during metamorphism, changes in the bulk composition of a rock occur primarily as a result of ?

The conquests of Alexander, who was born in Greece, included Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Afghanistan, and India. His Macedonian Empire's borders were expanded all the way to Taxila, which is now in modern-day Pakistan.

Two separate empires under the ancient Babylonian rule coexisted in Mesopotamia at the time, with Babylon serving as their capital. These two empires ruled the area from the 19th to the 15th century BC and again from the 7th to the 6th century BC.

Because it was constructed along both banks of the Euphrates river, the city had high embankments to control the river's yearly floods. The ancient city's site is close to Baghdad in the present day.

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The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index is the most often used measurement (NDVI). Rock, sand, or snow-covered deserts correlate to very low NDVI values (0.1 and lower).

Although we sometimes take the plants and trees around us for granted, they are essential to practically every part of our lives. They offer us food and clothing, remove carbon dioxide from the air, give us oxygen, and give us supplies for homes and medicines. Our health, the economy, and the environment are all impacted when the vegetation around us undergoes significant changes. For instance, during a prolonged drought in the Sahel region of Africa twenty-five years ago, thousands of people perished from starvation. In the past fifty years, deforestation in South America has left thousands of acres fallow and wiped off several species, including those that would have produced useful medicines.  

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Desert varnish is the dark, rusty-brown surface coating of iron oxide, manganese oxide, and clay which is often found on desert rocks .

What is Desert varnish ?

An orange-yellow to black covering known as desert varnish or rock varnish can be observed on exposed rock surfaces in dry areas. Desert varnish has layers at the nanoscale scale and is around one micrometer thick. Other, less common labels for the condition include rock rust and desert patina.

Only physically sound rock surfaces free from frequent precipitation, fracture, or wind abrasion exhibit desert varnish formation. The majority of the varnish is made up of clay particles as well as iron and manganese oxides. There are several trace elements and biological stuff is virtually always present. Varnish comes in a variety of brown and black tones.

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Star-forming clouds appear dark in visible-light photos because the light of stars behind them is absorbed by interstellar dust.

Interstellar dust is composed of various elemental compounds such as oxygen, carbon, iron, silicon, and magnesium. It is caused by the death of stars, which produce metals during their lifetimes before exploding or blowing off their outer layers. Typical interstellar dust grains are much smaller than the dust we are familiar with on Earth, resembling more closely candle flame soot. Because they are roughly the same size as the wavelength of blue light, they absorb and scatter UV and blue light far more efficiently than red light.

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Option d. all of these are the correct

What are supercell thunderstorms?

Moderate to strong vertical speed and directional wind shear in the 0-6 km layer; typically a "curved" hodograph in the lowest 0-3 km and a straight line above dynamic process important leading to a steady-state storm. Large severe storm occurring in a significant vertically-sheared environment; contains a quasi-steady, strongly rotating updraft (mesocyclone) that typically moves to the right of the mean wind.

The supercell, which frequently produces strong winds, big hail, and persistent tornadoes, is perhaps the most destructive type of convective storm. In its most basic form, it consists of a single, essentially constant spinning updraft and its corresponding downdraft, which may last for several hours. It frequently develops from multicell storm systems, and even in its quasi-steady phase, it could have a number of minor rain centres that are enmeshed inside a larger, all-encompassing cellular structure. However, it appears that the supercell is dynamically distinct from regular convection based on its overall structure and course of evolution.

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The correct answer is Much more sand piled up on the beach relative to the end of the winter season. This occurs during summer season.

A beach is a landform made up of loose materials that is located next to a body of water. Sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, and other types of rock or biological materials, such as mollusk shells or coralline algae, are often the materials that make up a beach. Depending on the local wave activity and weather, sediments settle in varied densities and structures, resulting in different textures, hues, and gradients or layers of material. Despite the fact that some beaches develop on inland freshwater settings like lakes and rivers, the majority of beaches are found along the coast, where wave or current activity deposits and reworks sediments. Natural processes like wave action and severe weather events cause erosion and change in the geology of beaches.

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Answer:The right response is Substantially more sand heaped onto the ocean side comparative with the finish of the colder time of year season. This happens during summer season.

