Explain why sodium nitrate decomposes on heating to form sodium nitrite

The given statement "calcium(II) salts are generally soluble in water" is true. Calcium(II) salts are generally soluble in water.

Calcium(II) salts, also known as calcium salts with a +2 charge, often exhibit good solubility in water. Examples include calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂), which readily dissolve in water. However, some calcium(II) salts, like calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), have limited solubility. Solubility depends on the specific salt and conditions, such as temperature and the presence of other ions.

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According to Le Châtelier's principle,

When air breezes, this equilibrium is disturbed as gaseous molecules decrease. Hence, in order to increase gas molecules, the reaction shifts in the direction where gaseous molecules increase. Thus, clothes dry quickly. adding N2 (g) to the system at equilibrium will shift the equilibrium towards the reactants side, which means more NH3 (g) will be formed to counteract the increase in N2 (g).

This is because adding more N2 (g) will increase the concentration of the product, causing the system to shift in the direction that will consume N2 (g) to maintain equilibrium. Therefore, the equilibrium will shift to the left and more NH3 (g) will be produced.

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The constituents of an aqueous solution that can transmit charge in a current are: chloride ions, sodium ions, hydroxide ions, and acetate ions.

In an aqueous solution, ions are responsible for transmitting charge in a current. When certain substances dissolve in water, they dissociate into ions, which are electrically charged particles. These ions can move freely in the solution and facilitate the flow of electric current.

Common ions found in aqueous solutions include:

Cations: Positively charged ions. Examples include hydrogen ions (H+), sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+), calcium ions (Ca2+), and magnesium ions (Mg2+).

Anions: Negatively charged ions. Examples include hydroxide ions (OH-), chloride ions (Cl-), sulfate ions (SO42-), nitrate ions (NO3-), and carbonate ions (CO32-).

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The mass (in g) of each sucrose solution that contains 19 g of sucrose and a concentration of 3.8% sucrose by mass is approximately 500 g.

To determine the mass of each sucrose solution containing 19 g of sucrose with a concentration of 3.8% sucrose by mass, use the following formula:

mass of solution = (mass of solute) / (percentage concentration / 100)

Where the mass of solute is 19 g, and the percentage concentration is 3.8%.

mass of solution = (19 g) / (3.8 / 100)
mass of solution = 19 g / 0.038
mass of solution ≈ 500 g

Therefore, the mass of the 3.8% sucrose solution containing 19 g of sucrose is approximately 500 g.

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If someone else inhales pesticide vapors, the instructions you should follow include seeking immediate medical attention and removing the person from the area of exposure.

In case of pesticide inhalation, it is important to prioritize the well-being of the affected person. Seeking immediate medical attention is crucial to ensure proper evaluation and treatment of any potential health effects from the pesticide exposure. Medical professionals can provide appropriate care and advice based on the specific situation.

Additionally, it is important to remove the person from the area of exposure to prevent further inhalation of the pesticide vapors. This may involve moving the person to a well-ventilated area or outside where they can breathe fresh air. Prompt action and medical attention are essential in managing pesticide inhalation incidents and minimizing potential harm to the affected individual.

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Reagent is used for demonstration of option a. bile for Fouchet reagent

Fouchet reagent is a solution used in medical laboratory testing to detect the presence of bile pigments in urine, serum or tissue samples. It contains an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent and a source of acid. When mixed with a sample containing bile pigments, it produces a color change indicating the presence of bile.

Fouchet reagent is a chemical reagent used in medical laboratories to demonstrate the presence of bile pigments in clinical samples. Bile pigments are waste products of hemoglobin metabolism that are excreted in the bile by the liver and eliminated in the feces.

Fouchet reagent is composed of a mixture of potassium ferrocyanide and hydrochloric acid, which reacts with bile pigments to produce a green color. The reaction is based on the ability of bile pigments to oxidize the iron in the potassium ferrocyanide and form a colored complex.

The Fouchet reagent test is commonly used in the diagnosis of liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cholestasis, which can affect the production, transport, and excretion of bile pigments. The test can also be used to detect the presence of bile pigments in other biological fluids, such as urine or cerebrospinal fluid, to diagnose related conditions.

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Bile is stained emerald green in the method of c. Fontana. The Fontana method is a crucial tool in the field of histology, providing valuable insights into the presence and localization of bile within tissues.

The Fontana method, also known as the Fontana-Masson stain, is a histological staining technique that is primarily used to identify and visualize substances such as bile, lipofuscin, melanin, and argentaffin granules.

