During internal and external respiration, gases move by diffusion. The correct answer is option(a).
External respiration is the exchange of smoke accompanying the extrinsic atmosphere and happens in the alveoli of the lungs. Internal breathing is the exchange of vapor accompanying the surroundings and happens in the tissues. The real exchange of smoke happens on account of simple spread.
Diffusion is the process by which vapor moves from a region of the press to depressed pressure. This involves all along - Internal respiration - which is the campaign in the internal tissues between containers and capillaries, and - External respiration - when smoke is replaced between the alveoli and body part capillaries.
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what is genetic drift? how did the model population size and sampling techniques relate to this process?
Genetic drift is a random change in the frequency of genetic variants present within a population. Genetic drift can completely eliminate genetic variants, thereby reducing genetic variation. It may also cause alleles that were originally rare to become more common and even become fixed. Genetic drift reduces genetic diversity within populations. This is an allele frequency change that is entirely due to chance and tends to affect small populations more than large populations. Underpopulation can lead to genetic drift.
Small populations tend to lose genetic diversity faster than large populations due to stochastic sampling errors (that is, genetic drift). This is because some versions of genes can be lost randomly, which is more likely to occur in small populations.
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Explain how enzymes work. Include the term activation energy and compare the two curves, explaining which is with the enzyme.
One can draw the conclusion that enzyme lowers the activation energy of reactants, increasing the rates of reactions.
Reactants need to summon the activation energy in order to transform into products.
Include activation energy when explaining how enzymes function.Biochemical catalysts include enzymes. The activation energy of reactions is reduced by catalysts. A reaction will proceed more quickly the lower its activation energy. As a result, enzymes reduce activation energy to speed up reactions.
Enzymes are catalysts, so they have an impact on activation energy by lowering the amount of activation energy required, enabling chemical reactions to occur or proceed more quickly. It has no impact on how much energy is released during the reaction.
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How is food protected from contamination?.
Clean and sanitize any surfaces and tools that come into touch with food often, such as cutting boards and knives.
Use different utensils and equipment for handling raw and ready-to-eat meals, or properly wash and sanitize them between handling the two types of food.Clean and sanitize any surfaces and tools that come into touch with food often, such as cutting boards and knives. Use different utensils and equipment for handling raw and ready-to-eat meals, or properly wash and sanitize them between handling the two types of food. Foods that are high in vitamins and minerals are known to as protective food. Fruits and vegetables are included. They maintain our health and shield us from illnesses. In order to avoid contamination and food-borne illness, food protection refers to the circumstances and procedures that maintain the quality of food.
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assuming that a strand of dna is not composed of equal amounts of a, g, c, and t, which of the following equations is appropriate when considering dna base composition?
Because the nitrogenous bases of these nucleotides form hydrogen bonds that make the two strands of DNA complementary, there is a T for every A (and a For G for every C).
How many different base combinations can a DNA sequence contain?Carries genetic information based on the base sequences that are given to progeny during reproduction; acts as a template for exact copies to be made during the interphase's synthesis stage; and contains instructions for putting together proteins from amino acids. DNA has four potential bases: A, G, C, and T. two strands of a double helix A and T are generally paired as complementary bases.
What is the name given to particular nitrogenous base sequences in DNA?Genes are unique nitrogenous base sequences that encode certain proteins or regulatory RNA molecules. two strands of a double helix A and T are generally paired as complementary bases.
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drag the labels to the appropriate locations in this diagram. first drag pink labels to pink targets to label the two host cells. then drag blue labels to blue targets to label the structures and endosymbionts of the two cells.
The endosymbiotic theory states that an ancestor cell phagocyted photosynthetic and oxygen-consumer prokaryotes, and originated eukaryotic cells with mitochondria and chloroplasts. a) Oxygen-using prokaryote, b) Mitochondrion, c) Nucleus, d) Endoplasmic reticulum, e) Host cell: Ancestor of all eukaryotes, f) Photosynthetic prokaryote, g) Chloroplast, h) Host cell: Ancestor of photosynthetic eukaryotes
What is the endosymbiotic theory?The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were phagocytized by another cell but not digested. These bacteria got to adapt to their host, and both cells became interdependent.
