The large number of antibodies that can be produced in a single individual is a result of a single B cell: (3) making a unique antibody from all other B cells by genomic rearrangement.
Antibodies are the proteinaceous structures that form an essential part of the immune system. Each antibody is Y shaped structure that consists if 2 small light chains and 2 heavy chains. They are joined together by disulfide bonds. They are produced by the B cells.
B cells are also called the b lymphocytes that are a type of white blood cells. They provide humoral adaptive immunity to the body. The B cells are developed as well as matured inside the bone marrow.
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Q1 ) Briefly explain how exchange of gases take place in humans.
Q2) Using a venn diagram, compare and contrast between Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration
Q3) Paheli participated in a 400m race competition held at her school and won the race. When she came home she had mixed feelings of joy and pain as she had cramps in her leg muscles. After a massage, She was relieved of the pain. Answer the following questions related to the situation.
a) What can be the possible reason for the pain in her legs?
b) Why did she feel comfortable after a massage
Q4) Why does an athelete breathe faster and deeper than usual after finishing the race?
3. (a) The buildup of lactic acid in her muscles may be the source of the pain in her legs.
(b) The massage relieved her because it increases blood circulation, which increases oxygen supply to the muscle cells and aids in the complete breakdown of lactic acid into CO and water.
4. The athlete's body requires extra oxygen as he runs in the race. So that the body may receive more oxygen, its breathing rate quickens.
What is breathing?
The act of breathing, also known as ventilation, involves moving air into and out of the lungs in order to facilitate gas exchange with the body's internal environment, primarily to expel carbon dioxide and draw in oxygen. These gases are moved to and from the cells by the circulatory system of the body, where "cellular respiration" occurs. Lactic acid is produced when muscle cells respire anaerobically during strenuous exercise, jogging, etc.
Hence, the buildup of lactic acid in her muscles may be the source of the pain in her legs, massage relieved her because it increases blood circulation, and an athlete's body requires extra oxygen as he runs in the race so he's breathing faster.
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defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by a) innate immunity. b) adaptive immunity. c) immunological surveillance. d) skin defenses.
The body's natural defenses against all disease types are known as innate immunity.
The innate, or nonspecific, immune system is one of vertebrates' two main immune defense systems, together with the adaptive immune system. Innate immunity is the oldest and most common immune response in plants, fungi, insects, and early multicellular animals in terms of evolutionary defense mechanisms (see Beyond vertebrates).
The following are some of the innate immune system's main responsibilities:
The complement cascade is activated to identify bacteria, excite cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells by producing chemical factors, such as chemical mediators referred to as cytokines.The adaptive immune system is triggered by antigen presentation and functions to identify and destroy foreign compounds in organs, tissues, blood, and lymph.To know more about natural defenses
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if you made a change in the promoter sequence in the dna that inactivates the promoter, what would happen at the rna level? group of answer choices nothing, the rna would be made as usual. the mutation of the dna would be carried through to the rna sequence.
If the Promoter in DNA is inactivated, then the gene's transcription (production of RNA) under the control of that inactivated Promoter will halt.
The Promoter is a DNA sequence upstream to a gene, and it regulates the production of RNA of the immediate gene (a process called transcription). In transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and starts producing RNA. If Promoter is inactivated, then RNA polymerase will not be able to bind to it, leading to no RNA production.
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Which of the following describes the photic zone of the open ocean?
ANSWER IF YOU'RE 100 PERCENT SURE!!!
THIS IS FOR A TEST
A. The part of the ocean that CANNOT support photosynthesis
B. The darkest part of the ocean, where NO light can penetrate
C. The shallowest part of the ocean where there is enough light to support plant life.
Answer:
C is the answer of ur question
A student is examining an igneous rock. She notices that it has many crystals that are different colors
and can be seen without the aid of a hand lens. She identifies the rock as granite. Based on the
information, what can she conclude about the origin of therock?
A.) it’s an extrusive rock and cooled rapidly at the surface
B.) it’s an extrusive rock and cooled slowly at the rock
C.) it’s an intrusive rock and cooled rapidly below the surface
D.) it’s an intrusive rock and cooled slowly below the surface
Based on the information, the student can conclude that granite is an intrusive igneous rock and cooled slowly below the surface.
