Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT interference with viral replication (Option A).
What is the complement activation of the immune system?The complement activation of the immune system is defined as a group of specific immune proteins that are activated when a pathogen bind to antibodies or directly by these pathogenic agents.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the complement activation of the immune system is activated by different types of pathogenic agents but it does not cause interference with viral replication.
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Which of the following statements about the nephron is false?
The incorrect statement about nephron is: (a) The collecting duct empties into the distal convoluted tubule.
Nephron is the basic unit that makes up the kidney. Millions of nephrons together constitute the kidney. A nephron itself is constituted of several components. These are: Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
Collecting duct is the last portion of the nephron that is involved in the collection of urine from the kidney and then move it further to the renal pelvis and ureters. The collecting duct also participates in the reabsorption of water.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Which of the following statements about the nephron is false?
a. The collecting duct empties into the distal convoluted tubule.
b. The Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus.
c. The loop of Henle is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
d. The loop of Henle empties into the distal convoluted tubule.
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A scientist is attempting to provide support for the hypothesis that RNA was the first genetic material. Which of the following would be a workable alternate hypothesis?
(A) RNA, like DNA, is a carrier of genetic information and contains the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine.
(B) RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate.
(C) RNA exists in both single-stranded and double-stranded configurations; however, it is less stable compared with DNA.
(D) Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA are products of transcription, but they are not translated as is mRNA.
RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate. Thus, option B is correct.
What is RNA?RNA has a nucleic acid that has a single-stranded structure. RNA is also a genetic material. It helps in coding, decoding, and gene expression. RNA was the first genetic material and RNA can be replicated by itself. It has evolved all the methods that are necessary to store genetic information.
Thus, the hypothesis (B) RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate is the correct option.
Therefore, RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate. Thus, option B is correct.
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What are staphylococci
A.cocci that form cluster
B.cocci that form a line
C.cocci form a ring
Answer:
the answer is your first opinion
describe how genetic information is coded in dna, listing the characteristics of the code and explaining its degeneracy.
The genetic information is coded in DNA because this molecule contains all the info to synthesize proteins, the genetic code is degenerated because different codons can be used to synthesize the same amino acid during the translation.
Why the genetic code is degenerated?The genetic code is degenerated because different triplets of nucleotides in the DNA sequence can be used to synthesize the same amino acid, which are called synonym codons.
The DNA molecule contains fragments called genes that generate proteins by the successive processes of transcription and translation, as well as regulatory non coding sequences that control the process of transcription
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the genetic code is degenerated because there are different codons are also able to generate the same amino acid during the process of protein synthesis, i.e., during the translation.
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Write two paragraphs on fossils: What are they? How are they formed? Where are they found? What we learn from fossils
Fossils are traces or remains of ancient (dead) organisms. Examples of fossils can be a tooth of a dinosaur, a foot print, bones, stone imprints, shells or even animal waste!
Fossils can be formed in many ways! The two major types of fossils are body fossils and trace fossils.
Let's start with the simpler one!
Trace fossils- They are left-behind tracks, trails or burrows of the actual organism.
Body fossils are the remains of the actual organism. Usually, the soft part of the organism, such as the skin, tissue, muscle, rots away after the animal/creature dies. The hard part, such as the skeleton or bones are more likely to get preserved. Examples of body fossils can be molds and casts.
Fossils can be found all around the world! However, fossils are usually located in sedimentary rocks. They can also be formed in metamorphic rocks, but that's not the usual case. They will never be present in igneous rocks since they are made of substances like molten lava- cooled down.
The study of fossils is known as "paleontology." Scientists who studies fossils are known as "paleontologist"
Fossils can be used to find out when an animal was extinct, where it lived, how it lived, the cause of it's death, how long it lived and even when it first appeared.
The instructions are in the picture.
REAL ANSWERS ONLY!
NO LINKS!!!!
A: -70 mV
B: depolarizing stimulus
D: hyperpolarization
E: -55 mV
F: +30 mV
which of the following statements about aflatoxins are true?
a. They are produced by Aspergillus species.
b. They cause peanut allergies.
c. They can be found in peanuts and grains.
d. They are possible carcinogens.
e. They are hallucinogenic.
f. They cause infections called mycoses.
