For a chemical reaction in a closed system, mass Connor be _____ or _______. We can say that throughout the reaction mass is ______.

The mass of oxygen, O₂ required to react with the 23.780 g of acetaldehyde, CH₃CHO is 8.636 g

The mass of oxygen, O₂ required to react with the 23.780 g of acetaldehyde, CH₃CHO can be obtain as follow:

2CH₃CHO + O₂ → 2HC₂H₃O₂

From the balanced equation above,

88.106 g of CH₃CHO reacted with 32 g of O₂

Therefore,

23.780 g of CH₃CHO will react with = (23.780 × 31.998) / 88.106 = 8.636 g of O₂

Thus, the mass of oxygen required for the reaction is 8.636 g. None of the options are correct

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The simplified expression for the given expression is:40T^2 × T^98 × (4^181) / 4^67

Given expression : (4^-3)^-3 × (4^0)^-9 × (4^6)^-3 × (-4)^-49 × (2T)^2 × (T^2)^49 × (-4)^181 × 40To simplify the given expression, we use the following properties of exponents : For any real numbers a, b and n, we have ;a^-n = 1/a^n and a^n × a^m = a^(n+m)Let's simplify each term of the given expression one by one:(4^-3)^-3 = 4^(9) because when a negative exponent is raised to another negative exponent, it becomes positive. (4^-3)^-3 = 4^(-3×-3) = 4^(9)(4^0)^-9 = 4^0 = 1 because any number raised to the power of 0 is equal to 1(4^6)^-3 = 4^(-6×3) = 4^(-18) because when a negative exponent is multiplied by another negative exponent, it becomes positive.(-4)^-49 = -1/(4^49) because when a negative exponent is raised to another negative exponent, it becomes positive and also negative.(-4)^181 = (4^181) because when an odd negative power of a negative number is raised to another power, it becomes negative.40 = 40 as it is(2T)^2 = 4T^2(T^2)^49 = T^(2×49) = T^98(-49) = -49 as it is Now let's simplify the given expression:1 × 1/(4^49) × 4^(-18) × 40 × 4T^2 × T^98 × (4^181)40 and 4^-18 can be simplified and combined as follows:1/(4^49) × 4^(-18) × 40 = 40/(4^49 × 4^18) = 40/4^(49+18) = 40/4^67.

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The branched alkene has a side group attached to one of the carbon atoms in the chain, resulting in a non-linear structure. The unbranched alkene, on the other hand, has a linear chain with no side groups.

Unbranched Alkene: Butene

Butene is an example of an unbranched alkene with four carbon atoms. Its chemical formula is C₄H₈. The carbon atoms are connected in a linear chain with double bonds between the adjacent carbon atoms.

Here is the structure of unbranched butene:

    H H   H

    | |   |

H - C = C - C - H

    |     |

    H     H

In this structure, each carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one other carbon atom through single bonds. The double bond is represented by a line between the carbon atoms.

Branched Alkene: 2-Methylpropene

2-Methylpropene is an example of a branched alkene with four carbon atoms. It contains a methyl (CH₃) group attached to the second carbon atom of the chain.

Here is the structure of branched 2-methylpropene:

      H   H   H

      |   |   |

  H - C - C = C - H

      |     |

      C     H

      |

      H

In this structure, the methyl (CH₃) group is attached to the second carbon atom of the chain. The double bond is present between the second and third carbon atoms.

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40 quarters would need to be lined up in a row to reach a length of 1 meter.

To determine how many quarters would have to be lined up in a row to reach a length of 1 meter, we need to convert the given length of a quarter into meters and then divide the total length by the length of a single quarter.

1 meter is equal to 100 centimeters (since there are 100 centimeters in a meter).

Each quarter has a length of 2.5 centimeters.

To find out how many quarters are needed to reach 1 meter, we divide 100 centimeters by 2.5 centimeters:

100 cm ÷ 2.5 cm = 40

Therefore, you would need 40 quarters lined up in a row to reach a length of 1 meter.

Here's a step-by-step breakdown of the calculation:

Convert 1 meter to centimeters: 1 meter x 100 cm/m = 100 cm.

Determine the number of quarters needed: 100 cm ÷ 2.5 cm = 40 quarters.

Therefore, 40 quarters would need to be lined up in a row to reach a length of 1 meter.

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1. Oxygen is a reactant needed for all combustion reactions.

2. The products of the complete combustion reaction of a hydrocarbon (compound containing carbon and hydrogen) are carbon dioxide and water.