What are igneous rocks?
One of the three primary rock types, along with sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, is igneous rock, also known as magmatic rock.The cooling and solidification of magma or lava results in the formation of igneous rock.The planet's crust or mantle may partially melt existing materials to produce the magma. A rise in temperature, a fall in pressure, or a change in composition are typically one or more of three processes that lead to melting. Extrusive rocks form on the surface or intrusive rocks form below the surface as a result of solidification into rock.Intrusive refers to igneous rocks that have solidified and cooled below the surface. Rocks that are intrusive to a pluton are also referred to be plutonic. A pluton is an intrusive rock body made of igneous material that has cooled within the crust. The cooling of magma inside the Earth happens gradually. Large crystals can form because of slow cooling, which is why intrusive igneous rocks can be seen to include crystals. Most intrusive igneous rocks are made of granite.
Hence, granite is an intrusive rock and cooled slowly below the surface
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The ______ functional division of the nervous system transmits information from the viscera to the central nervous system.
The visceral sensory division functional division of the nervous system transmits information from the viscera to the central nervous system.
The visceral (or autonomic) motor system controls involuntary functions mediated by the activity of smooth muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers, and glands.
The nervous system that regulates the visceral system is carried out by the autonomic nervous system whose neuron cell bodies are in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. This visceral motor system is regulated by a feedback system via the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves which make local reflex connections in the spinal cord and brainstem.
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in mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons froma) the stroma to the photosystem ii.b) the matrix to the stroma.c) the stroma to the thylakoid space.d) the intermembrane space to the matrix.e) the thylakoid space to the stroma.
In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space.
Chloroplast is the inexperienced organelle withinside the flora wherein photosynthesis occurs, via which flora made meals autotrophically through photosynthesis.Chemiosmosis: the mechanism wherein the ions, consisting of H+ circulate throughout a membrane, ions movements down their electrochemical gradient.The technology of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the switch of H+ throughout a membrane for the duration of photosynthesis wherein chemiosmosis translocates protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space.To learn more about chloroplast, click here:
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which statement about evolution is false? group of answer choices evolution is possible in the absence of natural selection. evolutionary change requires genetic change. individuals evolve. developmental change occurs within an individual.
Answer:
evolution is possible in the absence of natural selection
Explanation:
Evolutionary processes depend on both changes in genetic variability and changes in allele frequencies over time. while Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. The common conception of evolution focuses on change due to natural selection.
some predators are also opportunistic feeders. what does this mean? responses they are herbivores rather than carnivores. they are herbivores rather than carnivores. they might be prey for a species on a higher trophic level. they might be prey for a species on a higher trophic level. they eat only one kind of prey. they eat only one kind of prey. they scavenge at times as well as hunt.
Some predators are also opportunistic feeders. This mean that they scavenge at times as well as hunt.
What are predators?
They are organisms that hunt and kill other organisms for food. The organisms that are consumed by predators are known as the prey. Predators can be carnivores and omnivores. Lions, tigers, sharks all are predators.What are scavenger?
It is defined as an animal that feeds on the remains of other animals or eats decomposing plant or animal matter. This means that scavenger can be both herbivores and omnivores.Predators are opportunistic feeders. They look for easiest way to a meal. Thus they scavenge at time as well
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is movement of carbon from the atmosphere to living things decreased
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
it is because of the atmosphere goes up the carbon decreases to living things. a living thing cannot go up 50,000 ft and have no carbon movement. in some spots the animals run out of carbon such as sand dunes ( on top ) so the answer is yes
In a family that carries an X-linked recessive trait, which outcome would be expected?
X linked recessive trait in this condition will have equal chances of expressions in the conditions.Option A is correct.
What is a X linked recessive trait ?X linked recessive trait means that the mutated gene is present on the X chromosome.
Thus, The mutated gene present on the X chromosome will have equal chances that is 50% in sons and 50% in daughters.
