Viruses, chloroplasts, and mitochondria are exceptions to cell theory because they are not composed of cells.
What is mitochondria?
Mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all eukaryotic organisms, such as animals, plants, and fungi. They are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell, as they generate the majority of the cell's energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria also have a variety of other roles, including metabolism and calcium storage. They are semi-autonomous, meaning that they can replicate and divide independently of the cell, and contain their own DNA.
Viruses are not composed of cells and instead are composed of genetic material, typically DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. Chloroplasts and mitochondria, on the other hand, are organelles contained within cells and are composed of their own genetic material and protein coat. Therefore, they are not considered to be cells themselves.
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a natural disaster that resulted in the loss of genetic diversity in a population would be an example of a
A natural disaster that resulted in the loss of genetic diversity in a population would be an example of a bottleneck effect.
A natural disaster is when a natural hazard actually occurs and causes considerable harm to a community. Economic repercussions are frequently left behind by a natural disaster in addition to human casualties or physical harm. The amount of damage depends on the infrastructure's accessibility and the population's adaptability. Avalanches, coastal flooding, cold waves, droughts, earthquakes, hail, heat waves, hurricanes (tropical cyclones), ice storms, landslides, lightning, riverine flooding, strong winds, tornadoes, typhoons, tsunamis, volcanic activity, wildfires, and winter weather are just a few of the numerous types of natural disasters that can happen.
The complete question is:
A natural disaster that resulted in the loss of genetic diversity in a population would be an example of a
a) genetic drift
b) founder effect
c) bottleneck effect
d) natural selection
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The total mass of living matter as each trophic level is called Its _____.
A) abiotic factors
B) food chain
C) biomass
D) biotic factors
[tex]{ \qquad\qquad\huge\underline{{\sf Answer}}} [/tex]
The Correct choice will be : C.) Biomass
Bio mass is defined as mass of all living matter at a trophic level.
Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because Select one: a. the tendons are partially ossified at their attachment points to the periosteum. b. a circumferential lamella sandwiches the ends of the tendon onto the surface of an adjacent lamella. c. perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone. d. elastin fibers in the tendon can allow for stretching and recoil of the muscle.
Collagen attach the tendon and periosteum to the cortical surface of the bone. Option C is correct.
Tendons are tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones, and they are designed to withstand the tension and stress generated by muscle contractions. The collagen fibers that make up tendons are arranged in a highly organized manner, providing strength and stability to the tendon.
Perforating fibers of collagen are bundles of collagen fibers that penetrate the periosteum, which is the dense connective tissue that covers the surface of bones. These fibers attach the tendon to the cortical surface of the bone, anchoring the muscle to the bone and providing a strong connection that resists tearing.
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What are the 4 main functions of the lymphatic vessels?
They include defending your body from pathogens, preserving body fluid balance, absorbing lipids from the digestive tract, and eliminating cellular waste.
What is the role of lymphatic vessels?Lymph system continue to gather and filter lymph as it flows toward large ships called as collecting ducts (at the nodes). These vessels act very much like your veins do, working under very low pressure and with a variety of valves to keep the flow of fluid in one direction.
What are the four lymphatic vessels?Both right lymph duct as well as the thoracic duct are the two lymph arteries in the body. Jugular lymph trunks, clavicle lymph trunks, fuller lymph trunks, & lumbar lymph trunks are the four pair of lymph trunks.
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A neat figure showing the method of identifying the medicines mixed in blood.
The explanation of the method for identifying medicines in blood is given below
How to identify medicine in bloodBlood serum analysis: Blood serum is the liquid portion of blood that is left after blood cells are removed. This liquid can be analyzed to determine the presence of certain medicines in the bloodstream.
Chromatography: Chromatography is a technique that separates different components of a mixture, such as medicines in blood, based on their physical and chemical properties. This allows for the identification of specific medicines in a sample.
Mass spectrometry: Mass spectrometry is a technique that measures the mass of particles in a sample, such as medicines in blood. This can be used to identify specific medicines in the sample.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): ELISA is a method for detecting the presence of specific substances, such as medicines, in a sample by using antibodies that are specific for those substances.
