Cash receipts from issuing ordinary and preference shares or other equity instruments. Cash payments for amounts borrowed.
Examples of cash flows from (used in) financing activities are as follows: Cash payments to owners to acquire or redeem the entity's shares. Cash flows from financing activities are the result of cash inflows and outflows that are related to the financing of the company's activities. A business's cash flow statement is broken down into three sections: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. It is important for companies to keep track of their cash flows from these activities to ensure that they are operating efficiently. Cash payments are the cash outflows that a company has to make to cover various expenses that it incurs as part of its operations. These may include payments for inventory, salaries and wages, rent, taxes, interest payments, and others.
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Zakes Limited is in the process of preparing its cash budget for the forthcoming financial year. The budgeted statement of financial position reflects the following balances for trade payables (creditors):
Trade payables
R
Opening balance 2 600 000
Closing balance 2 400 000
The purchases budget reflects budget credit purchases of R10 000 000. What is the expected cash payment to creditors?
A.R9 800 000
B.R10 200 000
C.R13 200 000
D.R14 800 000
The expected cash payment to creditors is R9,800,000. The cash payment to creditors can be calculated by considering the change in trade payables.
The change in trade payables is obtained by subtracting the opening balance from the closing balance, which gives a decrease of R200,000 (2,400,000 - 2,600,000). Since the decrease in trade payables represents a cash outflow, the expected cash payment to creditors is R200,000 less than the budgeted credit purchases, which is R10,000,000. Therefore, the expected cash payment to creditors is R9,800,000 (10,000,000 - 200,000).
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From a survey of coworkers you find that 42% of 150 have already received this year's flu vaccine. An approximate 95% confidence interval is (0.339,0.501). Which of the following are true? If not, explain briefly. an a) 95% of the coworkers fall in the interval (0.339,0.501). b) We are 95% confident that the proportion of coworkers who have received this year's flu vaccine is between 33.9% and 50.1% ok c) There is a 95% chance that a randomly selected coworker has received the vaccine. d) There is a 42% chance that a randomly selected coworker has received the vaccine. ch e) We are 95% confident that between 33.9% and 50.1% of the samples will have a proportion near 42%. ICCER eR C. The statement is false. The sample size is too small to make this claim. Con D. The statement is false. This doesn't make sense because workers are not proportions. la b) Choose the correct answer below. A. The statement is true. O u< B. The statement is false. We are 95% confident that the sample proportion of coworkers who have received this year's flu vaccine is between 33.9% and 50.1% OC. The statement is false. We are 42% confident that the proportion of coworkers who have received this year's flu vaccine is between 33.9% and 50.1%. D. The statement is false. The sample size is too small to make this claim. S c) Choose the correct answer below. l A. The statement is false. The sample size is too small to make this claim. B. The statement is true. OC. The statement is false. There is not enough information to make an absolute statement about the population value with certainty. D. The statement is false. There is a 5% chance that a randomly selected coworker has received the vaccine.
We are 95% confident that the sample proportion of coworkers who have received this year's flu vaccine is between 33.9% and 50.1% is true.
Which of the following are true? If not, explain briefly: an. 95% of the coworkers fall in the interval (0.339, 0.501) => False. This statement can't be true because the interval is for a proportion of individuals who took the vaccine, not the individuals themselves. b. We are 95% confident that the proportion of coworkers who have received this year's flu vaccine is between 33.9% and 50.1% => True.
c. There is a 95% chance that a randomly selected coworker has received the vaccine => False. It's not right because the confidence level and probability are not the same.d. There is a 42% chance that a randomly selected coworker has received the vaccine. => False.e. We are 95% confident that between 33.9% and 50.1% of the samples will have a proportion near 42%. => False. This statement is incorrect because it's impossible to predict how much of the sample will have a proportion near 42%.The answer is "The statement is true."
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Jonny only consumes beer and weed. A beer is $43 and an ounce of weed is $12, Jonny's budget is $2729 a month. If the expression of his budget line equation is Weed H+V Beer, what would be the value of V? (hint: be careful with the signs)
The value of V in the budget line equation Weed H+V Beer is approximately -63.46. It means that for every unit increase in beer consumption, Jonny's budget decreases by $63.46.
To determine the value of V, we need to consider Jonny's budget and the prices of beer and weed. Let's start by setting up the budget line equation:
Budget = Weed H + V Beer
Given:
Budget = $2729
Price of a beer = $43
Price of an ounce of weed = $12
To find the value of V, we can substitute the given values into the equation:
$2729 = Weed H + V * $43
Now, let's rearrange the equation to isolate V:
V * $43 = $2729 - Weed H
V = ($2729 - Weed H) / $43
Since we don't have any specific information about the quantity of weed (Weed H), we can assume it to be zero for simplicity:
V = ($2729 - 0) / $43
V = $2729 / $43
V ≈ -63.46
The value of V in the budget line equation Weed H+V Beer is approximately -63.46. It means that for every unit increase in beer consumption, Jonny's budget decreases by $63.46.
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ABC Company maintains a petty cash fund for small expenditures. The following transactions occurred during May 2020. May 01 Established petty cash fund by writing a check for BD150. May 15 Replenished the petty cash fund by writing a check for BD144. On this date the fund consisted of BD6 in cash and the following petty cash receipts: , entertainment expense BD113, and miscellaneous expense BD35. May 31 Decreased the amount of the petty cash fund to BD125. Required: On May 31 Instead of decreased ,if the ABC Company wants to increase the petty cash fund to BD225. The journal entry for increasing the petty cash fund should be:
The company will have to increase the petty cash fund by an additional BD100 (BD225 - BD125). Therefore, it will debit the petty cash fund account with BD75 and credit the cash account with BD75.
When ABC Company wants to increase the petty cash fund to BD225 on May 31, then the journal entry for increasing the petty cash fund is as follows: Account Title Debit Credit Petty cash fund 75 Cash at bank75 (Being additional cash added to petty cash fund)In the existing scenario, the petty cash fund was established for BD150 on May 1 and replenished for BD144 on May 15.
On May 31, the amount of petty cash fund is BD125, which is lesser than the total amount of receipts i.e. BD148 (BD113 + BD35) .
So, the company will have to increase the petty cash fund by an additional BD100 (BD225 - BD125). Therefore, it will debit the petty cash fund account with BD75 and credit the cash account with BD75.
This will increase the petty cash fund from BD125 to BD225.The journal entry for increasing the petty cash fund is: Account Title Debit Credit Petty cash fund75 Cash at bank75(Being additional cash added to petty cash fund) .
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Suppose that last year, the 12-month interest rates for the Australia and the Greece are 2.4% and 9.8% respectively, and that the Australian dollar price of a euro is $1.39. Given this information, what was the percentage change in the exchange rate over the year? Round to two decimal places. Enter a number like 2% as "2.00" and not "0.02
To determine the percentage change in the exchange rate, we can follow the provided steps and calculations:
Given:
12-month interest rate for Australia: 2.4%
12-month interest rate for Greece: 9.8%
Australian dollar price of a euro: $1.39
Using the formula E2/E1 = (1 + r2)/(1 + r1), where E1 is the exchange rate at the start of the year, E2 is the exchange rate at the end of the year, r1 is the interest rate for Australia, and r2 is the interest rate for Greece:
E2/1.39 = (1 + 0.098)/(1 + 0.024)
Calculating E2:
E2 = 1.39 × (1 + 0.098)/(1 + 0.024)
E2 = 1.39 × 1.098/1.024
E2 = 1.528
Using the formula for percentage change:
% Change = [(New Value - Old Value)/Old Value] × 100
% Change = [(1.528 - 1.39)/1.39] × 100
% Change = 0.138/1.39 × 100
% Change = 0.09928 × 100
% Change = 9.93%
Rounded to two decimal places, the percentage change in the exchange rate is 9.93%.
Therefore, the correct option is 9.93%.
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Question 45 1 pts If the Fed lowers the reserve requirement from 10 percent to 8 percent, the result will be ‒‒‒‒‒‒ O more borrowing from the Fed by banks O a decrease in the money supply O no change in the money supply O an increase in the money supply Question 46 1 pts To increase the money supply, the Fed can O decrease the discount rate O sell bonds O increase the interest rate paid on reserves O increase reserve requirements Question 47 1 pts Penny, an avocado farmer, wants to purchase new desk that has been priced at $150. Avocados cost $2.00 each, so Penny knows that the desk is equal to 75 avocados. This illustrates money's function as a O means of deferred payment O medium of exchange O unit of account O store of value
Question 45: If the Fed lowers the reserve requirement from 10 percent to 8 percent, the result will be an increase in the money supply.
Question 46: To increase the money supply, the Fed can decrease the discount rate, sell bonds, or decrease reserve requirements.
Question 47: Penny using the price of avocados to determine the value of a desk illustrates money's function as a unit of account.
In question 45, if the Fed lowers the reserve requirement from 10 percent to 8 percent, it will result in an increase in the money supply. By reducing the reserve requirement, banks are required to hold a smaller portion of deposits as reserves, allowing them to lend out a larger amount of money. This expansion of lending increases the overall money supply in the economy.
Regarding question 46, the Fed can use several methods to increase the money supply. These include decreasing the discount rate, which encourages banks to borrow more from the Fed and increase their lending activities, selling bonds in the open market to inject money into circulation, or decreasing reserve requirements to free up more funds for lending.
Question 47 highlights Penny's use of the price of avocados to determine the value of a desk, demonstrating money's function as a unit of account. By comparing the price of the desk in terms of avocados, Penny can assess the value of the desk relative to another commodity, facilitating economic calculations and comparisons.
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Question 15 If a person consumes more and more of a good, and each additional unit adds less satisfaction than the previous unit consumed, we are seeing the workings of O the law of demand O the law of increasing opportunity cost O the law of diminishing marginal utility O the law of supply Question 16 In order to derive an individual's demand curve for a good, we could examine the quantity of the good purchased at the consumer's optimal choice when changing O tastes and preferences O the price of the product holding everything else constant O the price of a close substitute O income
Question 15:If a person consumes more and more of a good, and each additional unit adds less satisfaction than the previous unit consumed, we are seeing the workings of the law of diminishing marginal utility.
The law of diminishing marginal utility is a principle in economics that states that as an individual consumes more and more of a good or service, the additional utility or satisfaction received from each additional unit decreases. As a result, the consumer's demand for the good or service decreases as well.When the marginal utility of a good or service diminishes, this means that each additional unit of that good or service adds less and less satisfaction to the consumer.
This principle is particularly important for businesses that seek to optimize their production and pricing strategies.Question 16:In order to derive an individual's demand curve for a good, we could examine the quantity of the good purchased at the consumer's optimal choice when changing the price of the product holding everything else constant.Individuals' demand curves for a good can be derived by examining the quantity of the good purchased at the consumer's optimal choice when changing the price of the product while holding everything else constant. This is known as the law of demand.The law of demand is a basic principle in economics that states that the quantity of a good or service demanded by consumers will increase as the price of that good or service decreases, all other things being equal. Conversely, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity demanded will decrease, all other things being equal.
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1. "Cat's Eye" is a fashion wares business company. They have 20 showrooms in 151 Bangladesh and every showroom has several sales persons. They purchase finished dresses of men and women of all ages from different suppliers and sale those items to the registered or non-registered customers. All Purchases are controlled from the head office and distributes items to all showrooms based on their previous sales records. The system also keeps track of the numbers of sales made by each sales person. The management can view these statistics of purchase, sales process and employee contribution They have discount policy for the registered customers. They have three types of Customer Platinum, Golden and General. If a Platinum customer purchase items by less than 1000 taka then they will get 5% discount and purchase items by more than or equal 1000 taka they will get 7% discount. If a Golden customer purchase items by less than 1000 taka they will get 4 % discount and purchase items by more than or equal 1000 taka they will get 6% discount. General customers will always get 2 % discount whatever they purchase. At the end of each financial year, the management produce annual report of each employe (Sales persons, managers) and provide them some bonus based on their performance. In addition, they produce different documents (Tax File, Income expense statements etc.) to have a very good record to government in order to expand their business i future. If an information system were to be design for "Cat's Eye", what would be the operational, strategic, tactical, and statutory information? Give example.
2.
a) Taz is a post-graduate student of Oxford International University. She is conducting her
research on Machine learning and trying to collect some real data for her research purpose.
Help Taz choosing her information gathering tool, mentioning why that tool is appropriate for Taz.
b) Prepare a list of the question that Taz will as to collect her required data. Include open.
ended, closed-ended and range of response questions etc.
3. Construct Level-0 DFD from the above scenario of Question 1.
4. Convert the DFD-0 to DFD-1 .
5. Draw the decision tree and decision table for the above discount policy from Question 1 .
Operational Information: Information that is used to perform everyday tasks is functional. Operational information is used to ensure the smooth running of the organization's day-to-day activities.
Examples of operational information include order processing, payment processing, and customer support. Strategic Information: Information that is used to make strategic decisions is known as strategic information. Senior executives and managers use strategic information to make long-term business decisions. Examples of strategic information include customer feedback, sales performance, and industry trends.
2. a)Forms is a good information-gathering tool for Taz because it is simple to use, has a user-friendly interface, and can handle a large amount of data. It is also simple to share a Form with others, and the responses are automatically recorded in a Sheet.
b) Taz's questions should include a mix of open-ended, closed-ended, and range-of-response questions, as well as demographic questions.
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29
Pick one of the following items that does not represent recent trends in retailing.
aging US population
increasing time for shopping
quality labor shortage
intense competition
30. When economy is good and at its peak, the management (not the salesperson) benefits from _________ the proportion of salesperson salary against the proportion of commission.
increasing
decreasing
not changing
optimizing
37.
With which of these practices do firms have NO intention of selling an advertised item?
bait-and-switch advertising
selling against the brand
loss-leader advertising
predatory pricing
One of the following items that does not represent recent trends in retailing is- b. "increasing time for shopping."
What is the reason?It is not a recent trend as it has always been the same. The rest of the options are the recent trends in retailing.Hence, the answer is option b.30. When the economy is good and at its peak, the management (not the salesperson) benefits from- d. "optimizing" the proportion of the salesperson's salary against the proportion of commission.
What is the reason?This is because, during the peak, the sales of the company increase.Which in turn increases the salesperson's commission. Therefore, to optimize the proportion of salary and commission, the company would have to adjust the salary component and increase the commission component.Hence, option d. is correct.37. The practice that firms have NO intention of selling an advertised item is- A. "bait-and-switch advertising."
The reason?Bait-and-switch advertising is a practice that involves advertising a low-priced item.That's not in stock with the intention of selling a higher-priced item that is. The practice is illegal and unethical. The rest of the options are the practices that firms may use to sell their products.Hence, option a. is correct.To know more on advertising visit:
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1. Corporate citizenship at IBM means more than philanthropy and community involvement. Clear goals for social impact are designated through efforts such as city infrastructure investments, and the initiative is also closely aligned with IBM’s goals as a business. Business goals and ROI are clearly defined, tracked, and reported to senior management, further integrating the work into the business. IBM’s commitment to corporate citizenship and social responsibility extends company-wide.
a. Define Corporate citizenship
b. Philanthropy is one the responsibility of CSR pyramid . Discuss on the CSR four responsibilities of IBM with Carrolls Pyramid
c. Imagine yourself being in the IBM R & D team . Research on the IBM responsibility for the Sustainable Development
d. Discuss on the framework of successful corporate citizenship
e. Good corporate citizens strive to conduct all business dealings in an ethical manner. Discuss the Ethical Business Behavior in Principles of corporate citizenship.
f. Explain The Clarkson Principles of Stakeholder Management
a. Corporate citizenship refers to a company's commitment to behaving responsibly and making positive contributions to society beyond its core business activities.
b. IBM's CSR responsibilities align with Carroll's Pyramid of CSR, which includes economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities. IBM focuses on economic growth, legal compliance, ethical conduct, and philanthropic efforts for social impact.
c. In terms of sustainable development, IBM's responsibility lies in developing and implementing innovative technologies, solutions, and practices that address environmental challenges, promote resource efficiency, and support sustainable business models.
d. A framework for successful corporate citizenship involves setting clear goals for social impact, integrating them into business strategies, tracking and reporting on progress, engaging senior management, and aligning initiatives with the company's core values and purpose.
e. Ethical business behavior in corporate citizenship means conducting business with integrity, transparency, and fairness. It involves adhering to ethical principles, complying with laws and regulations, treating stakeholders ethically, and addressing social and environmental concerns.
f. The Clarkson Principles of Stakeholder Management emphasize that corporations have a responsibility to consider the interests of all stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, and the community. The principles promote fair and balanced decision-making, stakeholder engagement, and sustainable value creation for long-term success.
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Asses factors that shape employee behavior
Employee behavior is shaped by a variety of factors, including individual characteristics, organizational culture, leadership style, job design, and external influences. These factors collectively influence how employees think, feel, and act within the workplace, ultimately affecting their performance and productivity.
Employee behavior is influenced by individual characteristics such as personal attitude, and motivation. Different individuals may have distinct work preferences and styles that impact their behavior. Organizational culture also plays a significant role in shaping employee behavior. A positive and supportive culture promotes engagement and cooperation, while a toxic or negative culture can lead to disengagement and undesirable behavior.
Leadership style and behavior of managers have a direct impact on employee behavior. Effective leaders who provide clear direction, support, and motivation tend to foster positive employee behavior. Job design, including factors like task variety, autonomy, and feedback, influences employee behavior by affecting job satisfaction, motivation, and performance.
External influences, such as industry norms, societal expectations, and economic conditions, can also shape employee behavior. For example, economic downturns may lead to increased job insecurity and stress, which can impact employee behavior.
In conclusion, various factors, including individual characteristics, organizational culture, leadership style, job design, and external influences, collectively shape employee behavior in the workplace.
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(a) Use the simple macroeconomic model to explain in words how government expenditure can result in inflation. In your answer, explain why the price level will increase.
[3 marks]
(b) Suppose the government finances its expenditures by issuing bonds to the public. Do you think such government spending can lead to sustained inflation and higher aggregate output? Explain in words.
[3 marks]
(c) Explain in words and with a fully-labelled diagram why cost-push inflation and its likely impact on the price level creates a dilemma for a policymaker who wants to maintain real GDP growth and a low inflation rate.
[4 marks]
Government expenditure can result in inflation due to the increase in aggregate demand. Government spending financed by issuing bonds can potentially lead to sustained inflation and higher aggregate output. Cost-push inflation occurs when the costs of production, such as wages or raw materials, increase and firms pass on these higher costs to consumers through higher prices.
a) Government expenditure can result in inflation due to the increase in aggregate demand. When the government spends more, it injects money into the economy, which leads to higher consumption and investment. This increased spending drives up prices as demand exceeds supply, causing inflation. The price level increases because there is more money chasing the same amount of goods and services.
b) Government spending financed by issuing bonds can potentially lead to sustained inflation and higher aggregate output. When the government issues bonds, it increases the money supply in the economy, which can stimulate aggregate demand and economic activity.
This increased demand can lead to inflation if it outpaces the economy's capacity to produce goods and services. However, sustained inflation and higher output depend on various factors, including the effectiveness of government spending, the efficiency of resource allocation, and the impact on productivity.
c) Cost-push inflation occurs when the costs of production, such as wages or raw materials, increase and firms pass on these higher costs to consumers through higher prices. This creates a dilemma for policymakers because they aim to maintain both real GDP growth and a low inflation rate.
When cost-push inflation occurs, it puts upward pressure on the price level, making it difficult to control inflation while promoting economic growth. Policymakers may face the challenge of balancing the need to control inflation by implementing contractionary measures, which could slow down economic growth.
The diagram illustrating this dilemma would show a shift in the aggregate supply curve to the left, resulting in higher prices (inflation) and potentially lower real GDP growth. Policymakers must carefully consider the trade-offs and employ appropriate measures to manage this dilemma effectively.
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Windy's and Burglar King are substitute hamburger restaurants. Windy's employees
are given a wage increase. What would we expect?
a. Windy's hamburgers to increase in price and Burglar King's hamburgers to
increase in price
b. Windy's hamburgers to increase in price and Burglar King's hamburgers to
decrease in price
c. Windy's hamburgers to decrease in price and Burglar King's hamburgers to
increase in price
d. Windy's hamburgers to decrease in price and Burglar King's hamburgers to
decrease in price
When Windy's employees are given a wage increase, we can expect the cost of production for Windy's to increase. As a result, we would expect the price of Windy's hamburgers to increase.
As Windy's and Burglar King are substitute hamburger restaurants, a wage increase at Windy's could make Burglar King relatively more attractive to consumers. To compete and potentially attract more customers, Burglar King might choose to keep their prices the same or even decrease them. Therefore, we would expect Burglar King's hamburgers to either stay the same in price or potentially decrease.
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What would be some acceptance criteria for the actual project
management plan. Acceptance criteria for a risk assessment report.
Acceptance criteria for a BCP. Acceptance criteria for closing
document
Acceptance criteria for the actual project management plan may include clear and measurable objectives, a detailed timeline with milestones, defined roles and responsibilities, stakeholder sign-off, and alignment with the organization's strategic goals.
These criteria ensure that the plan is comprehensive, actionable, and meets the needs of the project and the organization.Acceptance criteria for a risk assessment report could include identification and analysis of potential risks, assessment of their potential impact and likelihood, prioritization of risks based on severity, mitigation strategies, risk ownership and accountability, and sign-off from key stakeholders. These criteria ensure that the risk assessment report is thorough, accurate, and provides a solid foundation for risk management and mitigation.
Acceptance criteria for a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) may include a comprehensive analysis of critical business functions, identification of potential disruptions, development of response and recovery strategies, clear communicatio plans, regular testing and updating of the plan, and sign-off from relevant stakeholders. These criteria ensure that the BCP is robust, adaptable, and capable of effectively guiding the organization through a crisis or disruption.
Acceptance criteria for a closing document may include verification of project completion against defined objectives, confirmation of all deliverables and milestones being achieved, review and approval of final project budget, documentation of lessons learned and best practices, handover of project assets and knowledge, and sign-off from key stakeholders. These criteria ensure that the closing document accurately reflects the successful completion of the project and provides a comprehensive record for future reference and evaluation.
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Based on your experience as a worker/manager, please explain the importance of organizational structure and culture to work?
Use the readings to aid you in this discussion. What types of problems do they solve/cause.
Provide examples.
Organizational structure and culture are vital for the functioning and success of a workplace. Organizational structure provides clarity on roles, responsibilities, and communication channels, promoting coordination and efficiency.
It ensures effective resource allocation and utilization. On the other hand, organizational culture influences employee engagement, motivation, and job satisfaction. It sets the tone for adaptability, innovation, and collaboration.
Problems may arise when there is a breakdown in communication, leading to inefficiencies and misunderstandings. Resistance to change can hinder growth and innovation. Addressing these issues requires reevaluating and modifying structures and cultures, promoting open communication, and embracing flexibility and learning.
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Suppose that a client borrows a loan amount of R200,000 at annual interest rate of 101% compounded monthly. In order to repay the loan in 60 months, by using -PMT() excel command, we determine that the client should pay a monthly instalment of ? Provide a unitless number. Do not put currency!
In order to determine the monthly instalment that a client needs to pay in order to repay a loan amount of R200,000 with an annual interest rate of 101% compounded monthly in 60 months, we can use the PMT() excel command.
The PMT() command is used to calculate the payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate. The command has three arguments, which are rate, nper, and pv. Rate is the interest rate per period, nper is the total number of payment periods, and pv is the present value or loan amount. Using these arguments, we can calculate the monthly instalment as follows: rate = 101%/12 = 8.42% (monthly interest rate) nper = 60 (total number of payment periods)pv = R200,000 (loan amount)PMT = -PMT(8.42%/12, 60, 200000) = R4,741.87Therefore, the client should pay a monthly instalment of R4,741.87 to repay the loan in 60 months.
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Jurassic World had world-wide box office receipts of $1.66 billion. Suppose that Chris Pratt, the leading actor, had been offered a part in another movie and that to hire him for Jurassic World, the producer had to double his pay.
What incentives would have changed? How might the changed incentives have changed the choices that people made?
Chris Pratt might have had _____ incentive to make Jurassic World and the movie producer might have had an incentive to _______
A. to same; hire an alternative actor
B. a bigger; reduce the budget for supporting actors
C. less; reduce the budget for supporting actors
D. less; hire an alternative actor
Chris Pratt might have had a bigger incentive to make Jurassic World, and the movie producer might have had an incentive to reduce the budget for supporting actors.
The doubled pay offered to Chris Pratt for his role in Jurassic World would create a bigger incentive for him to take part in the movie. The increased financial compensation would make the opportunity more attractive and lucrative for him, potentially motivating him to prioritize Jurassic World over other projects.
