Draw the structure of the nucleophile required to form each of the following compounds after reacting with 1-iodobutane in an SN2 reaction:
(pic)

While using a pH meter to monitor a stirring reaction mixture, the pH sensor electrode should be placed between the stirring vortex and the side of the glassware.

The pH meter is an electric device which is used to measure the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions. This means that it is used to measure the pH of the solutions and determine which is the acidic or alkaline.

The pH meter is made up of a voltmeter which is attached to a pH-responsive electrode and a reference electrode.

The pH-responsive electrode is usually made of glass while the reference electrode is usually a silver–silver chloride electrode.

While monitoring the stirring reaction mixture, the pH-responsive electrode written above is usually placed between the stirring vortex and the side of the glassware.

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The boiling point of halogens increases down the family.

Boiling Point

Boiling point has multiple factors, but for the purposes of this question, the main factor is IMFs. IMFs are intermolecular forces. IMFs are the attractions that occur between the atoms or molecules of a sample. The stronger the IMFs, the higher the boiling point. This is because strong IMFs hold the molecules together, so it takes more energy to break the attractive forces.

Polarizability

Pure halogens are always non-polar. This means that there are no dipoles or other forms of permanent electron shifts. Since all halogens are nonpolar, there is only one type of IMF: London Dispersion Forces. LDFs are the attractive forces caused by the temporary and random shifts of electron clouds. All molecules experience LDFs. However, LDFs have varying strengths. The larger the molecule, the stronger the LDF. This is due to polarizability. Polarizability is the ease with which electron clouds can shift. Bigger molecules have larger electron clouds, hence the higher polarizability and stronger LDFs.

Since halogens further down the table are larger, both in atomic radius and electron cloud, they have higher polarizability. This leads to stronger LDFs and IMFs. As stated in the first paragraph, strong IMFs cause higher boiling points. This is why larger molecules like Bromine have higher boiling points than small molecules like Fluorine.

Volume of hydrogen could be produced from 256g of glucose at STP is 381.69 L.

The balanced reaction is given as :

C₆H₁₂O₆  +  6H₂O  ---->   12H₂   +   6CO₂

moles of H₂ = 12 mol

mass of glucose = 256 g

moles of glucose = mass / molar

                             = 256 / 180.16

                             = 1.42 mol

1 mole of glucose = 12 mole of H₂

1.42 moles = 12 × 1.42 = 17.04 mol

1 mole of an ideal gas at STP is 22.4 L

volume = 17.04 × 22.4 = 381.69 L

Thus, Generating hydrogen from water or methane is energy intensive. A non-natural enzymatic process has been developed that produces12 moles of hydrogen per mole of glucose by the reaction. Volume of hydrogen could be produced from 256g of glucose at STP is 381.69 L.

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0.300 g of primary standard grade of sodium carbonate was required

what is primary standard grade ?

A primary standard in chemistry is a reagent that is exceedingly pure, indicative of the amount of moles in the material, and readily weighed. A reagent is a material that is used to initiate a chemical reaction with another substance. Reagents are frequently used to test for the presence or amount of certain compounds in a solution. Primary standards are commonly employed in titration and other analytical chemistry procedures to determine an unknown concentration. Titration is a chemical reaction that happens when modest quantities of a reagent are introduced to a solution. The reaction proves that the solution has a specified concentration. Primary standards are frequently used to create standard solutions, which have a specific concentration.

A good primary standard fulfils the following requirements:

Has a high purity level

It has a modest reactivity.

It has a large comparable weight.

Is unlikely to collect moisture from the air (hygroscopic) in order to decrease mass fluctuations in humid vs dry settings.

Is harmless, cheap, and widely accessible.

co3^2+2h---------->co2+h2o

1mole co3^2=2equivalates

normality=equivalates/2

0.300g

0.300 g of primary standard grade of sodium carbonate was required

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Yes the yellow flame is called as the safety flame.