An ocean side is a landform comprised of free materials that is situated close to a waterway. Sand, rock, shingle, stones, and different kinds of rock or natural materials, for example, mollusk shells or coralline green growth, are in many cases the materials that make up an ocean side. Contingent upon the nearby wave movement and climate, dregs get comfortable shifted densities and designs, bringing about various surfaces, tones, and slopes or layers of material Substantially. Regardless of the way that a few sea shores foster on inland freshwater settings like lakes and streams, most of sea shores are tracked down along the coast, where wave or ebb and flow action stores and modifies dregs. Normal cycles like wave activity and serious climate occasions cause disintegration and change in the geography of sea shores.

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Answer:

C.

Explanation:

Contour Lines

The warm air that is "feeding" the thunderstorm may also come into touch with that gust front. The warm air is moving over and up as the cold gust front moves out and down.

This may result in a swirling effect that gives the shelf cloud a foreboding appearance. Others refer to them as roll clouds. Light rain or light winter precipitation is possible before and as the front passes if it is warm. Expect clearer sky, warmer temperatures, and higher relative humdities after the front. The Southeast region of the United States experiences thunderstorms the most, particularly along the Gulf Coast from Louisiana to Florida. The rest of the Southeast United States, as well as the Great Plains (more than 50 days), also have a considerable amount of thunderstorm activity. average number of thunderstorms each year). When warm, humid air rises into cold air, thunderstorms are created. As the heated air cools, condensation occurs, which is the formation of tiny water droplets from water vapor. The atmosphere's cooled air sinks, warms, and then rises once more. The air is warmer in front of the front than it is in the cold air mass behind the front. When a cold air mass pushes into a warmer air mass, a cold front is formed. Weather patterns can be drastically altered by cold fronts.

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Colombia is situated at the meeting place of Central and South America, and it is the only country on the continent of South America with coastlines on both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.

Explain fishing in Colombia?

The perfect season for fishing in Colombia is usually from September to November that too in saltwater. You can get a variety of fish ranging from Tuna, Dorado to Billfish. It is known for many rivers and its coastline with both Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.

You don't need any fishing license for these activities, it is mostly catch and release.

Moreover there are plenty of fishing options leading to greater revenues and economy.

Hence, The place mentioned in Question is Colombia.

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The correct answer is option B.

Geologists have long used fossils to help identify parts of the rock record from around the world and Walter employed this strategy in studying the formations around Gubbio. Throughout the limestone he found fossilized shells of tiny creatures called foraminifera.

What are fossils?

Fossils are defined as the preserved traces, remain or impressions of the living organisms found in previous geological era.

For example, shells, skulls, bones and exoskeletons are the remains found buried in soil including imprints of microbes.

Other kind of fossils include carbon fossils and molecular fossils.

To put it simply, fossils are old dead remains of plants and animals that are more than ten thousand years old.

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Answer:

Cuba under Fidel Castro and his military underwent significant economic, political, and social changes.

It is a kind of disappearing stream that flows near Orleans.

What kind of landscape does Karst features ?

A karst landform is a geological structure that develops on the surface of the earth as a result of groundwater drainage.

A karst landscape is one in which sinkholes, sinking streams, caverns, springs, and other distinctive characteristics have been produced as a result of the bedrock's erosion. Karst is connected to soluble rock types including gypsum, marble, and limestone. A typical karst environment develops when a significant amount of surface water interacts with the subsurface and enters through fractures, holes, and crevices that have been dissolved into the bedrock. This water first travels underground, often over significant distances, before being released from springs, many of which are cave openings.

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For the chemistry test score of 90,80, and 84, and for the test average of 90, she needs to get 106

Since we are given three entries which are  90,80, and 84  and we are left to find the fourth entry, to get the total average of the  four  entries of  90.Since considering the unknown score gina's test is x

Since know, the average( mean)  is the sum of the total  number of sets  divided by the  number of entries, getting an average of  90, we can write

=>90+80+84+x/4=  90

=>254+x/4=90

=>254+x=90*4

=>x= 360-254= 106

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The Great Drainage Basin drains most United States to the east of the continental divide .

What is Drainage Basin?

The region of land that the river and its tributaries drain is known as a drainage basin. The high ground that forms the watershed of a river basin. A river's source is its beginning. Where a river empties into the ocean is called the mouth.

A drainage basin is a region of land where all flowing surface water either drains into a lake or the ocean or converges at a single place like a river mouth. A boundary known as the drainage divide, which is made up of a series of elevated structures like ridges and hills, divides a basin from its neighboring basins. In a hierarchical arrangement, a basin may be made up of smaller basins that meet at river confluences.