These are just a few of the methods that can be used to identify medicines in blood. The specific method used will depend on the type of medicine being tested for and the sample being analyzed.
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the combining form that refers to the anatomic structure defined as spongelike organ consisting of lobes and located in the thoracic cavity is
The combining form that refers to the anatomic structure defined as spongelike organ consisting of lobes and located in the thoracic cavity is pulmono.
Explain thoracic cavity.
The heart, lungs, esophagus, thymus, sympathetic trunk, and the major vessels are all located within the hollow thoracic cavity, which is enclosed by the rib cage and the diaphragm. It has three compartments: the mediastinum, two pleural cavities, and.
A word used to express how effectively the lungs aid in breathing. During breathing, oxygen is drawn into the lungs, where it is transported to the body's tissues by the blood. The body's waste product, carbon dioxide, is transported to the lungs where it is exhaled.
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which event describes a change where evolution has happened?responsesan allele frequency changes in a population., , an allele frequency changes in a population.,a white-eyed fly is born into a population of brown-eyed flies.a white-eyed fly is born into a population of brown-eyed flies.a school of fish moves to a new environment.a school of fish moves to a new environment.,a species of tree dies out.
An allele frequency change in a population is a change where evolution has happened.
Evolution is the process by which species change over time through mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation. An allele frequency change occurs when the frequency of a particular allele (version of a gene) in a population changes. If a new allele appears in a population, or if the frequency of an existing allele increases or decreases, this can have a profound effect on the population and may lead to evolution. An allele frequency change is a key indicator of evolution because it demonstrates that the genetic makeup of a population is changing over time.
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calculate the free energy of hydrolysis of atp in a rat liver cell in which the atp, adp, and pi concentrations are 3.4, 1.3, and 4.8 mm, respectively
The free energy of hydrolysis of ATP can be calculated using the equation [tex]ΔG = ΔG° + RTln([ADP][Pi]/[ATP])[/tex].
The free energy of ATP hydrolysis in the rat liver cell would be calculated using the conventional free energy change of G° = -12 kcal/mol as follows:
[tex]ΔG = ΔG° + RTln([ADP][Pi]/[ATP])[/tex]
ln(1.3 mM * 4.8 mM / 3.4 mM) = -12 kcal/mol + (1.987 cal/mol*K) * (298 K) = -12 kcal/mol + -7.2 kcal/mol = -19.2 kcal/mol
In this specific cell, the hydrolysis of ATP would produce a free energy of -19.2 kcal/mol. This f is an estimate based on the presumption that the values provided appropriately reflect the temperature and the concentrations of the reactants and products. a number of variables, including the pH, the presence of enzymes, and other metabolic activities occurring inside the cell, might affect the free energy change.
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What is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes?
Answer:
hemoglobin
Explanation:
What specific neurotransmitter is released during neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine is a specific neurotransmitter is released during neuromuscular junction.
NeurotransmitterAlthough motoneurons and presynaptic terminals of rodent endplates from the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles are positive for glutamate labelling, acetylcholine (ACh) is still the main neurotransmitter at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ).Acetylcholine serves as the primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system, a component of the autonomic nervous system (a branch of the peripheral nervous system) that slows the heart rate, relaxes smooth muscles, widens blood vessels, and produces more body secretions.It contributes to neuroplasticity, memory, arousal, and learning. Additionally, it helps people maintain focus and helps the brain's reward system work by activating sensory functions when they first awake.For more information on acetylcholine kindly visit to
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Which of the following mRNA modifications are common in human cells?A) 5' cap additionB) intron removal and exon joiningC) 3' poly-A tail additionD) alternative splicingE) All of the above are common mRNA modifications in human cells.
The correct answer is E) All of the above are common mRNA modifications in human cells.
All of the listed mRNA modifications - 5' cap addition, intron removal and exon joining, 3' poly-A tail addition, and alternative splicing - are common in human cells and play important roles in gene expression and protein synthesis.
