In the real world, evolution theory is employed for: A) Nothing at all. B) Trying to combat antibiotic resistance in illnesses but not elsewhere.
What are some examples of evidence for evolution?This section discusses five different sorts of evidence for evolution, including ancient organism remains, fossil layers, similarities between current-day animals, DNA similarities, and embryonic similarity.
What are the practical implications of comprehending evolution theories?The genes necessary to build different body parts can be found by understanding the changes that have taken place during organism evolution. These genes may also play a role in some genetic illnesses in humans.
What is the theory of evolution?Depending on the circumstances, different biological and behavioural approaches are Along with the organism's features like age, sex, health, or size, the environmental setting is also important.
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which of the following statements is not accurate regarding complement? a. the effect of complement typically depends on activation of complement factor c3 b. complement are non-cellular protein factors c. activated complement factors can combine to form pores in the plasma membrane of infecting cells and kill them d. complement only works in conjunction with the adaptive immune system e. complement is present in blood serum
complement only work in conjunction with adaptive immune system is not accurate regarding complement system
One of the key processes by which pathogen identification is transformed into an efficient host response against an early infection is the complement system. Complement is a system of plasma proteins that may either be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibodies. This activation causes a series of events to take place on the surface of the pathogens, which produces active components with varied effector roles. There are three ways to activate the complement system: the traditional pathway, which is activated by the pathogen directly or indirectly through antibody binding to the pathogen surface; the MB-lectin pathway; and the alternative pathway, which also serves as an amplification loop for the other two pathways. As part of innate immunity, all three processes can be started without the aid of an antibody.
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notice that neither of the original parents is affected, but several children are affected. this could happen only if the trait were
The original parents aren't affected, but several children are affected. this could happen only if the trait were recessive.
At a specific genomic region, an allele is one of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of nucleotides). For each genomic region with such variation, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent. The person is homozygous for the allele if the two alleles are the same.
Recessive alleles is a particular allele that, when present alone, has no effect on the person. The expression of the trait requires the presence of two copies of the allele. And are mostly appears in offsprings.
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the amniotic egg appeared once, in the most recent common ancestor of sauropsids and mammals, and was retained over evolutionary time. which tree correctly shows the location of the appearance of the amniotic egg?
The homology tree shows the location of the appearance of the amniotic egg correctly since it advanced once and was kept up over evolutionary time.
The amniotic egg is a homology since it advanced once and was kept up over evolutionary time.
The amniotic egg: An air-breathing egg characterized by a shell and extraembryonic films. These encased the amniote developing life in a private lake amid its advancement and interceded gas exchange with the outside environment.
Amniotes are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates that comprises sauropsids and synapsids.
They are recognized from the other tetrapod clade — the creatures of land and water — by the advancement of three extraembryonic layers, thicker and more keratinized skin, and coastal breath.
In well-evolved creatures, layers that are homologous to the extra-embryonic layers in eggs are displayed within the placenta. Extra-determined characteristics of amniotes incorporate waterproof skin, due to the nearness of lipids, and costal (rib) ventilation of the lungs.
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which of the following types of pathogens are most likely to be transmitted vertically by the maternal-parturition route? select one: a. foodborne pathogens b. vector-borne pathogens c. pathogens transmitted horizontally by the urogenital-sexual route d. pathogens transmitted horizontally by the respiratory-aerosol route e. none of the above
Pathogens are most likely to be transmitted vertically by the maternal-parturition route are Pathogens transmitted horizontally by the urogenital-sexual route. So the correct option is c.
An organism that infects its host with disease is referred to as a pathogen, and the severity of the disease symptoms is referred to as virulence. Pathogens come in many forms, including bacteria, viruses, and multicellular and unicellular eukaryotes.
The urine tract and the genital tract are the two primary divisions of the urogenital system. Urine is produced, stored, and eliminated by the urinary tract, made up of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
The majority of primary genitourinary infections are sexually transmitted, and common pathogens include viruses, bacteria, parasites, and bacteria including Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis (herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus).
