Atrophy refers to the wasting away or reduction in size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in the number or size of its cells. There are six common causes of atrophy, including:
Disuse atrophy: This occurs when an organ or tissue is not used for an extended period, leading to a reduction in its size and function. Examples include muscle atrophy in people with immobilized limbs or bedridden patients.
Malnutrition atrophy: This occurs due to the lack of essential nutrients required for normal cell function and growth. Examples include brain atrophy in people with severe malnutrition or alcoholic liver atrophy due to a lack of protein in the diet.
Ischemic atrophy: This occurs when blood supply to an organ or tissue is reduced, leading to a decrease in its size and function. Examples include heart muscle atrophy due to a blockage in the coronary artery or renal atrophy due to kidney ischemia.
Pressure atrophy: This occurs when an organ or tissue is under pressure for an extended period, leading to a reduction in its size and function. Examples include foot atrophy due to prolonged standing or bedsores that cause skin and muscle atrophy.
Aging atrophy: This occurs due to the natural aging process and the decline in cell function and growth. Examples include brain atrophy due to age-related cognitive decline or skin atrophy due to decreased collagen production.
Neurogenic atrophy: This occurs due to damage or dysfunction of the nerves that supply the affected organ or tissue, leading to a decrease in its size and function. Examples include muscle atrophy in people with spinal cord injuries or diabetic neuropathy.
Overall, atrophy can result from various causes, including disuse, malnutrition, ischemia, pressure, aging, and nerve damage, leading to a decrease in the size and function of the affected organ or tissue.
For more questions like Atrophy click the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/14104262
#SPJ11
Please help me i am desperate, I don’t really understand this….
Answer: I got you
Explanation: Photosynthesis makes glucose which is used in cellular respiration for making ATP. Then glucose is then transformed back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. It helps cells to release and store energy. It maintains the atmospheric balance, of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
The dichotic listening task demonstrates what about attention?• We can comprehend information only in the attended ear• The cocktail party effect is not real• We can attend to many things at onceWe can comprehend meaning in the attended ear and parts of speech in the unattendedearall of these
The dichotic listening task demonstrates that we can comprehend meaning in the attended ear and parts of speech in the unattended ear.
A typical experimental paradigm in psychology called the dichotic listening task involves simultaneously delivering various audio stimuli to each ear. Usually, participants are told to concentrate on one ear (the attended ear) while ignoring the other ear (the unattended ear).
Research utilising this paradigm have repeatedly discovered that individuals can process certain components of speech in the unattended ear while also understanding meaning in the attended ear. For instance, individuals may have some capacity to detect the presence of speech sounds or the gender of the speaker in the unattended ear while reliably reporting the meaning of words or phrases delivered to the attended ear.
For more such questions on dichotic, click on:
https://brainly.com/question/14887900
#SPJ11
PLEASE HELP!!!!!!! WILL MARK BRAINLIST IF ANSWER IS CORRECT!!!
The mutation that occurred is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide in the sequence coding for the amino acid was substituted with another amino acid.
What is a point mutation?A point mutation is a type of genetic alteration in which only one nucleotide base from the DNA or RNA sequence of an organism is altered, added, or removed.
Based on the specifics of the mutation, point mutations have a variety of effects on the downstream protein product, with some of these effects being fairly predictable.
The point mutation shown is a substitution of nucleotides in the codon ATC for the amino acid isoleucine. The mutation to ACT and ACC produces the amino acid threonine.
Learn more about point mutation at: https://brainly.com/question/20407521
#SPJ1
A stream that runs through an agricultural field is experiencing dangerously low dissolved oxygen levels. About 1 week before the oxygen levels dropped, the farmer plowed and fertilized the field. A day later, heavy rain washed soil and fertilizer into the stream. Several days after the rain, the water was green and cloudy and the dissolved oxygen reading is dangerously low. Describe what has happened in the stream including two pollutants that are likely affecting the stream. Explain what could be done to mitigate (make less severe) the water quality issues caused by agricultural activities.
By implementing some measures, it is possible to reduce the impact of agricultural activities on water quality of stream and protect aquatic life.
What could be done to mitigate water quality issues caused by agricultural activities?To mitigate the water quality issues caused by agricultural activities, several measures could be taken, like:
Implementing best management practices (BMPs) on agricultural field to reduce nutrient runoff, such as planting cover crops, reducing fertilizer use and building buffer zones around streams.
Constructing riparian buffers along stream to capture and filter runoff from agricultural field before it enters stream.
Developing nutrient management plan to regulate the amount and timing of fertilizer application on field.