3. Complete combustion takes place if the quantity of oxygen is sufficient.

4. Incomplete combustion takes place if the quantity of oxygen is insufficient.

5. Combustion is a exothermic change.

6. In a combustion reaction, oxygen is the oxidizer and the substance which burns is the fuel.

7. The lower the kindling temperature, the easier is the combustion.

8. If a substance burns at room temperature in the absence of a flame the combustion is said to be spontaneous.

9. Combustion reactions are accompanied by heat and light effect.

10. Combustion reactions don't take place at the same rate.

1)Oxygen is a reactant needed for all combustion reactions. Combustion reactions are chemical reactions that involve the rapid combination of a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) with oxygen gas. Oxygen acts as the oxidizing agent, providing the necessary component for the reaction to occur. Without oxygen, combustion cannot take place.

2)The products of the complete combustion reaction of a hydrocarbon are carbon dioxide and water. In the presence of sufficient oxygen, hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_2[/tex]) and water ([tex]H_2O[/tex]). This reaction releases a significant amount of energy in the form of heat and light.

3)Complete combustion takes place if the quantity of oxygen is sufficient. Complete combustion occurs when there is an adequate supply of oxygen available for the reaction. In this case, the fuel (hydrocarbon) reacts completely with oxygen, resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide and water as the only products

4)Incomplete combustion takes place if the quantity of oxygen is limited. In situations where there is insufficient oxygen available, incomplete combustion occurs. This leads to the formation of products such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon (soot) in addition to carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion is less efficient and can release harmful pollutants into the environment.

5)Combustion is a chemical change. Combustion is classified as a chemical change because it involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds between atoms and molecules. The reactants (fuel and oxygen) undergo a chemical reaction to produce new substances (products) with different properties, such as carbon dioxide and water. Heat and light are also typically released during combustion.

6)In a combustion reaction, oxygen is the oxidizer, and the substance that burns is the fuel or combustible material. Oxygen acts as the oxidizing agent, meaning it accepts electrons from the fuel, leading to the oxidation (burning) of the fuel. The fuel provides the carbon and hydrogen atoms that combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

7)The lower the kindling temperature, the easier the combustion. The kindling temperature is the minimum temperature at which a substance can ignite and sustain combustion. If the kindling temperature is lower, it means that less heat is required to initiate the combustion process. Substances with lower kindling temperatures are more prone to catching fire and sustaining combustion.

8)If a substance burns at room temperature in the absence of a flame, the combustion is said to be spontaneous. Spontaneous combustion refers to the ignition and burning of a substance without the need for an external ignition source, such as a flame. It occurs when certain materials, under specific conditions, undergo self-heating and eventually reach their ignition temperature, leading to combustion.

9)Combustion reactions are accompanied by heat and light effects. Combustion reactions are highly exothermic, meaning they release a significant amount of heat energy. This energy is released in the form of heat and light, resulting in flames or glowing embers during combustion.

10)Combustion reactions don't take place at the same rate for all substances. The rate of combustion can vary depending on factors such as the nature of the fuel, the availability of oxygen, temperature, and pressure. Different substances have different combustion rates due to variations in their chemical properties and reactivity.

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The effects of soil erosion go beyond the loss of fertile land. It has led to increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers, clogging these waterways and causing declines in fish and other species. And degraded lands are also often less able to hold onto water, which can worsen flooding.

The initial pressure exerted on the balloon was 8 atmospheres.

To find the initial pressure exerted on the balloon, we can use Boyle's Law, which states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume when temperature is constant. The formula for Boyle's Law is P1V1 = P2V2, where P1 and V1 represent the initial pressure and volume, and P2 and V2 represent the final pressure and volume.

In this case, we are given that the initial volume (V1) is 14 L and the final volume (V2) is double the initial volume (2 x V1). We are also given that the final pressure (P2) is 4 atmospheres. We need to find the initial pressure (P1).

Using the formula P1V1 = P2V2 and plugging in the given values, we have:

P1 * 14 = 4 * (2 * 14)

P1 * 14 = 4 * 28

P1 * 14 = 112

To isolate P1, we divide both sides of the equation by 14:

P1 = 112 / 14

P1 = 8

It's important to note that the unit of pressure in this case is atmospheres, as stated in the question. If the pressure unit had been different, appropriate unit conversions would have been necessary.

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Answer: A saturated solution.

Explanation:

Well, you've definitely made coffee that is too sweet!

But, chemically speaking, a saturated solution is one in which the solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved. Any further addition of solute will not be able to dissolve in the solution.

This is exactly what is happening with our cup of coffee. The coffee solution already contains the maximum amount of sugar that can be dissolved, and no amount of stirring will allow the excess sugar to dissolve.

The given equation represents the reaction between zinc (Zn) and nitric acid (HNO3). The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is : Zn + HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2Zinc is a metal, and nitric acid is an acid.