While vertical transmission occurs from mothers to their offspring, horizontal transmission occurs between members of the same generation.
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What are the primary and secondary sources of energy?
Answer:
Primary energy consists of unconverted or original fuels. Secondary energy includes resources that have been converted or stored. For example, primary energy sources include petroleum, natural gas, coal, biomass, flowing water, wind, and solar radiation.
Explanation:
1. Any chemical digestion changes __ to___
Any chemical digestion changes nutrients to smaller parts
Chemical digestion break down nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates as well fats into even smaller parts and fast break down into fatty acids and monoglycerides and nucleic acid break down into nucleotides and polysaccharides or carbohydrates sugar, break down into monosaccharides and chemical digestion is also called as mechanical digestion in which involve physically breaking down food substances into the smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion and the role of chemical digestion is to further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compound by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream
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Why would heavy grazing by elk along streams lead to food webs breaking down? Include specific examples.
Phytoplankton has been eaten by zooplankton, followed by consumed by fish or grasses, which are later eaten mostly by rabbits, who are then eaten by foxes. A deer consumes the little plants or grass, while a lion later consumes the deer.
These organisms, which are typically bacteria as well as fungi, eat organic material before recycling it back into the biotic portion of the ecosystem. The majority of grazing food chains have such a detrital food web addition to them since all ecosystems need a way to recycle resources from deceased species.
Energy and nutrients start moving through the food web in a grazing ecosystem from plants to the herbivores that eat them as well as then to the meat eaters or omnivores that eat the herbivores.
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diseases of the blood or bone marrow are referred to as: group of answer choices morphologies. dyscrasias. lymphadenopathies. hematology.
Diseases of the blood or bone marrow are referred dyscrasias.
What is dyscrasia?
Dyscrasias is an imprecise term that doctors often use to refer to blood-related medical conditions or disorders. These cellular disorders affect plasma or blood components, lymphatic tissue, and bone marrow. Examples of blood dyscrasias are aplastic anemia and cancer, including lymphoma and leukemia.
Aplastic anemia is a type of blood disorder caused by the failure of the bone marrow to produce blood cells. The cause of aplastic anemia that occurs in you can be caused by a viral infection. It can attack the bone marrow in a person, causing the development of aplastic anemia.
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when platelets adhere to the vessel wall, they release growth factors that cause smooth muscle to grow. what medical diagnoses are associated factors that influence platelets to adhere to the vessel wall? select all that apply.
Hemodynamic stress, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking are associated factors that influence platelets to adhere to the vessel wall.
The release of growth factors by platelets that stick to the vessel wall promotes the growth of smooth muscle, which in turn aids in the development of atherosclerosis. Smoking, high blood lipid and cholesterol levels, hemodynamic stress, diabetes mellitus, and immune systems all have the potential to damage blood vessels, promote platelet adhesion, and ultimately result in thrombosis.
When your blood arteries are damaged, the platelets communicate with one other. The platelets instantly form a plug (clot) to repair damage when it occurs. Adhesion is the process of moving over the surface of a broken blood vessel to halt bleeding.
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placentals and marsupials are two groups of mammals. placentals are more closely related to each other than they are to any other group of animals, and marsupials are more closely related to each other than they are to any other group of animals. placental wolves look very similar to marsupial wolves. if you use distance analysis of morphological traits to build a phylogenetic tree that includes humans (a placental mammal), placental wolves, and marsupial wolves, which two groups would you conclude are most closely related? would the tree be correct?
Due to convergent evolution placental mammals (Wolf) are closely related to marsupial wolves (Tasmanian wolf). No, the tree is wrong.
What is convergent evolution?
It is the presence of similar features in animals of different lineages. The structures in these animals have similar functions but are absent in the common ancestors hence they are analogous structures not homologous.
Such convergence of functional, morphological, and structural traits from phylogenetically unrelated species may be a result of random mutation due to selection pressure.