This technique plays a significant role in the analysis of various tissues and cells, particularly in the liver where bile production and secretion occur. By staining bile emerald green, the Fontana method allows for the clear identification of bile presence and distribution, which can be essential for diagnosing certain liver diseases and evaluating liver function. Other methods, such as Hall, Dahl, and Schmorl, serve different purposes in histology and do not specifically target bile staining.

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If OH points right on fischer projection, the way should it face on Haworth projection depends on the ring structure of the sugar.

If the sugar has a five-membered ring (furanose), the OH group will point downwards on the right-hand side of the ring, this is because in a Haworth projection, the oxygen atom that the OH group is attached to is placed at the bottom of the ring. If the sugar has a six-membered ring (pyranose), the OH group will point upwards on the right-hand side of the ring. This is because in a Haworth projection, the oxygen atom that the OH group is attached to is placed at the top of the ring.

It is important to note that the orientation of the OH group in a Haworth projection can also affect the naming of the sugar. For example, if the OH group is pointing downwards in a furanose sugar, it is referred to as a beta sugar, whereas if the OH group is pointing upwards in a pyranose sugar, it is referred to as an alpha sugar. In summary, in a Fischer projection, the OH group is represented by a horizontal line pointing to the right. However, in a Haworth projection, the orientation of the OH group depends on the ring structure of the sugar.

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By increasing the concentration of reactants, the reaction rate will increase, while decreasing the concentration of reactants, the reaction rate will decrease.

The reaction rate is dependent on the concentration of reactants because it determines the frequency of collisions between reacting particles.

When the concentration of reactants is increased, more particles are available for collisions, leading to a higher frequency of successful collisions and an increased reaction rate.

Conversely, when the concentration of reactants is decreased, there are fewer particles available for collisions, resulting in a lower frequency of successful collisions and a decreased reaction rate.

The concentration of reactants has a direct impact on the reaction rate, with increased concentration leading to a higher rate and decreased concentration leading to a lower rate.

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Oxidation state, also known as oxidation number, is a numerical representation of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound.

It indicates the number of electrons that an atom has gained, lost, or shared in a molecule. It is used to determine the nature of chemical reactions and the behavior of the compound. Oxidation state is determined by the electronegativity of the atoms in the molecule, and it is used in various applications, including predicting redox reactions, balancing chemical equations, and understanding the properties of elements and compounds.

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A periodic table is an arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties. The first 94 elements of the periodic table are naturally occurring, while rest from 95 to 118 have been synthesized in laboratories.

The periodic table is an arrangement of all the elements known to man in accordance with their increasing atomic number and recurring chemical properties. The horizontal rows are called the periods and the vertical columns are called groups.

The elements are arranged from left to right and top to bottom in the order of increasing atomic numbers. The elements in the same group have the same valence electron configuration and similar chemical properties.

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The pH of the given HBr solution after dilution is 0.58.

How to calculate the pH of a diluted HBr solution?

To calculate the pH of the given solution, we need to use the concentration of HBr and the volume of the solution.

Given:

Initial volume = 175 ml = 0.175 L

Initial concentration of HBr = 1.50 M

Final volume = 1.00 L

To dilute the solution, we need to add water. The number of moles of HBr will remain the same before and after the dilution. We can use the equation:

M1V1 = M2V2

where:

Rearranging the equation to solve for M2, we get:

M2 = (M1 x V1) / V2

M2 = (1.50 M x 0.175 L) / 1.00 L

M2 = 0.2625 M

Therefore, the final concentration of HBr after dilution is 0.2625 M.

Now, we can calculate the pH of the solution using the equation:

pH = -log[H+]

The concentration of H+ ions can be found using the dissociation of HBr in water:

HBr + H₂O ↔ H₃O+ + Br-

The equation shows that one H+ ion is produced for every HBr molecule that dissociates. Therefore, the concentration of H+ ions is the same as the concentration of HBr.

[H+] = 0.2625 M

pH = -log(0.2625)

pH = 0.58

Therefore, the pH of the solution is 0.58.

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Benzoic acid is  a weak acid, Nitric acid is a strong acid and Acetic acid is a weak acid and the correct option is option E.

Acid strength is the measure of the ability of the acid to lose its H+ ion

The dissociation of a strong acid in solution is finely complete, omitting in its most concentrated solutions.