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Why do predators increase the variety of species living in an ecosystem
Answer:
Predators have profound effects throughout their ecosystems. Dispersing rich nutrients and seeds from foragingthey influence the structure of ecosystems. And by controlling the distribution abundance and diversity of their prey they regulate lower species in the food chain an effect known as trophic cascades.
Explanation:
what is the definition of phenotype? multiple choice an alternative form of a gene that determines a particular characteristic in an individual a gene or group of genes that determine a specific characteristic in an individual a characteristic of an individual that can be observed or measured a sequence of dna that encodes a functional product such as an enzyme
The term "phenotype" describes a person's observable characteristics, such as height, eye colour, and blood type. Both a person's genomic make-up (genotype) and environmental circumstances affect their phenotype.
Each gene in a diploid organism carries two alleles, one from each parent. The phenotype of an organism is determined by interactions between alleles. An organism is homozygous for a characteristic if it inherits two copies of the same allele for that trait. One phenotype for a particular characteristic is expressed in homozygous individuals.
The genotype is an organism's genetic make-up, whereas the phenotype is its outward appearance.
Gene alleles are referred to as one's genotype, and the trait that is manifested as a result of those alleles is referred to as the phenotype.
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plants pollinated by the hummingbird do not receive pollen from plants pollinated by the bumble bee. this is an example of:
Plants pollinated by the hummingbird do not receive pollen from plants pollinated by the bumble bee is an example of mechanical isolation.
Physical incompatibility between the reproductive systems of two species is referred to as mechanical isolation. Prezygotic barriers like mechanical isolation prevent fertilization, which prevents reproduction. Any physical barrier that precludes mating is considered mechanical isolation.
The separation between white sage and black sage is among the most known instances of mechanical isolation in plants. The two sage species can't interbreed because they depend on distinct pollinators, although having a similar geographic area.
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How are the genes involved in the production of proteins?
Answer:
Genes carry genetic material called RNA which are used for protein synthesis
Answer:
Genes contain Codes from DNA .
Explanation:
They are two way in which genes can code for a Protein . A DNA in the nucleus (translation or transcription these are two process to send genes according to the needed ) with help of mRNA to the ribosomes and tRNA gather the specific amino acids for the specific protein .
All these can happen because genes contain the necessary codes for a specific protein .
scientists and their contributions to the models of atom
The primary researchers and intellectuals engaged in inventing the atomic model we know today include Democritus, John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, and Ernest Rutherford. There were many scientists whose discoveries contributed to the atomic model. The nuclear model of Rutherford. With his famous gold-foil experiment, which showed that the atom contains a tiny, heavy nucleus, Rutherford overturned Thomson's hypothesis in 1911.
JJ Thomson's original investigation into cathode rays, which led to the discovery of the electron, was the most brilliant accomplishment of his life. It was revealed during his evening talk to the Royal Institution. The electrons orbit the atom's nucleus in specified, legal routes, according to the Bohr model, also referred to as a planetary model. When the electron is in one of these orbits, its energy is constant.
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when during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible under a microscope? multiple choice only when they are being copied only during interphase chromosomes are always visible only during the g1 phase
Chromosomes are visible under a microscope during mitosis, more specifically when they're being copied.
During interphase, chromosomes are not really visible under a microscope. It's because they only exist in the form of loosely condensed chromatin fibers in this phase, making them hard to see.
Chromosomes only began to become visible during prophase, when centrioles start to move to the opposite poles of the cell. In this phase, chromatin is condensed, which makes individual chromosomes become visible. It will stay visible until the end of cell division but is most easily visualized during the metaphase (the phase that follows prophase).
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Categorize the given minerals into metallic and non-metallic minerals?
• Iron,gold,quartz,calcite,petrolium,copper,aluminium,diamon
d,emerald,rubies,topaz,coal,sapphires.
Iron, Gold, Aluminum, Sapphires and Copper are the metallic minerals while Quartz, Calcite, Diamond, Rubies, Emerald, Topaz, Coal and Petroleum are the non-metallic minerals.
What are minerals?Mineral is a chemical compound which is normally crystalline in nature. It is a solid substance present in nature made up of one or more and elements which are combined together.