Both organelles have many similarities with other free-living bacteria.
Chloroplasts probably derivate from cyanobacteria because both cells absorb sunlight, and produce ATP, and organic molecules. Mitochondria derivate from rickettsias because they produce ATP in the same way by using the Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation.Chloroplasts and mitochondria share some traits with free-living bacteria, that support the theory.
Both organelles present their genetic material. This DNI is independent of the cell's DNA, is bi-catenary and circular, identical to the bacterial DNA, and very different from the one of the eukaryotic cells. Both organelles divide by binary fission, not by mitosis, and can synthesize their ribosomes and organelles. Both organelles present a double membrane, a characteristic that reinforces the idea of being phagocyted. The internal membrane looks identical to the bacterial membrane, while the external membrane looks like the eukaryotic one. In fact, in this internal membrane are placed the energy centers, just as occurs in bacterias membrane. Finally, the sizes of the organelles are similar to the size of some procaryotes.In the image,
a) Oxygen-using prokaryote
b) Mitochondrion
c) Nucleus
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
e) Host cell: Ancestor of all eukaryotes
f) Photosynthetic prokaryote
g) Chloroplast
h) Host cell: Ancestor of photosynthetic eukaryotes
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how transcription regulators (proteins) recognize and bind to regulatory DNA sequences in a DNA double helix.
-proteins that recognize a specific nucleotide sequence do so because the surface of the protein fits tightly against the surface features of the DNA double helix in that region
-these surfaces features will vary depending on the nucleotide sequence, different DNA-binding proteins will recognize different nucleotide sequences
-protein inserts into the major groove of the DNA double helix and makes a series of intimate, noncovalent molecular contacts with the nucleotide pairs within the groove
DNA sequences in a DNA double helix proteins that recognize a specific nucleotide sequence do so because the surface of the protein fits tightly against the surface features of the DNA double helix in that region
these surfaces features will vary depending on the nucleotide sequence, different DNA-binding proteins will recognize different nucleotide sequences
protein inserts into the major groove of the DNA double helix and makes a series of intimate, noncovalent molecular contacts with the nucleotide pairs within the groove
There are two strands of DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, in each cell of the body. A double helix is created when these strands engage with one another. During replication, a portion of this Bis changed into a single-stranded form to serve as a template.
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blank: receptors for static equilibrium.target 1 of 6 blank: receptors for dynamic equilibrium.target 2 of 6 blank: pitch of a sound.target 3 of 6 blank: loss of nerve function.target 4 of 6 blank: damage to the tympanic membrane.target 5 of 6 blank: site of auditory receptors.target 6 of 6 request answer
1. Receptors for static equilibrium are maculae.
2. Receptors for dynamic equilibrium are cristae.
3. Pitch of a sound is the frequency of sound.
4. Loss of nerve function is nerve deafness.
5. Damage to the tympanic membrane is conduction deafness.
6. Site of auditory receptors is the cochlea.
The receptors for the stаtic equilibrium аre known аs mаculаe, аnd the receptors for the dynаmic equilibrium аre known аs the cristа аmpullаris.
The sensаtion of а frequency is commonly referred to аs the pitch of а sound. А high pitch sound corresponds to а high-frequency sound wаve аnd а low pitch sound corresponds to а low-frequency sound wаve.
Sensorineurаl heаring loss (SNHL) is cаused by dаmаge to these speciаl cells, or to the nerve fibers in the inner eаr. Sometimes, the heаring loss is cаused by dаmаge to the nerve thаt cаrries the signаls to the brаin.
А conductive deаfness is а deficit relаted to аn obstructed, or аltered, trаnsmission of sound to the tympаnic membrаne or through the ossicle chаin of the middle eаr.
The cochleа is responsible for the phаse of аuditory trаnsduction thаt tаkes plаce in the inner eаr.
Your question is incomplete, but your full question can see in the attachment.
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there are two types of vascular tissue within plants. water and minerals are transported from the roots to the rest of the plant in blank, while sugars are transported from one part of the plant to another in blank.target 1 of 8 target 2 of 8 2. xylem sap is moved through a
Plants have two different forms of vascular tissue. Sugars are moved from one area of the plant to another in plant through phloem while water and minerals are moved from the roots to the rest of the plant xylem. The process of transpiration using the evaporation from the leaves to pull water up the body of a plant to transfer xylem sap through the plant .