The 5' cap addition involves the addition of a modified guanine nucleotide to the 5' end of mRNA, which helps to protect the mRNA from degradation and assists in translation initiation. Intron removal and exon joining is a process in which non-coding regions (introns) of pre-mRNA are removed and the remaining coding regions (exons) are joined together to form mature mRNA. The 3' poly-A tail addition involves the addition of a long chain of adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of mRNA, which plays a role in mRNA stability and nuclear export.
Alternative splicing is a process in which different combinations of exons within a pre-mRNA molecule are spliced together to generate multiple mRNA isoforms, leading to the production of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. Alternative splicing is a common mechanism used to generate protein diversity in eukaryotes, and it is estimated that over 90% of human genes undergo alternative splicing.
In summary, all of the listed mRNA modifications are common in human cells, and they play important roles in the regulation of gene expression and protein synthesis.
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imagine that you are given some photoheterotrophs to grow for a lab experiment. what should you use as a source of energy for this type of bacteria?
To grow photoheterotrophs in a lab experiment, you would need to provide a light source as the energy source.
Photoheterotrophs are bacteria that use organic compounds as a carbon source, but they require light as a source of energy.
There are different types of light sources that can be used depending on the specific needs of the photoheterotrophic bacteria. For example, some photoheterotrophs may require specific wavelengths of light, such as blue or red light, to carry out photosynthesis. Other photoheterotrophs may be more flexible and able to use a wider range of wavelengths.
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in an early study of black spruce trees in canada's hudson bay area, researchers studying nuclear dna found no reduction of genetic diversity in post-ice-age populations, and thus no evidence of founder effects. why did a recent study, using mitochondrial dna (mtdna), show different results regarding the founder effects in black spruce?
Option a. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited, and thus it is passed on only through seeds, while it is absent from pollen.
Comparison of present and previously published data supports thehypothesis of a recent progenitor-derivative relationship between these species, red spruce presumably being derived by allopatricspeciation of an isolated population of black spruce during the Pleistocene.The DNA found in mitochondria, which are cellular organelles found in eukaryotic cells that transform chemical energy from food into a form that cells can utilise, such as adenosine triphosphate, is known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) (ATP). Only a small amount of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is contained in the mitochondria; the majority of the DNA is found in the cell nucleus and, in plants and algae, also in plastids like chloroplasts.
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Full Question: In an early study of black spruce trees in the Hudson Bay area, researchers studying nuclear DNA found no reduction of genetic diversity in post Ice Age populations, and thus no evidence of founder effects. Why did a recent study, using mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) show different results regarding the founder effects in black spruce?
a. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited, and thus it is passed on only through seeds, while it is absent from pollen.
b. Seeds cannot disperse as easily and as far as the pollen, which is carried by the wind.
c. Different populations of the black spruce have similar composition of nuclear DNA, but very differentwith respect to mtDNA composition.
d. all of the above
Why do we only see Neanderthal input in non-African genomes? Neanderthals never interbred with Homo sapiens in Africa. Only Y chromosome DNA can be transmitted from Neanderthal genomes.
There are Neanderthal traces in the genes of people all across the planet. However, an analysis of tens of thousands of Icelanders reveals that the Neanderthal legacy had little to no influence on the majority of their physical characteristics or risk of disease.
What is the Neanderthal input in non-African genomes?Scientists determined that all modern non-African people have some Neanderthal heritage in their DNA after sequencing the Neanderthal genome.
Researchers at Princeton University have now shown evidence of Neanderthal heritage in African populations as well, and the origin of this ancestry sheds new light on the evolution of humanity.
Therefore, In Africa, Homo sapiens did not interbreed with Neanderthals. Neanderthal genomes can only transmit Y chromosomal DNA.
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Fill The Blank? the outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the ______ pericardium.
The outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the fibrous pericardium.