The yellow flame are called as the safety flame and its is the coolest Bunsen flame because the air hole is covered and the oxygen will burn is less with the gas that's means that the flame is not efficiently burn. an the hottest Bunsen flame is considered is the blue flame because the air hole hole is uncovered and the oxygen burn is more with the gas that means it is efficiently burn. the yellow flame is the safest flame.

Thus, Yes the yellow flame is called as the safety flame.

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The new pressure of the container will be 1.14 atm and the most appropriate formula for solving this problem is P/T constant with pressure and temperature as variables.

The most appropriate formula for solving this problem includes the temperature and pressure as variables.

P/T = Constant

Because the volume of the container is constant.

The initial pressure p is 1atm, initial temperature t is 273K and the final temperature T is 311K, the final pressure P will be,

P/T = p/t

Putting values,

P/311 = 1/273

P = 311/273

P = 1.14 atm.

So, the final pressure of the container is 1.14atm.

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Complete question - One mole of an ideal gas is sealed in a 22.4-l container at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 273 k. the temperature is then increased to 311 k , but the container does not expand. what will the new pressure be? part a the most appropriate formula for solving this problem includes only which variables? enter the required variables, separated by commas (e.g., p,v,t).

A soft drink that contains 47 grams of carbohydrates per serving has a nutritional calories (cal) per serving of 188 calories.

Calories are a measurement of energy released from your body after digestion and absorption of food whereas carbohydrate is a carbon-based organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms with a general chemical molecular formula of CH₂O.

In order to get the number of nutritional calories per serving from a soft drink that has 47 grams of carbohydrate, we will need to multiply the number of grams by 4 since there are about 4 calories for every gram of carbohydrate, and the calculation is as follows:

47×4=188

Hence, there are 188 calories in a soft drink that contains 47 grams of carbohydrates.

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Answer:

5e-8 (500,000,000)

Explanation:

The scientific notation 5e-8 is same as 5 x 10^-8 or 5 x 10 -8. Thus, to get the answer to 5e-8 as a decimal, we multiply 5 by 10 to the power of -8. = 5e-8.

Answer:

5 x 10^8 = 500,000,000

Explanation:

You are going to have to type this equation into a calculator, because it might take way too long to do it on paper. But if you happen to do it on paper for no reason, this is how you would do it:

You are going to take the 10, and add 0 to it 8 different times:

10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 10,000,000 100,000,000.

Then, you multiply 100,000,000 by 5:

100,000,000 x 5 = 500,000,000.

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At the conclusion of this experiment, there is a combination of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes in the sample.

What is difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

How they produce proteins is the primary distinction between bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes. Large protein molecules make up eukaryotic ribosomes, enabling them to synthesis larger proteins than do bacterial ribosomes. Large proteins are better able to perform complex jobs in the cell, therefore this is significant. Prokaryotic ribosomes typically produce smaller, simpler proteins, which restricts their capacity to perform complex functions.

Another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes is how they interact with other molecules in the cell. Prokaryotic ribosomes interact with other molecules by binding to specific sites on their surface. This interaction allows the Ribosome to work its magic and produce proteins. Eukaryotic ribosomes, on the other hand.

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The reaction between silver nitrate and sodium fluoride produces silver fluoride precipitate and aqueous sodium nitrate as written below:

[tex]\rm Ag NO_{3} (aq) + NaF (aq) \rightarrow AgF (s) + NaNO_{3} (aq)[/tex]

Displacement reaction is a type of reaction in which a group or atom in a reactant is displaced by another group. There are single displacement reaction and double displacement reaction.

In single displacement reaction, one group is replaced by the other group of reagent and in double displacement reactions, two groups are interchanged between two reactants.

The reaction of AgNO₃ and NaF is a double displacement reaction in which nitrate and F displaces to the other metal and producing the precipitate of AgF as written in the reaction.

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Because it has a metal cation and a non-metal anion, sodium oxide is a binary ionic compound.

Non-metals are substances with a propensity to pick up electrons during chemical processes to generate anions. These are strong ionizing elements that are electronegative. They lack luster, are fragile, and have poor conductivity for both heat and power (except graphite). Gases, liquids, or solids can all be non-metals.