What is the transport system in plants?Phloem and xylem are the two transport systems found in plants. Minerals and water are transported by xylem. Amino acids and carbohydrates dissolved in water are transported by phloem. Xylem Water and minerals are moved up the stem of the plant and into the leaves by the xylem. The majority of the cells that make up the xylem in an adult blooming plant or tree are specialized cells known as vessels. Vessels: lose their end walls to create a continuous, hollow tube, or xylem. Water can now move freely as a result. become more robust thanks to the substance lignin. The cells have stopped functioning. The vessel is strengthened and supported by lignin. Phloem transports sugar that a plant has made through photosynthesis to areas where it is required for activities including: creating seeds, growing plant parts for immediate use, storing organs like bulbs and tubers, and respiration. Therefore, transport occurs both up and down the stem in the phloem. Translocation describes the movement of chemicals within the phloem. Water moves through a plant during transpiration, where it evaporates from aerial parts like leaves, stems, and flowers. Although water is essential to plants, only a small portion of the water absorbed by the roots is utilized for growth and metabolism. Transpiration and guttation account for the remaining 97–99.5% of loss.
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Can You Identify The Plant Group To Which Each Of These Organisms Belongs? Drag Each Organism To The Appropriate Bin.
The Plant Group To Which Each Of These Organisms Belongs is: NOT a plant -charophyte algae, Nonvascular plant -bryophyte ,moss Seedless vascular plant -fern Gymnosperm -conifer, pine tree Angiosperm -pear tree, purple coneflower
Because of its movement, charophyte algae is not a plant.
Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that are an informal grouping of non-vascular land plant divisions such as liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
A fern is a seedless vascular plant that reproduces by spore and does not have seeds or flowers.
Conifers and pine trees are examples of gymnosperms, a group of seed-producing plants.
Angiosperm is a flowering plant that produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. The angiosperms are a diverse group that includes herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and the majority of trees, such as the purple coneflower and pear tree.
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another important aspect of meiosis and the sexual life cycle is the role these processes play in contributing to genetic variation. although offspring often resemble their parents, they are genetically different from both of their parents and from one another. the degree of variation may be tremendous.
No heredity only
only genetic variation: none
Both: all
-fertilization
-metaphase 1→anaphase 1
-metaphase 2→anaphase 2
-crossing over
-DNA replication
How does meiosis fit into the sexual life cycle?Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four gamete cells and a halving of the parent cell's chromosome count. In order to reproduce sexually, egg and sperm cells must be produced.
In sexually reproducing organisms, traits are passed down from one generation to the next through the processes of DNA replication, careful homolog pairing during crossing over, chromosome alignment and separation in meiosis I and II, and fertilization.
In sexually reproducing organisms, traits are passed down from one generation to the next through the processes of DNA replication, careful homolog pairing during crossing over, chromosome alignment and separation in meiosis I and II, and fertilization.
In contrast to offspring of asexual reproduction, offspring of sexual reproduction are genetically distinct from one another and from both of their parents. Some of the mechanisms that result in genetic variation include the production of recombinant chromosomes as a result of crossing over, the independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I, the separation of sister chromatids (which are no longer identical due to crossing over) in meiosis II, and the haphazard fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization.
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the aerated activated biosolid digestion process and produces material that can be used as fertilizer on non-human consumption crops.
The aerated activated biosolid digestion process is the secondary treatment of sewage. It is used to produces material that can be used as fertilizer on non-human consumption crops.
In the absence of oxygen, bacteria use anaerobic digestion to break down organic wastes including animal dung, wastewater biosolids, and food scraps. A reactor is used to conduct anaerobic digestion in order to produce biogas. The process of treating wastewater results in the creation of biosolids. The liquids and solids in wastewater are separated during treatment. These solids are then subjected to physical and chemical processing to create biosolids, a semisolid, nutrient-rich byproduct.
Hence, secondary treatment produces fertilizer used in non human consumption crop.