On the other hand, the movie producer, faced with the higher cost of hiring Chris Pratt, might have an incentive to reduce the budget for supporting actors. The increased expenditure on Pratt's salary could necessitate cost-cutting measures elsewhere in the production to maintain profitability or stay within budget constraints. One possible approach would be to allocate less funding towards supporting actors, potentially hiring actors with lower salaries or reducing the number of supporting roles.
Therefore, in this scenario, Chris Pratt would have a bigger incentive to participate in Jurassic World due to the doubled pay, while the movie producer would have an incentive to reduce the budget for supporting actors to offset the increased cost of hiring Pratt.
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For Questions 41-45, refer to below problem: Kiwi company issued a 2.5% promissory note payable in 3 equal annual installments to purchase machinery with a depreciable value of 3,000,000 on October 31, 2021. Interest expense relating to the promissory note was 16,650 for 2021. Unadjusted accumulated depreciation on December 31, 2022 amounted to 100,000. Question 41 How much was the cost of the machinery? Question 42 How much is the machinery's salvage value? Question 43 What was the estimated useful life of the machinery in years? Question 44 How much is adjusted accumulated depreciation on December 31, 2022? Question 45 How much is adjusted depreciation expense on December 31, 2022?
The promissory note amount of 3,996,000 is the cost of the machinery.
41) Cost of the machinery = 3,996,000
42) Machinery's salvage value = 996,000
43) Estimated useful life of the machinery in years = 5 years
44) Adjusted accumulated depreciation on dec 31, 2022 = 700,000
45) Adjusted depreciation expense on december 31, 2022 = 600,000
Cost of the machinery 3,996,000
Less: Depreciable value -3,000,000
Salvage Value 996,000
Unadjusted accumulated depreciation 100,000
Divide: No of months from oct 31,2021 to dec 31,2021 2
Monthly Depreciation expense 50,000
Multiply : No of months in a year 12
Annual depreciation expense 600,000
depreciable Value 3,000,000
Divide: Annual Depreciation expense 600,000
Estimated Useful life of the machinery 5 years
Unadjusted accumulated depreciation on dec 31, 2022 100,000
Add: Annual Depreciation Expense 600,000
Adjusted accumulated depreciation on dec 3, 2022 700,000
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Jim bought the iPhone 12 almost a year after it came out when there were good deals offered o it. According to the book, which category of consumers in the diffusion of innovation curve does Jim fall under? Innovators Early Adopters Never Adopters Lagards Pioneers Late Majority
Jim falls under the category of Late Majority in the diffusion of innovation curve as he purchased the iPhone 12 almost a year after its release when there were good deals offered on it.
The diffusion of innovation curve is a model that explains how new products or ideas are adopted by consumers in a society.
The curve is divided into five categories, namely, Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, and Laggards. Innovators are the first to adopt a new product or idea, while Early Adopters follow closely behind.
The Early Majority is the bulk of consumers who adopt a new product or idea only after it has been tested and found to be successful by the previous two groups.
The Late Majority follows the Early Majority, while Laggards are the last to adopt a new product or idea. Jim falls under the category of Late Majority as he did not purchase the iPhone 12 immediately after its release but waited for almost a year when there were good deals on it.
This shows that he needed some persuasion to adopt the product and was influenced by the success of the Early Majority and Early Adopters.
Overall, the diffusion of innovation curve is an important tool for businesses to understand the behavior of their consumers and come up with strategies to encourage adoption of their products or ideas.
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Question 14 1 pts Which equation is used in the Silver-Meal Heuristic? =1 c, «Σ0-1) DO) + Σ.Ρ) c,4 «Σ0-1) DO) C+IC Ja1 T O 2C. ICD Question 14 1 pts Which equation is used in the Silver-Meal Heuristic? =1 c, «Σ0-1) DO) + Σ.Ρ) c,4 «Σ0-1) DO) C+IC Ja1 T O 2C. ICD
The equation used in the Silver-Meal Heuristic is C(j) = C(j-1) + Σ (D(j) - u(j-1)).
In this equation:
C(j) represents the cumulative cost up to period j.
C(j-1) represents the cumulative cost up to the previous period (j-1).
D(j) represents the demand in period j.
u(j-1) represents the leftover inventory from the previous period (j-1).
The Silver-Meal Heuristic is an approach used in inventory management to determine the order quantity at each period based on historical data and cost considerations. The objective is to minimize total costs by considering the incremental cost of meeting demand and utilizing the leftover inventory from previous periods. The equation allows for the calculation of cumulative costs by taking into account the current period's demand and the remaining inventory from the previous period. By using this equation, businesses can make informed decisions regarding inventory ordering and minimize costs.
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Which of the following explain why an increase in interest that bank receive from the Fed on the required and excess reserves that banks hold with the Fed, would also increase the interest rates that commercial banks charge their borrowers?
O Because the interest rate that banks receive from the Fed on reserves and the interest rate that banks charge borrowers must legally be the same, a higher rate from Fed must equal a higher reward for banks when lending to consumers and businesses.
O If the interest paid to commercial banks from the Fed is increased, banks will deposit more of their excess reserves with the Fed. This will increase the rates for households and businesses that borrow from the Fed directly too.
O Since the interest that bank's receive from the Fed on excess reserves represents an opportunity cost for banks when lending to their borrowers, a higher rate from Fed will require a higher reward for banks when lending to consumers.
O Since the interest that bank's receive from the Fed on excess reserves represents is the reward for banks when lending to their borrowers, a higher rate from Fed equals a higher reward for banks when lending to consumers.
The correct explanation would be Since the interest that banks receive from the Fed on excess reserves represents an opportunity cost for banks when lending to their borrowers, a higher rate from the Fed will require a higher reward for banks when lending to consumers. Thus, option C is correct.
When banks hold excess reserves with the Federal Reserve, they have the option to earn interest on those reserves. If the interest rate paid by the Fed on these reserves increases, it creates an opportunity cost for banks.
They can now earn a higher return by keeping their excess reserves with the Fed rather than lending them out to borrowers. To compensate for this opportunity cost and incentivize lending, banks will increase the interest rates they charge borrowers.
By charging higher interest rates, banks can maintain their profitability and ensure that lending remains an attractive option for them compared to holding reserves with the Fed.
In conclusion, an increase in the interest rate that banks receive from the Fed on excess reserves creates an opportunity cost for banks, leading them to raise the interest rates they charge borrowers.