The statement about aflatoxins that are true are:
a. They are produced by Aspergillus speciesb. They cause peanut allergies.c. They can be found in peanuts and grains.d. They are possible carcinogens.What are toxins?Toxins are substances that are present in biological organisms when taken in by other organisms and are toxic and dangerous to the organisms that ingest them.
Toxins occur naturally in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Some examples of toxins in living organisms are:
botulinum toxin A (found in bacteria Clostridium botulinum)diphtheria toxin (found in bacteria – Corynebacterium diphtheriae)muscarine (found in mushrooms – Amanita muscaria)aflatoxins - (found in fungi Aspergillus flavus)Learn more about aflatoxins at: https://brainly.com/question/28830294
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a person with different numbers of copies of the same repeat at the same locus on both homologs is said to be
A person with different numbers of copies of the same repeat at the same locus on both homologs is said to be heterozygous for the gene variant.
What is a heterozygous gene variant?A heterozygous gene variant is any gene that contains two different alleles for the same locus, in opposite when it contains the same allele which is known as a homozygous individual.
A gene variant is a given allele for a particular locus, which is well known to have a different nucleotide combination in the specific fragment of the DNA molecule that is known to contain the instruction to create all types of proteins observed in an individual.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the heterozygous gene variant is based on the different alleles for the same gene which is encoded by different nucleotide sequences in such sequence.
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The cross between a male blue lizard and a female yellow lizard that produces green offspring likely exhibits what kind of dominance?
The cross between a male blue lizard and a female yellow lizard that produces green offspring likely exhibits the incomplete type of dominance.
What is Incomplete dominance?This is referred to as the process in which both alleles of a gene are partially expressed, which often results in an intermediate or different phenotype.
In this scenario, we were told that the allele of the male blue and that of the female yellow were partially expressed which is therefore the reason why the intermediate color which is green was formed and is the reason why incomplete dominance was chosen as the correct choice.
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reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called
Contralateral means that the crossed extensor reflex takes place on the side of the body that is opposite from the stimulus. Afferent nerve fiber branches travel from the stimulated side of the body to the opposite side of the spinal cord to cause this reflex.
In rabbits, black fur is dominant to white fur. As a rabbit breeder, you crossed a BB male with a Bb female, please complete the Punnett square for the possible genotypes of the offspring. Then complete, the percent chance for the phenotypes of the offspring. Fill in all blanks ( _________ ) 1-10.
..............................................................................
________ ________ .
offspring 1 offspring 2 .
_______ ________ ________ .
offspring 3 offspring 4 .
_______ ________ ________ .
..............................................................................
% Black ___
% White ___
Answer:Offspring one- BB
Offspring 2 -BB
Offspring 3 -Bb
Offspring 4 - Bb
Black % - 100%
White % - 0%
Explanation:
B is dominant over white, And when you draw out the punnett square it all start with a dominant trait.
The possible genotypes for the progeny will be BB, and Bb. and the percentage of black fur will be 100% and for white will be 0%.
What is a Punnett square?The Punnett square is a square diagram often used predict genetic traits of a specific cross or breeding experiment.
It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who invented it in 1905. Biologists use the diagram to calculate the likelihood of an offspring having a specific genotype.
The Punnett square is a chart that enumerates all of the potential scenarios of a genetic cross between two people with known genotypes.
The Punnett square, in its most basic form, is a square divided into four quadrants.
A Punnett Square is a useful tool for predicting the variations and probabilities that can result from cross breeding. This includes predicting the intercrossing of plants, animals, and even humans.
For the given scenario, the genotype of the offspring will be BB and Bb as per the attached Punnett Square.
Thus, the possibility of the black fur rabbits will be 100% and for white ones it will be 0%.
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do you think humans in modern society are still adapted for endurance running. Why or why not?
Yes humans still have the ability to be adapted for endurance running by strict training.
Can humans still do endurance running?We know that humans have an unusual ability to adapt to the changes in the environment also we know that humans can be able to achieve very great feats by the training of the body.
It is clear that the body is able to do a lot of things if an individual is able to strictly train the body and enable it to carry out a lot of training and the endurance ability of the body can only be developed by strict training in which the muscles are trained to be able to absorb stress without breaking down.
Thus the ability to retain endurance still persists in humans but it must be cultivated by the process of a strict trainning.