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in parrots, blue feathers and yellow feathers show incomplete dominance. in the heterozygous situation, the combination of both colors appears green. what are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring of two green parrots?
The possible genotype and phenotype of both the green parrots is 3.
Lets represent the alleles of the blue feathered parrot as 'aa'
Lets represent the alleles of yellow feathered parrot as 'bb'
Now, if we use the Punnett's Square,
= aa X bb
= aa, ab, ab, bb
Since it is incomplete dominance, and the heterozygous situation represents green feathered parrot, we take the 'ab' as green feathered parrot.
The phenotype,
= aa = 1
= ab = 2
= bb = 1
Since, there are 3 varieties, the phenotype count is 3.
The genotype,
= aa = 1
= ab = 2
= bb = 1
Since, there are 3 varieties, the genotype count is 3.
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the generation of transgenic mice using disarmed retroviral vectors or lentivirus vectors often results in multiple sites of insertion with the individual sites frequently varying in their level of transgene expression. what approaches could you use to determine whether or not transgenic mice carry more than one transgene and, if so, where the transgenes are inserted into chromosomes? remember to indicate what method you would use to detect the transgene.
One approach to determine if transgenic mice carry more than one transgene is:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)Southern blottingFluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)Explanation of each of the methods to detect the transgeneTo determine if transgenic mice carry more than one transgene, is to use PCR-based analysis. This involves amplifying the transgene sequence using primers specific to the transgene and then sequencing the PCR product to detect multiple copies of the transgene. Additionally,
Southern blotting can be used to detect multiple transgenes by isolating the chromosomal DNA from the transgenic mice and then using a labeled probe specific to the transgene to detect multiple transgene copies.
Finally, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be used to detect and localize the transgene insertion sites within the chromosomes. This involves hybridizing a labeled probe specific to the transgene to the chromosomal DNA followed by visualization of the transgene insertion sites under a fluorescent microscope.
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Are mutations a rare occurrence?.
A mutation is pretty rare once is starts to occur. So yes in a way it is rare.
I hope this helps!!!
the thoracic duct collects lymph from most of the body except for the right upper quadrant. true false
The answer is False.
The lymphatic system plays an important role in the immune system. This system is made up of glands and vessels that work together to drain lymph fluid into the circulatory system. The thoracic duct drains lymph from most of the body, apart from the right upper limb, right breast, right lung and right side of head and neck.
The quadrant system divides the stomach into four parts. The right upper quadrant consists of the right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, pylorus, duodenum, head of the pancreas, hepatic flexure of the colon, parts of the transverse and ascending colon. So, the right upper quadrant includes the part of the body where the thoracic duct collects lymph.
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Would very much appreciate the help.
18.Different elements move through ecosystems. Since there is only a finite amount of matter in the universe, it is essential for it to travel through cycles (option ais correct).
19. Cellular respiration is the carbon cycle.
20. Evaporation is the water cycle.
What is cellular respiration?Through a series of chemical processes called cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to create ATP, which can then be used as an energy source for a variety of bodily reactions. The citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis are the three main phases of cellular respiration.
The movement of matter within an ecosystem on Earth from one place or form to another is referred to as matter cycling.
There are both positive and negative effects that can result from the continuous cycling of matter. A cycle of matter can occur naturally or as a result of human activity.
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describe the 3 types of radioactive waste produced by nuclear power plants aned explain the threats they pose to humans
Radioactivity levels are used to categorize nuclear waste into three categories:
Low radioactivity Intermediate radioactivity High radioactivityIonizing radiation can harm a person's health right away at large levels, and at very high radioactive level, can even result in radiation sickness and death. Ionizing radiation can have negative health effects at low radioactive levels, including cataracts, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. It mostly causes cancer due to DNA damage, which can result in cancer-causing gene mutations.
Due to the fact that their bodies are still growing and developing, children and adolescents may be more susceptible to the cancer-causing effects of ionizing radiation than adults. Additionally, the number of years after radiation exposure during which cancer may develop is typically greater in children and teenagers.
Hence, radiation is disastrous to health if beyond permissible limit
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What are the 3 central dogma?.