Because of their high ionization energy, nonmetals do not normally form monatomic positive ions (cations) during chemical reactions. Examples of anions include the chloride ion, Cl-, the nitride ion, N3-, and the selenide ion, Se2-, which are all monatomic nonmetal ions.

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The major duty of India's Election Commission is to supervise impartial elections across the whole country. The Indian Election Commission is the Direct Superintendent.

The elections for the President and Vice President of India, as well as the legislatures and parliaments of each State, are under its supervision. Vote counting is the Election Commission's most important job during an election. Each of the State Election Commissioners is independent of the Indian Election Commission and is in charge of a certain task. To oversee the holding of elections for Panchayati Raj institutions, a State Election Commissioner must be chosen by the State government.

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The reagent might conceivably add to 1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and 1-methylcyclohexene in two separate ways.

Both the manufacturing of butadiene and indeed the creation of gasoline need trans-2-butene. Butanol and butanone are also made using some 2-butene. Butyl latex and polymers are made with trans-2-butene. Manufacturing of semiconductors makes usage of trans-2-butene.

Although cis-2 butene and trans-2 butene have differing physical qualities, they have similar chemical features. Although their chemical formulas are different, their characteristics vary as a result of their various configurations. Therefore, cis-2 butene and trans-2 isobutane are diastereomers in accordance with the query.

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Oxidation Reaction is not same as the Reduction,we need to change sign of ( Ev ) as well as Lies and RHS as shown cell potential =+ 0.027 V

cell potential = ( Ev ) Red" + ( Ev )oxidation

=- 0250 + 0.277

=+ 0.027 V

The potential differential between the two electrodes of an electrochemical cell, which develops when electrons are sent via the external circuit of a cell that has not reached equilibrium, is known as the cell potential. A voltaic cell's electrical potential is a measurement of its capacity to generate an electric current. Typically, electrical potential is expressed in volts (V). The electrical potential difference between the two half-cells determines the voltage that a specific voltaic cell will generate.

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The concentration terms are molality, normality and mole fraction. Molarity can be used to find out the ionic strength of any solution. Therefore, molarity of diluted solution is 0.27M.

Molarity can be calculated by dividing number of moles of solute by volume of solution in liter. Molarity is affected by temperature. Its unit is mole/liter. It measure the concentration of any solute in a solution.

Mathematically,

According to the neutralization law,

M₁V₁=M₂V₂

where,

M₁ = molarity of stock solution =1.50M

V₁ = volume of stock solution =  59.0 ml

M₂ = molarity of dilute solution =?

V₂ = volume of dilute solution =228ml

substituting all the given values we get

M₁V₁=M₂V₂

1.50M×59.0 ml=M₂×228

M₂=0.38M

Again diluting this solution

M₂×V₂=M₃×V₃

0.38×114=M₃×159

M₃=0.27M

Therefore, molarity of diluted solution is 0.27M.

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Valence electrons important in forming bonds because the formation of the ionic bond and the covalent bond depends on the valence electrons.

The valence electrons are those which are present on the outermost shell of the atom. the valence electron will cause the atoms are unreactive or the highly reactive.

The covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between the atoms. The ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of the electrons between the atoms.

Thus, the valence electrons are those which decide the formation the bond whether it is ionic bond or the covalent bond between the atoms.

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Each compound as an ionic compound or a molecular compound :

CO₂ : molecular compound

NaBr : ionic compound

FeCl₃ : ionic compound

CH₄ : molecular compound.

The ionic compounds are those which are formed by the positively charged cation and the negatively charged anion with ionic bond and the complete transfer of electrons take place. the molecular compounds are those which are formed by the sharing of electrons. CO₂ : molecular compound. NaBr : ionic compound. FeCl₃ : ionic compound. CH₄ : molecular compound.

Thus, Each compound as an ionic compound or a molecular compound :

CO₂ : molecular compound

NaBr : ionic compound

FeCl₃ : ionic compound

CH₄ : molecular compound.