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The high atmosphere's ozone layer is essential for blocking UV light.

The majority of the UV light from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth's stratosphere's ozone layer, also known as the ozone shield. Compared to other areas of the atmosphere, it has a large concentration of ozone, yet it is still relatively low in comparison to other gases inside the stratosphere.

Life on Earth is protected by the ozone layer. A form of radiation known as ultraviolet light, or UV light, that can permeate organisms' protective layers like the epidermis and harm Plasmid dna in plants and animals, is well-trapped by ozone.

The ozone layer shields ourselves as well as other living things from the sun's harmful UV rays between fifteen and thirty kilometers far above the surface of the globe. The weakening of the ozone layer might have significant effects on both human health and the environment.

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Answer:

Wetness and Rainfall

Explanation:

Their are three types of tropical climates (Tropical Wet,Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Wet-Dry Savanah).Each are similar but vary from Humidity and Rainfall.

Factors influencing the Climate

Topography

The Topography of an area can greatly influence our climate. Mountain ranges are natural barriers to air movement. In California, winds off the Pacific ocean carry moisture-laden air toward the coast. The Coastal Range allows for some condensation and light precipitation.

Prevailing global wind patterns

Latitude affects climate. Two ways it does this is the amount of sunlight different latitudes receive and prevailing winds change at different latitudes. The sunlight distribution changes in that, because of the Earth’s tilt; the equatorial region receives the most sunlight of anywhere on earth. Because of this, the higher or lower you go in latitude away from the equator, the less sunlight and therefore, colder on average the area will be.

Relative Humidity

In general, relative humidities are moderate to high along the coast throughout the year. Inland humidities are high during the winter and low during the summer. Since the ocean is the source of the cool, humid, maritime air of summer, it follows that with increasing distance from the ocean, relative humidity tends to decrease. Where mountain barriers prevent the free flow of marine air inland, humidities decrease rapidly. Where openings in these barriers permit a significant influx of cool, moist air it mixes with the drier inland air, resulting in a more gradual decrease of moisture. This pattern is characteristic of most coastal valleys.

Floods

In southern California, most flooding is the result of heavy precipitation over periods of one or two days. The short streams and steep watersheds emptying onto lowlands that may be heavily populated, produce large volumes of water within short periods and damage is often severe. The problem is sometimes compounded by the denuding of large areas of the watershed by fire during the previous season.

The west slopes of the coastal ranges in the central and northern parts of the state also experience flooding as a result of heavy precipitation over a period of only a few days. These streams are usually longer than those of southern California and require a longer time to build up a flood potential. The Eel and Klamath Rivers, as well as others in the northwestern part of California, are larger streams

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Using the theories of volcano and landslide, we got that Mt. St. Helens is the volcano which recently erupted in the US and killed people, partly because it first blew sideways and produced a monstrous landslide.

The volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and the gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. On Earth, the volcanoes are most often found where the tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater.

Hence, a stratovolcano recently erupted in the united states. although it warned of its impending eruption, it still killed people, partly because it first blew sideways and produced a monstrous landslide. the volcano is Mt. St. Helens.

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Venezuela is the Western Hemisphere's largest oil exporter and has long been a major player in the global oil market. It has the world's largest oil endowment, with approximately 298 billion barrels of proven oil reserves.

The majority of the estimated 500 billion barrels of potential reserves, however, are in the form of extra-heavy oil and bitumen deposits in the Orinoco belt in the country's central region, which have not been extensively exploited.

The Bolivar Coastal field is the country's most important producing field. This complex of large and small reservoirs was discovered in 1917 in the western Maracaibo basin. These mature fields have produced more than 70% of the estimated recoverable reserves, but their output is declining.

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The first rock that crystallises from magma will be the one with the one having lowest melting point. This is because the rocks with the highest melting point will remain in the magma longer, and will thus be the last to crystallize.

The first rock that crystallises from the magma will be the one with the lowest melting point because the magma will cool and crystallize from the bottom up. The rocks with the lowest melting point will crystallize first, followed by the rocks with the higher melting point. This process is known as fractional crystallization.Fractional crystallization is a process of crystallisation in which a melt of a single composition breaks up into a solid solution with more than one phase.