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the tendon for the palmaris longus is superficial to the extensor retinaculum.
a. true
b. false
The tendon for the palmaris longus is superficial to the extensor retinaculum. Hence, the correct option is True.
What are tendons?Tendons are structures that connect muscles to bones. Tendons can also attach muscles to other structures that are not bones, for example, tendons connect the eye muscles to the eyeball.
The palmaris longus is the most superficial muscle of the superficial forearm flexors. It is absent in some individuals but this absence is most predominant in females than in males.
The main function of the palmaris longus is in the flexion of the wrist.
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believing that dichotomous, or “black-and-white,” thinking plays a key role in producing and maintaining dependent personality disorder comes from the _____ perspective.
Believing that dichotomous, or “black-and-white,” thinking plays a key role in producing and maintaining dependent personality disorder comes from the cognitive-behavioral perspective.
How do those who have dependent personality disorder behave?According to CBT theory, how we think and act affects how we feel. Our thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations, and behavior are all interconnected. Numerous studies have shown that CBT is a successful treatment for ailments ranging from anxiety and depression to pain as well as insomnia.
Therefore, A specific form of anxious personality disorder is dependent personality disorder (DPD). People with DPD frequently experience helplessness, submission, or an inability to care for themselves. Simple decisions might be challenging for them. However, a person with a dependent personality can develop self-assurance and independence with assistance.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the absorptive and postabsorptive states? Check all that apply The absorptive state only lasts for approximately 30 minutes after a meal. During the absorptive state nutrients may be used immediately to meet energy demands. Glycogenolysis is most likely utilized to meet energy demands during the postabsorptive state, Blood glucose drops dramatically during the absorptive state. Gluconeogenesis most likely occurs at least 4 hours after the last meal.
The statements that are true regarding absorptive and post-absorptive are -
option (2): During the absorptive state nutrients may be used immediately to meet energy demands
option (3): Glycogenolysis is most likely utilized to meet energy demands during the post-absorptive state
option (5): Gluconeogenesis most likely occurs at least 4 hours after the last meal.
What is absorptive and post-absorptive state?Absorptive stage = fed state and post absorptive stage = fasting state.
The absorptive state is the time when ingested nutrients enter the circulation and part of these nutrients meet the body's energy needs while the rest is stored. The post-absorptive stage is the time when the GI system is depleted of nutrients and the body must rely on stored energy.
Option 2: Nutrients can be utilized directly to fulfill energy demands during the absorptive period.
Explanation: Taking a glucose solution while exercising provides athletes with instant energy. As glucose begins to be absorbed from the mouth.
Option 3: Glycogenolysis is most likely used to supply energy requirements during the post-absorption period.
Explanation: During the post-absorptive phase, the liver glycogen begins to break down and create glucose for the body's energy source.
Option 5: Gluconeogenesis happens at least four hours after the last meal.
Explanation: Our bodies require extra energy after around four hours of absorption. The gluconeogenesis process then begins.
Whereas,
Option 1: The absorptive condition lasts 4 hours, not 30 minutes.
Option 4: Blood glucose levels rise sharply during the absorptive period and do not fall.
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2). An ant gets food and shelter from a tree. In turn, the ant sprays acid at any invaders to protect the tree. What type of interdependence is this?
The type of interdependence where an ant gets food and shelter from a tree and in turn, the ant sprays acid at any invaders to protect the tree is: mutualism.
Interdependence is the relation and effect of two individuals upon each other in an environment. This interaction can be between two individuals of same species or of different species. The different types of interdependence are: mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, parasitism, etc.
Mutualism is the type of interaction or interdependence where both the organisms depend of each other and therefore get benefitted from each other. Their is no harm caused to any of the individual.
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Label the following parts of a DNA polymer. Place your cursor on the boxes for hints. Hint: Keep in mind that some bases are held together by two hydrogen bonds, and others by three.
The picture here is the diagram of DNA. The various structures here are as shown in the picture are as per the Watson and Crick's model of DNA. Blue structures are of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine all bound by the hydrogen bonds.
What is the bond found in nucleotides?
The bond binding in the nucleotides is hydrogen bond.
Sugars and phosphorus are the basic backbone of the DNA structures. These make the strong backbone of the structure.
Hydrogen bonds are present in between the bases that are to be bound.
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which of the following sequences represents the correct order in which metabolic reactions occur during the complete oxidation of glucose through aerobic respiration?