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Answer:

Insulation helps to prevent that transfer of heat. Many different materials are used for insulation. Engineers often use fiberglass, wool, cotton, paper (wood cellulose), straw and various types of foams to insulate buildings. A layer of trapped air can serve as insulation, too!

Explanation:

Answer:

insulators

Explanation:

radiation insulators are materials with a high resistivity (resistivity is a property of the material) so they can make objects with high resistance. This allows insulators to prevent heat from escaping.

Sodium oxide has a molecular mass of 62 amu, which is the sum of two sodium atoms and one oxygen atom.

The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule is the molecule's molecular mass. As a result, if we know the molecular formula, which can be given and calculated, we can calculate the molecular mass. In chemistry, the formula weight is calculated by multiplying the atom weight (in atomic mass units) of each element in a chemical formula by the number of atoms in the formula, then adding all of these products together.

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If 0.22 m n h 4 and 0.24 m n h 3 are present in an ammonia buffer solution, the buffer's pH is 9.28. Ammonium's pka is 9.24. Nitrogen and hydrogen combine to form the inorganic compound ammonia.

Ammonia is an odourless gas with a distinct pungent odor. It is a stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride. In terms of biology, it is a typical nitrogenous waste, especially for aquatic organisms.

In order to create a buffer solution, a weak acid and salt, such as CH3COOH and CH3COONa, or a weak base, such as NH4OH and NH4Cl, are typically combined with salt. Is called buffer solution.

ph = 9.24+log(0.24/0.22)

ph = 9.24+0.04

ph = 9.28

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Cancer cells use telomerase to add several telomeric sections to the ends of their DNA during DNA replication, which prolongs their life span relative to other somatic cells and prevents cancer cells from dying. As a result, cancer cells never expire.

Uncontrolled cell division may result from growth factor overexpression or a lack of suppressor proteins. Tumors form as a result of unchecked cell proliferation, which if left untreated can be fatal. Continual mitosis takes place. Cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase to add several telomeric sections to the ends of their DNA during DNA replication, which prolongs their life span relative to other somatic cells. As a result, cancer cells never die. Through this technique, normally dying cancer cells just continue to divide. A condition known as cancer is one in which a small percentage of the body's cells develop out of control and spread to other bodily regions.

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A light source's maximum wavelength at which o2 can ionize is 99.39nm.

O2 has a 1205 kJ ionization energy.

Energy = hv

= h light's wavelength/velocity

wavelength = (1205000 3 108) /6.626 1034

99.39 nm is the wavelength.

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The liquid form of 1-octene has no color. Flashpoint of 70 °F. Less dense (at about 6 lb/gal) and insoluble in water than water, as a result, floats on water.

Having the chemical formula CH2CHC6H13, 1-octene is an organic compound. The double bond in the alkene is in the alpha (primary) position, making the compound more reactive and giving it useful chemical properties. The alkene is also referred to as a higher olefin and alpha-olefin.

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Though NaBH4 and LiAlH4 are similar, NaBH4 is less reactive. Esters, amides, acids, and nitriles are largely unaffected; its power is limited to reducing aldehydes, ketones, and acid chlorides to alcohols.

Because the hydride ion can attack the planar carbonyl group on either face, the reduction of unsymmetrical ketones with LiAlH4 or NaBH4 results in the production of two stereoisomers: A racemic mixture of enantiomers results from the absence of any additional chiral centers. The intermediates produced by the reaction of sodium borohydride with water are also mild reducing agents known as hydroxyborohydride. The most popular reaction solvents for reduction or organic substrates are ethanol and propane-2-ol, though methanol is also employed. Because a similar reaction with alcohol is relatively slow, it is also known as an alcohol reduction reaction.

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A full valence shell electron configuration is the most stable. Other classes of elements have partially filled valence shells. a stable electron configuration to achieve

They then achieve a stable electron configuration by either gaining or losing electrons. They are capable of creating a stable configuration and an outer shell that is filled by adding or removing an electron. Atomic physics and quantum chemistry both refer to the electron configuration as the configuration of electrons in atomic or molecular orbitals of an atom, molecule, or other physical structure. known as an electron configuration. A single type of atom, each of whose nuclei has the same number of protons, makes up an element, which is a pure substance.