It is formed as a result of geological processes . For example it includes quartz, calcite, sulphur, clay minerals etc. Minerals are used in the production of ceramics oftenly.
Properties of minerals :
1. They have characteristic chemical composition
2. They have highly ordered atomic structures
3. They have several physical properties such as hardness, luster and cleavage.
Thus, Iron, Gold, Aluminum, Sapphires and Copper are the metallic minerals while Quartz, Calcite, Diamond, Rubies, Emerald, Topaz, Coal and Petroleum are the non-metallic minerals.
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please help analyze this
Newton second law of motion state that force is needed to accelerates or decelerate a body
There is gravity on the international space station but astronauts appear to be weightless because both the space station and the astromouts are in free fall and gene Cernan was the first astromouts who worked on a task outside a spaceship and he said of the experience and said 'every time i had push or turn a valve and it would turn my entire body at zero gravity
Newton second law stated that force is needed to accelerates or decelerates a body and astromouts must learn how to push themselves carefully through their spacecraft or they will simply float around helplessly and an astronauts orbiting the earth does feel weightless because there is no ground or normal force to counteract the force of gravity
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uag (as well as uaa and uga) is an example of a stop codon. molecules called release factors bind to stop codons. place the release factor on the mrna molecule. what happens?
The molecules will go away and a protein is created.
The stop codons in the genetic code are UGA, UAG, and UAA. These stop codons indicate the conclusion of the polypeptide chain during translation. There is no amino acid coded by these codons. As a result, they are also known as nonsense or termination codons.
These stop codons have been referred to as umber or opal (UAG), ochre (UAA), and amber (UAG) (UGA). Charles Steinberg and Richard Epstein made Amber public (UAG). To continue the idea of "colors names," they gave the remaining two stop codons the names ochre (UAA) and opal (UAG) while naming the product amber. During protein synthesis, stop codons allow the ribosome to release the newly synthesized polypeptide chain. This occurs because there are no tRNAs that have an anticodon that matches the stop codon.
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the orange coloring on the surface of the outcrop consists of iron oxide minerals and bacteria. the iron comes from the oxidation of in the coal. the water coming from the mine is .
Mine drainage is the water exiting the mine. Water and rocks that contain minerals that include sulfur react chemically to generate it.
An underwater mine is what?In order to harm or destroy surface ships or submarines, self-contained explosive devices known as naval mines are submerged in the sea. Mines are positioned and allowed to wait, unlike depth charges, until they are activated by any vessel or a specific type of vessel approaching or coming into touch with them, similar to anti-infantry vs.
What causes a mine's corrosive water to flow out?Pyrite, an iron sulfide, combines with air and water to produce sulfuric acid and dissolved iron when it is exposed, which causes mine drainage. Red, orange, or yellow sediments can occur as some or all of this iron precipitates, forming the bottom of streams carrying mine drainage.
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the rate of decay for carbon-14 is -0.693 b and its the half-life is 5,730 years. if an organism has 45% of its carbon-14 compared to the living sample. how old is the fossil?
If the organism has 45% of its carbon-14 compared to the living sample then the fossil is 6555 years old.
Given that,
ln [tex]N_{t}[/tex]= ln N₀ − λt
= ln ([tex]N_{t}[/tex] / N₀) = − λt
We can the value of λ using the expression,
λ = 0.693 / [tex]t_{1/2}[/tex]
= 0.693 / 5730
= 1.209 × 10⁻⁴ a⁻¹
Putting in the numbers we get,
ln (45 / 100) = 1.209 × 10⁻⁴ a⁻¹ × t = -0.7985
t = 0.7985 / (1.209 × 10⁻⁴)
t= 6555 years
Hence the sample is 6555 years old.
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fitting the very long dna strands from a chromosome into the limited space of the nucleus is achieved by coiling the dna around beads of histones with repeating subunits. these dna-wrapped histones are called:
Fitting the very long DNA strands from a chromosome into the limited space of the nucleus is achieved by coiling the DNA around beads of histones with repeating subunits. these DNA-wrapped histones are nucleosomes.