A) glucose – glycolysis → citric acid cycle pyruvate oxidation + electron transport chain
B) glucose + citric acid cycle glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → electron transport chain
C) glucose pyruvate oxidation - glycolysis → electron transport chain → citric acid cycle
D) glucose → pyruvate oxidation - citric acid cycle - glycolysis → electron transport chain
E) glucose – glycolysis pyruvate oxidation - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain
The correct order in which metabolic reactions occur during the complete oxidation of glucose through aerobic respiration is:
glucose – glycolysis pyruvate oxidation - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain; option E.What is aerobic respiration?Aerobic respiration refers to the process by which the body breaks down food molecules in the body in the form of glucose to produce energy in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen in order for it to proceed.
The steps of aerobic respiration are as follows:
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which feature of model 1 best illustrates how biological information is coded in a DNA molecule
The five and three labels at the end of each strand
The labeling of the hydrogen bonds between base pairs
The lines connecting sugars and phosphate groups that represent covalent bonds
The linear sequence of the base pairs
Answer:
model 2
Explanation:
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based on just the anatomy, how can you distinguish the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Answer: sympathetic: thoracolumbar
Parasympathetic: craniosacral
Explanation:
if you want to measure how much power it took to accomplish work in a certain amount of time, you would use the _____, a unit equivalent to 1 joule of work done in one second.
Answer:
the answer is watt
Explanation:
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parathyroid hormone (pth) binds to receptors on osteoblasts.
a. true
b. false
Parathyroid hormone binds to the receptors of the osteoblast. This is a completely true statement because this parathyroid hormone regulates the calcium homeostasis in the body by regulating the level of calcium.
What is a hormone?Hormones can be of different types, such as peptide hormones, amino acid hormones, etc., and these are secreted by the endocrine glands in the animal body and regulate the functions of different organs. The parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels by acting on osteoblasts to release calcium into the blood, increasing calcium levels and regulating cellular activities.
hence Parathyroid hormone binds to the receptors of the osteoblast. This is completely true.
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Drag the labels onto the flow chart to trace the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system and out of the cell
This is the sequence of protein synthesis and transport of secreted proteins: the first step is rough ER, the vesicle from ER, golgi appartus, the vesicle from golgi, and then finally it goes out of the plasma membrane.
How do the proteins go out of the cell?
The protein is synthesized on the rough ER surface and then enters the ER lumen. The vesicle exits the ER and travels to the golgi apparatus, which contains the protein, where it undergoes further modification. From the golgi, the modified protein goes out of the cell through the vesicle.
Hence, the sequence is rough ER-vesicles from ER- Golgi apparatus, vesicles from Golgi apparatus- and plasma membrane.
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The desk for Caron’s new office weighs 500 Newtons. What would be the impact of an applied force that pushes from below at 475 Newtons?
A. The desk would move forward.
B. The desk would stay where it is.
C. The desk would change directions.
D. The desk would move upward.
The impact of the applied force will have no effect as the desk would stay where it is (Option B)
How do I determine if the desk will move or not?From the question given above, the following data were obtained:
Weight of desk = 500 NApplied force from below = 475 NWe can see that the weight of the desk (i.e 500 N) is greater than the applied force (i.e 475 N).
Thus, we can say that the impact of the applied force will have no effect since it is lesser.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is:
Option B: The desk would stay where it is.
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which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve?
a. Pinna → Cochlea → Tympanic membrane → Auditory canal → Malleus → Stapes → Incus → Auditory nerve
b. Pinna → Malleus → Incus → Stapes → Auditory canal → Tympanic membrane → Cochlea → Auditory nerve
c. Pinna → Tympanic membrane → Auditory canal → Cochlea → Malleus → Incus → Stapes → Auditory nerve
d. Pinna → Auditory canal → Tympanic membrane → Malleus → Incus → Stapes → Cochlea → Auditory nerve
The option that correctly indicates the sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve is: "Pinna → Malleus → Incus → Stapes → Auditory canal → Tympanic membrane → Cochlea → Auditory nerve" (Option B)
What is the function of the Auditory Nerve?The auditory nervous system connects the cochlea to a station in the brainstem (known as the nucleus). Neural impulses pass from that station to the brain, notably the temporal lobe, where sound has meaning and we hear.