A weak acid partially dissociates with both the undissociated acid and its dissociation products in the solution, in equilibrium to each other.

Acid strength depends on the strength of the H and A bond. The weaker the bond, the lesser the energy that will be required to break it. Thus, the acid is strong.

Thus, the ideal selection is option E.

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Regulatory proteins and small effector molecules play a critical role in gene expression regulation.

These molecules can act as activators or repressors, influencing the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe a gene. Two key terms that are used to describe the function of these molecules are "negative control" and "inducible."
Negative control refers to the ability of regulatory proteins to repress gene expression. In this case, the regulatory protein binds to the DNA sequence and prevents RNA polymerase from binding, ultimately leading to reduced gene expression. The regulatory protein acts as a negative regulator of gene expression.
Inducible refers to the ability of regulatory proteins to activate gene expression in response to a specific effector molecule. In the presence of an inducer, the regulatory protein binds to the DNA sequence and allows RNA polymerase to bind, ultimately leading to increased gene expression. The regulatory protein acts as a positive regulator of gene expression.
In summary, regulatory proteins and small effector molecules can either activate or repress gene expression. Negative control refers to the ability of regulatory proteins to repress gene expression, while inducible refers to the ability of regulatory proteins to activate gene expression in response to an inducer. Understanding these terms is critical for understanding gene expression regulation.

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By mass, the mass of the NaCl solution containing 1.7 g of NaCl with a concentration of 1.66% NaCl is approximately 102.41 g.

To determine the mass of the NaCl solution that contains 1.7 g of NaCl and has a concentration of 1.66% NaCl by mass, you can use the formula:

mass of NaCl solution = (mass of NaCl) / (% NaCl by mass)

First, convert the percentage to a decimal by dividing by 100:

1.66% = 0.0166

Now, plug in the values:

mass of NaCl solution = (1.7 g) / (0.0166)

mass of NaCl solution ≈ 102.41 g

So, the mass of the NaCl solution containing 1.7 g of NaCl with a concentration of 1.66% NaCl by mass is approximately 102.41 g.

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Therefore, the enthalpy change for CuCl₂(s)→ Cu(s) + Cl₂(g) is 66Kj.

From the equation given below we can get the enthalpy change.

CuCl₂(s)→ Cu(s) + Cl₂(g)ΔΗ = 206 kJ

2Cu(s) + Cl₂(g) → 2CuCl(s)ΔH = -136

We can add the two target species together, then cancel the cu and cl2

Cu +Cl=Cucl2

If we reverse the equation we will get.

Cu +Cl2 =Cucl2 ΔΗ - 206 kJ

2CuCl(s) +   Cu(s)= cu +Cl + 2CuCl(s)

ΔH =-(ΔH1+2ΔH2) = -206 +2(-136)

=66kj

Therefore, the enthalpy change for CuCl₂(s)→ Cu(s) + Cl₂(g) is 66Kj.

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True. Uncouplers, such as dinitrophenol, work by disrupting the coupling between electron transport and ATP synthesis, leading to a decrease in the proton motive force and an increase in mitochondrial respiration.

True. Uncouplers, such as dinitrophenol, work by disrupting the coupling between electron transport and ATP synthesis, leading to a decrease in the proton motive force and an increase in mitochondrial respiration. This "short circuits" the proton gradient, leading to the dissipation of the proton motive force as heat instead of being used to drive ATP synthesis.
 Uncouplers "short circuit" the proton gradient, thereby dissipating the proton motive force as heat. They interfere with the normal functioning of the electron transport chain, leading to a decrease in ATP production and an increase in heat generation.

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The two experimental errors or variations that may affect the results are:

(a) The reaction test tube contained water
(b) You heated the oil with methanolic sodium hydroxide but forgot to add the boron trifluoride/methanol solution.


(a) If the reaction test tube contained water, it would dilute the mixture and affect the reaction rate. The reaction may not proceed as expected, and the results may not be accurate. The water may also react with the reagents and affect the formation of the product.

(b) If the boron trifluoride/methanol solution is not added, the reaction will not proceed as expected. This is because boron trifluoride acts as a catalyst that facilitates the reaction and enhances the yield of the product. Without boron trifluoride, the reaction may not occur, or the yield may be low. As a result, the results may not be accurate.

Experimental errors or variations can significantly affect the results of any experiment. In this case, the presence of water in the reaction mixture and the absence of boron trifluoride can lead to inaccurate results. It is essential to ensure that all the reagents are added in the correct quantities and sequence to obtain accurate results.