A pure substance known as an element is made up of only one sort of atom, each of whose nuclei contains the identical number of protons. The issue of how conceptually sound the word "element"

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38.52 g of phosphorus-32 was present 9.00 days ago if it has a half-life of 14.3 days

As the half-life of phosphorus-32 is 14.3 days and the remaining amount is given to be 24.9 g and we need to determine the amount present 9 days ago therefore we first determine the number of half-lives that have elapsed as follows;

n = time ÷ half-life

n = 9/14.3

Finally, we can calculate the amount of the radioactive isotope that was available 9 days ago

Amount remaining (N) = 24.9 g

Number of half-lives (n) = 9/14.3

N₀ = 2ⁿ × N

N₀ = 2^(9/14.3) × 24.9

N₀ = 38.52 g

Hence the amount present 9 days ago is calculated to be 38.52 g

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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine of the following are released from neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla as a result of sympathetic innervation.

The ability of your sympathetic nerves to react to risky or stressful conditions is its most well-known function. When this happens, your nervous system's sympathetic system kicks in to help you escape danger by increasing your heart rate, pumping more blood to regions of your body needing it, and other responses.

Cardiovascular consequences of the sympathetic nervous (SNS) include heart rate acceleration, maximum cardiac contractility, decreased arterial capacitance, and peripheral vascular resistance.

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Aqueous solution is the category of fluid in which water serves as the solvent. Na+ Cl- is the symbol for a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution in water. Another name for sodium chloride is table salt (NaCl)

The main distinction between a liquid and an aqueous substance is that a liquid is any fluid that is almost incompressible, whereas an aqueous substance is a liquid that contains a solvent such as water. Aqueous solutions are thus a class of liquid.

Cola, saltwater, rain, acid, base, and salt solutions are a few examples of watery solutions. Any liquid that lacks water is an example of a solution that is not an aqueous solution.

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Ammonium ion molarity is equal to (0.03224/0.2) = 0.1612 mol/L or 0.16 M.

Breathing in ferrous ammonium can have negative effects on you. Inhaling ferrous ammonia can upset the nose and throat, which can lead to coughing and wheezing. Contact can sting the skin and eyes. High exposure may result in sleepiness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain.

2NH₄NO₃ + Na₂CrO₄ → (NH₄)₂CrO₄ + 2NaNO₃

We first convert the given parameters to number of moles

Number of moles = (Mass/Molar mass)

Molar mass of NH₄NO₃ = 80.043 g/mol

Number of moles of NH₄NO₃ = (2.59/80.043) = 0.03224 mole

Number of moles = (Concentration in mol/L) × (Volume in L)

Number of moles of Na₂CrO₄ = 0.4 × 0.2 = 0.08 Mole

2 moles of NH₄NO₃ react with 1 mole of Na₂CrO₄

So, it it evident that NH₄NO₃ is the limiting reagent as it is in short supply in the amount needed for the reaction.

So, the number of moles of ammonium ion in the product is also 0.03224 mole.

Molarity = (Number of moles)/(Volume L)

Molarity of ammonium ion = (0.03224/0.2) = 0.1612 mol/L = 0.16 M.

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Adenyl cyclase is activated by albuterol, which increases cyclic-3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the cells and -2 adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscles.

Adrenergic receptor is defined as the proteins that are membrane-bound and mediate the central and peripheral effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine.  Adrenergic receptors are cell surface receptors that become active when they contact a particular class of neurotransmitter known as a catecholamine.

By soothing the smooth muscles in the bronchi, beta2 agonists treat reversible bronchospasm. These medications, which have bronchodilator properties, are used to treat acute asthmatic bouts of bronchospasm as well as to prevent it from happening in cases of exercise-induced asthma or nocturnal asthma.

Thus, Adenyl cyclase is activated by albuterol, which increases cyclic-3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the cells and -2 adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscles.

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