The 3 central dogma: From current DNA to make new DNA (DNA replication?) From DNA to make new RNA (transcription) From RNA to make new proteins (translation).DNA → RNA → protein.
The imperative dogma of molecular biology is a principle mentioning that genetic information flows only in one course, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA immediately to protein. The system of creating protein from DNA is referred to as the “crucial dogma”. but, it isn't always a linear step, however rather requires two steps: Transcription and Translation, with an intermediate molecule, RNA. DNA → RNA → Protein.
The principal dogma of molecular biology states that DNA contains commands for making a protein, which might be copied with the aid of RNA. RNA then uses the instructions to make a protein. In short: DNA → RNA → Protein, or DNA to RNA to Protein.
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A __ is an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillin and cephalosporin and thus provides for resistance against the antibiotic.
1. penicillinase
2. lipase
3. DNA polymerase
4. beta-lactamase
penicillinase
beta-lactamase
Penicillin and cephalosporin's beta-lactam rings are broken down by an enzyme called a penicillinase, which is released by certain bacteria. This results in resistance to the antibiotic.
A bacterial strain exposed to penicillin may develop penicillinase, an extracellular enzyme that leaves the bacterial cell to break down the penicillin surrounding it and inactivate the antibiotic. This is done by hydrolyzing the cyclic amide bond in the beta-lactam ring of the penicillin.
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The beta-lactam ring on penicillin and cephalosporin is broken down by a penicillinase, an enzyme released by certain bacteria, leading to resistance to the antibiotic.
The penicillinase-resistant penicillins withstand the bacterial enzymes' hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring. Although less effective than penicillin G, they are effective against the majority of organisms that are sensitive to natural penicillins and offer extensive protection against resistant variants. A penicillinase enzyme, which is secreted by certain bacteria, breaks down the beta-lactam rings of penicillin and cephalosporin. As a result, the drug develops resistance. Penicillinase, a extracellular enzyme that exits the bacterial cell to degrade any penicillin around it and render the antibiotic inactive, may emerge in a strain of bacteria exposed to penicillin. The penicillin's beta-lactam ring's cyclic amide bond is hydrolyzed in order to do this.
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one of the fingerlike projections of the small intestinal mucosa that tremendously increase its surface area for absorption is called a/an:
Answer:
villi
Explanation:
microscopic finger -like projections are called villi which increase the surface area to help with absorption.
in the balance of secretions in the gastric mucosa by the parietal cells, which ion is produced to buffer the production of hydrochloric acid?
It is accompanied by secretion of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), which protects the mucosa from injury, as long as they are produced in equal amounts.
What do you mean by bicarbonate ions ?
Bicarbonate Ion can be defined as a polyatomic ion whose formula is HCO3- The mechanism of action is an Alkalinizing Activity. It is an alkali so helps to keep the acid-base balance of the body stable. It is an anion with the empirical formula HCO3− .The molecular mass of 61.01 DaltonIt consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens.To k now more about Bicarbonate ion from the given link
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a cell having any number of complete chromosome sets or an individual organism composed of such cells is called:
Euploid refers to a cell with any number of full chromosome sets or an organism made up of such cells.
The condition of having a chromosome number namely an exact diversified of the haploid number for the variety. A Euploid fetus is a fetus that has the correct number of chromosomes and is thought-out a sane fetus. Euploid or rational embryos are the ones we have in mind transfer for our cases.
A chromosome is a long DNA particle accompanying part or all of the hereditary material of a creature. In most chromosomes the lengthened thin DNA fibers are glazed accompanying bundle proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the ultimate main of these proteins are the histones. In persons, each cell usually holds 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs, named autosomes, look unchanging in two together men and women.
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While the semilunar valves are open during a normal cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle is:
a. higher than the pressure in the the aorta
b. lower than the pressure in the aorta
c. the same as the pressure in the left atrium
d. lower than the pressure in the left atrium
a
During a typical cardiac cycle, the semilunar valves are open and the left ventricle's pressure is lower than the aorta's pressure.
What transpires if the semilunar valves are open?When the ventricles constrict, the semilunar valves open, ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure, and blood is pushed into the major arteries. However, when the ventricles relax, the semilunar valves close because arterial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure.