Your heart is surrounded by a delicate sac called the pericardium. It keeps your heart stable inside of your chest and lubricates and protects it. The pericardium may experience issues if it becomes inflamed or fills with fluid. Your heart's health and performance may be impacted by the swelling.
A pericardium consists of two layers:
1) The outer layer of the pericardium is fibrous. It is joined to your diaphragm by a strong band of connective tissue. It keeps your heart in the chest cavity and guards against infections.
2) The inner layer is called the serous pericardium. The visceral and parietal layers are separated into two further layers. Your heart's pericardium, which is serous, aids in lubrication.
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what is occurring when the dot disappears? in your explanation, include the anatomical term for the part of the eye responsible for the phenomenon and describe why this anatomical part causes this effect
Because the optic nerve is not light sensitive, the optic disk is a blind region. When you focus on the optic disk, the black dot you drew'disappears. The optic disk is now very close to another vital component of your retina known as the fovea.
Scotoma, or blind spot, is an obscuration of the visual field. A physiological blind spot, also known as a "blind point," or punctum caecum in medical literature, is a location in the visual field that corresponds to a lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc of the retina where the optic nerve passes through.
Because the optic disc lacks light-detecting cells, the corresponding area of the field of vision remains invisible.
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What happens to the chromosomes in late telophase
Answer:
During late telophase, the chromosomes de-condense as the histones assume a relaxed state. When they are in this state the cell can access the chromosomal DNA in order to produce proteins. DNA in the de-condensed state is very difficult to be seen, even with a microscope.
what is the difference between seminal receptacles and seminal vesicles in earthworms
The seminal vesicles are most often the first structures you notice. These are cream-colored and placed near the worm's head. They are utilized to make sperm. Remove these white structures from the top of the digestive system that sits beneath them using tweezers.
Little apertures in the grooves of segments 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9 allow the spermathecal duct to open outside. Spermathecae/ seminal receptacles are meant to receive sperms from another worm during copulation and to store sperms temporarily.
To avoid confusion, we describe the seminal receptacle (= receptaculum seminalis) as the structure where spermatozoa are kept, as opposed to the spermatheca (= copulatory bursa, bursa copulatrix), where they are originally received during copulation (Beeman, 1977).
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thinking about how we classify living organisms into domains, which pair of organisms is most closely related?
Organisms that are most closely related are typically those that share the most recent common ancestor. In terms of domains, the Archaea and Eukarya domains are believed to be more closely related to each other than either is to the Bacteria domain.
Therefore, the pair of organisms that are most closely related would be one from the Archaea domain and one from the Eukarya domain.
The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The Archaea and Bacteria domains are both composed of prokaryotic organisms, while the Eukarya domain includes all eukaryotic organisms. Eukaryotes have a distinct nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes lack these structures.
According to molecular and genetic evidence, Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than either is to Bacteria. Archaea and Eukarya share several features that distinguish them from Bacteria, including similarities in DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They also share some membrane lipids and some similarities in their cell walls.
Therefore, if we were to choose one organism from each of these two domains, they would be expected to share more recent common ancestry than either would with a representative organism from the Bacteria domain.
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how can changes in a population lead to new species? ~home edition model 1 - allopatric speciation geographic isolation is an isolating mechanism in nature. over long periods of time, it can lead to speciation. as the name suggests, geographic isolation is when populations of a species become separated geographically. this could also happen from the founder effect, where a small group breaks away from a larger population and establishes a group in an isolated area. isolation could also occur when a geographic event, like an earthquake or a landslide separates a population. once the populations are separated evolution can occur through multiple mechanisms. natural selection could act on each population, where some individuals have favorable traits for survival. genetic drift can occur, where genotypes become more common due to random chance. these mechanisms can lead to each subpopulation becoming so different, that they can no longer interbreed and are considered separate species.
Ultimately, inheritable drift can beget a subpopulation to come genetically distinct from its new species.
Indeed, over a long period of time, inheritable drift and the accumulation of other inheritable changes can affect in speciation, which is the elaboration of a new species. geographic insulation is an segregating medium in nature. over long ages of time, it can lead to speciation. as the name suggests, geographic insulation is when populations of a species come promised geographically.