Auditory function refers to how a person hears and processes information in difficult-to-understand situations on a daily basis. Children with hearing loss or who have difficulty tolerating noises might benefit from an auditory function exam.
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assume that blood pressure drops in a person because of an injury, and given the drop in blood pressure, indicate whether the statement on the body’s responses is true or false.
The statement on the drop in blood pressure of of a person due to injury is true.
What is blood pressure?The force or pressure of the blood inside the arteries is measured as blood pressure. The heart pumps blood into the arteries that carry it throughout your body each time it beats. This occurs 60 to 100 times each minute, every single day. The entire body receives oxygen and nutrients through the arteries so that it can function.
The blood pressure fluctuates throughout the day. Depending on what an individual doing, it changes. Exercise and excitement both cause an increase in blood pressure. The blood pressure drops while an individual is sleeping.
Blood pressure can also affected by:
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Assume that blood pressure drops in a person because of an injury, and given the drop in blood pressure, indicate whether the statement on the body's responses is true or false.
The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal glands
Which statements are observations that Darwin made on his voyage?
(Select all that apply.)
One theory is that evolution takes place. In other words, organisms undergo gradual change. As offspring from ancient common ancestors diverged, life on Earth has transformed.
What is Voyage in Darwin?The second hypothesis proposes that natural selection drives evolution. Natural selection is the process through which living creatures that possess advantageous qualities have more offspring than those that do not. As a result, over time, the characteristics of living things change.
Most people in Darwin's day thought that all species were formed simultaneously and then stayed unchanging. Additionally, they thought Earth was only 6,000 years old. Darwin's theories so transformed biology.
Darwin embarked on a scientific journey in 1831 when he was only 22 years old on board the HMS Beagle. He served as the expedition's naturalist. Wherever the expedition went ashore, it was his duty as a naturalist to examine and gather samples of plants, animals, rocks, and fossils.
Therefore, One theory is that evolution takes place. In other words, organisms undergo gradual change. As offspring from ancient common ancestors diverged, life on Earth has transformed.
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Whales, bony fishes, and cartilaginous fishes all have similar adaptations that enable them to live in the ocean. Figure 1 shows the phylogenetic relationships of selected vertebrates.
Based on the phylogenetic relationships shown in Figure 1, which of the following best explains the similarities exhibited by whales, bony fishes, and cartilaginous fishes?
Convergent evolution, because these organisms do not share a recent common ancestor.
Adaptive radiation, because all three groups evolved from a unique, shared common ancestor from the cartilaginous fishes group.
Mutation, because the shared traits can be traced back to a shared tecent common ancestor
Founder effect, because all three groups formerly existed together as one population that then wan disrupted, causing speciation
Convergent evolution, because these organisms do not share a recent common ancestor.
What is convergent evolution?Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups.
Moreover, convergent evolution occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures. Traits that arise through convergent evolution are referred to as 'analogous structures'. They are contrasted with 'homologous structures', which have a common origin.
Therefore, convergent evolution—in which distinct lineages independently evolve similar traits—has fascinated evolutionary biologists for centuries, in large part because convergent evolution is often thought to represent a visible manifestation of the power of natural selection.
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You are a paleontologist working on a dig site in southern
South America and Antarctica. You have uncovered a fossilized animal
that has previously only been found in Australia (not anywhere else, like
Africa). Without need for further dating, what can you estimate about
when this animal probably evolved? (4 pts)
Australopithecus afarensis is one of the best-known early hominins thanks to an extraordinary skeleton known as Lucy.
What makes Australia distinct from other continents?The Australian continent, which has a total surface area of 8.56 million square kilometers (3,310,000 sq mi), is the world's smallest, lowest, flattest, and second-dryest continent (behind Antarctica).Australia, Antarctica, India, South Africa, and South America are all southern continents where the Glossopteris fossil can be found. As the Glossopteris seed is known to be huge and clumsy, it cannot have flown or drifted over the oceans to another continent.Australia has never yielded any remains of Homo erectus. Evidence suggests that the Denisovans, a second species that was also known to have lived in this area, interbred with modern humans. About 3-5% of the DNA of Melanesians and Aboriginal Australians comes from Denisova.To learn more about Denisova refer to:
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2. How could you increase the momentum of a baseball being thrown
from home plate to first base?
Answer: higher velocity right after pitching
Explanation:
