Explain why the standard enthalpy of formation () for Cl2 (g) is zero, but its standard entropy is larger than zero.

the d-spacing of the plane is 0.079nm which is equal to 0.79amstrong the miller indices of the family of directions in which {101} planes intersect are (434).

Associated with each plane is its d-spacing. This is the distance between successive, parallel planes of atoms. In particular, it is the distance between the planes described by xh + yk + zl = 0 and xh + yk + zl = 1. can be calculated by the Bragg's law: λ=2dsin(Ɵ) where λ is the wavelength of the X-ray beam (0.154nm), d is the distance between the adjacent GO sheets or layers, Ɵ is the diffraction angle.

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Option (c)  DNA is not directly involved in the process known as translation.

The process translation is the process of polymerization of amino acids to form a polypeptide. The order and sequence of amino acids are defined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA. The amino acids are joined by a bond which is known as a peptide bond. Formation of a peptide bond requires energy. Therefore, in the first phase itself, amino acids are activated in the presence of ATP and linked to their cognate tRNA- a process commonly called as charging of tRNA or aminoacylation of tRNA to be more specific. Translation begins when small subunit encounters an mRNA.

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TRUE , a recursive definition is characteristically a three-step process.First, we specify some basic objects in the set

A three-step method is typical of a recursive definition. We start by defining a few fundamental set objects. Then, using the ones we already know, we provide rules for creating other items from the set. Third, we stipulate that the only items that are permitted in the set are those that were made in this manner. A recursive rule for a sequence is a formula that explains how to move from one term in a sequence to the next. The variable typically serves as a symbol for the concept of number. In other words, takes on the values 1 for the first term, 2 for the second term, 3 for the third term, etc.

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The charge that a strontium ion would have is +2.

The strontium atom has a 38th atomic number. A metal called strontium reacts with water and burns in the air.

The strontium atom's electrical structure is [Kr]2s².

Two electrons are located in the fifth outer orbital of the strontium atom.

Clearly demonstrate that the strontium ion's electrical configuration is Sr(+2).

The two electrons from the outermost 5S orbital fly out when strontium enters an ionic state.

because the potential energy in this outermost orbital is the largest.

Therefore, we can state that the strontium ion will have a 2+ charge.

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The radioactive element rubidium-87, which is used to estimate that absolute age of pliocene animal carcasses, is the best way to calculate the age of a volcanic rock.

why certain elements are unstable to radioactivity. When an element's atoms contain excess neutrons or protons, the extra energy produced in the nucleus causes the atom to lose its equilibrium or become unstable. if and how radioactive materials can become stable. Radiation is produced by radioactive atoms' unstable nuclei.

Polonium. Many sources list polonium as being the most radioactive substance due to the fact that it is a naturally occurring element that emits a significant amount of radiation. Because of how radioactive polonium is, it glows blue due to the activation of

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The structure of 2-ethyl-3-hexyne

H3C–CH2–CH2–CH2–C2H5–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3

2-Ethyl-3-hexyne is an alkene with the chemical formula C7H12. It has a single carbon-carbon double bond, located between the second and third carbon atoms. The rest of the molecule consists of two ethyl groups (C2H5) attached to the first and fourth carbon atoms, and five methyl groups (CH3) attached to the third through seventh carbon atoms. The compound has a total of twelve hydrogen atoms attached to its carbon atoms. Its structure can be written as follows:

H3C–CH2–CH2–CH2–C2H5–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3

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The substrate haloalkane is a primary ( unhindered ) haloalkane. The Nucleophile is a weakly basic nucleophile, and the solvent is protic.

The term "haloalkanes" refers to alkanes with one or more halogen substituents. Although the distinction is not always acknowledged, they are a subset of the larger class of halocarbons. Commercial application of haloalkanes is widespread.

Polar liquid molecules with dissociable hydrogen atoms are known as aprotic solvents. Polar liquid substances with no dissociable hydrogen atoms are known as aprotic solvents. The creation of hydrogen bonds is possible in aprotic liquids. In aprotic solvents, hydrogen bonds cannot form.

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The Lewis structure for ethene that is CH2CH2 is that each carbon has four valence electrons, from which it's going to use 2 of the electrons from every to make a double bond among them.

Determine the overall range of valence electrons. Step 2: Write the skeleton shape of the molecule. Step 3: Use valence electrons to shape every bond withinside the skeleton shape. Step four: Try to fulfill the octets of the atoms through dispensing the last valence electrons as nonbonding electrons.For C2H4 you've got got a complete of 12 overall valence electrons.

Drawing the Lewis shape for C2H4 (named ethene) calls for the usage of a double bond. In a double bond pairs of valence electrons are shared (for a complete of 4 valence electrons). The electron dot shape of ethene, C 2 H four : The overall range of valence electrons gift in. Here the significant atom is carbon, while Hydrogen is selected because the aspect atom.

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Electrons are shared in molecular compounds A. So that both atoms can achieve Nobel Gas configurations and E. So that both elements can have full valence shells.

Accept the noble gases, all the elements in the periodic table do not have the required electrons in their outermost shell to complete their valencies. As a result, the electrons are shared among molecular compounds so that the elements of the periodic table can complete their valency.

Molecular compounds are formed when elements react in order to attain an electronic configuration that is similar to its nearest noble gas. Molecular compounds are formed when elements lose, give or share electrons in order to make their valence shells full.

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The correct IUPAC name for Se₂I₈ is diselenium octaiodide.

IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It is an international scientific organization that sets standards for the naming of chemical compounds.

It is an international scientific organization that sets standards for the chemical nomenclature, terminology, and measurement used in science. The IUPAC name, also known as the systematic name, of a chemical compound is a technical term used to uniquely identify a substance. The IUPAC name is constructed according to specific rules and provides a way of identifying a chemical compound in a consistent manner.

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The addition of carbon monoxide gas will bring out the change that would disrupt the equilibrium causing it to shift towards the right which would result in more products being produced until equilibrium is achieved.

The equilibrium mixture in this system indicates the rate of degradation of water and carbon monoxide is equal to the rate of degradation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Hence, the forward and backward reaction are equal.

Now, if the reactants are added, then equilibrium will be imbalanced. The concentration of reactant will be balanced by increasing the yield of product. This will shift the equilibrium to right.

The breaking and formation of bonds are responsible for reactant conversion to product. The mentioned reaction is double displacement reaction exchanging hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms.

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Li₂⁺ molecular orbital diagram shown below.

Atomic orbitals, which reflect the distribution of electrons over two or more atoms, are combined linearly to form molecular orbitals.

A molecular orbital diagram is used to comprehend the bonding of a diatomic molecule. The magnetic characteristics of a molecule and how they change with ionisation may be determined using MO diagrams. They also show the number of bonds shared by the two atoms, or the bond order of the molecule.

To comprehend a diatomic molecule's bonding, utilise a diatomic molecular orbital diagram. The magnetic characteristics of a molecule and how they change with ionisation may be determined using MO diagrams. They also shed light on the molecule's bond arrangement and the number of bonds that are shared by the two atoms.

Li = 1s²2s¹

Li₂⁺ molecular orbital diagram shown below:

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The difference in energy between orbitals decreases rapidly with increasing values of n.

A function that describes the position and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom is known as an atomic orbital in atomic theory and quantum mechanics. With the help of this function, one can determine the likelihood of discovering any atom's electron in any given area around the nucleus. A physical area or location that the electron can be expected to be in according to the specific mathematical shape of the orbital can also be referred to as an atomic orbital. 

The three quantum numbers n, l, and ml, which correspond to the electron's energy, angular momentum, and an angular momentum vector component, are used to describe each orbital in atoms (magnetic quantum number).

Question:

What happens to the energy of an orbital as n increases.

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Three alpha particles are emitted when radium-88 decay into an element having atomic number 82.

The element with an atomic number 88 is Radium i.e., a radioactive element. The decay from atomic number 88 to atomic number 82 involves a loss of 6 protons.

For losing 6 protons, three alpha particles are used as one alpha particle has two protons which mean that decay via three alpha particles will result in the loss of 6 protons.

Thus, six protons are lost when radium-88 decay into an element with atomic number 82.

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Enzymes that aid in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate digestion are produced by the pancreas. Additionally, a chemical that neutralizes stomach acid is produced there. The small intestine is where these enzymes and bile enter and aid in the digestion of the meal through specialized passageways known as ducts. Additionally, the liver aids in the bloodstream's processing of nutrients.

Food is broken down into components for circulatory absorption by the process of digestion, which involves both mechanical and enzymatic means. Proteins, carbs, and lipids are the three macronutrients in the diet that must be digested in order to be absorbed. The process of physically and enzymatically dissolving food into components for circulatory absorption is called digestion. Proteins, carbs, and lipids are the three macronutrients in the diet that must be digested in order to be absorbed.

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The option which does not affect the solubility of the gas in water is d) concentrations of other gasses in solution.

The solubility of the gas is depends on the interaction in between the molecules of the water and the molecules of the gas. The factors which will affect the solubility of the gas in the water is given as :

The temperature will affect the solubility of the gas and the solubility of the solids. the pressure will affect the solubility of the gas but does not affect the solubility of the solid.

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Nuclear fusion is the process which forms all elements up to and including iron, except light elements such as hydrogen and helium.

Nuclear Fusion reactions power the solar and different stars. In a fusion response, two mild nuclei merge to shape a single heavier nucleus.

The method releases power due to the fact the total mass of the ensuing single nucleus is less than the mass of the 2 unique nuclei. The leftover mass turns into electricity.

For years, the science has proved difficult to master. However over the last year, nuclear fusion has inched in the direction of fact. Scientists are mere years from getting extra energy out of fusion reactions than the power required to create them, they stated.

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The appropriate choice is: d S2 Justification: These ions are isoelectronic because they each have 18 electrons. The size of the ion increases as the positive nuclear charge of isoelectronic ions decreases.

Ca2+ or K+, which ion's radius is larger?

Because Ca2+ has a higher nuclear charge than K+, its ionic radius is lower. Moving from left to right causes a temporary rise in nuclear charge without adding any additional shell. The electrons are drawn to the nucleus more forcefully due to the higher nuclear charge.

Name the one with the biggest ionic radius 1+. K+ Na + Cs + Li?

A group's atomic and ionic radii grow from top to bottom as a result of the addition of a new shell at each level. Therefore, out of the three IA group ions that are present—Na+, Li+, and K+—Cs+ will be the largest.

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The sugar monosaccharide is glucose. Maltose is created when two glucose sugar molecules join forces. Two molecules of glucose include atoms that will exhibit nucleophilic and elimination reactions.

A second glucose molecule's fourth carbon will be attacked by the OH group of an anomeric carbon. A condensation reaction between two molecules of glucose results in the production of maltose sugar. Disaccharide maltose is produced. Monosaccharides are the most basic type of sugars and can be found in many everyday foods including honey, cane sugar, and fruits. Take a closer look at monosaccharides. We have already learned what a carbohydrate is and what it is not. The simplest type or subclass of carbohydrates is called a monosaccharide.

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If copper (II) chloride and iron (III) react, the metal that will appear would be copper.

If a solution of copper (II) chloride and iron (III) react, copper would be produced according to the following chemical equation:

[tex]CuCl_2 + Fe --- > FeCl_3 + Cu (s)[/tex]

This is so because iron (III) is able to displace copper from copper (II) chloride. According to the table of reactivity series of cations,  iron (III) is higher than copper. As a rule of thumb, higher-placed cations are able to displace lower-placed cations in solution but the reverse cannot occur.

Thus, iron (III) is able to displace copper from copper (II) chloride resulting in the formation of copper as a result of being higher-placed on the reactivity series table.

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As sediments and dead vegetation slowly filed the pond, the types of plants in the community changed.

With the aid of stopping invasive species and new pests from harming or changing native flowers and animals, the regulations prevent the accumulation of useless leaves, bugs, and animals. just photo how the sector may appear! more significantly, decomposers enable the number one producers of an ecosystem, typically flora and algae, to access essential nutrients.

the first oPioneer species are the first creatures to arise in zones of number one succession (usually lichens or mosses). they may be the unique species inside the area. They ought to be robust and resilient.

The Gulf circulate, which transports heat floor water up from the tropics to North the us and Western Europe, turned into removed via the freshwater.

The freshwater killed off the Gulf move, which brings heat floor water up from the tropics to North the usa and Western Europe.

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In total there are 2 excited states above the ground state as many excited states are there. Red light transition causes the absorption line at the shortest wavelength.

Any quantum state of a system that is more energetic than its ground state is considered to be the system's excited state in quantum mechanics. Excitation is defined as an increase in energy level over a preset starting point, often the ground state, but occasionally an excited state. The level of excitation is indicated by a particle collection's temperature. The lifetime of a system in an excited state is often brief: immediately after the system is promoted to the excited state, spontaneous or induced emission of a quantum of energy (such as a photon or a phonon) typically happens, returning the system to a state with lower energy. The term "decay" is usually used to describe this drop to a lower energy level, which is the reverse of excitement. Long-lasting stimulated states are frequently referred to as metastable states. Two examples of this are long-lived nuclear isomers and singlet oxygen.

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Ethanol can dissolve in water because it is polar and can form hydrogen bond interactions with water.

Ethanol is often referred to as ethyl alcohol which has the chemical formula C2H5OH or CH3CH2OH which has a boiling point of 78.4°C. Ethanol is a chemical substance that is in the form of a clear liquid, has no color, is volatile and is very sensitive, so it is flammable.

Ethanol is generally used as a solvent in other chemicals such as drugs and other chemical compounds. This chemical dissolves easily in water and other organic solvents because it is polar and can form hydrogen bond interactions with water. The polarity of ethanol is due to the –OH group which is polar.

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N-Chloromethylamine is the name given to the molecule. The provided molecule contains the highly electronegative components nitrogen and chlorine, as can be seen. Hydrogen bonding is not visible because of the enormous size of chlorine, whereas it is visible because of the lower size of nitrogen.

Because it is too big, the chlorine atom in chloromethane cannot form hydrogen bonds. In chloromethane, the hydrogen atoms are not sufficiently electropositive and are not linked to an electronegative atom. As a result, chloromethane and water molecules are unable to establish hydrogen bonds.

An abundant biopolymer called chitin stabilises the exoskeleton of insects and gives plants their shape. These intermolecular connections, which connect the polymer strands in a complicated network of hydrogen bonds, are the source of the material's macroscopic characteristics.

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Option B; This radioisotope's half-life is 20.4 minutes. After 60.0 minutes, 13.03% of a sample is still present.

The decay of C-11 isotopes is known to follow first order kinetics.

The half-life time (t1/2) in a first order reaction is equal to 0.693/k, where k is the rate constant.

k = 0.693/(t1/2), 0.693/(20.4 min), or 0.03397 min1.

The following is the first order reaction integrated law:

ln[A0]/[A], or

where k is the rate constant (0.03397 seconds per second).

t (t = 60.0 min).

[A0] is C-11's starting concentration ([A0] = 100%).