Here, the Tasmanian wolf (marsupial wolf) and wolf (placental mammal) have several morphological similarities but they have unrelated ancestral lineages. Hence they show convergent evolution. These two subclasses of mammals have adapted to a specific food source, locomotor ability, or environment in similar ways.
Hence, the placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf exist sharing the same habitat in different continents former in Asia and the latter in Australia because these two show convergent evolution.
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what is the main function of transcription factors? group of answer choices they compose the spliceosome which facilitates mrna splicing to facilitate binding of rna polymerase to the promoter to break the hydrogen bonds in dna and allow rna nucleotides to pair to facilitate the termination of the mrna transcript
Option B. to facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter is the main function of transcription factors.
Transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA. Transcription factors consist of an extensive variety of proteins, apart from RNA polymerase, that provokes and adjust the transcription of genes.
The overall transcription element complex TFIID plays a key role in the initiation of transcription in eukaryotic cells. It capabilities through binding a component protein, TBP, to the 'TATA box' series upstream of the beginning of transcription.
The spliceosome splices out the non-coding introns from the number one mRNA transcript and stitches the exons again together into the mature mRNA transcript.
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because each old strand of the parent molecule serves as a(n) for and is present in each new daughter strand, the process of dna replication can be described as .
Because every vintage strand of the determine molecule serves as a template for and is found in every new daughter strand, the process of DNA replication may be described as semiconservative.
Every newly synthesized DNA strand is made with the aid of adding complementary nucleotides to the original DNA strand. thus, DNA replication is semi-conservative. that is, one determine strand is continually exceeded on to her DNA daughter helix.
DNA bases are linked to each other via hydrogen bonds. Adenine and thymine are connected by means of two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine and guanine are related by means of 3 hydrogen bonds.
these bases make up the rungs of the twisted ladder that is DNA. Seals a DNA sequence into consecutive double strands.
DNA replication results in DNA molecules which include a brand new strand of nucleotides and an antique strand of nucleotides. A DNA strand complementary to the parental DNA strand is constantly synthesized inside the direction of the replication fork permitting the polymerase to feature nucleotides in that route.
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errors during what phases of meiosis are responsible for the production of aneuploids? select all that apply.
The solution is highlighted on the image. Please check all that apply. Anaphase II, metaphase II, and prophase I.
Why do you use the term "aneuploids"?Aneuploidy is a genetic condition in which there are fewer than 46 chromosomes. You will have 47 chromosomes if there is a trisomy. You will have 45 chromosomes if you are monosomically mutated. The result of a pregnancy could change if the amount of chromosome changes.
What contributes to aneuploidy?Aneuploidy, a condition where the amount of chromosomes in a cell a organism deviates beyond multiples of the haploid genome, is caused by errors in chromosome segregation. Chromosome mis-segregation during meiosis, which results in aneuploidy, is a key contributor to infertility and inherited birth abnormalities.
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You have been contacted by a government official, who is looking to spend 5 million USD of overseas aid funding to benefit human welfare by protecting an ecosystem. They wish to use the money to protect and or / restore an area of land (or sea), in collaboration with local communities. They would like your help to decide which ecosystem type (suggestions listed below) would lead to the greatest benefit in terms of human health, equality and wellbeing.
Your task is to write a persuasive letter, arguing for the benefits of your chosen ecosystem. The official will be best convinced by:
An ecosystem services approach, using correct terminology
Clear evidence based (rather than emotional / value based) arguments
Clearly demonstrated correct scientific understanding (e.g. of the carbon cycle)
Specific studies, giving measured estimates of ecosystem services in particular locations (e.g. specific quantities of carbon stored or water purified, for example) - correctly cited
Ecosystems that store large quantities of carbon, since climate change mitigation is a priority.
Solutions that benefit disadvantaged communities (economically disadvantaged or excluded from decision making processes)
Reliable sources, carefully selected and evaluated
Once they have read and considered all your arguments, they will choose to use the funding to enhance protection or restoration of one type of ecosystem.