Educating farmers on importance of water quality and how actions can affect aquatic ecosystems.
Regular monitoring of water quality in stream to detect changes in dissolved oxygen levels and other pollutants.
To know more about agricultural activities, refer
https://brainly.com/question/29469977
#SPJ1
Consider a sample of 6 genes in the present day, drawn from a population of 50 diploid individuals. What is the probability that none of the genes coalesce onto a common ancestor in the immediate previous generation?
The probability that none of the genes coalesce onto a common ancestor in the immediate previous generation is 0.92.
Explanation:
The probability that two genes do not coalesce in the immediate previous generation is 1 - (1/2N), where N is the number of diploid individuals in the population. In this case, N = 50, so the probability that two genes do not coalesce is 1 - (1/100) = 0.99.
The probability that none of the 6 genes coalesce onto a common ancestor is the product of the probabilities that each pair of genes does not coalesce. This is (0.99)^(6 choose 2) = (0.99)^15 = 0.92.
Therefore, the probability that none of the genes coalesce onto a common ancestor in the immediate previous generation is 0.92.
Learn more about the genes:
https://brainly.com/question/29726113
#SPJ11
Simple carbohydrates and sugars are in many foods and are to be minimized to reduce the risk of T2D. One teaspoon of sugar is about 4 g of sugar (16 calories; each gram of digestible carbohydrates has 4 calories). This is about the same as a typical sugar cube which is about 4 g. A packet of sugar as you find it in restaurants comes mostly either in 2 g or 4 g sizes. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), the maximum amount of sugars in a day is for men: 150 calories per day (37.5 grams or about 9 teaspoons), for women 100 calories per day (25 grams or about 6 teaspoons). This is however too high if someone is already diabetic or insulin resistant. The numbers can add up quite fast because sugar is hidden in so many foods and most people in the US consume way more than that. The food industry often shows very small and unrealistic serving sizes on packages to not make people aware how much they are really eating when they end up eating more than one serving size. For example most cereals are listed as ¾ cup (this is not the same as ¾ of most cereal bowls that are often bigger than a cup size!) and most people eat quite a bit more in one sitting.
For this exercise pick the following items that you may have at home or you can check it out using nutrition labels that you look up on the web to see how much sugar is contained in the food by looking at the label. For each question describe exactly what the item/brand/flavor is so I can check whether you got the numbers right.
a. 12oz drink (about 1.5 cups) that contains sugar (natural as in juice or added, not diet drinks) such as juice or juice drinks, soda, smoothie, energy drink, chocolate milk, Starbucks flavored coffee etc. Just pick one of your favorites, say what it is. List how many grams of sugar is in it (per 12 oz glass or bottle or can, adjust calculations to 12 oz if it comes in different sizes or the nutrition label is calculated for a different size) and how many teaspoons (or sugar cubes) that is equivalent to (divide the grams of sugar by 4).
b. Do the same calculations and provide name/brand for one of your favorite sweet snacks/foods for the typical serving size that you would eat which may or may not be the recommended serving size on the package which tend to be often smaller than what most people eat (say the amount you are calculating it for, for example 10 oreo cookies or 2 cups or frosted flakes or similar, one 2oz. snicker bar, pint of ice cream etc.).
c. Do the same calculations and provide name/brand for one of your favorite foods/drinks other than the ones above and do calculations for the typical serving size that you would eat or drink. Think about how many times you eat this during a week and calculate how it adds up.
d. on your findings from question 3. Was this what you expected? Any surprises?
A. A 12oz can of Coca-Cola contains 39 grams of sugar, B. Oreo contains 25 grams of sugar. C. Pasta adds up to 24 grams of sugar per week, or 6 teaspoons (or sugar cubes). D. I was surprised to find out how much sugar is in a can of Coca-Cola. I knew it contained a lot of sugar, but I didn't realize it was almost 10 teaspoons worth.
a. My favorite 12oz drink that contains sugar is Coca-Cola. A 12oz can of Coca-Cola contains 39 grams of sugar, which is equivalent to 9.75 teaspoons (or sugar cubes).
b. My favorite sweet snack is Oreos. I typically eat about 5 Oreos in one sitting, which contains 25 grams of sugar. This is equivalent to 6.25 teaspoons (or sugar cubes).
c. My favorite food other than the ones above is pasta with marinara sauce. I typically eat about 2 cups of pasta with 1/2 cup of marinara sauce. The pasta contains about 2 grams of sugar and the marinara sauce contains about 6 grams of sugar, for a total of 8 grams of sugar. This is equivalent to 2 teaspoons (or sugar cubes). I typically eat this meal about 3 times a week, which adds up to 24 grams of sugar per week, or 6 teaspoons (or sugar cubes).
d. I was also surprised to find out how much sugar is in Oreos, as I didn't realize they contained that much sugar. I was also surprised to find out that pasta and marinara sauce contain sugar, as I didn't think they would contain that much sugar. Overall, I was surprised to find out how much sugar is in the foods and drinks that I consume on a regular basis.
