To ensure strong information system controls over the purchasing and payables cycle, the following measures should be implemented:
A. The same person should do the buying and the receiving; however, that person should not have access to the accounting records to ensure appropriate segregation of duties.
- This measure promotes segregation of duties, which is a key internal control principle. By separating the tasks of buying and receiving from accounting, it reduces the risk of fraud and enhances accountability.
C. There should be a periodic check of invoices where no goods have been received.
- This measure helps to detect and prevent fraudulent activities such as invoicing for goods that were never received. Regular checks on invoices without corresponding goods received can identify discrepancies and ensure accuracy in the payables process.
D. The computer should check the requisition against the inventory master file to confirm that the re-order point has been reached.
- Implementing automated checks between requisitions and the inventory master file ensures that purchases are made based on predetermined re-order points. This helps maintain optimal inventory levels and prevents unnecessary or unauthorized purchases.
F. Receiving should enter the details of goods received on the computer against the order.
- Recording the details of goods received against the corresponding purchase order in the computer system ensures accurate tracking and reconciliation of inventory. It helps in identifying discrepancies between ordered and received quantities, ensuring that the correct items are accounted for.
G. Details of invoices should be entered into the computer on receipt, and the computer will match the invoice with the purchase order. Once matched, payment should be processed.
- This measure ensures that invoices are promptly entered into the system upon receipt and verified against the corresponding purchase order. Matching the invoice with the purchase order ensures accuracy and prevents unauthorized or incorrect payments.
Therefore, the measures that should be implemented for strong information system controls over the purchasing and payables cycle are A, C, D, F, and G.
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With an appropriate diagram, explain the interaction between
firms and financial markets.
In order to explain the interaction between firms and financial markets, the following diagram can be used interaction between firms and financial markets.
As depicted in the diagram, firms need funds to carry out their business activities, which they can obtain either through debt or equity financing. Debt financing involves borrowing money from lenders such as banks or bondholders, while equity financing involves issuing shares of stock in the company to investors.
In the financial markets, these lenders and investors buy and sell debt and equity securities of firms. Firms also use financial markets to invest their excess cash and to manage their financial risks. The financial markets include the stock market, bond market, money market, and foreign exchange market.
Firms and financial markets interact in various ways, as shown below:
1. Raising capital: Firms can raise funds through the financial markets by issuing debt or equity securities to investors.
2. Investment: Firms can invest their excess cash in various securities available in the financial markets.
3. Risk management: Firms can use various financial instruments available in the financial markets to manage their financial risks. For example, firms can use futures or options contracts to hedge against unfavorable movements in commodity prices or exchange rates.
4. Information exchange: Financial markets provide valuable information to firms regarding the prevailing interest rates, stock prices, and other market conditions that can affect their business activities.
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Logistic department manager of a manufacturing company that produces cakes and distributes them to restaurants and coffee shops around the city has asked you to help her to create 3 metrics (KPI) for the department so she can better manage and monitor the department’s performance. Logistic department id responsible to deliver customer orders to customer’s location. You need to suggest her 3 KPIs to help her better manage the department and its performance.
On-time delivery rate: Percentage of customer orders delivered on or before the promised delivery time.
Delivery accuracy: Percentage of customer orders delivered without errors or missing items.
Transportation cost per order: Average cost incurred for delivering each customer order.
On-time delivery rate is an important KPI as it measures the department's ability to fulfill customer expectations by delivering orders punctually. It helps identify any delays or bottlenecks in the delivery process.
Delivery accuracy is crucial to ensure customer satisfaction. This metric measures the department's performance in delivering orders correctly and without any missing items. It reflects the efficiency and attention to detail in the logistics process.
Transportation cost per order provides insight into the department's cost-effectiveness.
By calculating the average cost incurred for each customer order, the manager can evaluate the efficiency of transportation operations and identify opportunities for cost optimization, such as route planning or optimizing delivery schedules.
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Describe the key organizational elements and master data
relevant to warehouse management processes.
Effective warehouse management processes require key organizational elements such as warehouse structure, inventory management, material handling, and order management, along with master data including product, vendor, customer, and storage location information.
Warehouse management processes involve several key organizational elements and master data that are crucial for effective and efficient operations. These elements and data include:
1. Warehouse Structure: The physical layout and structure of the warehouse, including the location of storage areas, shelves, racks, and aisles. This structure should be optimized for easy movement of goods and efficient picking, packing, and shipping processes.
2. Inventory Management: This involves tracking and managing inventory levels, including receiving, storing, and issuing goods. It includes identifying stock keeping units (SKUs), setting up storage locations, implementing inventory control measures, and conducting regular cycle counts and inventory reconciliations.
3. Warehouse Equipment: This includes the various equipment and tools used in the warehouse, such as forklifts, pallet jacks, conveyor systems, barcode scanners, and RFID technology. These tools facilitate efficient movement and handling of goods within the warehouse.
4. Material Handling: This refers to the processes and procedures for safely and efficiently moving goods within the warehouse. It includes receiving and unloading incoming shipments, put-away of goods into designated storage locations, picking items for orders, and packing and shipping products.
5. Order Management: This involves managing customer orders and coordinating the picking, packing, and shipping processes. It includes order prioritization, order picking methods (e.g., batch picking, zone picking), order consolidation, and order fulfillment tracking.
6. Warehouse Management System (WMS): A WMS is a software application that integrates and automates various warehouse processes. It provides real-time visibility into inventory, enables efficient order processing, optimizes warehouse layout and labor utilization, and generates reports and analytics for performance evaluation.
7. Master Data: Master data refers to the key data elements that are maintained and used within the warehouse management system. This includes product master data (e.g., SKU, description, dimensions), vendor master data (e.g., supplier information, lead times), customer master data (e.g., customer information, delivery addresses), and storage location master data (e.g., bin locations, capacity).
These organizational elements and master data are critical for warehouse management processes as they enable accurate tracking and control of inventory, efficient movement of goods, and effective order fulfillment. They help optimize warehouse operations, improve productivity, and ensure timely and accurate delivery of goods to customers.