This could also be from the author effect, where a small group breaks down from a larger population and establishes a group in an isolated area. insulation could also do when a geographic event, like an earthquake or a landslide separates a population. formerly the populations are separated elaboration can do through multiple mechanisms.
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the outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the ______ pericardium.-fibrous-epicardium-parietal-visceral
The outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the fibrous pericardium.
The heart and the roots of the major vessels are contained within the pericardium, commonly known as the pericardial sac. It consists of two layers: a serous membrane-covered inner layer and a fibrous pericardium-covered outer layer (serous pericardium). It defines the middle mediastinum and encloses the pericardial cavity, which is filled with pericardial fluid. It keeps the heart free from interference from other organs, shields it from infection and stress, and lubricates the beats of the heart.
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during the process of meiosis, how many haploid cells are formed from the original diploid cell?
Four haploid cells are created out from original diploid cell during the meiotic process.
MeiosisMeiosis, a form of cell division, is responsible for creating gametes (sex cells), which have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell. It takes place in the reproductive cells of reproducing asexually animals.Two rounds of cell division, each with its own stages, are involved in the meiosis process (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). The homologous chromosomes separate during the first division (meiosis I), and the resultant cells contain half as many chromosomes as the parent cell. The sister chromatids split apart during the second division (meiosis II), creating four haploid cells.These haploid cells have half as many chromosomes as the initial diploid cell and are genetically separate from it. This is crucial for sexual reproduction because it enables the fertilized egg to include gametes from two different persons, giving rise to a new being with a distinct set of genetic characteristics.learn more about meiosis here
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What does this symbol represent in terms of life cycles, and why is it drawn this way? O Sporophyte: It is a simple way of drawing the many spores within the sporophyte. O Multicellular organism: It is a simple way of drawing many cells to represent a multicellular life stage. O Spore: It is drawn this way to distinguish it from gametes, which are also single-celled. Cell with cytoskeleton: It is drawn to show microtubules. O Nucleus with chromosomes: It is drawn to show two sets of chromosomes, making it diploid.
The symbol is typically used to represent the life cycle of a multicellular organism. It is drawn this way to depict the various stages of the life cycle, including the spore, the sporophyte, the multicellular organism, the cell with cytoskeleton, and the nucleus with chromosomes.
What is cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is an intricate network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It provides structural support, helps to maintain cell shape, anchors organelles and other proteins within the cell, and serves as a track for cellular transport. The cytoskeleton consists of three main types of filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
The spore is drawn as a single cell to distinguish it from gametes, which are also single-celled. The sporophyte is drawn as many spores to represent the many spores it contains. The multicellular organism is drawn to show the many cells that make up the organism. The cell with the cytoskeleton is drawn to show the microtubules contained within the cell. Finally, the nucleus with chromosomes is drawn to show two sets of chromosomes, making it diploid.
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What inspires young people to have a career in stem?
You may anticipate a high pay, plenty of employment prospects and future career development, diversity in the school and workplace, flexibility, and professional satisfaction if you decide to major in a STEM subject.
A STEM course is what?Science, technology, engineering, and math are together referred to as STEM. When you have the chance to participate in cutting-edge advancements and research initiatives, a career in STEM may be extremely gratifying.
What does STEM stand for?STEM, or science, tech, engineering, and math, is a field and curriculum that focuses on educating students in these four academic areas (STEM). Scientists at the U.S. Science Foundation first used the abbreviation STEM in 2001. (NSF).
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what microorganism is similar to molds in nutritional needs and cellular structure
Answer:
Yeasts are microorganisms that are similar to molds in their nutritional needs and cellular structure. Like molds, yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms that are characterized by their filamentous structure and ability to produce spores. Yeasts are also heterotrophic organisms that require a source of organic carbon for energy and growth, making them similar to molds in their nutritional needs. Additionally, both molds and yeasts are capable of breaking down complex organic molecules, such as sugars and starches, through the process of fermentation. However, there are also some key differences between yeasts and molds, including their mode of reproduction, their morphology, and their ecological niches.