This adjustment allows banks to offset the potential loss of income from holding excess reserves and encourages lending to consumers and businesses. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
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Saxum Vineyard, in Paso Robles, CA, is one of the more than 8,000 wineries in the United States. While Saxum produces a number of different kinds of wine, they focus their production on Syrah (also known as Shiraz). Saxum sells their wines all over the United States. Suppose you manage a vineyard like Saxum and want to determine how much you should charge for your Syrah. Suppose the market demand function for Syrah is as follows. QD = 200 - 38.15PO + 8.35PS - 2Pc + 10Inc + .8TS + .5M21 Where QD is monthly demand for bottle of Syrah (in millions), PO is the price of Syrah in the market, PS is the average price of substitute bottles of wine (other varieties), PC is the average price of a pound of cheese and is used to gauge the price of complimentary goods, Inc is average US income (in thousands), TS is the number of wine trade shows and competitions each year which firms can attend to market their wines, and M21 is the number (in millions) of millennials over the age of 21. This last variable is included to capture a change in consumer preferences; millennials are drinking wine at a much higher rate than previous generations. The market for Syrah also has supply, produced by wineries similar to Saxum Vineyard and your winery, which can be stated as follows. QS = -100 + 22.95PO - 5PPI - 10PS + 8Temp + 1Sup Where QS is monthly supply of bottles of Syrah (in millions), PO is the price of Syrah in the market, PPI is the Producer Price Index (an index used to gauge changes in the costs of production in the US), PS is the price of substitute wines which could easily be produced instead of Syrah, Temp is the expected temperature during the harvest season for grapes, and Sup is the number of wineries supply Syrah in the market (in thousands). Using the information below, please answer the following questions. Demand: -Price of Substitutes: $18 -Price of Cheese: $15 -Income: $53,000 -Trade Shows/Competitions: $3 -Millennials = 42 million Supply: -PPI: 110 -Price of Substitutes: $18 -Temperature: 60 -Number of Suppliers: 8,000 a) When the price of Syrah increases by $1, do quantity supplied and quantity demand increase or decrease? b) By how much? what is the effect on quantity demanded and quantity supplied? c) Does a $1 decrease in the price of substitute bottles of wine shift the demand and supply curves to the left or right? d) By how much? e) Suppose the price of Syrah is currently $22 per bottle. How many bottles will be demanded and supplied monthly? f) Is there a shortage or a surplus? g) How much is the shortage or surplus? h) If the market price of Syrah falls to $16 per bottle, how many bottles will be demanded and supplied monthly? i) Is there a shortage or a surplus? j) How much is the shortage or surplus? k) Trying prices in $1 increments between $16 and $22, at what price and quantity does the market equilibrium occur? l) Suppose the costs of production increase to 123.222. If the price of wine stays at $20 per bottle, what will be the quantity supplied in the market? m) Will this create a shortage? n) With the increase in production costs to 123.222, at what price will the market be in equilibrium again? o) What will be the quantity demanded and supplied at this price?
I need help with the questions in bold N & O.
n) With the increase in production costs to 123.222, at what price will the market be in equilibrium again?
Price of Syrah must be adjusted so that it matches the new supply function at the market equilibrium. We can do this by following these steps:
New Supply Equation: QS = -100 + 22.95PO - 5PPI - 10PS + 8Temp + 1Sup
New QS Equation: QS = -100 + 22.95($20) - 5(123.222) - 10($18) + 8(60) + 1(8,000)QS = 2.39 million bottles per month
We can now determine the new equilibrium price. To do so, we need to set the new QS equal to the QD equation from part e.
Solving for PO gives:QD = QS200 - 38.15PO + 8.35PS - 2Pc + 10Inc + .8TS + .5M212.39 = 200 - 38.15PO + 8.35(18) - 2(15) + 10(53) + .8(3) + .5(42)222.61 = 38.15POPO = $5.84 per bottle
Therefore, the new equilibrium price is $5.84 per bottle.o) What will be the quantity demanded and supplied at this price?To determine the quantity demanded and supplied at the new equilibrium price, we can substitute this price into either the QD or QS equation and solve for Q. Using the QD equation, we get:
QD = 200 - 38.15($5.84) + 8.35(18) - 2(15) + 10(53) + .8(3) + .5(42)QD = 5.87 million bottles per month
Using the QS equation, we get:QS = -100 + 22.95($5.84) - 5(123.222) - 10(18) + 8(60) + 1(8,000)QS = 5.87 million bottles per month
Therefore, at the new equilibrium price of $5.84 per bottle, the quantity demanded and supplied will both be 5.87 million bottles per month.
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You were introduced to The Cut Buddy, a plastic hair and beard grooming tool that began selling on Amazon in 2016, in The Business Plan. Following funding from the Shark Tank investor Daymond John, the company plans to expand into retail and extend its product line.
How would a business plan for the company's ecommerce business differ from a retail distribution outlet?
Discuss how changes to aspects of the original business plan affected the outcome of the success of The Cut Buddy.
What do you think should be the key markets and strategies moving forward for the company?
A business plan for the company's ecommerce business would differ from a retail distribution outlet in several key aspects:
1. Distribution Channels: For the ecommerce business, the primary distribution channel would be the company's website or online marketplace platforms like Amazon. In contrast, a retail distribution outlet would involve establishing relationships with physical stores or partnering with distributors.
2. Logistics and Fulfillment: Ecommerce businesses need to focus on efficient order fulfillment, shipping, and handling returns. This requires establishing strong logistics networks and leveraging technology for inventory management and order processing. Retail distribution outlets, on the other hand, would need to consider aspects like inventory management for physical stores and supply chain coordination with distributors.
3. Customer Experience: Ecommerce businesses should prioritize creating a seamless and user-friendly online shopping experience, including website design, mobile compatibility, secure payment options, and customer support. Retail distribution outlets need to focus on visual merchandising, in-store experiences, and customer service within the physical store environment.
4. Marketing and Promotion: Ecommerce businesses heavily rely on digital marketing strategies such as search engine optimization (SEO), social media marketing, and online advertising to drive traffic and conversions. Retail distribution outlets, on the other hand, would utilize traditional marketing channels like print media, billboards, and local advertising to attract customers to physical stores.
Changes to aspects of the original business plan can significantly impact the success of The Cut Buddy. For example:
1. Funding from Daymond John: The investment and support from Daymond John, a renowned investor and entrepreneur, would have provided The Cut Buddy with additional financial resources, industry expertise, and network connections. This could have accelerated the company's growth, enabled expansion into retail, and increased brand visibility.