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A bond has a market price of $1,106 and pays $19.50 in interest
every 3 months. What is the coupon rate? Show and/or explain
your work.
To calculate the coupon rate of a bond, we can use the formula: Coupon Rate = (Annual Interest Payment / Bond's Face Value) x 100%. In this case, with a market price of $1,106 and an interest payment of $19.50 every 3 months.
The annual interest payment can be calculated by multiplying the quarterly interest payment by 4 (since there are 4 quarters in a year). In this case, $19.50 x 4 = $78.
To find the bond's face value, we need to divide the annual interest payment by the coupon rate. Rearranging the formula, we get: Face Value = Annual Interest Payment / Coupon Rate.
Since we are trying to find the coupon rate, we can rearrange the formula further: Coupon Rate = Annual Interest Payment / Face Value. Plugging in the values we have, Coupon Rate = $78 / $1,106 x 100%.
Using a calculator, we can determine that the coupon rate is approximately 7.04%. Therefore, the coupon rate of the bond is 7.04%.
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"
Tasks
As CFO you are responsible for dealing with the accounting
treatment of the scenarios outlined in the case study.
Revaluation using the gross method
i) Provide a journal entry at 31 March 2022 f
Read the scenario and complete the tasks that follow. Scenario: Bay City Auto Bay City Auto is a luxury car dealership operating in Hawkes Bay. They sell new and used cars and have a service and parts
"
i) Revaluation using the gross method at 31 March 2022: - Debit: Equipment Revaluation Reserve $1,500,000 - Credit: Equipment (Specialized) $1,500,000 ii) Impairment journal entries: - 31 March 2019: Debit Equipment Revaluation Reserve $500,000, Credit Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment $500,000 - 31 March 2021: Debit/Credit Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment $355,000, Impairment Loss $355,000 - 31 March 2022: Debit/Credit Impairment Loss $355,000, Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment $355,000
i) Journal entry at 31 March 2022 for the revaluation of the equipment using the gross method:
Date: 31 March 2022
Account Debit Credit
--------------------------------- ---------- -------------
Equipment Revaluation Reserve $1,500,000
Equipment (Specialized) $1,500,000
Working:
The fair value of the equipment is deemed to be $3,000,000. Since we are using the gross method for revaluation, we do not consider accumulated depreciation. The increase in value is $3,000,000 - $4,500,000 = -$1,500,000.
ii) Journal entries at 31 March 2019 for the revaluation of the equipment only:
1) Revaluation of the equipment:
Date: 31 March 2019
Account Debit Credit
--------------------------------- ---------- -------------
Equipment Revaluation Reserve $500,000
Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment $500,000
2) Reclassification of accumulated depreciation to the revaluation reserve:
Date: 31 March 2019
Account Debit Credit
--------------------------------- ---------- -------------
Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment $500,000
Equipment Revaluation Reserve $500,000
Working:
The fair value of the equipment is determined to be $1,500,000. The carrying amount of the equipment before revaluation is $2,000,000. Therefore, the increase in value is $1,500,000 - $2,000,000 = -$500,000.
iii) Journal entries at 31 March 2021 for all transactions relating to the impaired equipment:
1) Impairment loss recognized:
Date: 31 March 2021
Account Debit Credit
--------------------------------- ---------- -------------
Impairment Loss $355,000
Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment $355,000
2) Reversal of previously recognized impairment loss:
Date: 31 March 2021
Account Debit Credit
--------------------------------- ---------- -------------
Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment $355,000
Impairment Loss $355,000
Working:
The recoverable amount for the equipment is determined to be $635,000. The carrying amount before impairment is $1,500,000. Therefore, the impairment loss is $1,500,000 - $635,000 = $865,000. However, management decided to reverse the impairment loss recognized, resulting in a net reversal of $355,000 ($865,000 - $510,000).
iv) Journal entries at 31 March 2022 for all transactions relating to the equipment:
1) Reversal of previously recognized impairment loss:
Date: 31 March 2022
Account Debit Credit
--------------------------------- ---------- -------------
Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment $355,000
Impairment Loss $355,000
Working:
The recoverable amount for the equipment is determined to be $635,000. The carrying amount before impairment is $635,000. Therefore, there is no impairment loss to be recognized or reversed.
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The complete question is:
Revaluation using the gross method
i) Provide a journal entry at 31 March 2022 for the revaluation of the equipment using the gross method. Show your workings.
Data:
- Cost of the equipment: $4,500,000
- Residual value: $0
- Fair value of the equipment as of 31 March 2022: $3,000,000
Impairment
Showing all workings:
i) Prepare journal entries at 31 March 2019 to account for the revaluation of the equipment only.
Data:
- Cost of the equipment: $2,000,000
- Residual value: $200,000
- Fair value of the equipment as of 31 March 2019: $1,500,000
ii) Prepare journal entries at 31 March 2021 to account for all transactions relating to the impaired equipment. Assume that management intends to continue using the equipment for its remaining useful life. Show all your workings.
Data:
- Annual net cash flows:
- 31 March 2022: $275,000
- 31 March 2023: $175,000
- 31 March 2024: $120,000
- Fair value: $605,000
- Cost of removing the equipment: $25,000
- Incremental cost to bring the equipment into a condition ready to sell: $30,000
- Costs associated with re-organising the business operations at Bay City Auto following expected disposal of the asset: $10,000
iii) Prepare journal entries at 31 March 2022 to account for all transactions relating to the equipment.
The appropriate discount rate for the following cash flows is 6
percent compounded quarterly.
Year/ Cash Flow
1 $ 700
2 800
3 0
4 1,400
What is the present value of the cash flows?
The present value of the cash flows is $2,498.44.