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Agriculture is the second-largest sector of the Pakistani economy, accounting for approximately 21 per cent of GDP

It is highly dependent upon the Indus River system as farmland is mainly irrigated by water from the Indus River and its tributaries.

The low cost of water from the country’s irrigation system contributes to the over-exploitation of water resources and makes it challenging to maintain.

Solutions that address the overuse of water will not be easy to carry out, suggesting they are unlikely to be implemented in the near-term.

Even though Pakistan has limited land suitable for farming, the agricultural sector is a major component of its economy. While Pakistan has an arid to semi-arid climate, it is not physically water-scarce. Its water problems are caused by inefficiencies, waste and mismanagement, all of which are especially present in the agricultural sector. The majority of farmland is irrigated through a canal system that has, historically, provided ample water. In recent years, however, the situation has changed. Pakistan is now facing increased pressure from dwindling water supplies. Supply-side solutions could provide a short-term solution, but long-term solutions necessitate a reduction in the amount of water lost through poorly maintained infrastructure and finding other ways to conserve water.

Anticlines, faults, salt domes are some oil traps

What is Anticlinal trap?

An area of the subsurface where the strata have been forced into producing a dome shape is known as an anticline. If such a dome-shaped layer of impermeable rock exists, hydrocarbons can build up at the crest until the anticline is filled to the spill point, which is the highest point from which they can escape. The hydrocarbon sector considers this kind of trap to be by far the most important. Look at a geological map or fly over the area to spot anticline traps, which are typically long oval land domes.

What is a Fault trap?

The shifting of impervious and permeable rock strata along a fault line created this trap. The impermeable rock now abuts the permeable rock of the reservoir, blocking further hydrocarbon migration.

In some circumstances, an impermeable material (like clay) may be smeared along the fault line, which also serves to inhibit migration. It's called a clay smear.

What is a sold dome trap?

Due to their increased buoyancy, masses of salt are driven up through clastic rocks, finally breaking through and rising towards the surface (see salt dome). This salt is impermeable, and when it passes through a layer of permeable rock through which hydrocarbons are migrating, it obstructs the channel in a manner similar to that of a fault trap. This is one of the factors contributing to the considerable interest in subsalt imaging, despite the numerous technological difficulties that come with it.

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Answer:The assertion made by Bill McKibben is bogus. There is no proof to recommend that the Earth can't uphold human existence any more. As a matter of fact, there is proof to recommend that the Earth can uphold human existence for the majority more years.

Explanation:The principal motivation behind why the Earth can't uphold human existence any more is a result of the rising populace. As the populace builds, how much assets diminishes. This ultimately prompts what is going on where the Earth can't uphold the populace. Nonetheless, this isn't what is happening that we are at present in. There is no proof to recommend that the Earth can't uphold human existence any more  existence .

Elimination is unavoidable and there could be no other planet that can uphold human life.The sun will ultimately extend and consume the earth, making it dreadful. Regardless of whether people could track down one more planet to live on, they would ultimately debilitate its assets and it would become appalling. The universe is boundless, however the assets on any one planet are restricted. Sometime, the assets on Earth will be drained and mankind will die.

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Continental divide is the name for the divide that sends water to the Mississippi river and the Atlantic ocean.

A natural ridge or border that divides a continent's river systems is known as a continental divide. A different ocean basin, bay, or sea is fed by each river system.

Large drainage divisions that span entire continents are known as continental divides or simply divides. Watersheds of all sizes are divided by boundaries called divides. In elevated topography, such as mountain ranges or hills, drainage divides can occur at any scale.

In general, rain that falls on one side of the divide will go into one basin and rain that falls on the other side will go into a different basin.

In some instances, water flows toward an endorheic basin, like a salt flat or a salt lake. Endorheic basins, which don't connect to an ocean or another significant body of water.

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Based on the meaning of the two terms, the best explanation that can be given about the relationship between the physical landscape and cultural diffusion is the physical landscape is one of the features that attracts a person to migrate to a place which in turn enables him to spread his culture to his host nation, through cultural diffusion.

This refers to the term that is used to describe and define the movement of culture from its place of origin to other places through forces of migration that allows others to "borrow the culture" and make use of it.

Hence, we can see that in terms of physical landscapes, this is a major factor that can allow people to migrate to a new place, which in turn enables them to share their culture to others.

With this in mind, we can see that the correct answer to the given question has been given above.

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