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In the genetic code of human nuclear DNA, one of the codons specifying the amino acid tyrosine is UAC. If one nucleotide is changed, and the codon is mutated to UAG, the type of mutation that will occur is C. Nonsense mutation.

If the codon UAC is mutated to UAG, a type of mutation known as a nonsense mutation will occur. This is because UAG is a stop codon, which signals the end of protein synthesis, resulting in premature termination of translation. Nonsense mutations can have significant consequences as they can result in the production of incomplete or non-functional proteins. In some cases, they can also lead to the degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.
The other options listed in the question, such as silent mutation, missense mutation, and frameshift mutation, are different types of mutations that can occur in the genetic code. Silent mutations involve a change in a nucleotide that does not alter the amino acid sequence, whereas missense mutations result in a change in a single nucleotide that leads to a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein. Frameshift mutations, on the other hand, occur when nucleotides are added or deleted from the DNA sequence, leading to a shift in the reading frame and altering the resulting protein sequence. However, in the case of the given scenario, the mutation of UAC to UAG results in a premature stop codon, causing a nonsense mutation.

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If there is less solute present than is need to saturate the soln. the soln. is unsaturated.

An unsaturated solution is one in which the solvent has the capacity to dissolve more solute than is currently present in the solution. This means that more solute can be added to the solution without it precipitating out of the solution. In an unsaturated solution, the concentration of the solute is less than the solubility of the solute in the solvent at that particular temperature and pressure.

In contrast, a saturated solution is one in which the solvent has dissolved the maximum amount of solute that it can hold at a particular temperature and pressure. Any additional solute added to a saturated solution will not dissolve and will instead precipitate out of the solution.

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To predict the order of elution of the components in this mixture using a silica column and a solvent system, you'll need to consider the polarity of the components and their interaction with the stationary phase (silica) and the mobile phase (solvent).

Step 1: Identify the polarity of the components in the mixture.
Step 2: Understand that silica is a polar stationary phase, meaning it has a stronger interaction with polar components.
Step 3: Consider the solvent system. A polar solvent will elute polar components faster, while a non-polar solvent will elute non-polar components faster.
Based on this information, the order of elution in this mixture will likely follow this pattern: less polar components will elute first, followed by more polar components. This is because the polar components will have a stronger interaction with the polar stationary phase (silica), causing them to elute slower than the less polar components that have weaker interactions with the silica.

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The major organic product that results from the reaction of 1-octyne with sodium metal in liquid ammonia is (E)-1-octene.

The reaction of 1-octyne with sodium metal in liquid ammonia is an example of a Birch reduction.

In this reaction, the alkyne is reduced to an alkene through the addition of a pair of electrons from sodium in liquid ammonia.

The major product of the reaction is (E)-1-octene.

The reduction of 1-octyne can lead to two possible regioisomeric alkene products: (E)-1-octene and (Z)-1-octene.

However, the reduction with sodium in liquid ammonia is highly selective for the formation of the trans (E)-1-octene isomer due to the syn-addition of the two hydrogen atoms across the triple bond.

Therefore, the major organic product that results from the reaction of 1-octyne with sodium metal in liquid ammonia is (E)-1-octene.

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The major organic product that results when 1-octyne is treated with sodium metal in liquid ammonia is 1-octene, you can't call it E or Z (Option C)

When 1-octyne is treated with sodium metal in liquid ammonia, this reaction is a dissolving metal reduction, which reduces the triple bond in the 1-octyne molecule to a cis double bond. However, 1-octene is a terminal alkene, meaning the double bond is located at the first carbon atom in the molecule. Since there is only one carbon atom attached to the double bond, it does not exhibit geometric isomerism (E or Z configuration).

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The mass of 5.45 x 10-3 mol of glucose C6H12O6 is 0.982 g.

To determine the mass of 5.45 x 10-3 mol of glucose C6H12O6, we need to use the molar mass of glucose. The molar mass of glucose is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all the elements present in glucose.
The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. The atomic masses of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are 12.01, 1.01, and 16.00 g/mol, respectively. Multiplying the number of atoms of each element by its atomic mass and summing up the values gives the molar mass of glucose, which is 180.16 g/mol.
Now, to find the mass of 5.45 x 10-3 mol of glucose, we can use the formula:
Mass (in g) = Number of moles x Molar mass
Mass (in g) = 5.45 x 10-3 mol x 180.16 g/mol
Mass (in g) = 0.982 g
Therefore, the mass of 5.45 x 10-3 mol of glucose C6H12O6 is 0.982 g.