The coastal region is chosen to be remediated by the government's incentive, because the mangrove vegetation, mainly its root system, is capable of reducing the impact of sea water on coastal regions, protecting coastal cities against the effects of tidal erosion , storms, sea level rise, and even tsunamis.
The mangrove and its biodiversity: why preserve it?Thinking about the preservation of the forests, we decided to develop our project highlighting the riparian forests, specifically the mangrove. The mangrove is an ecosystem that develops in tropical regions, where fresh and salt water meet, thus forming brackish water. The mangroves are made up of three types of trees — they are: the red mangrove, the white mangrove and the black mangrove — and can therefore be considered a forest.
In it we will find animals that serve as food and sustenance for many people, and the preservation of its fauna and flora is of great importance for the sustainability of this forest and the individuals who need it.
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what maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is not contracting (ventricular diastole)
The driving pressure on blood while the heart is not contracting is the Recoil of the elastic arteries.
The lowest arterial pressure during this resting phase of the left ventricle is called diastolic pressure. Arterial pressure drop rate is primarily controlled by terminal resistance arterioles located at arterial-capillary junctions. Hemodynamics ultimately begins in the heart. The heart provides the driving force for all blood flow in the body.
Cardiac output drives blood through arteries and veins as a function of ventricular contraction. Ventricular motion results from the concentric shortening of the cardiomyocytes. Each time your heart beats, it creates pressure in your arteries. Pressure is greatest when blood is pumped from the heart into the arteries. As the heart relaxes between beats, the pressure within the arteries decreases.
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An experiment i completed that attempt to imulale active tranport in a cell. Model of cell tructure with an internal olution concentration of 40% are placed in a olution of 20% concentration. The
reulting concentrabon alter a 24 hour time penod are hown in the table
A cell must use energy to transfer materials against a concentrations or electrochemical gradient. In order to accomplish this, active transport systems use energy.
Describe a cell.The simplest form that really can sustain life by itself and makes up most living things, including the body's tissues. The cellular membranes, the nuclei, and the cytoplasm are the three primary components of a cell. The materials that enter and leave the cells are controlled by the cell membrane, which encloses the cell.
What is the structure of cells?The cellular membranes, the nuclei, and indeed the cytoplasm are the three components that make up a cell. Intricate arrangements of microscopic fibers and hundreds and hundreds of tiny, unique structures known as organelles can be found in the cytoplasm.
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The spread of cancer cells to other locations in the body is known as __________.
The spread of cancer cells to other locations in the body is known as Metastasis.
Metastasis is the condition were cancer breaks away from the place of their origin they travel from blood and lymph were they form new tumor cells .
The cancer that separate from one part of the body to other is Metastasis cancer. They are also known as stage IV of cancer were it become highly contagious and spread with very fast pace. This metastasis of cancer brings most lethal consequences to the disease may considered as the last stage of disease .
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all of the following occur during mitosis except a.the coiling of chromosomes. b.the formation of a spindle. c.the synthesis of dna. d.the degradation of the nuclear envelope.
The Synthesis of DNA do not occur during mitosis .
Mitosis is the process through which a mobile replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing identical nuclei in coaching for cellular department. Mitosis is usually followed with the aid of equal department of the mobile's content into daughter cells which have equal genomes.
At some point of mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, which includes its chromosomes, and splits to form identical daughter cells. because this procedure is so critical, the stairs of mitosis are cautiously controlled with the aid of certain genes.
It's far crucial that the daughter cells have a duplicate of each chromosome, so the procedure entails copying the chromosomes first after which cautiously isolating the copies to present each new cell a full set, before mitosis, the chromosomes are copied.
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how does the second law of thermodynamics help explain the diffusion of a substance across a membrane?
The second law is the trend toward randomization, or increasing entropy.