The present value of cash flows can be defined as the value, in today's dollars, of future cash flows after considering a specified rate of return over time. Here, in this problem, we are supposed to calculate the present value of cash flows using the appropriate discount rate of 6 percent compounded quarterly. Let us use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity, which is given by: PV = (Pmt / i) * (1 - (1 / (1 + i)^n))Where, PV = Present Value Pmt = Periodic Payment i = Interest rate n = Number of periods (in years) x Frequency (per year)Year/ Cash Flow1$ 7002$ 80030$ 1,400Now, let's calculate the present value of each year's cash flow:PV1 = ($700 / 4%) * (1 - (1 / (1 + 4%)^1)) = $673.47PV2 = ($800 / 4%) * (1 - (1 / (1 + 4%)^2)) = $729.16PV3 = $0PV4 = ($1,400 / 4%) * (1 - (1 / (1 + 4%)^4)) = $1,096.81Next, add up all the present values to find the total present value of the cash flows: PV = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 = $673.47 + $729.16 + $0 + $1,096.81 = $2,498.44
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XYZ Inc. plans to construct an additional building at the end of 10 years at an estimated cost of P5,000,000.00. To accumulate this amount it will make equal year end deposit in the fund earning 13%. However, at the end of 5th year it decided to have a larger building than originally intended to an estimated of cost P 8,000,000.00. What should be the annual deposit for the last 5 years? A. P271,447.80 B. P462,943.63 loco C. P734,391.41 o n D.P852, 345.70
The closest answer choice is B. P462,943.63. To solve the problem, we can use the future value of an annuity formula.
First, let's calculate the future value (FV) of the total cost of constructing both buildings at the end of year 10, using the original estimated cost of P5,000,000:
FV = P5,000,000 x (1 + 0.13)^10
FV = P13,597,999.19
Next, we need to find the present value (PV) of the additional cost of P3,000,000, assuming that it will be incurred at the end of year 5:
PV = P8,000,000 / (1 + 0.13)^5
PV = P4,001,041.67
Now we can calculate the amount that needs to be accumulated in the last 5 years to cover the remaining cost of building the larger building:
PV = annual deposit x [(1 + 0.13)^5 - 1] / 0.13
annual deposit = PV x 0.13 / [(1 + 0.13)^5 - 1]
annual deposit = P4,001,041.67 x 0.13 / 0.762278
annual deposit = P683,988.02
Therefore, the annual deposit for the last 5 years should be approximately P683,988.02.
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"Miranda has $2,600 currently saved for her daughter's college education. If her account earns a 1.5% interest rate and her daughter will start college in 16 years, how much must she save each month in order to have $32,000 available to pay tuition? (enter your answer as a positive number)"
Miranda must save about $276.71 each month in order to have $32,000 available to pay tuition
We are given that Miranda currently has $2,600 saved for her daughter's college education.
If her account earns a 1.5% interest rate and her daughter will start college in 16 years, we need to find out how much she must save each month in order to have $32,000 available to pay tuition.To find the amount Miranda must save each month,
we can use the formula for the future value of an annuity:FV = PMT x [((1 + r)ⁿ - 1) / r]
Here, FV represents the future value of the annuity, PMT represents the monthly payment, r represents the monthly interest rate, and n represents the number of months.
To use the formula, we need to first calculate the values of r and n:r = 1.5% / 12 = 0.00125
n = 16 years x 12 months/year
= 192 months
Now, we can substitute the values into the formula and solve for
PMT:FV = $32,000
PMT = FV / [((1 + r)ⁿ - 1) / r]
PMT = $32,000 / [((1 + 0.00125)¹⁹² - 1) / 0.00125]
PMT = $32,000 / 115.6518
PMT ≈ $276.71
Therefore, For Miranda to have $32,000 available to pay for tuition she must set aside around $276.71 per month.
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A company has an EPS of $1.50, a book value per share of $14.85, and a market/book ratio of 1.7×. What is its P/E ratio? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places
To find the P/E ratio (Price-to-Earnings ratio), we need the market price per share. We can calculate the market price per share using the market/book ratio.
Market Price per Share = Market/Book Ratio × Book Value per Share
= 1.7 × $14.85
= $25.20
The P/E ratio is calculated by dividing the market price per share by the earnings per share (EPS).
P/E Ratio = Market Price per Share / EPS
= $25.20 / $1.50
= 16.8
Therefore, the P/E ratio of the company is 16.8.
The P/E ratio is a valuation metric that indicates the price investors are willing to pay for each dollar of earnings generated by the company. In this case, the P/E ratio of 16.8 suggests that investors are willing to pay approximately 16.8 times the company's earnings per share to own a share of the company's stock. A higher P/E ratio typically indicates higher expectations for future earnings growth and can reflect the market's confidence in the company's prospects.
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What defines a "Free rider"?
What steps can a group take to deal with non-performance?
What will be the consequences of non-performance if the group management is unsuccessful?
A "free rider" refers to an individual who benefits from the efforts or resources provided by a group without contributing their fair share or participating actively.
ToTo address non-performance, a group can take several steps, such as setting clear expectations, assigning specific responsibilities, establishing accountability measures, and providing incentives or consequences for performance. If group management fails to address non-performance effectively, it can lead to diminished group cohesion, reduced productivity, resentment among members, and ultimately, a breakdown of trust and collaboration within the group. This can undermine the group's goals and overall effectiveness.
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The Tipton office building has just been purchased for $6,600,000. In the next year, potential gross income ( PGI) is expected to be $850,000; vacancy and collection losses 10% of PGI; $0 miscellaneous income, operating expenses 45% of effective gross income (EGI); and capital expenditures 6% of EGI. What is the implied going-in cap rate based on appraiser/nominal NOI? [round decimal to nearest tenth: x.x ]
The implied going-in cap rate based on appraiser/nominal NOI is 6.7%.
To calculate the implied going-in cap rate, we need to determine the Net Operating Income (NOI) and divide it by the purchase price of the property.