A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes. It consists of a segment of DNA wound around the histone proteins. This structure is often compared to beads on a string. Nucleosomes form the fundamental repeating units of chromatin, higher-order structures of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes. The nucleosome core particle, defined as the DNA-histone octamer, is the basic unit of chromatin.
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it is a common fallacy that reproduction most commonly results in the birth of new organisms. in fact, reproduction more commonly involves . select one: a. the production of new cells b. parthenogenesis c. asexually produced offspring d. cytokinesis
Reproduction more commonly involves formation of new cells either by asexual or sexual method.
Reproduction is the process of formation of new offspring from parent either sexually or asexually. It involves formation of new cells from pre existing cells when they divide.It results in the formation of zygote. Zygote is single celled and divides to form an adult organism.
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the transfer of genetic information from dna to rna is called group of answer choices initiation. transcription. translation. elongation.
The transfer of genetic material from DNA to RNA is called transcription.
DNA contains functional units called genes which are the genetic material that gets transcribed from DNA to RNA. Transcription proceeds in three steps- initiation, elongation and termination.
It is done by the formation of messenger RNA or mRNA with the help of RNA polymerase in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The DNA strand that participates in transcription is called the template strand, while the strand that does not participate is called the coding strand.
Transcription is done to make RNA so that it can later be used to make a polypeptide.
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the expenditure of energy to produce heat in response to a cold environment and as a result of overfeeding is called multiple choice heat metabolism. thermic effect of cold. thermic metabolism. adaptive thermogenesis.
The expenditure of energy to produce heat in response to a cold environment and as a result of overfeeding is called adaptive thermogenesis.
Thermogenesis is generally defined as any metabolic process that releases heat occurs in specialized tissues including brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
Thermoregulation is important for regulating the body temperature . In Daily life activities body maintains it temperature within the comfortable limits in response to change in temperature ,shelter, and climate. Hence, thermoregulation is only a very small part of daily energy expenditure.
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The atomic theory has changed as scientists discovered more information about atoms. Which of the following statements
follows the current understanding of atoms?
The atomic theory has changed as scientists discovered more information about atoms statements follows the current understanding of atoms is there is the finite number of kind of atom that combine to make all matter of the universe
Chemistry is based on the modern atomic theory which stated that all matter is composed of atom and atom themselves are composed of protons and neutron and electron and each element has its own atomic number and which is equal to the number of proton in its nucleus and on the cosmic scale of the universe and assume that amount of matter created and uncreated cancel each other out and this mean that matter is finite so there are the same number of atom in the observable universe
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you have a problem with ants in your garden. initially, you use an over the counter insecticide to kill them off. the next time, however, the insecticide does not work as effectively. what process best explains this result?
the drug is absorbed or taken into the blood- stream by the capillaries from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. this process of diffusion is a
The drug is absorbed or taken into the bloodstream by the capillaries from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. this process of diffusion is a Passive transport.
A type of membrane transport called passive transport moves materials across cell membranes without the use of energy. Active transport uses cellular energy to transfer materials across cell membranes, whereas passive transport uses the second law of thermodynamics.
Passive transport is a phenomena that happens naturally and doesn't require the cell to use energy to move. Diffusion is the process by which chemicals travel passively from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
The rate of diffusion is influenced by the gradient in concentration, the size of the diffusing particles, and the system temperature.
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explain how a carrier protein can facilitate the diffusion of glucose or other substances into the cell.
Specific chemicals are bound by carrier proteins and transferred on one side of the membrane. The conformational changes they go through next enable the molecule to cross the membrane and exit on the other side.
How carrier protein facilitate the diffusion?
When a molecule diffuses, it usually moves from a high concentration location to a low concentration area until the concentration is the same everywhere in the space.
Contrary to channel proteins, another form of membrane transport protein that is less selective in the molecules it transports, carriers are proteins that move a particular material through intracellular compartments, into the extracellular fluid, or across cells. Carrier proteins are found in lipid bilayer cell structures such cell membranes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, just like other membrane transport proteins.
Therefore, carrier proteins can facilitate the diffusion of glucose or other substances into the cell.
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