Second law allows for diffusion because diffusion is an increase in entropy .Diffusion is the process of movement of molecule down the concentration gradient until they doesn't exist . This movement represents an increase in the entropy.
Second Law of Thermodynamics state that molecules will spontaneously move towards an area of lower concentration, from an area of higher concentration. Molecule are capable to travel across cell membranes known as lipophilic molecules as they dissolve in the lipid bilayer. Movement represents an increase in the entropy or disorder in the system .
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The result of the following cross indicates that the genotype of the male parent is _____.
The result of the following cross indicates that the genotype of the male parent is RR.
When a sperm sporting the Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the ensuing embryo has a genotype of XY and may be a male. With uncommon exceptions, all different embryos may be XX or female. Although the Y chromosome codes for a male, the X chromosome is important for regular human development.
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In the present day, is more carbon released or absorbed by the atmosphere? Why is this significant?
If CO₂ holds heat, what does this mean for Earth’s global temperature?
Which reservoir holds the most carbon on Earth?
Suggest one solution for increasing the amount of carbon being absorbed from the atmosphere. Present a short argument for why this suggestion will work.
(Refer to the Carbon Reservoirs table for ideas)
Answer:
beautiful the temperature is to hot so the clouds can not sustain it
give some examples of a situation when a substance can not be moved in to cell
by osmosis or diffusion and how active transport solve the problem
Answer:
Explanation:
This is how the two processes differ from one another. One significant distinction between osmosis and diffusion is that only the solvent molecules (water molecules) pass the membrane during osmosis, but in diffusion, both solvent and solute particles are free to move. Passive transport in the case of diffusion does not require a transport protein to enter a cell. Gaseous molecules are transported by diffusion, or the gradient of concentration, from their higher to lower concentration. Energy is not used during passive transport.
In osmosis only solvent molecule pass through selectively permeable membrane from one cell to another whereas in diffusion process both solute and solvent passes through semipermeable membrane.
What is diffusion ?Diffusion is the passive process where the movement of molecules along with the concentration gradient.
It helps in the movement of substances whether solute or solvent in and out of the cells from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration gradient.
Liquid and gaseous state of the substance move by diffusion process, some factors affecting diffusion process Temperature, Area of Interaction, Size of the Particle, concentration gradient.
Diffusion is important as it is involve in respiration by diffusing the carbon dioxide gas out through the cell membrane into the blood, also occurs in plant cells mainly root hair cells, ions movement across the neurons.
Active transport uses external energy where the molecules move from one cell to another cell against concentration gradient.
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a hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules on the iron atom in a heme group and experiences cooperative binding, which means that as oxygen molecules are added to one heme group, it is easier to add another oxygen molecule to one of the other heme groups. in other words, through cooperative binding, once a deoxyhemoglobin molecule, which has a low affinity for oxygen, starts to bind oxygen it more easily binds additional oxygen molecules and once a hemoglobin molecule starts to release oxygen, it more readily releases additional oxygen. how does cooperative binding relate to oxygen use during rest and strenuous exercising? (choose all that apply)
Because muscles do not require oxygen while a person is at rest, hemoglobin uses less oxygen. When a person transitions from rest to exercise, hemoglobin molecules are released into the muscles.
What does a low hemoglobin level mean?Hemoglobin levels may fall if an illness or condition interferes with your body's capacity to make red blood cells. Your body isn't receiving enough oxygen when your haemoglobin level is low, which makes you feel extremely exhausted and weak.
Why does hemoglobin level rise?When your body needs more hemoglobin to carry oxygen, which typically happens when you smoke, your hemoglobin count rises. You produce more red blood cells naturally if you reside at a high altitude to make up for the area's lower oxygen levels.
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accessing the insertion of serratus anterior by curling your fingers around the medial border of the scapula, your fingers will inherently have to work through the bellies of
Accessing the insertion of the serratus anterior by finger curling around the medial border of the scapula, your fingers will inherently have to work through the bellies of the trapezius and rhomboids
The middle trapezius and the rhomboids are the two main scapular retractor muscles, but the activities of these two muscles differ in some ways. The rhomboids operate to both retract and rotate the scapula in order to depress the glenoid fossa, in contrast to the middle fibers of the trapezius, which only serve as pure scapular retractor muscles.