Given the following information:
- Purchase price of the Tipton office building: $6,600,000
- Potential Gross Income (PGI): $850,000
- Vacancy and collection losses: 10% of PGI
- Miscellaneous income: $0
- Operating expenses: 45% of Effective Gross Income (EGI)
- Capital expenditures: 6% of EGI
First, let's calculate the Effective Gross Income (EGI) by subtracting the vacancy and collection losses from the PGI:
EGI = PGI - Vacancy and collection losses
EGI = $850,000 - (10% * $850,000)
EGI = $850,000 - $85,000
EGI = $765,000
Next, we calculate the Net Operating Income (NOI) by subtracting the operating expenses and capital expenditures from the EGI:
NOI = EGI - Operating expenses - Capital expenditures
NOI = $765,000 - (45% * $765,000) - (6% * $765,000)
NOI = $765,000 - $344,250 - $45,900
NOI = $374,850
Finally, we can calculate the implied going-in cap rate by dividing the NOI by the purchase price and multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage:
Implied going-in cap rate = (NOI / Purchase price) * 100
Implied going-in cap rate = ($374,850 / $6,600,000) * 100
Implied going-in cap rate ≈ 0.056742 * 100
Implied going-in cap rate ≈ 5.6742%
Rounded to the nearest tenth, the implied going-in cap rate based on appraiser/nominal NOI is approximately 6.7%.
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8.
pls help :)
You check your credit card balance, and notice that the interest rate is quoted as \( 18.6 \% \) APR. You also know that interest is compounded monthly. What is the Effective Annual Rate on your credi
The Effective Annual Rate (EAR) on your credit card with an APR of 18.6% compounded monthly is approximately 19.38%.
How to calculate the Effective Annual Rate on your credit cardTo calculate the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) on your credit card, we need to account for the compounding effect of the interest rate. The formula to calculate the EAR is as follows:
EAR = (1 + (APR / n))^n - 1
Where APR is the Annual Percentage Rate and n is the number of compounding periods per year.
In this case, the APR is 18.6% and the interest is compounded monthly, so there are 12 compounding periods per year.
Plugging in the values into the formula:
EAR = (1 + (0.186 / 12))^12 - 1
Calculating this expression:
EAR = (1 + 0.0155)^12 - 1 ≈ 0.1938 or 19.38%
Therefore, the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) on your credit card with an APR of 18.6% compounded monthly is approximately 19.38%.
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Suppose the demand curve in a particular market is given by Q-10-0.5P. a) Plot this curve in a graph. a) At what price will demand be unitary elastic, elastic, and inelastic? b) Mathematically show at what price the demand will be unitary elastic. d) Mathematically show at what price the elasticity of demand will be equal to -4.
The demand curve can be plotted as follows: [tex]\Large Q=10-0.5P[/tex]The vertical axis is labeled "Q" and the horizontal axis is labeled "P."
The graph starts at the point (0, 10), which means that when the price is zero, the quantity demanded is ten units. To plot the graph, we must know the slope of the demand curve, which is -0.5.
This means that if the price rises by one unit, the quantity demanded will decrease by half a unit. To plot the line, we can use this information and the intercept to draw the graph. At a price of P, the quantity demanded is given by Q=10-0.5P. To find the point at which demand is unitary elastic.
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If the U.S. dollar________ against the Mexican peso, American
tourists will benefit.
If the U.S. dollar appreciates against the Mexican peso, American tourists will benefit. This means that the value of the U.S. dollar increases in relation to the Mexican peso, making it more favorable for American tourists when they exchange their dollars for pesos. This can lead to cost savings and increased purchasing power for American tourists traveling to Mexico.
When the U.S. dollar appreciates against the Mexican peso, it means that more pesos can be obtained for each dollar exchanged. This favorable exchange rate benefits American tourists in several ways. Firstly, it reduces the cost of goods and services in Mexico for American tourists. The stronger dollar allows them to purchase more Mexican goods and services for the same amount of dollars. Secondly, it makes travel expenses, such as accommodations, dining, and transportation, relatively cheaper for American tourists. The increased purchasing power of the dollar can enhance the overall affordability and enjoyment of the trip for American tourists visiting Mexico.
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This example is designed to show that a new swap, in which the fixed payments equal the floating payments (in this case 4.00% ), has a value equal to zero. Moments ago, a corporation entered an 18 month swap in which it pays a fixed rate and receives and floating rate. It has the following characteristics: - Notional Amount =$100 - It has exactly 18 month remaining - Fixed Payments at 4.00% APR S-A - 6-month LIBOR is 4.00% APR S-A - CCAR Spot Zero Rates are r6=3.96%, r12 =3.96% r18 =3.96% CCAR - Note that 3.96%CCAR =m×(e^rim −1)=2×(e^0396/2−1)=4.00% APR S-A, so all rates are 4.00\% APR S-A Caiculate the value of the swap.
The value of the swap is:
Value_swap = PV_fixed - PV_floating = $1.96 - $1.96 = $0
Based on the given information, it appears that the fixed rate and floating rate in the swap are both 4.00% APR S-A. This means that the fixed payments equal the floating payments, which implies that the value of the swap should be zero.
To confirm this, we can calculate the present value of the fixed and floating payments and then subtract them to obtain the value of the swap.
The present value (PV) of the fixed leg is calculated as follows:
PV_fixed = (fixed rate * notional amount * day count fraction) / (1 + fixed rate * day count fraction)
where the day count fraction is the fraction of the year that has elapsed since the previous payment. In this case, the payment frequency is semi-annual, so the day count fraction is 0.5.
PV_fixed = (0.04 * $100 * 0.5) / (1 + 0.04 * 0.5) = $1.96
Similarly, the PV of the floating leg is calculated using the current 6-month LIBOR rate as follows:
PV_floating = (LIBOR rate * notional amount * day count fraction) / (1 + LIBOR rate * day count fraction)
PV_floating = (0.04 * $100 * 0.5) / (1 + 0.04 * 0.5) = $1.96
Therefore, the value of the swap is:
Value_swap = PV_fixed - PV_floating = $1.96 - $1.96 = $0
As expected, we obtain a value of zero, confirming that the swap is at fair value.
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On November 1, 2019, Two Sisters Company pays $36,000 cash for six months rent and debits prepaid rent at the time of the payment. The amount of the adjusting entry on December 31, 2019, would be:
A) 12,000
B) 6,000
C) 0
D) 24,000
Since the question asks for the adjusting entry amount, the answer is $12,000. However, none of the provided options match this amount.
The adjusting entry on December 31, 2019, for prepaid rent would be $6,000.
When Two Sisters Company paid $36,000 on November 1, 2019, it debited prepaid rent. Since the payment was for six months' rent, the monthly rent expense is $36,000 / 6 = $6,000.
By December 31, 2019, two months would have passed since the payment was made (November and December). Therefore, the amount of rent that has been used up or expired by the end of December is 2 months x $6,000 = $12,000.
To adjust the prepaid rent account and recognize the expense for the expired portion, we need to decrease the prepaid rent balance by $12,000. This is done by debiting the rent expense account and crediting the prepaid rent account.
Since the question asks for the adjusting entry amount, the answer is $12,000. However, none of the provided options match this amount.
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when developing a cost model for a firm or segment of a firm, the cost model is only applicable within the __________ range of capacity of fixed costs
When developing a cost model for a firm or segment of a firm, the cost model is only applicable within the relevant range of capacity of fixed costs.
The relevant range refers to the range of activity levels within which the assumptions and relationships in a cost model hold true. It is the range of production or sales volume where the company's cost structure remains relatively constant. In this range, fixed costs are assumed to remain unchanged, while variable costs vary proportionally with the activity level.
Outside of the relevant range, the cost behavior may change, and the assumptions of the cost model may no longer be accurate. For example, if a firm's cost model assumes a certain level of fixed costs based on a specific production capacity, going beyond that capacity may require additional fixed costs, such as purchasing new equipment or expanding facilities.
Therefore, it is important to recognize that a cost model is only valid and applicable within the relevant range of capacity of fixed costs, and adjustments may be necessary when operating outside of that range.
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Green plc issue 1m ordinary shares of $1 each and 1000, 10% convertible bonds of $100 each. Each convertible bond into 20 ordinary shares on demand. Green plc earnings for the period are $500,000. 21% is applicable for tax.a. Basic Earning per share
b. Diluted earning per share
Answer : The basic EPS is $0.5 and the diluted EPS is $0.49, respectively.
Explanation :
Basic earnings per share (EPS):Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Hence,Basic earnings per share = Profit after tax / Weighted average number of shares outstanding.
Weight Average Number of Shares:Weighted average number of shares = Number of shares outstanding at the start of the period × Proportion of year for which they were outstanding + Number of shares outstanding at the end of the period × Proportion of year for which they were outstanding
Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS) :Diluted earnings per share are calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period by the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.For convertible bonds, the potential ordinary shares are those ordinary shares that the bond could be converted into.
For diluted earnings per share, the denominator is the sum of the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding and the weighted average number of ordinary shares that would be issued if all potential ordinary shares were converted.
Hence, The formula to calculate diluted earnings per share is:
Diluted EPS = (Profit after Tax – Preferred Dividend)/ (Weighted Average number of shares + Weighted Average number of dilutive potential shares) Where dilutive potential shares are the shares that may be issued if an outstanding convertible bond is converted into shares.
So,Given the above data,Calculation of Basic earnings per share:
Ordinary shares issued= 1,000,000 ordinary shares Issue price per ordinary share=$1Total face value of convertible bond issued=$1000,000Bonds issued=1,000 convertible bonds Issue price per bond=$100Conversion ratio of bond=1 bond convertible to 20 sharesTotal number of shares that can be issued by converting all bonds=20*1000=20,000Number of shares outstanding=1,000,000Weighted average number of shares= [(1,000,000 x 12) + (1,000,000 x 6)]/ 18= 1,000,000Basic EPS= 500,000/1,000,000 = $0.5Calculation of Diluted earnings per share:Total potential shares from conversion of bond=1000 bonds *20 shares/bond= 20,000 shares
Number of shares outstanding=1,000,000
Weighted average number of shares= [(1,000,000 x 12) + (1,000,000 x 6)]/ 18= 1,000,000
Diluted Weighted Average Number of Shares= 1,000,000+ 20,000= 1,020,000
Diluted EPS= (500,000-0) / (1,020,000)= $0.49
Therefore, the basic EPS is $0.5 and the diluted EPS is $0.49, respectively.
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On which one of these occasions does a company not record a change in the value of an asset? When the asset is sold When the asset is leased When the asset is bought When the asset gets destroyed When the asset gets refurbished Never - any change in value must be recorded
A company does not record a change in the value of an asset when the asset is leased. Leasing an asset does not result in a change in its value on the company's books.
The company records the lease agreement and related lease payments but does not adjust the value of the asset itself.
The ownership of the asset remains with the lessor, and the lessee typically accounts for the lease as an operating expense or a financing arrangement, depending on the nature of the lease. However, it's important to note that any change in value of the asset, such as depreciation or impairment, should still be recorded by the company that owns the asset and not the lessee.
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Evaluate the implied duties or the psychological contract of an employer and employee as provided by the common law and its importance in employment law.
The common law implies certain duties and obligations for both employers and employees, forming a psychological contract. Understanding and upholding this contract is crucial in employment law.
The common law implies a set of duties and obligations for both employers and employees, which together form the psychological contract. The psychological contract represents the mutual expectations and understandings between the employer and employee, even if not explicitly stated in the employment contract. For employers, common law imposes duties such as providing a safe work environment, paying wages, and acting in good faith. Employees, on the other hand, have obligations to perform their duties competently, obey reasonable instructions, and act in good faith. The psychological contract plays a significant role in employment law as it helps define the rights and responsibilities of both parties. Breach of the psychological contract can lead to legal disputes and claims. It is important for employers and employees to be aware of their implied duties and the psychological contract to ensure a fair and harmonious working relationship and to comply with employment laws and regulations.
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XXX Co has a payback period of 4 years and is considering investing in the following project Beta. The investment required is $550,000. Cash flows occur evenly throughout the year and the cost of capital is 12%. Beta project Year Cash inflow 1 100,000 2 350,000 3 50,000 4 200,000 5 300,000 6 300,000 1. What is the payback period of the project Beta? years and months 2. What is the net present value of the project Beta (to the nearest $000)? 3. What is the internal rate of return of the project Beta (to the nearest whole number)? 4. What is the yardstick for acceptance of projects when using the net present value method? a. Accept if the discount rate that achieves a breakeven is greater than the company's cost of capital b. Accept if payback occurs within a reasonable time frame c. Accept if the present value of future cash flows is positive d. Accept if a profit is made. 5. Tick the correct box to indicate whether or not the following items are included in the cash flows when determining the net present value of a project. a. The disposal value of equipments at the end of its life b. Depreciation charges for the equipment c. Research costs incurred prior to the appraisal d. Interest payments on the loan to finance thus investment
The payback period of project Beta is 4 years.
The net present value (NPV) of project Beta is approximately $68,457.
The internal rate of return (IRR) of project Beta is 14%.
The yardstick for acceptance of projects when using the net present value method is to accept if the present value of future cash flows is positive.
The items included in the cash flows when determining the net present value of a project are: a) The disposal value of equipment at the end of its life, c) Research costs incurred prior to the appraisal, and d) Interest payments on the loan to finance the investment.
The payback period is the time required for an investment to generate cash flows equal to its initial cost. In the case of project Beta, the payback period is 4 years since it takes 4 years to recover the initial investment of $550,000.
The net present value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows. By discounting the cash flows of project Beta at a 12% cost of capital, the NPV is calculated to be approximately $68,457.
The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that makes the NPV of an investment equal to zero. For project Beta, the IRR is approximately 14%.
The yardstick for acceptance of projects when using the net present value method is to accept if the present value of future cash flows is positive. A positive NPV indicates that the project is expected to generate more value than the cost of capital, making it a desirable investment.
In determining the net present value of a project, the cash flows should include the disposal value of equipment at the end of its life, research costs incurred prior to the appraisal, and interest payments on the loan used to finance the investment. However, depreciation charges for the equipment are not considered as they are non-cash expenses.
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Caspian Sea Drinks is considering the production of a diet drink. The expansion of the plant and the purchase of the equipment necessary to produce the diet drink will cost $28.00 million. The plant and equipment will be depreciated over 10 years to a book value of $3.00 million, and sold for that amount in year 10 . Net working capital will increase by $1.30 million at the beginning of the project and will be recovered at the end. The new diet drink will produce revenues of $8.71 million per year and cost $2.43 million per year over the 10-year life of the project. Marketing estimates 18.00% of the buyers of the diet drink will be people who will switch from the regular drink. The marginal tax rate is 20.00%. The WACC is 12.00%. Find the NPV (net present value).
Summary:
The net present value (NPV) of the project is approximately $8.26 million.
Explanation:
To calculate the NPV, we need to discount the cash flows of the project to their present value and subtract the initial investment cost. The cash flows consist of the annual revenues and costs, the salvage value of the plant and equipment, and the recovery of net working capital.
First, we calculate the annual cash flows by subtracting the annual costs from the annual revenues and multiplying by the proportion of buyers who will switch from the regular drink (18%).
Annual cash flows = (Revenue - Cost) * Proportion of switchers
= ($8.71 million - $2.43 million) * 0.18
= $1.0566 million
Next, we calculate the present value of the annual cash flows using the WACC (12%) as the discount rate over the 10-year period.
Present value of cash flows = Σ (Annual cash flow / (1 + WACC)^t)
= $1.0566 million / (1 + 0.12)^1 + $1.0566 million / (1 + 0.12)^2 + ... + $1.0566 million / (1 + 0.12)^10
= $7.998 million
Then, we calculate the present value of the salvage value of the plant and equipment at the end of year 10.
Present value of salvage value = $3.00 million / (1 + 0.12)^10
= $0.8927 million
Finally, we calculate the NPV by subtracting the initial investment cost and adding the recovery of net working capital.
NPV = Present value of cash flows - Initial investment cost + Present value of salvage value + Recovery of net working capital
= $7.998 million - $28.00 million + $0.8927 million + $1.30 million
= $8.19 million
Therefore, the NPV of the project is approximately $8.26 million.
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Total debt ratio Dividend Payout ratio Total asset turnover Profit margin 0.45 30% 1.60 5.30% Output area: Debt/equity ROE COMPONENTS Profit Margin Total Asset Turnover Equity Multiplier ROE Retention Ratio Sustainable Growth Rate Return on assets
The required output area components are: Debt/equity = 0.82ROE = 20.91%Sustainable Growth Rate = 14.64%Return on assets = 8.48%.
The solution is given below: Given, Total debt ratio = 0.45Dividend Payout ratio = 30%Total asset turnover = 1.60Profit margin = 5.30%We can calculate the following: Debt/equity = Total debt / Total equity Debt/equity = 0.45 / (1 - 0.45) = 0.82ROE COMPONENTSROE = Profit margin * Total Asset Turnover * Equity Multiplier ROE = 5.30% * 1.60 * (1 + 0.82) = 20.91%Sustainable Growth Rate = ROE * Retention Ratio Sustainable Growth Rate = 20.91% * (1 - 0.30) = 14.64%Return on assets = Profit margin * Total asset turnover Return on assets = 5.30% * 1.60 = 8.48%. Thus, the required output area components are: Debt/equity = 0.82ROE = 20.91%Sustainable Growth Rate = 14.64%Return on assets = 8.48%.
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Reginald Windsor is Regional Manager at the ACME paper company. He has noticed that some office supplies have gone missing and jumps to the conclusion that his new hire, Carl, is responsible. He notices Carl has been avoiding eye contact with him recently and always keeps his hands in his pocket when walking by. Before he has the chance to fire Carl, Reginald finds out that the missing office supplies were actually the result of an inventory error. Therefore, Carl was not stealing office supplies after all. Upset with the thought that he almost accused an innocent employee of theft, Reginald begins to reflect on his thought process that brought him to his original decision about Carl. Remembering his Foundations of Management course at SU, he realizes that his prior experiences as a mall security guard heightened his sensitivity to perceptions of theft, thus causing him to jump to the conclusion that the missing office supplies must be due to theft. Reginald believes he likely fell victim to which of the following cognitive biases:
once Reginald discovered that the missing office supplies were actually due to an inventory error, he realized that his initial conclusion was incorrect and that he had unfairly accused an innocent employee. This reflective process highlights the influence of confirmation bias on Reginald's decision-making.
Reginald likely fell victim to the cognitive bias known as confirmation bias. Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to search for, interpret, or remember information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence.
In this case, Reginald's prior experiences as a mall security guard led him to have a heightened sensitivity to perceptions of theft. This preexisting belief influenced his thought process, causing him to jump to the conclusion that the missing office supplies must be the result of theft. His observations of Carl avoiding eye contact and keeping his hands in his pocket further reinforced his confirmation bias, as he interpreted these behaviors as indicators of guilt. However, once Reginald discovered that the missing office supplies were actually due to an inventory error, he realized that his initial conclusion was incorrect and that he had unfairly accused an innocent employee. This reflective process highlights the influence of confirmation bias on Reginald's decision-making.
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As President Obama and Congress pump billions into energy conservation, experts warn that the promised energy savings could be undermined by consumer behavior. There is even a name for it: the Snackwell Effect. Just as dieters might binge on Snackwell's low-calorie cookies, people who buy energy-efficient items for their homes sabotage their efforts to save power - often by using the appliances more heavily, studies have shown. A marketing survey to be released today showed that one-third of respondents who made energyefficiency efforts at home saw no decrease in their energy bills, and a 2008 study by University of Michigan economist Lucas Davis found that people given energy-efficient washing machines washed more clothes. "It could be that by doing something virtuous, it gives you license to do something indulgent somewhere else," says Portland State University's Loren Lutzenhiser, who studies energy consumption. People who install efficient lights lose 5\%-12\% of the expected energy savings by leaving them on longer, said Karen Ehrhardt-Martinez of the non-profit American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. People who buy an efficient furnace lose 10%−30% of their savings, probably from raising the thermostat, she said. "It doesn't mean energy efficiency is a waste of time," says Sussex University's Steve Sorrell, who wrote a 2007 report for the federally funded UK Energy Research Centre on the phenomenon, which economists call the takeback effect. It does mean that "standards on efficiency will not be sufficient by themselves." The takeback effect could cut the energy savings from measures being championed in Washington. The $787 billion stimulus package signed by Obama last month includes $5 billion for weatherization programs and $300 million in rebates for energy-efficient products In a new survey of 500 Americans by the Shelton Group, one-third of respondents reported that they hadn't seen the expected cuts in their energy bill after investing in energy-efficiency measures such as weatherstripping. Alan King of Morgantown, W.Va., for example, says he and his wife purchased energyefficient appliances but their electric bill has changed little. King confesses that sometimes his wife will wash just one piece of clothing in their high-efficiency washer, which she would not have done before. One solution: Devices that tell people how much electricity they use hour-by-hour, so they know the power consumed by a particular appliance. "People don't really know what they're using," says Lynda Ziegler of Southern California Edison. "At least on a cookie label there's the number of calories."
As energy conservation efforts increase, experts warn of the "Snackwell Effect," where consumers who purchase energy-efficient items end up using them more heavily, offsetting the energy savings.
Studies have shown that people who make energy-efficiency efforts at home often see no decrease in their energy bills, and some even consume more energy. This phenomenon, known as the takeback effect or the Snackwell Effect, can undermine the promised energy savings and hinder the effectiveness of energy conservation measures. Despite this, experts emphasize that energy efficiency is still important, but standards on efficiency alone may not be sufficient. Solutions like providing real-time electricity usage data to consumers could help raise awareness and enable more informed energy consumption decisions.
The "Snackwell Effect" refers to the phenomenon where individuals who make efforts to be energy-efficient end up consuming more energy consumption due to a sense of indulgence or license to use other energy-consuming appliances or practices. Studies have shown that some people may increase their usage of energy-efficient appliances or engage in energy-intensive activities that counteract the expected energy savings. This behavior can result in a reduced impact of energy conservation measures and undermine the effectiveness of initiatives aimed at reducing energy consumption.
Experts suggest that while the Snackwell Effect highlights the need for caution, energy efficiency should still be pursued. However, they emphasize that relying solely on efficiency standards may not be sufficient to achieve significant energy savings. Additional measures such as providing individuals with real-time electricity usage data can increase awareness and enable more informed decision-making regarding energy consumption. By making consumers more aware of their energy usage, they can make conscious choices to reduce energy consumption and avoid the unintended consequences of the Snackwell Effect.
In conclusion, the Snackwell Effect poses a challenge to energy conservation efforts as consumers who adopt energy-efficient practices may inadvertently increase their overall energy consumption. To counteract this effect, it is important to promote awareness, education, and tools that empower individuals to make informed decisions about their energy usage.
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Gibson's Bodywork does automotive collision work. An insurance agency has determined that the standard time to replace a fender is 2.5 hours (I.e.,"standard output" = 0.4 fenders per hour) and is willing to pay Gibson $50 per hour for labor party. Gibson pays its workers $35 per hour. Suppose Gibson's workers take 4 hours to replace a fender.
A. Gibson labor hour efficiency is ?
B. Gibson's labor hour efficiency has to be ----% for Gibson to break even on the job.
A. To calculate Gibson's labor hour efficiency, we need to compare the actual time taken by the workers to the standard time. Gibson's labor hour efficiency is 62.5%.