This reaction is a redox reaction as the oxidation state of Zinc is changed from 0 to +2, and the oxidation state of Nitrogen in Nitric acid is changed from +5 to +4.The reactants in the equation are zinc and nitric acid. Zinc is a solid metal, while nitric acid is a colorless, corrosive liquid. In this reaction, zinc reacts with nitric acid to form zinc nitrate and hydrogen gas. Zinc nitrate is a white crystalline substance that dissolves in water easily. Hydrogen gas is a colorless, odorless gas.The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is derived by ensuring that the total number of atoms of each element in the reactants is equal to the total number of atoms of the same element in the products. The coefficients in front of each substance show the number of atoms or molecules of each substance needed for the reaction to occur.In this case, one atom of zinc reacts with one molecule of nitric acid to form one molecule of zinc nitrate and one molecule of hydrogen gas.

The reaction between zinc and nitric acid is an exothermic reaction as heat is released during the reaction.The reaction between zinc and nitric acid is an important reaction as it is used in the production of zinc nitrate, which is used in the manufacture of other zinc compounds.

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The answer is 30.2 mL (approx.).The number of milliliters of CH3OH in 503 mL of the solution is 30.2 mL (approx.).

A solution of methanol (CH3OH) contains 6.0% CH3OH by volume. The task is to determine how many milliliters of CH3OH are in 503 mL of the solution. Let's start by understanding the given data. The solution contains 6.0% CH3OH by volume. This implies that every 100 mL of the solution contains 6.0 mL of CH3OH. Therefore, to calculate the amount of CH3OH in 503 mL of the solution, we need to convert the volume percentage to volume and then calculate the volume of CH3OH in 503 mL of the solution. Here is the method to do it:Step 1: Convert the volume percentage to volume by using the formula:Volume of CH3OH = (Volume percentage of CH3OH / 100) x Total volume of the solutionVolume percentage of CH3OH = 6.0%Total volume of the solution = 503 mL.

Volume of CH3OH = (6.0 / 100) x 503 mLVolume of CH3OH = 30.18 mL (approx.) Step 2: Round off the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. Since the given value (503 mL) has three significant figures, the answer should also have three significant figures.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Hess’s law derives directly from the law of conservation of energy, as well as its expression in the first law of thermodynamics. By Hess’s law, the net change in enthalpy of the overall reaction is equal to the sum of the changes in enthalpy for each intermediate transformation: ΔH = ΔH1+ΔH2+ΔH3.

The endothermic reaction PE diagram is characterized by higher energy products and lower energy reactants.

The Potential Energy (PE) diagram represents the potential energy of the reactants and products. The change in potential energy during a reaction is often an indicator of whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.Endothermic reactions are those that absorb energy from their surroundings, while exothermic reactions release energy into their surroundings. The potential energy diagram for an endothermic reaction is characterized by a higher energy of products than that of the reactants.In other words, the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants is less than the energy required to form bonds in the products. The reactants are at a lower energy level than the products on the potential energy curve. The graph of PE diagram for an endothermic reaction is as follows: Image depicting a PE diagram for an endothermic reaction. As a result, Option B represents a PE Diagram for an endothermic reaction.

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6.4875 moles of nitrogen gas would be produced if 8.65 moles of copper(II) oxide were reacted with excess ammonia.

Given the following balanced equation, 2 NH₃(g) + 3 CuO (s) → 3 Cu(s) + N₂(g) + 3 H₂O(g). We are required to determine the number of moles of nitrogen gas that would be produced if 8.65 moles of copper(II) oxide were reacted with excess ammonia. We can use stoichiometry to solve this problem. Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products in a chemical reaction. It allows us to make predictions about the amount of product produced or reactant required in a chemical reaction. Stoichiometry relies on the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. In this case, the balanced chemical equation is 2 NH₃(g) + 3 CuO (s) → 3 Cu(s) + N₂(g) + 3 H₂O(g).

The balanced chemical equation shows that 2 moles of ammonia react with 3 moles of copper(II) oxide to produce 1 mole of nitrogen gas and 3 moles of water. This means that the mole ratio of ammonia to nitrogen gas is 2:1. We can use this mole ratio to determine the number of moles of nitrogen gas produced in the reaction. We know that 8.65 moles of copper(II) oxide is reacted with excess ammonia. Since copper(II) oxide is the limiting reagent, we can use it to calculate the number of moles of ammonia used in the reaction. The molar ratio of copper(II) oxide to ammonia is 3:2. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of ammonia used in the reaction as follows:Number of moles of ammonia = (3/2) × number of moles of copper(II) oxideNumber of moles of ammonia = (3/2) × 8.65Number of moles of ammonia = 12.975 molesWe know that the mole ratio of ammonia to nitrogen gas is 2:1. Therefore, the number of moles of nitrogen gas produced in the reaction is half the number of moles of ammonia used.Number of moles of nitrogen gas produced = (1/2) × number of moles of ammoniaNumber of moles of nitrogen gas produced = (1/2) × 12.975Number of moles of nitrogen gas produced = 6.4875 moles.