For such more questions on carbohydrates :
brainly.com/question/20290845
#SPJ11
Compare gene editing (CRISPR-Cas9) and RNAi. Describe by contrasting pros and cons.
Both gene editing (CRISPR-Cas9) and RNAi are powerful tools for genetic engineering, but they each have their own advantages and disadvantages.
While CRISPR-Cas9 is more precise and efficient, RNAi is a natural process that is well-understood and relatively safe. The choice between the two techniques will depend on the specific goals and concerns of the researcher.
About Gene editing and RNAiGene editing and RNAi are two techniques used in genetic engineering to manipulate the expression of genes. Both techniques have their own advantages and disadvantages, which are discussed below:
Gene editing (CRISPR-Cas9):Pros:
- CRISPR-Cas9 allows for precise and targeted editing of genes, making it a powerful tool for genetic engineering.
- It can be used to edit multiple genes at once, which can be useful for studying complex genetic interactions.
- CRISPR-Cas9 is relatively fast and efficient, making it a popular choice for researchers.
Cons:
- CRISPR-Cas9 can sometimes cause off-target effects, meaning that it can unintentionally edit other parts of the genome.
- There are also ethical concerns surrounding the use of CRISPR-Cas9, particularly when it comes to editing the genomes of humans.
RNAi:Pros:
- RNAi is a natural process that occurs in cells, making it a relatively safe and well-understood technique.
- It can be used to selectively silence specific genes, which can be useful for studying gene function.
Cons:
- RNAi is less precise than CRISPR-Cas9 and can sometimes cause off-target effects.
- It is also less efficient than CRISPR-Cas9, meaning that it may not be as effective at silencing genes.
Learn more about gene editing at
https://brainly.com/question/29096691
#SPJ11
Why did dr. Erwin focus on tropical trees to estimate the total numbers of animals in the world?
Dr. Erwin's focus on tropical trees was based on his observation that these trees support a particularly high diversity of insect species
What do you mean by tropical trees?
Tropical trees are trees that grow in the tropical regions of the world, which are typically located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. These regions are characterized by warm temperatures and high levels of precipitation, which provide ideal growing conditions for many types of trees.
Therefore, Dr. Erwin's focus on tropical trees was based on his observation that these trees support a particularly high diversity of insect species
To learn more about tropical trees from the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/26710974
#SPJ1
In eukaryotes, what is the first thing that binds to a gene's promoter for transcription to begin? TFIIF Sigma factor TFIIH TBP by itself. TFIIA TFIIB TFIID + TI
In eukaryotes, the first thing that binds to a gene's promoter for transcription to begin is TFIID.TFIID is the first transcription factor to bind to the promoter in eukaryotic cells to initiate transcription.
It specifically binds to the TATA box, a sequence of nucleotides in the promoter region of the gene.
TFIID recruits other transcription factors and binds to RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription.
Other transcription factors that bind to the promoter and RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription in eukaryotic cells include TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIH, and TBP.
TBP stands for TATA-binding protein, which binds to the TATA box and causes DNA to bend, making it more accessible to other transcription factors.
TFIIH unwinds DNA and exposes the template strand for RNA polymerase, allowing it to synthesize RNA.
TFIIF stabilizes the RNA polymerase II complex and stimulates its activity, helping it to stay attached to the template strand and move forward to synthesize RNA.
TFIIB helps RNA polymerase II bind to the promoter region of the gene by binding to the BRE and recruiting RNA polymerase II to the promoter.
Read more about eukaryotic transcriptional.
https://brainly.com/question/30472999
#SPJ11
Why is protein shape such an important thing? What is
denaturation, and how does it affect the protein's usefulness in
the living cell where it was produced?
Protein shape is important because it determines the protein's function. Each protein has a specific shape that allows it to interact with other molecules and perform its function. Denaturation is the process of a protein losing its specific shape.
This can happen due to changes in temperature, pH, or other environmental factors. When a protein is denatured, it can no longer perform its function.
In the living cell, denaturation can have serious consequences. If a protein that is essential for a cell's function is denatured, the cell may not be able to perform its normal functions and may die. This is why it is important for cells to maintain a stable environment to prevent denaturation of their proteins.