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The brush used for artificial nail services is made the of a. nylon

This type of hair is preferred because it is easy to clean and durable. Nylon hair also has the ability to hold onto liquid products, such as acrylic or gel, without soaking them up too quickly, allowing the nail technician to have more control over the application process. While natural hair brushes may be used for some services, such as gel polish application, they are not ideal for use with acrylics or other liquid nail products as they can absorb too much of the product and become damaged over time.

Plastic brushes are not typically used in artificial nail services, as they are not as effective at holding and applying the products. Overall, a nylon hair brush is the preferred choice for artificial nail services due to its durability, ease of cleaning, and ability to hold liquid products.

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True. Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation both involve the participation of quinones. These two processes are crucial for energy production in cells and are part of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, respectively.

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is the primary method of generating ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in aerobic organisms. The electron transport chain (ETC) in this process uses quinone molecules, specifically ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), as an electron carrier to transfer electrons between different protein complexes.
Photophosphorylation, on the other hand, occurs in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms such as plants and algae. It is a light-dependent process that also generates ATP. In photophosphorylation, the ETC is part of the photosynthetic process, and quinones, specifically plastoquinone, are also utilized as electron carriers.
Both oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation rely on the transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes in the ETC, ultimately leading to the production of ATP. Quinones play a vital role in this electron transfer, acting as intermediaries between complexes. Although these processes occur in different cellular locations and have distinct roles, the participation of quinones is a shared characteristic that highlights the fundamental similarities in their mechanisms of ATP generation.

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The energy of molecular orbitals formed for species of O₂, F₂, and Ne₂ differ from those of other Period 2 elements primarily due to differences in the atomic sizes, electronegativity, and electron repulsion.

As we move across the periodic table from left to right, atomic size decreases, and electronegativity increases. In O₂, F₂, and Ne₂, the higher electronegativity results in stronger attraction between the nuclei and the electrons, which stabilizes the bonding molecular orbitals.

Additionally, the smaller atomic sizes of these elements lead to more effective overlap of their atomic orbitals, forming stronger bonds. However, increased electron repulsion in these elements, particularly in antibonding molecular orbitals, can cause the energy of molecular orbitals to be higher than in other Period 2 elements.

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The substance that is closely associated with the breakdown of the ozone layer is (C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

CFCs are a type of synthetic chemicals that were widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and aerosol products before they were found to be harmful to the environment. CFCs contain chlorine, which is released into the atmosphere when these chemicals break down. When the chlorine molecules come into contact with ozone, they break it apart, causing a reduction in the ozone layer.

The ozone layer is important because it absorbs harmful UV rays from the sun, which can cause skin cancer and other health problems in humans and animals. The depletion of the ozone layer can also cause changes in weather patterns and harm plant growth.

In response to the negative effects of CFCs on the ozone layer, the international community came together to create the Montreal Protocol in 1987. This treaty phased out the production and use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances, leading to a gradual recovery of the ozone layer.

In conclusion, the correct option is (C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It is important to continue to reduce the use of CFCs and other harmful chemicals in order to protect our planet and the health of all living beings.

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A category 1 plastic container will generally be the most easily recycled.

HDPE is the most commonly recycled plastic and is usually deemed safe for food contact by the FDA. Because of its internal structure, HDPE is much stronger than PET, and can be reused safely.

1 – Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) – water bottles and plastic trays.

2 – High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) – milk cartoons and shampoo bottles.

5 – Polypropylene (PP) – margarine tubs and ready-meal trays.

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Oxyacids are named by changing the end of the name of the polyatomic ion from -ate to -ic or from -ite to -ous, and adding the word "acid" at the end.

This is because oxyacids are acids that contain oxygen, and the number of oxygen atoms in the polyatomic ion determines the suffix used in the name of the oxyacid.

For example, the polyatomic ion sulfate (SO4 2-) becomes sulfuric acid (H2SO4), while the polyatomic ion sulfite (SO3 2-) becomes sulfurous acid (H2SO3).

This naming convention is used for a variety of other oxyacids, including nitric acid (HNO3) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4).

In summary, the naming of oxyacids involves changing the end of the name of the polyatomic ion from -ate to -ic or from -ite to -ous, depending on the number of oxygen atoms in the ion

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