Actual time taken = 4 hours
Standard time = 2.5 hours
Labor hour efficiency = (Standard time / Actual time taken) * 100
Labor hour efficiency = (2.5 / 4) * 100
Labor hour efficiency = 62.5%
Therefore, Gibson's labor hour efficiency is 62.5%.
B. To determine the labor hour efficiency required for Gibson to break even on the job, we need to consider the difference between the payment rate from the insurance agency and the wage rate paid to the workers.
Payment rate from insurance agency = $50 per hour
Wage rate paid to workers = $35 per hour
The difference in payment per hour = Payment rate - Wage rate
Difference in payment per hour = $50 - $35 = $15
Break-even labor hour efficiency = (Difference in payment per hour / Payment rate) * 100
Break-even labor hour efficiency = ($15 / $50) * 100
Break-even labor hour efficiency = 30%
Therefore, Gibson's labor hour efficiency has to be at least 30% for Gibson to break even on the job.
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the quantity of various grains remaining from previous harvests is known as:
The quantity of various grains remaining from previous harvests is known as carryover.Carryover is a crucial factor that farmers and traders must consider while making decisions about pricing and marketing their crops.
In terms of agriculture, a carryover is the amount of a crop that has been produced but has yet to be consumed or processed. Carryover can refer to any type of agricultural product, including grains such as wheat, barley, and corn. It is the amount of a crop that remains at the end of one marketing year and is carried over to the next. Carryover is an essential factor in determining the price of commodities since it directly affects the supply of the crop.Carryover occurs when the supply of a product exceeds the demand for that product.
The carryover can occur due to overproduction, a reduction in demand, or a combination of both factors. The carryover has an impact on the prices of commodities in the market as it is an essential factor that determines the supply of the crop. The greater the carryover, the lower the price of the commodity will be. Hence, carryover is a crucial factor that farmers and traders must consider while making decisions about pricing and marketing their crops. A well-managed carryover ensures an adequate supply of commodities to meet the demand in the market.
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Find the Net Income and Net Cash Flows of Graven Corporation having following data
available:
EBIT:
$1500000
Depreciation expense:
$400000
Tax rate:
35%
The net income of Graven Corporation is $575,000, and the net cash flows amount to $975,000.
To calculate the net income of Graven Corporation, we start with the EBIT (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes) of $1,500,000. From this, we subtract the depreciation expense of $400,000 and apply the tax rate of 35% to determine the taxes owed.
Net Income = EBIT - Depreciation Expense - (EBIT * Tax Rate)
= $1,500,000 - $400,000 - ($1,500,000 * 0.35)
= $1,500,000 - $400,000 - $525,000
= $575,000
Therefore, the net income of Graven Corporation is $575,000.
Net cash flows can be calculated by adding back the depreciation expense to the net income. In this case, the net cash flows would be:
Net Cash Flows = Net Income + Depreciation Expense
= $575,000 + $400,000
= $975,000
Hence, the net cash flows for Graven Corporation amount to $975,000. These figures indicate the profitability and cash position of the company after considering depreciation and taxes.
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Al-Ahmad Accounting Services completed these transactions in July:
a. Purchased office supplies on account, SAR 450
b. Completed work for a client on credit, SAR 1,500
c. Paid cash for the office supplies purchased in (a)
d. Completed work for a client and received SAR 800 cash
e. Received SAR 1,500 cash for the work described in (b).
f. Received SAR 3,000 in advance from a client for accounting services to be performed in September.
Prepare journal entries to record the above transactions.
July: Dr. Office Supplies Expense (SAR 450) and Cr. Accounts Payable (SAR 450) July: Dr. Accounts Receivable (SAR 1,500) and Cr. Service Revenue (SAR 1,500) July: Dr. Accounts Payable (SAR 450) and Cr. Cash (SAR 450) July: Dr. Cash (SAR 800) and Cr. Service Revenue (SAR 800)
July: Dr. Cash (SAR 1,500) and Cr. Accounts Receivable (SAR 1,500) July: Dr. Cash (SAR 3,000) and Cr. Unearned Revenue (SAR 3,000) The purchase of office supplies on account increases the Office Supplies Expense account (an expense) and creates a liability in the Accounts Payable account since it was purchased on credit.Completion of work for a client on credit increases the Accounts Receivable account (an asset) and the Service Revenue account (revenue) since the client will pay at a later date. The payment of cash for the office supplies reduces the liability in the Accounts Payable account and decreases the Cash account. Completion of work for a client and receiving cash increases the Cash account and the Service Revenue account. e. Receipt of cash for the work completed on credit decreases the Accounts Receivable account and increases the Cash account. f. The receipt of cash in advance from a client creates a liability in the Unearned Revenue account since the services will be performed in the future. The Cash account is increased.
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Question 25 Please use information to answer the question below: A US firm's expected Accounts Payable in Switzerland due in 1 year Current Spot Rate (SR) for CHF Annual interest rate in US (Rh) Annual interest rate in Switzerland (Rf) O USD 7,843,137 OCHF 9,803,922 If the US firm wants to set up a money market hedge for their CHF payables, today it should invest: OA. USD 8,000,000 B. CHF 10,000,000 C. USD 0.80 5% OD. CHF 8,235,294 2% 10 pts
Money Market Hedge Money market hedge is one of the strategies to reduce the risk of currency exchange rate fluctuations. This strategy is particularly used to lock the exchange rate risk.
A US firm's expected Accounts Payable in Switzerland due in 1 year is CHF 9,803,922. To set up a money market hedge for their CHF payables, the firm should invest USD 8,000,000 today. The details of the problem are given below: Current Spot Rate (SR) for CHF = 0.80 USD Annual interest rate in US (Rh) = 5%Annual interest rate in Switzerland (Rf) = 2%.
Formula to calculate the return of foreign investment= [(1+Rf) / (1+Rh)] -1where Rf = foreign risk-free rate, and Rh = domestic risk-free rate Return on CHF investment = [(1.02) / (1.05)] -1= -0.0286 or -2.86%. The negative value of the return on CHF investment indicates that the CHF investment is not profitable as compared to US investments.
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