Which of the following happens throughout a cardiac cycle when the semilunar valves are open?A fast blood ejection occurs at point as the semilunar valves open as a result of enhanced ventricular contractility. When it reaches point, the arterial pressure is at its highest. 13% of the cardiac cycle is typically spent in this period.
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Certain prokaryotes, such as e. Coli , can alter its own metabolic activity. What allows it to do so?.
by using operon system e.coli can alter their metabolic activity.
What are the characteristic features of E.coli ?E. coli is an intestinal pathogen or commensal of the animal intestine and is found in the faeces.
Detection of E. coli in drinking water is an indicator of pollution with faeces, E. coli is Gram-negative straight rod, 1-3 µ x 0.4-0.7 µ, arranged singly or in pairs.
It is motile by peritrichous flagellate, though some strains are non-motile. Spores are not formed. Capsules and fimbriae are found in some strains
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what is(are) the advantage(s) of there being a low blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit? check all that apply.
B. blood flows more slowly through the pulmonary capillaries and therefore has more time for gas exchange.
C. it prevents fluid accumulation in the alveolar walls and lumens.
D. oncotic pressure overrides hydrostatic pressure so pulmonary capillaries are engaged almost entirely in absorption.
The major function of the cardiovascular system is to transport gases, nutrients, waste products, and other materials to and from the body's cells. Small molecules can pass right through the endothelial cell membranes of the capillary wall, including gases, lipids, and compounds that are soluble in lipids. Transporters are used to assist the diffusion of glucose, amino acids, and ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride across certain membrane channels because of low blood pressure. Through intercellular clefts, bigger molecules like ions and glucose can also escape circulation. Larger molecules and even huge plasma proteins can fit through the fenestrated capillaries' holes and the sinusoids' enormous gaps. Some substantial low blood pressure plasma proteins can enter and exit endothelial cells through vesicles via Endocytosis and exocytosis allow some large blood plasma proteins to move into and out of endothelial cells while being packaged inside of vesicles. By osmosis, water moves. The pulmonary capillaries' slower blood flow allows for more time for gas exchange. It avoids fluid buildup that might impair gas exchange in the alveolar walls and lumens. Since oncotic pressure prevails over hydrostatic pressure, the majority of pulmonary capillaries' functions are absorption-related. Blood has more time for gas exchange because it moves through the pulmonary capillaries more quickly.
The complete question is:
What is(are) the advantage(s) of there being low blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit? Check all that apply. Check All That Apply.
A. hydrostatic pressure overrides oncotic pressure
B. blood flows more slowly through the pulmonary capillaries and therefore has more time for gas exchange
C. it prevents fluid accumulation in the alveolar walls and lumens
D. oncotic pressure overrides hydrostatic pressure so pulmonary capillaries are engaged almost entirely in absorption
E. Blood flows more quickly through the pulmonary capillaries
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compare the different regulatory mechanisms controlling the activity of hexokinase i in the muscle tissue and hexokinase iv in the liver. why is it helpfui to have a the liver hexokinase working less effectively at low glucose concentrations that than the muscle hexokinase?
Glucose-6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase I, however as HK is allosterically inhibited by its own product, G6P, failure to eliminate G6P from the cell would result in HK inhibition, the enzyme lacks an inhibitor.
What are the similarities and differences between hexokinase I and IV?Glucose 6-phosphate is known as hexokinase. Other hexoses besides D-glucose that it can phosphorylate include D-fructose, 5-keto-D-fructose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucosamine. Hexokinase I, II, III, and IV are the four primary varieties. Hexokinase I through III, the first three hexokinases, are present in all body cells, while hexokinase IV, also known as glucokinase, is exclusively present in the liver and -pancreatic cells. Hexokinase and Glucokinase Similarities. Two kinds of enzymes that are involved in glycolysis are hexokinase and glucokinase. They are isoenzymes, which are enzymes with a unique structure and identical properties. Both processes produce glucose 6-phosphate from glucose. They are the glycolysis's rate-limiting enzymes. Since G6P cannot freely diffuse outside of the cell, these enzymes trap glucose inside the cell. The difference between hexokinase and glucose kinase is a type of hexokinase that is specifically found in the liver and catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose in metabolic processes. Hexokinase refers to any of a group of enzymes that speed up the phosphorylation of hexoses (as in the formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and ATP) in carbohydrate metabolism.Since they carry out the same metabolic reaction but are encoded by different polypeptides, hexokinase I and hexokinase IV are isozymes. Both enzymes are situated in a way that is particular to the tissue.
