps or overlapping areas.
7. Review the WBS with the project team to verify its completeness and accuracy.
8. Once finalized, the WBS becomes a valuable tool for project planning, scheduling, and resource allocation.

In summary, a work breakdown structure is a hierarchical framework that breaks down a project into manageable components, subcomponents, activities, and tasks, providing a clear roadmap for project execution.

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The nominal annual rate of interest is 10.965%. Given that Surinder borrowed $1300 and agreed to pay $2625.53 in settlement of the debt in four years, six months. We are to find the annual nominal rate compounded semi-annually charged on the debt.

To find the nominal annual rate compounded semi-annually, we can use the formula:

A=P (1+r/n)^(nt)

where, A = Amount at the end of the term

P = Principal amount

r = Nominal annual interest rate

n = Number of times interest is compounded per year

t = Time period in years

On substituting the given values in the formula, we get;2625.53 = 1300(1+r/2)^(2×4.5)

Multiplying both sides by (1+r/2)^-9 to solve for r/2, we get;

2625.53(1+r/2)^-9 = 1300

Now, we can find the value of (1+r/2)^9,

which is (1+r/2)^-9 = 1300/2625.53

(1+r/2)^9 = 2625.53/1300

(1+r/2)^9 = 2.0196431

Taking the 9th root of both sides, we get;

1 + r/2 = 1.054825

Taking away 1 from both sides, we get;

r/2 = 0.054825

Now, we can find the nominal annual rate of interest as follows: N = 2 (semi-annually compounded)So, the nominal annual rate of interest is 2×0.054825= 0.10965

The nominal annual rate of interest is 10.965% (rounded to four decimal places).

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: The expected total annual return of the current bond portfolio, if Sofia decides to leave the currency risk unhedged, is calculated by multiplying the allocation of each country by its respective excess bond return, and then summing up the results. The calculation would involve considering the allocation percentages and the excess bond return percentages for each country mentioned in the exhibit.

To calculate the expected total annual return, we need to multiply the allocation percentage of each country by its respective excess bond return percentage, and then sum up the results. For example, for Greece, the allocation is 25% and the excess bond return is 1.5% (as per Exhibit 2). So, the contribution of Greece to the total return would be 25% multiplied by 1.5%. Similarly, we need to perform this calculation for the other countries in the portfolio.

Once we have calculated the contribution from each country, we can sum up these contributions to obtain the expected total annual return of the bond portfolio. It is important to note that this calculation assumes no currency hedging, meaning the returns are based on the performance of the respective countries' bonds and their local currencies.

By performing these calculations, we can determine the expected total annual return of the bond portfolio in euros if the currency risk is left unhedged. This provides valuable information for the portfolio manager, Sofia, to assess the potential return of the portfolio and make informed decisions regarding hedging strategies and overall portfolio management.

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a. Audit evidence that is needed to ensure cut-off transactions are posted in the correct period The auditor needs to perform a cut-off test to ensure that all transactions are recorded in the correct period.

This can be achieved by the auditor examining both sales invoices and purchase orders to verify the date of sale, shipping date, and the date of delivery of goods. Furthermore, shipping documents, receiving reports, and customer receipts can also be examined to ensure cut-off transactions are recorded in the correct period.

b. Positive confirmation should be used to confirm account receivables. Positive confirmation is a type of account receivable confirmation where the customer confirms the balance due or agrees to the amount due. Positive confirmation is the preferred method when the account balance is material, or when internal control is weak. Positive confirmation is also suitable for small populations of customers.

c. Risks of fraud or misstatement that can arise Fraud or misstatement risk that can arise is when the customers take advantage of the discount offer. When customers pay early, they receive a 3% discount. To avoid losing money, some customers may take longer to pay to avoid the discount, which could lead to a decrease in accounts receivable and revenue.

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1. False: When CarMax sells a used car to an individual, it is considered a final sale transaction, and it does count in GDP.

2. The correct statement is: The $40,000 counts towards GDP because this is income earned by the landscaper.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a measure of the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given time period, typically a year. It is used as an indicator of the economic health and size of a nation's economy. GDP includes consumer spending, government expenditures, investments, and net exports (exports minus imports). It provides insight into economic growth, productivity, and the standard of living within a country. GDP is often used to compare the economic performance of different countries or track changes in an economy over time.

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By incorporating these selection criteria in the invitation to bid, the project team can make an informed decision, balancing their budget constraints with the need for reliable and suitable motorbikes for their fieldwork in Mongu.

To ensure the best value for money and suitability for fieldwork, the selection criteria for procuring motorbikes in Mongu should consider the following:

Quality and Durability: Assess the motorbikes' quality, performance, and durability to ensure they can withstand the demands of fieldwork.

Spare Parts and Maintenance: Consider the availability and cost of spare parts and maintenance services in Lusaka to minimize downtime and expenses.

Total Cost of Ownership: Evaluate the overall cost of owning and maintaining the motorbikes, including fuel efficiency, maintenance costs, and expected lifespan.

Fieldwork Suitability: Assess the motorbikes' suitability for the specific fieldwork requirements, including maneuverability, off-road capability, and load-carrying capacity.

Supplier Reputation: Consider the reputation and track record of the suppliers, ensuring they have experience in providing motorbikes for fieldwork and can provide reliable after-sales support.

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The significant independent variables are the ones with p-values < 0.05. If heteroskedasticity occurs, then the standard errors will be incorrect, and thus, the t-statistics and p-values will be wrong.

When a heteroskedasticity is present, it is always true that some of the standard errors will be too big and some will be too small; however, one has no idea which one is which. As a result, any of the coefficients could appear to be significant, even if they are not in reality. If there is heteroskedasticity, one might believe that the variables are statistically significant at a lower level than the actual p-value.(vi)Based on your answer in part (iv).

The omitted variable bias could be a problem if one of the variables was left out of the equation. Because the equation only has one independent variable, the problem is minimized. It means that it is not necessary to consider more variables since the model's complexity may be greater than the complexity of the actual model. Omitted variable bias may be a problem if more variables were used. If omitted variable bias is present, the t-test's results will not be correct.

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