The serratus anterior and the upper, middle, and lower trapezius muscles cause the scapula to rotate upward. These muscles play a significant role in the typical scapular motions that occur during arm-raising. Therefore, research has examined how to train these muscles. In order to maintain the scapula's upward rotation, which permits overhead lifting, the serratus anterior collaborates with the upper and lower fibers of the trapezius muscle.
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adenosine inhibits other neurons in the brain. specifically, it inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters and decreases the effect of dopamine. during the day, adenosine levels rise, and adenosine acts on its receptor to inhibit other neurons. specifically, what effects would caffeine have?
Caffeine prevents adenosine from binding, which results in an increase in dopamine and a shift in perspective as well as less weariness.
The parasympathetic nervous system is affected by caffeine. the main organs, including the brain. Caffeine impacts the activity within the neuron cell as it attaches to the adenosine receptor, it inhibits the adenosine receptor.
Caffeine use frequently causes dilated pupils, tremors, anxiety, restlessness, and irritability, among other physiological consequences.
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One challenge for organisms that live in this ecosystem?
Answer:
Habitat Loss.
Explanation:
More challenges include but are not limited to, climate change including sea level rise, and levee stability.
an intrepid group of lab students is performing an experiment where they are collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight at a temperature of 27 degrees celsius. what is the gas they are collecting?
The gas that the lab students are collecting is most likely oxygen. When plants are exposed to bright sunlight and warm temperatures, they undergo photosynthesis, which is a process that produces oxygen gas as a byproduct.
During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide from the air and use sunlight to convert it into energy-rich organic compounds like glucose. Oxygen gas is produced as a waste product of this process.
While the exact mechanism of photosynthesis is still not fully understood, we know that it is responsible for the production of oxygen gas in the Earth's atmosphere. Without photosynthesis, our planet would be uninhabitable for most forms of life.
The lab students are probably collecting the oxygen gas given off by the plant in order to study it more closely. By doing so, they can learn more about how plants produce oxygen and how this gas is essential for life on Earth.
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in the sympathetic division of the nervous system, where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?
In the sympathetic division of the nervous system bodies of preganglionic neurons located, in the lateral horns of the 12 thoracic and the first 2 or 3 lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
Cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter between T1-L2. Cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are in the brainstem or spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS).
Important function preganglionic neurons is they are responsible for conveying nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia.
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Explain the relationship of yolks size to the development rate of the organism inside the egg
There is direct relationship of yolks size to the development rate of the organism inside the egg because large size of yolk leads to the more speed of development rate.
What role does the yolk play in chick development?The main font of nutrients for chicken embryo development is the yolk, which gives more than 90% of the nutrients and is dynamically consumed to supply essential elements for embryonic organ growth and tissue emergence. The yolk is the source of food for the embryo and takes all the fat in the egg. The small white spot on the yolk is called the germinal disc. The chicken yolk sac tissue supplies the functions of the intestine, liver, bone marrow, and thyroid, while the organs of the embryo evolve and mature.
So we can conclude that the yolk sac supplies food material to the embryo. The amnion, by enclosing the embryo provides protection.
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Certain reactions in cells are endergonic. How do cells make those reactions proceed?.
The endergonic reactions of the cell are proceeded by their coupling with the ATP hydrolysis.
Endergonic means the reactions that requires the input of energy for them to proceed. In these reactions, the free energy is positive. Thus, the Gibb's free energy is said to be positive. Most of the reactions inside the living organisms is endergonic, for example photosynthesis.
ATP hydrolysis is the break down of the phosphate group attached by phospho-anhydride bonds from the triphosphates of adenosine. This breakdown releases very high amounts of energy which can be used to drive some other processes of the living organisms.
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