2. Product Line Extension: Expanding the product line beyond the original plastic hair and beard grooming tool would diversify the company's offerings and appeal to a wider customer base. This expansion could have opened up new market opportunities and increased revenue potential.
Moving forward, the key markets and strategies for The Cut Buddy should consider the following:
1. Target Market: The company should continue targeting consumers interested in hair and beard grooming, with a focus on individuals who value convenience, affordability, and professional-quality results. This could include both men and women who prioritize personal grooming and self-care.
2. Ecommerce Expansion: Given the success on Amazon, The Cut Buddy should continue to invest in its ecommerce business and explore opportunities to expand its online presence. This could involve optimizing the company's website, leveraging social media marketing, and exploring partnerships with other online marketplaces.
3. Retail Expansion: The company should strategically identify retail partners and physical stores that align with its target market. This could include beauty supply stores, barber supply shops, and specialty grooming retailers. A strong retail presence can help increase brand visibility, attract new customers, and allow for in-person product demonstrations.
4. Product Innovation: The Cut Buddy should continue to innovate and expand its product line based on market research and customer feedback. This could involve introducing new grooming tools, accessories, or complementary products that enhance the grooming experience.
By balancing its ecommerce and retail efforts, continuously innovating its product offerings, and effectively targeting its key markets, The Cut Buddy can position itself for sustained success and growth in the hair and beard grooming industry.
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Carlo runs a butcher shop, Carlo Angus MNL, in Manila. Jamie, a close friend who lives in Makati, wanted to put up another Angus store in Makati on May 1, 2022. They agreed to form CABLES Partnership where Jamie will invest cash so that she can have a 40% interest in the partnership. On April 30, 2022, Carlo Angus MNL had the following account balances: DEBIT CREDIT Cash 200,000 Accounts Receivable 150,000 Inventory 100,000 Accounts Payable 85,000 Carlo, Capital 365,000 Carlo and Jamie agreed on the following conditions: 1. An allowance for doubtful accounts worth P30,000 is to be established; and 2. Inventories must be valued at their current replacement cost of P95,000. How much is Jamie's investment in the partnership?
The total investment of the partnership by adding Jamie's investment to the initial capital investment of Carlo. Jamie will get 40% of the total investment. So, let's calculate the initial capital investment of Carlo:Cash 200,000 + Accounts Receivable 150,000 + Inventory 100,000 - Accounts Payable 85,000 = P365,000
We have already accounted for the value of the inventory at their current replacement cost of P95,000. Thus, we can determine the amount of the initial capital investment that was made by Carlo by summing up the remaining items, which are: P200,000 (Cash) + P150,000 (Accounts Receivable) - P85,000 (Accounts Payable) = P265,000Now we can calculate the total investment of the partnership by adding Jamie's investment to Carlo's investment:Initial investment by Carlo + Jamie's investment = Total investment of the partnershipP265,000 + Jamie's investment = Total investment of the partnershipJamie has 40% interest in the partnership, thus:Jamie's investment = 40% × Total investment of the partnership
Now, let's solve for Jamie's investment:Jamie's investment = 40% × (P265,000 + Jamie's investment)0.4 × P265,000 + 0.4 × Jamie's investment = Jamie's investment0.4 × P265,000 = 0.6 × Jamie's investmentP106,000 = 0.6 × Jamie's investmentJamie's investment = P106,000 ÷ 0.6 = P176,666.67Therefore, Jamie's investment in the partnership is P176,666.67.
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Australia has relatively low rates of corruption among the government and public officials. According to Transparency International, it ranks 11th out of 180 countries for the least perceived corruption. Although the score is quite good, Australia, alongside Mongolia, has been labelled a "Significant Decliner" after dropping from the 4th to the 11th place.
https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2020-asia-pacific (Links to an external site.)
You have been called on by the government to explain corruption through the lens of economic theory.
In your answers explicitly list the assumptions that you are making, if any.
Summarize the two key conditions on the size of the payoffs to guarantee that the corruption does not take place in the set-up with an entrepreneur, a politician, and a citizen as players? [2pt]
To prevent corruption, ensure that reporting corruption has higher payoff for citizens and engaging in legal activities has higher payoff for entrepreneurs, based on rational decision-making and self-interest.
The first condition assumes that individuals act rationally and seek to maximize their own self-interest. By ensuring that the payoff for the citizen from reporting corruption is higher than the payoff from participating in corruption, there is an incentive for the citizen to choose the path of honesty and report any corrupt activities. This condition relies on the assumption that individuals weigh the potential benefits and costs of their actions and make decisions accordingly.
The second condition assumes that the entrepreneur also acts in their self-interest and seeks to maximize their profits. By making the payoff for engaging in legal activities higher than the payoff from participating in corruption, the condition creates a disincentive for the entrepreneur to engage in corrupt practices. The assumption here is that the entrepreneur evaluates the potential gains and risks associated with both legal and illegal activities and chooses the option that offers higher financial returns.
By satisfying these two conditions, the setup establishes a framework that reduces the incentive for corruption. The assumptions of rational decision-making and self-interest guide the behavior of the players and help in deterring corrupt practices in the context of the entrepreneur, politician, and citizen.
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Generally, a court will use the theory of promissory estoppel: (Choose all of the correct answers.) When a valid contract does not exist If at least one of the parties cannot read or write Only when the amount at issue is greater than $500 To enforce a promise made by one party which is relied upon by another party, even if the promise involved illegal activity To prevent one of the parties from being unjustly enriched Howe Dewey Cheatem & Wynn, a law firm, wants to enter into several different contracts with The Stan Still Stationery Store. writing in order to be The Statute of Frauds require [Select ] some of their contracts enforceable. only the first contract between them all of their contracts none of their contracts
Generally, a court will use the theory of promissory estoppel to enforce a promise made by one party which is relied upon by another party, even if the promise involved illegal activity.
The correct answer is: To enforce a promise made by one party which is relied upon by another party, even if the promise involved illegal activity.
To prevent one of the parties from being unjustly enriched.
The Statute of Frauds requires some of their contracts to be in writing in order to be enforceable.
Generally, a court will use the theory of promissory estoppel to enforce a promise made by one party which is relied upon by another party, even if the promise involved illegal activity.