[A] is the amount of C-11 that is still present ([A] =???%).

kt = ln[A0] / [A]

(60.0 min 0.03397 min) = ln(100%)/[A]

2.038 = ln(100%)/[A]

assuming e is on both sides:

7.677 = (100%)/[A]

[A] = (100%)/(7.677) = 13.03%.

After 60.0 minutes, 13.03% of a sample is still present.

Question:

Carbon-11 is used in medical imaging. The half-life of this radioisotope is 20.4 min. What percentage of a sample remains after 60.0min a)34.0 b)13.03 c)2871.2  d)2.94

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Among the given gases, only chlorine is diatomatic and others are monatomic.

Why among the given gases, only chlorine is diatomatic and others are monatomic?

Cl belongs to seventh group in the periodic table. Thus it has an unpaired electron in its valence shell.

By sharing the lone electron of other Cl atom it gets stability and exist in diatomic form.

Other gases Ne and He belongs to 8th group or o group. They are inert gas and has completely filled configuration.

So, the won't react with others to get stability.

Therefore, Among the given gases, only chlorine is diatomatic and others are monatomic.

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Answer:

Water pollution is caused by the introduction of contaminants into water bodies.

Explanation:

These contaminants can come from a variety of sources, including agricultural runoff, sewage treatment plants, industrial discharges, and stormwater runoff from urban areas. Water pollution can have serious impacts on the environment, including the loss of aquatic habitats, the decline of fish populations, and the contamination of drinking water supplies. It can also have negative impacts on human health, as some pollutants can be toxic or cause illness when ingested or come into contact with skin. There are a number of measures that can be taken to reduce water pollution, including regulating discharges from industrial and agricultural operations, improving sewage treatment processes, and implementing best management practices to prevent runoff from entering water bodies.

When an unstructured crystals polymer is annealed considerably below melting temperature, its tensile modulus increases.

The portion left over after dividing one integer by another is known also as modulus (or "modulus" or "mod"). For instance, 100 mod 9 is 1. due to the fact that 100/9 Equals 11 with a residue of 1. Here's another illustration: 14 modulo 12 equals 2. since the remainder is 2, and 14/12 = 1.

No matter what that's sign, a real number's non-negative value, or absolute value (or modulus), is | x |. For instance, five has an absolute value of five, and five less five also has an absolute value of five. To measure the elastic modulus, we often use megapascals (MPa) or gigapascals (GPa).

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The energy of 3600 calory = 15kJ.

The option b) 15 is correct answer.

Because 1cal = 4.184J

⇒ 3600cal = 3600 × 4.148

                  = 14,932.8 ≈ 15000J

                  = 15kJ

What is the relation between 1 calorie and Joule?

1 Calorie/kcal = 4.2 kilojoules

Joule is the unit of energy.

Is A Joule the same as a calorie?

Kilojoules and calories are essentially two separate terminology-based units of measurement for the energy found in food and the energy we burn. By dividing the number of calories by 4.2, one can convert them to kilojoules.

Why is 1 calorie 4.18 joules?

It is false that 1kcal = 4.18 joules. The 'kcal' is one of the most common physical units which are used to measure the energy. The joule is now the SI unit used to measure energy. 1 kcal = 4184 joules (approx.)

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The work function of the metal is 3.41 * 10^-19 J.

We know that term work function has to do withy the energy that you have to supply so that you can be able to remove an electron from an atom. In this case we are looking at the work function of the atom that is called cesium.

Thus we have;

E = hc/λ

E= energy of the light

h = Plank's constant

c = speed of light

λ = wavelength

Then we would have that the wavelength of the light is given in the question as  400 nm

E = 6.6 * 10^ -34 * 3 * 10^8/400 * 10^-9

E = 4.95 * 10^-19 J

We then have;

KE = E - Wo

KE = kinetic energy

E = energy of the photon

Wo = work function thus we have;

Wo = E - KE

Wo = 4.95 * 10^-19 J -  1.54 x 10‐19J

Wo =3.41 * 10^-19 J

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