Here you can learn more about Denaturation
https://brainly.com/question/30548664#
#SPJ11
Lab 5
Cell Fractionation
Extraction of Mitochondria & Illustration of Electron Transport
Activity
1. What is differential centrifugation?
2. What is the role of rho-phenylenediamine in this assay?
3. Why the assay was carried out at 37ºC?
4. Which compound(s) inhibited electron transport and how?
Differential centrifugation is a technique used to separate different types of cellular or organelle components based on their size, shape, and density.
This process involves spinning the lysate cells at different speeds, which causes the different components to form layers or pellets based on their physical properties. One of the indicators used to measure electron transport activity is rho-phenylenediamine.
When electron transport occurs, the oxygen consumed and the amount of rho-phenylenediamine that interacts with oxygen will decrease. A decrease in the color intensity of this test is an indication of reduced electron transport activity.
The 3 answer is:
Q1: Differential centrifugation is a method used to separate components in a mixture based on their size, shape, density, and other characteristics. It involves spinning a solution at high speeds in a centrifuge, which causes the different components to separate based on their mass.Q2: Rho-phenylenediamine is used in this assay as a reagent to detect electrons. When electrons are produced during the electron transport activity, the rho-phenylenediamine reacts with the electrons to produce a colored complex, which can be observed.Q3: The assay was carried out at 37ºC because the optimum temperature for mitochondria is 37ºC. Q4: Compounds such as malonate, succinate, and antimycin A inhibit electron transport by blocking certain pathways of the electron transport chain.Learn more about differential centrifugation at https://brainly.com/question/30433874
#SPJ11
Which type of species competition do these
fighting birds display?
A. intraspecific
B. invasive
C. interspecific
Answer:
Assuming these birds are of the same species, the answer would be a. intraspecific
Explanation:
Intraspecific competition occurs when two individuals of the same species fight/compete over resources.
Set R to 1 mmHg min ml-1
If the difference between P1-
P2was 40 mmHg, what would the rate of
blood flow (F) equal in ml min-1?
Rate of blood flow (ml min-1) =
The rate of blood flow (F) would equal 40 ml min⁻¹ if the difference between P1 and P2 was 40 mmHg.
According to the question, R is set to 1 mmHg min ml⁻¹ and the difference between P1 and P2 is 40 mmHg. We can use the formula for the rate of blood flow (F) to find the answer:
F = (P1 - P2)/R
Plugging in the given values:
F = (40 mmHg) / (1 mmHg min ml⁻¹)
F = 40 ml min-1
Therefore, the rate of blood flow (F) is 40 ml min⁻¹.
Learn more about blood flow at https://brainly.com/question/30629465
#SPJ11
compartment A has a concentration of 125 mosm/L and a volume of 13.5 L, compartment B has a concentration of 225 mosm/L and a volume of 6 L, and the compartments are only permeable to water. If the initial volume of compartment A were doubled, what would be the final concentration in compartment B at equilibrium?
A. 185
B.155.64
C. 170
D. 140
The final concentration in compartment B at equilibrium if the initial volume of compartment A were doubled is 155.64 mosm/L.
To find the finаl concentrаtion in compаrtment B аt equilibrium, we cаn use the formulа:
[tex]C_{1}V_{1}[/tex] = [tex]C_{2}V_{2}[/tex]
where [tex]C_{1}[/tex] is the initiаl concentrаtion of compаrtment А, [tex]V_{1}[/tex] is the initiаl volume of compаrtment А, [tex]C_{2}[/tex] is the finаl concentrаtion of compаrtment B, аnd [tex]V_{2}[/tex] is the finаl volume of compаrtment B.
Since the initiаl volume of compаrtment А is doubled, we cаn plug in the vаlues into the formulа:
125 mosm/L * 13.5 L * 2 = 225 mosm/L * 6 L * [tex]V_{2}[/tex]
Solving for [tex]V_{2}[/tex], we get:
[tex]V_{2}[/tex] = (125 * 13.5 * 2) / (225 * 6)
[tex]V_{2}[/tex] = 7.5 L
Now, we cаn plug in the vаlues for [tex]C_{1}[/tex], [tex]V_{1}[/tex], аnd [tex]V_{2}[/tex] into the formulа to find the finаl concentrаtion in compаrtment B:
[tex]C_{2}[/tex] = ([tex]C_{1}[/tex] * [tex]V_{1}[/tex]) / [tex]V_{1}[/tex]
[tex]C_{2}[/tex] = (125 * 13.5 * 2) / 7.5
[tex]C_{2}[/tex] = 155.64 mosm/L
Therefore, the finаl concentrаtion in compаrtment B аt equilibrium is 155.64 mosm/L.