The correct answer is: To enforce a promise made by one party which is relied upon by another party, even if the promise involved illegal activity.
To prevent one of the parties from being unjustly enriched.
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Tries remaining: 2 Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Di Suppose North Side neighborhood of Franburg is in need of a playground where neighborhood kids can play. There are 1,000 residents in North Side neighborhood. They each have $5 value for the playground. The cost to build the playground is $3,000. The best approach for the neighborhood to build the playground at the minimum (and equal) financial burden to its residents is to in the Then each resident's consumer surplus from the playground would be $ amount of $ Check Next 900 Question 4 Tries 2 remaining: Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Suppose North Side neighborhood of Franburg is in need of a playground where neighborhood kids can play. There are 1,000 residents in North Side neighborhood. They each have $5 value for the playground. The cost to build the playground is $3,000. The best approach for the neighborhood to build the playground at the minimum (and equal) financial burden to its residents is to ✔ in the amount of $ Check Then each resid impose a tax on each resident ask each resident for a voluntary contribution provide a subsidy to each resident e $
The best approach for the North Side neighborhood of Franburg to build the playground at the minimum and equal financial burden to its residents is to impose a tax on each resident. By imposing a tax, the cost of building the playground can be distributed among all the residents in a way that ensures an equal contribution from each individual.
By imposing a tax on each resident, the financial burden is shared equally among the 1,000 residents. This means that each resident will contribute a portion of the total cost based on their ability to pay. In this case, with a cost of $3,000 and 1,000 residents, each resident would need to contribute $3 to cover the cost of building the playground.
Imposing a tax ensures that the burden of financing the playground is distributed evenly among the residents, rather than relying on voluntary contributions or providing subsidies. This approach ensures fairness and equal participation in the neighborhood's initiative to build a playground for the children, minimizing disparities in financial contributions.
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S Problem 2-3 (Algo) Compute the multifactor productivity measure for each of the weeks shown for production of chocolate bars. Assume 40-hour weeks and an hourly wage of $16. Overhead is 1.5 times weekly labor cost. Material cost is $9 per pound. (Round your answers to 2 decimal places.) Week Material (lbs) 1 Output (units). Workers 29,000 34,000 8 440 2 490 31,000 510 41,000 610 Click here for the Excel Data File Wook 1 2 3 4 3 MFP (Output/Total Cost)
Material cost is $9 per pound.Assume 40-hour weeks and an hourly wage of $16.Overhead is 1.5 times weekly labor cost.Week Material (lbs) Output (units) Workers1 440 29,000 834,000 2 490 31,000 5103 41,000 610To find:The multifactor productivity measure for each of the weeks.
Solution:Given,Material cost is $9 per pound.Hourly wage = $16.Overhead is 1.5 times weekly labor cost.Week 1 2 3Material (lbs) 440 490 41000Output (units) 29000 31000 41000Workers 8 5 6Direct labour cost = Total hours × Hourly wageDirect labour cost for week 1= 8 × 40 × 16= $512Direct labour cost for week 2= 5 × 40 × 16= $320Direct labour cost for week 3= 6 × 40 × 16= $384Total Material cost for week 1= 440 × $9= $3960Total Material cost for week 2= 490 × $9= $4410Total Material cost for week 3= 41000 × $9= $369000Total labour cost for week 1= $512
Total labour cost for week 2= $320Total labour cost for week 3= $384Total overhead cost for week 1= 1.5 × $512= $768Total overhead cost for week 2= 1.5 × $320= $480Total overhead cost for week 3= 1.5 × $384= $576Total cost for week 1= $3960 + $512 + $768= $5240Total cost for week 2= $4410 + $320 + $480= $5210Total cost for week 3= $369000 + $384 + $576= $369960MFP = Output/Total CostWeek 1 2 3MFP(Output/Total Cost) 5.5366 5.9497 11.1066Therefore, the multifactor productivity measure for each of the weeks is as follows.Week 1 = 5.54Week 2 = 5.95Week 3 = 11.11.
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why is the market supply curve of labor positively sloped though individual supply curves are backward-bending beyond a certain wage rate? group of answer choices people tend to work less when wage rate increases. every individual laborer has equal trade offs between labor and leisure. people tend to substitute labor for leisure. people work more for the fear of losing their jobs and becoming unemployed. all the individual supply curves do not bend backward at one particular wage rate.
The market supply curve of labor is positively sloped even though individual supply curves are backward-bending beyond a certain wage rate because people tend to substitute labor for leisure.
The market supply curve of labor is positively sloped even though individual supply curves are backward-bending beyond a certain wage rate because people tend to substitute labor for leisure, which implies that the individual labor supply curves are backward-bending in the short term but positively sloped in the long term.
What is a labor supply curve?A labor supply curve represents the amount of work that workers are willing and able to sell to the market at various wage rates, ceteris paribus.
In the short run, the individual labor supply curve is upward-sloping and can bend backward beyond a certain wage rate. The shape of the labor supply curve is determined by the trade off between work and leisure.
Therefore, the answer is that people tend to substitute labor for leisure, which implies that the individual labor supply curve are backward-bending in the short term but positively sloped in the long term.
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Based on an appropriate diagram, discuss how profit making
perfectly competitive firm determines its profit maximizing output
in the short run.
In the short run, a profit-making perfectly competitive firm can determine its profit-maximizing output level through a diagram known as the Total Revenue-Total Cost (TR-TC) curve.
It shows the relationship between total revenue and total cost and provides insight into how much profit a firm can generate at different levels of output. The TR curve represents the total revenue received from the sale of the product, while the TC curve represents the total cost incurred in producing the product. The firm will seek to maximize profits by choosing the output level at which the difference between total revenue and total cost is the greatest, which is known as the profit-maximizing output level.
The profit-maximizing output level occurs where the marginal revenue (MR) equals the marginal cost (MC). Marginal revenue refers to the additional revenue earned from selling one additional unit of output, while marginal cost refers to the additional cost incurred from producing one additional unit of output. The intersection of the MR and MC curves represents the point at which the firm can maximize its profits. If the MR is greater than the MC, the firm should increase its output level to increase its profit. On the other hand, if the MC is greater than the MR, the firm should decrease its output level to increase its profit. In conclusion, a profit-making perfectly competitive firm can determine its profit-maximizing output level in the short run by using the TR-TC curve to find the point at which the MR equals the MC.
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