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when comparing an endurance runner to a resistance-trained athlete, which of the following would likely be higher for the endurance runner?
Mitochondria number will be higher in muscles would be higher in endurance runner.
A mitochondrion is an organelle that may be found in the cells of the majority of Eukaryotes, including mammals, plants, and fungi. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is produced by aerobic respiration in mitochondria and used as a source of chemical energy throughout the cell, is produced by mitochondria using their double membrane structure. They were found in the voluntary muscles of insects by Albert von Kölliker in 1857. Carl Benda first used the term "mitochondrion" in 1898. The phrase "powerhouse of the cell" was popularized by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 essay of the same name and is often used to refer to the mitochondrion.
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The FoxP2 gene is thought to be involved in language in humans. At prophase I, how many copies of the FoxP2 gene are present in a cell? Keep in mind that humans are diploid.
a) eight copies, one on each sister chromatid in a pair of homologous chromosomes
b) two copies, one on each homologous chromosome
c) four copies, one on each sister chromatid in a pair of homologous chromosomes
d) eight copies, one on each strand of each chromatid per homologous pair
c) four copies, one on each sister chromatid in a pair of homologous
FoxP2, the gene is thought to be involved in language in humans. At prophase (I), four copies (one on each sister chromatid in a pair of homologous chromosomes) of the FoxP2 gene are present in a cell.
What are homologous chromosomes?Homologous chromosomes are two DNA segments within a diploid organism that have the same gene, one from each parental source. Briefly, both parents contribute the complete genome. Each parent contributes the same 23 chromosomes encoding the same genes. So our cells have a total of 46 chromosomes in two copies. However, each homologous chromosome can provide different versions of each gene. Having two versions of each gene increases diversity, reduces the adverse effects of negative mutations, and generally stabilizes populations. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes containing both maternal and paternal chromatids of the same length and gene location and connected by centromeres. Homologous chromosomes in the nuclei of gamete pairs in meiotic organisms. This event is important for driving genetic variation. Homologous pairs exchange genes through genetic recombination so that genetic diversity can be promoted.
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consider how the action potential that initiates contraction is delivered to the muscle cell. which of the choices below correctly describes how an action potential generated at the neuromuscular junction (nmj) is converted to excitation in the muscle fiber?
ACh is released into the synaptic cleft in response to an action potential in the motor neuron. Gradient potentials are started when ACh binds to sarcolemma receptors.
What triggers a muscle contraction when an action potential occurs?The ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the SR also open and release calcium as a result of the action potential's invasion of the T-tubules, which opens the L-type calcium channels and stimulates contraction.\
Sodium ions within a muscle cell start the action potential. When a muscle contracts, calcium ions are released into the muscle cell, strengthening the muscle. This occurs after the cell becomes positive, starting the action potential.
ACh is released into the synaptic cleft in response to a motor neuron action potential.
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why are the regions of l2, the sacroiliac joint, and the site where the ureters join the urinary bladder particularly susceptible places for kidney stones to lodge in the ureters?
Regions of l2 areas of the ureter have smaller diameters than other areas.
The sacroiliac (SI) joints link the hip bone to the sacrum at the base of the spine. They offer a lot of power to balance strong pressures between the upper and lower bodies. 1,2 Due to their restricted range of motion and the extremely sturdy ligaments that connect them to the L5-S1 segment, these joints also safeguard the lowest-movement portion of the spine, L5-S1.
The sacroiliac joints are supported by a vast system of strong and durable ligaments, allowing the upper body to be supported in a solid but flexible manner.
The sacroiliac joint is formed by the articulation of the inner side of the hip bone (ilium), which resembles a butterfly, with the outer side of the sacrum of the spine.
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