For more information about equilibrium refers to the link: https://brainly.com/question/30807709
#SPJ11
I CLICKED 50 I DONT KNOW WHAT IT MEANS BUT SOMEONE HELP FAST
Compare and contrast a frameshift mutation and a single nucleotide substitution mutation in a DNA sequence encoding a protein. How many nucleotides would be inserted or deleted in each? How many amino acids in the protein sequence would be altered in each?
Depending on how far downstream the mutation occurs, a frameshift mutation can change numerous amino acids, whereas a single nucleotide substitution may only affect one amino acid in the protein sequence.
One nucleotide of the DNA sequence is changed by a single nucleotide substitution mutation, which may or may not alter the amino acid sequence of the resultant protein.
A frameshift mutation alters the reading frame of the genetic code by deleting or introducing nucleotides. This change may produce a completely new or shortened protein.
How are mutations described?Any factor that results in a mutation (a change in the DNA of a cell). Mutagens can injure cells and cause some diseases, like cancer, by altering DNA.
Radioactive elements, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, and certain compounds are examples of mutagens.
What are the four mutation types?There are many different kinds of mutations, including translocation, insertion, deletion, and replacement.
What examples of mutations exist?Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease are examples of hereditary mutations.
Throughout a person's life, further mutations may occur on their own. Spontaneous, sporadic, or novel mutations are the terms used to describe them. They only impact certain cells.
learn more about mutation here
https://brainly.com/question/14438201
#SPJ1
The following data correspond to one marker taken from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of genetic variants related to heart disease. The number of individuals are categorized by case-control status, as well as their genotype at this marker (AA, AG, or GG).
AA AG GG
Cases
(heart disease)
315 702 1410
Controls
(no heart disease)
85 723 1717
What would you conclude based on these data?
Group of answer choices
a. This marker is likely to be closely linked to a gene that affects heart disease risk, and the A allele is associated with higher disease risk.
b. This marker is likely to be closely linked to a gene that affects heart disease risk, and the G allele is associated with higher disease risk.
c. This marker is not likely to be closely linked to a gene that affects breast cancer risk.
Based on these data you could conclude is b. This marker is likely to be closely linked to a gene that affects heart disease risk, and the G allele is associated with higher disease risk.
The genome-wide association study (GWAS) is used to recognize the association between genetic variants and diseases. It is a type of observational study that compares the genomes of groups of people with and without disease. This study determines which genetic variations are related to the disease.
In this study, the G allele is associated with higher disease risk. So, this marker is likely to be closely linked to a gene that affects heart disease risk. Therefore, option B This marker is likely to be closely linked to a gene that affects heart disease risk, and the G allele is associated with higher disease risk is correct.
Learn more about genome-wide association study at:
https://brainly.com/question/29894104
#SPJ11
A saltwater aquarium can be used to model the ocean. What is one limitation
of this model?
OA. It is shallower than the ocean.
OB. Its temperature can be varied.
C. It can show how light affects ocean plants.
OD. It can show how certain fish swim in the ocean.
one limitation of this model of salt water aquarium is It is shallower than the ocean.
Saltwater aquarium explained
A saltwater aquarium is a tank or container filled with seawater and designed to simulate a marine ecosystem. It typically includes live plants, corals, and various species of fish, invertebrates, and other marine organisms. The water in a saltwater aquarium must be carefully maintained to ensure proper salinity, temperature, pH, and nutrient levels for the health and survival of the inhabitants. Saltwater aquariums can be used for scientific research, education, and recreation, and require significant knowledge and effort to maintain.
A saltwater aquarium can only hold a limited amount of water and is generally much shallower than the ocean. This means that the aquarium may not accurately represent the complex and dynamic conditions of the ocean, such as the depth, currents, and waves.
Therefore, the aquarium environment may be more stable and controlled compared to the ocean, which can limit the accuracy of the model.
Learn more about saltwater aquarium below.
https://brainly.com/question/18115783
#SPJ1
Assuming your experiment worked correctly, which liquid formed a precipitate? A) iron / water B) solution molasses mixed with water C) prune juice. D) All of the above.
Assuming your experiment worked correctly, the liquid that formed a precipitate is iron / water . (A)
In this experiment, the precipitate would be formed when the iron reacts with the water to form iron hydroxide. This reaction would cause the solid iron hydroxide to separate from the liquid water, forming a precipitate.
The other options, solution molasses mixed with water and prune juice, would not form a precipitate because they are both solutions and would not react to form a solid substance. Therefore, the correct answer is A) iron / water.
To know more about precipitate click on below link:
https://brainly.com/question/18109776#
#SPJ11
1. Answer the following characteristics for glomeromycota
Fungi.
A. Color
B. Texture
C. Form
D. Size
E. Starch storage (where)
The characteristics of Glomeromycota fungi are as follows:
A. Color: colorless
B. Texture: typically slimy or powdery
C. Form: usually mycelial and branching
D. Size: microscopic
E. Starch storage (where): in the hyphae and spores
Glomeromycota is a group of fungi that form mutualistic associations with the roots of plants. It is characterized by the following features:
Color: They are colorless.
Texture: They are typically slimy or powdery.
Form: They are hyphae-forming fungi.
Size: They are smaller in size than other fungi.
Starch storage: They store carbohydrates in their hyphae.
Glomeromycota does not produce any sexual spores, so it is hard to distinguish it from other fungi. The asexual spores of Glomeromycota are produced inside the sporangium.
Glomeromycota are considered primitive fungi because they are lacking certain cell organelles and have a simple genome structure. Their major ecological importance is in the formation of arbuscular mycorrhiza, which is a mutualistic relationship between the plant roots and fungi.
The fungi provide the plants with essential nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, while the plants supply them with carbohydrates. This mutualistic association enhances the growth and development of the plants while also benefiting the fungi by providing them with a stable source of energy.
For more such questions on Glomeromycota fungi.
https://brainly.com/question/30611070#
#SPJ11
What properties of water make it easier to walk on wet sand than dry sand?
Water has adhesive and cohesive properties that can make walking on wet sand easier than on dry sand.
When water is on the surface of wet sand, it sticks to the sand particles and creates a stronger bond than friction between the sole of the shoe and the dry sand. This means the shoe can grip wet sand more easily and have stronger traction.
In addition, the cohesion of the water helps hold the sand particles together, which can make the surface more solid and uniform than dry sand. In dry sand, the particles can slip and move more easily, which makes walking more difficult..
See more about surface tension at https://brainly.com/question/138724.
#SPJ11
Explain how teamwork was important for evolution of the modern-day eukaryotes that contains mitochondria and chloroplast.
The evolution of modern-day eukaryotes containing mitochondria and chloroplast was influenced by the importance of teamwork and explained by the endosymbiotic theory.
The endosymbiotic theory argues that mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are key components of eukaryotic cells, were once independent, free-living prokaryotic cells that evolved to form a partnership with a host cell in order to benefit from the cell's resources and protective environment. Both the host and the prokaryotic cell have benefited from this partnership, as the prokaryotic cell has become dependent on the host cell for the provision of a stable, protective environment, and the host cell has benefited from the prokaryotic cell's ability to carry out a variety of essential metabolic functions that are essential for life. F
or example, mitochondria are responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells, while chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis. It is due to teamwork that these functions are carried out seamlessly.
Learn more about endosymbiotic theory at https://brainly.com/question/1698852
#SPJ11
When freezing mammalian cells to create a frozen cell stock, it is often necessary to freeze a high concentration of cells to overcome the large percentage of cell death that occurs during the freeze/thaw process. Based on the cell concentration determined in Q3A, design a cell freezing stratery that willachieve 1x10*cells/mlcell concentration in ml (assume you have 10ml of cell available)
When freezing mammalian cells to create a frozen cell stock, it is important to use a cryoprotectant such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or glycerol to prevent ice crystal formation and reduce cell death during the freeze/thaw process.
Additionally, it is important to freeze the cells slowly to allow for the gradual uptake of the cryoprotectant and prevent osmotic stress.
A cell freezing strategy that will achieve 1x10^6 cells/ml can be designed as follows:
Prepare a cryoprotectant solution, such as 10% DMSO in culture medium.Resuspend the cells at a concentration of 2x10^6 cells/ml in the cryoprotectant solution.Aliquot 5ml of the cell suspension into each of two cryovials.Place the cryovials in a controlled-rate freezing container, such as a Mr. Frosty, and transfer to a -80°C freezer for 24 hours.After 24 hours, transfer the cryovials to liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.This strategy will result in a final cell concentration of 1x10^6 cells/ml after accounting for the expected cell death during the freeze/thaw process.
Learn more about mammalian cells https://brainly.com/question/29031106
#SPJ11
8. Many promising drugs remain limited by low stability, toxicity, inefficient administration, and the need for multiple doses. For example, while chemotherapy is effective for the treatment of malignancies, it is widely known for harmful side-effects on healthy tissues and reduce patient compliance. Targeted drug delivery, if successfully implemented, can reduce some of the toxic effects of BIOM 6615: DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF BIOMATERIALS Mid-term Exam March 17, 2021. drugs as minimum effective drug concentrations could be delivered. State what drug delivery strategy each of the following represents; passive or active. a. Cationic microparticles for enhanced delivery to phagocytic cells b. Surface modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to provide "stealth" behavior from immune recognition c. Antigen-antibody recognition d. Ligand-receptor recognition
The different drug delivery strategies mentioned in the question can be classified as passive or active based on their mechanism of action.
Here is the classification of the mentioned drug delivery strategies:
a. Cationic microparticles for enhanced delivery to phagocytic cells: This is an active drug delivery strategy as it involves the use of cationic microparticles that specifically target phagocytic cells for enhanced drug delivery.Learn more about chemotherapy drug https://brainly.com/question/30623798
#SPJ11
A dragon contains 6 pairs of chromosomes. How manysister chromosomes will it have at each of thefollowing:-Prophase of mitosis?-Prophase of meiosis 1?-Prophase of meiosis 2?
a. In prophase of mitosis will have 24 sister chromatids.
b. In prophase of meiosis 1 will have 12 sister chromatids.
c. In prophase of meiosis 2 will have 6 sister chromatids.
A dragon contains 6 pairs of chromosomes. At the prophase of mitosis, the dragon will have 12 sister chromatids since each chromosome has two identical sister chromatids.
At the prophase of meiosis 1, the dragon will have 24 sister chromatids. This is because it will have duplicated its chromosomes during the previous interphase. So, each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids, which will separate during meiosis 1.
At the prophase of meiosis 2, the dragon will have 12 sister chromatids. After meiosis 1, the chromosome pairs separate, but the sister chromatids remain joined. This means that the chromosome number is halved, and there are now 3 chromosomes instead of 6.
For more information about mitosis and meiosis refers to the link: https://brainly.com/question/2324741
#SPJ11
You have discovered several new antimicrobial compounds that inhibit bacterial growth and can be used an antibiotic. You have determined the specific cellular target for each. Based in your knowledge of replication, transcription and translation, indicate which process each compound will likely block and justify your answer. Compound A. Inhibit helicase.
Compound A inhibits helicase, an enzyme that is involved in the unwinding of DNA during replication. This means that it prevents the replication of the DNA template strand and therefore the production of the complementary strand, leading to an inhibition of the bacterial growth.
The inhibition of helicase also has an effect on transcription and translation, as it prevents the transcription of the complementary strand and prevents the translation of proteins from that strand. Therefore, Compound A can be used as an antibiotic, as it blocks the essential processes of replication, transcription and translation, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth.
To know more about enzyme refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/14953274#
#SPJ11
3. (6pts) What would the translation of these mRNA transcripts produce? (mRNA codon
→
anticodon
→
protein) a. UAA CAA GGA GCA UCC b. UGA CCC GAU UUC AGC
The translation of UAA CAA GGA GCA UCC will not produce any protein
The translation of UGA CCC GAU UUC AGC will also not produce any protein.
Translation of mRNA transcriptTo translate the mRNA transcripts into protein, we need to use the genetic code to convert the mRNA codons into amino acids. Each mRNA codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, and the sequence of codons determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
UAA CAA GGA GCA UCCThe first codon, UAA, is a stop codon and does not code for an amino acid. Therefore, this mRNA transcript does not produce a protein.
UGA CCC GAU UUC AGCUGA is also a stop codon and does not code for an amino acid.
Therefore, the two mRNA transcripts do not produce proteins.
More on mRNA translation can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/30624242
#SPJ1
Data from a series of genetics crosses give the. following x2 values. For each, determine the degrees of freedom and, by consulting Table 6-5, the proba
bility value for the x2 value. Indicate whether the deviation involved is
significant or nonsignificant at the 0.05 level of significance and whether
there is support for the hypothesis assumed for each cross.
a. Two classes of progeny, x2 = 3.020.
b. Four classes of progeny, x2 = 10.360.
c. Three classes of progeny, x2 = 1.555.
6-4. Refer back to the information given in problem 6-3. Assume the significance
level is changed from 0.05 to 0.01. How does this influence the interpretation
of the deviations involved in each set of data?
For problem 6-3, the degrees of freedom for the three classes of progeny are (a) 2, (b) 3, and (c) 2.
For each, the probability value for the x2 value is (a) 0.215, (b) 0.010, and (c) 0.456.