The microorganism that is similar to molds in nutritional needs and cellular structure is yeast.
Both molds and yeasts are types of fungi, and they have similar cellular structures, including a cell wall made of chitin and a nucleus containing their genetic material. They also have similar nutritional needs, as they both obtain their nutrients through the absorption of organic material from their environment.
However, there are some differences between molds and yeasts. Molds typically have a filamentous, multicellular structure, while yeasts are usually unicellular. Molds also tend to grow on surfaces and form visible colonies, while yeasts are more commonly found in liquid environments and do not form visible colonies.
Overall, while there are some differences between molds and yeasts, they are similar in their cellular structure and nutritional needs.
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the outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the ______ pericardium.-fibrous-epicardium-parietal-visceral
The outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the fibrous.
The pericardium, also called pericardial sac, is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. It has two layers, an outer layer made of strong connective tissue (fibrous pericardium), and an inner layer made of serous membrane (serous pericardium). It encloses the pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid,and defines the middle mediastinum. It separates the heart from interference of other structures, protects it against infection and blunt trauma, and lubricates the heart's movements.
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because beach 2 is cooler than beach 1, we might expect more astelars to hatch if we move the eggs. but how many more astelars would hatch on beach 2 than would hatch on beach 1? and would this benefit of moving the eggs outweigh the risks posed by other variables?
All turtles that hatch from eggs that are incubated below 28°C are male. Every egg develops into a female over 31°C. The broods will produce both males and females at intermediate temperatures. While most sex chromosomes at the moment of fertilisation define the sex of most snakes and most lizards, the environment after fertilisation determines the sex of most turtles and all species of crocodilians.
Small changes in temperature can result in dramatic changes in the sex ratio in these reptiles, where the temperature of the eggs during a specific stage of development determines sex (Bull 1980). Eggs typically create one sex when incubated at moderate temperatures (22–27°C), but eggs incubated at higher temperatures (over 30°C) typically produce the other sex. The temperature range that allows both males and females to hatch from the same brood of eggs is quite narrow. The sudden temperature-induced change in sex is depicted.All turtles that hatch from eggs that are incubated below 28°C are male. Every egg develops into a female over 31°C. The broods will produce both males and females at intermediate temperatures.
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cactus plants needed to protect themselves so they grew thorns.
true or false?
It is TRUE that Cactus plants needed to protect themselves so they grew thorns.
For protection against herbivores, cacti have evolved spines from ordinary leaves. Moreover, they might develop barbed spines to make them more painful and challenging to move, scaring off potential predators. Several cacti have evolved to replace their leaves with spines all over their bodies, which resemble porcupine quills, rather than developing leaves just to be eaten by voracious herbivores.
As they have developed barbs as well, these spines are much harder to get rid of than non-barbed spines. This is best illustrated by the numerous barbed spines on opuntia cactus.
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4. An object is moving along at a constant velocity of 100 cm/s. What is the external force acting on the object?
Answer & Explanation: Constant velocity means that the forces are balanced, and thus Fnet = 0.
a pea plant can have smooth (r) or round (r) seeds, and yellow (y) or green (y) seeds. what is the probability of forming a gamete that contains ry alleles?
The probability of forming a gamete that ry alleles is 1/4.
As per the question, a pea plant can have smooth (R) or round (r), and yellow (Y) and green (y) seeds. The gametes it will form are- RY, Ry, rY, and ry. Thus, the probability of forming a gamete that contains ry alleles is 1/4.
The type of cross depicted here is dihybrid cross. A dihybrid cross comprises of inheritance of two traits simultaneously. The two characters being inherited here are the seed shape and the seed color. Mendel was the one who worked on pea plants to provide various laws describing the inheritance of characters among organisms.
The seed color yellow is dominant over green, while seed being round is dominant over wrinkled. According to Mendelian inheritance, the gametes segregate independently without the influence of each other.
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