This means that the deviation involved in
(a) is nonsignificant at the 0.05 level of significance and there is no support for the hypothesis assumed for the cross;
(b) is significant at the 0.05 level of significance and there is support for the hypothesis assumed for the cross; and
(c) is nonsignificant at the 0.05 level of significance and there is no support for the hypothesis assumed for the cross.
If the significance level is changed from 0.05 to 0.01, the interpretation of the deviations involved in each set of data will be
(a) nonsignificant at the 0.01 level of significance and there is no support for the hypothesis assumed for the cross;
(b) significant at the 0.01 level of significance and there is support for the hypothesis assumed for the cross; and
(c) nonsignificant at the 0.01 level of significance and there is no support for the hypothesis assumed for the cross.
To know more about degrees of freedom click on below link:
https://brainly.com/question/16254305#
#SPJ11
Def: Chemical reaction by which the cells convert energy from one form to another and build and break down molecules
A chemical reaction that occurs in cells to convert energy from one form to another and to build and break down molecules is called metabolism.
Metabolism is the process by which cells convert nutrients into energy and use that energy to perform various cellular functions, such as building and breaking down molecules. There are two types of metabolism: catabolism, which breaks down molecules to release energy, and anabolism, which uses energy to build molecules. Both types of metabolism are necessary for cells to function properly and maintain homeostasis.
For more such questions on metabolism, click on:
https://brainly.com/question/1490181
#SPJ11
- Tissue cell donar -> Cells from animal to be cloned are main- ained in he hey do not grow or dvide -> Nucleus is removed -> Nucleus fusses with empty egg after electric current applied -> The reconstructed embryo grows for 7 days -> Embryo's eimplanted into surrogate mother -> Cloned animal is born with exact DNA as the tissue cell donor. - Donor Supplies unfertilised eggs -> Egg cell -> Nucleus is removed -> Nucleus fusses with empty egg after electric current applied -> The reconstructed embryo grows for 7 days -> Embryo's eimplanted into surrogate mother -> Cloned animal is born with exact DNA as the tissue cell donor.
Dolly was the first successfully cloned mammal. Which of the 3 adult female sheep was she considered to be a clone of? A. A combination of the tissue donor and egg donor females B. The tissue cell donor. C. The egg donor D. The surrogate mother
- Tissue cell donar -> Cells from animal to be cloned are main- ained in he hey do not grow or dvide -> Nucleus is removed -> Nucleus fusses with empty egg after electric current applied -> The reconstructed embryo grows for 7 days -> Embryo's eimplanted into surrogate mother -> Cloned animal is born with exact DNA as the tissue cell donor. - Donor Supplies unfertilised eggs -> Egg cell -> Nucleus is removed -> Nucleus fusses with empty egg after electric current applied -> The reconstructed embryo grows for 7 days -> Embryo's eimplanted into surrogate mother -> Cloned animal is born with exact DNA as the tissue cell donor.
Dolly was the first successfully cloned mammal. The 3 adult female sheep was she considered to be a clone of B. The tissue cell donor.
Dolly was the first successfully cloned mammal. She was considered to be a clone of the tissue cell donor, as cells from the tissue cell donor were taken and fused with an empty egg after an electric current was applied. The reconstructed embryo was grown for 7 days before being implanted into a surrogate mother, and eventually a cloned animal was born with the exact DNA of the tissue cell donor.
Since the genetic material in the nucleus of the tissue cell donor was used to create Dolly, she is considered to be a clone of the tissue cell donor. Therefore, the correct answer is B. The tissue cell donor.
Learn more about cloning at:
https://brainly.com/question/16191718
#SPJ11
.
Which descriptions accurately characterize rectal temperature measurement? Check all that apply.
It most closely matches the core body temperature.
It can be used for uncooperative patients.
It can be affected by recent consumption of food or drink.
It gives a reading lower than the actual core body temperature.
It can be used for infants.
The descriptions that accurately characterize rectal temperature measurement are as follows:
It can be used for uncooperative patients.It can be affected by recent consumption of food or drink.It can be used for infants.Thus, the correct options for this question are B, C, and E.
What do you mean by Rectal temperature?The rectal temperature may be defined as a type of process that significantly deals with measuring a person's temperature by inserting a thermometer into the rectum via the anus.
The rectal temperature is one of the most accurate ways in order to determine whether a child has a fever or not. This is because this temperature is usually taken in the rectum and is the closest way to finding the body's true temperature. Rectal temperatures run higher than those taken in the mouth or armpit (axilla) because the rectum is warmer.
Therefore, the descriptions that accurately characterize rectal temperature measurement are well-mentioned above.
To learn more about Rectal temperature, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/28297293
#SPJ9