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30 g of pure sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is required to make 150 g of 20% solution of H2SO4.

To find the mass of pure sulfuric acid (H2SO4) required to make a 20% and 150g of solution of H2SO4, you first need to understand the concept of concentration.The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume or mass of solvent. It is expressed as a percentage or as the number of moles per liter of solution.20% solution means that 20 grams of solute is present in 100 grams of solution or 20 grams of solute is dissolved in 80 grams of solvent (water in this case).So, for 150 g of solution, the mass of solute (H2SO4) can be calculated as follows:20% solution means 20 g H2SO4 in 100 g solution.So, in 1 g solution, the mass of H2SO4 is:20 g / 100 g = 0.2 g/g solution.So, in 150 g of solution, the mass of H2SO4 is:0.2 g/g solution x 150 g = 30 g.So, 30 g of H2SO4 is required to make 20% and 150g of solution of H2SO4.To find the mass of pure sulfuric acid (H2SO4) required to make the solution, you need to consider the molar mass of H2SO4. The molar mass of H2SO4 is:2(1.01 g/mol) + 32.07 g/mol + 4(16.00 g/mol) = 98.08 g/mol.So, to find the mass of pure sulfuric acid (H2SO4) required to make the solution, you need to use the formula:mass = moles x molar mass.To find the moles of H2SO4, you need to use the formula:moles = concentration x volume / molar mass.For the 20% solution, the concentration is 20 g/100 g solution or 0.2 g/g solution.The volume of the solution is not given, so we cannot calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 required.For the 150 g solution, the mass of H2SO4 required is 30 g.

So, the number of moles of H2SO4 required is:moles = mass / molar mass = 30 g / 98.08 g/mol = 0.305 mol.So, the mass of pure sulfuric acid (H2SO4) required to make the solution is : mass = moles x molar mass = 0.305 mol x 98.08 g/mol = 29.93 g.

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Answer:

An ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons'and carries a net electric charge

Adding sulfuric acid to water will decrease the pH dramatically.option 4.

Sulfuric acid is a strong acid and is a type of acid rain. When five drops of sulfuric acid are added to a sample of water, the pH of water will decrease dramatically. This is because sulfuric acid is a strong acid that is capable of dissociating completely in water, producing a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and sulfate ions (SO4²-). This increase in hydrogen ion concentration lowers the pH of water and makes it more acidic.Acid rain is a type of rain that has a pH lower than 5.6, which is the normal pH of rainwater. The acidity of acid rain is caused by the presence of strong acids like sulfuric acid and nitric acid. These acids are produced when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are emitted into the atmosphere by human activities like burning fossil fuels and industrial processes.When these gases react with water, they form sulfuric acid and nitric acid, respectively, which then fall to the ground as acid rain.

Acid rain can have harmful effects on the environment, including the acidification of lakes and rivers, the degradation of forests and soils, and the corrosion of buildings and monuments.To conclude, when five drops of sulfuric acid are added to a sample of water, the pH of water will decrease dramatically.option 4.

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Answer:

CH4 (g) and O2 (g) are both in the gaseous state, while CO2 (g) and H2O (g) are also in the gaseous state.

In the above reaction, the reactants are in the gaseous state, and the products formed are also in the gaseous state.

Every compound in a chemical reaction can be in any state of matter like solid, liquid, or gas. In the reaction of methane and oxygen, the initial state of the reactants is in the gaseous form. The chemical reaction of methane and oxygen is given by the equation CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g).Here, methane and oxygen are the reactants, and carbon dioxide and water are the products. Methane (CH4) and oxygen (O2) react together in the presence of a spark or heat to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).In the reaction, the methane gas combines with oxygen gas, which causes the release of heat energy and forms carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. Methane gas is a colorless and odorless gas that burns cleanly and is one of the primary components of natural gas.

The oxygen gas required for the reaction is available in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a faint odor and taste and is a significant component of the Earth's atmosphere. Water is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid that is essential to life.The state of matter of every compound in a chemical reaction can change depending on the conditions in which the reaction occurs. For instance, a substance that is in the solid state at a lower temperature may melt into a liquid or boil into a gas at a higher temperature. Similarly, a liquid may freeze into a solid or vaporize into a gas under different conditions.

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Answer:

F

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation is option D:

4 Fe + 3 O₂ → 2 Fe₂O₃

This is a balanced equation because:

- There are four iron (Fe) atoms on both the reactant and product sides.

- There are three oxygen (O₂) molecules on both the reactant and product sides.

- The coefficients are the smallest possible integers that make the equation balanced.

Answer:

Explanation:It indicates the direction in which the reaction occurs.  

The largest amount of NH3 that could be produced is 4.0 mol (rounded to the nearest 0.1 mol).

To determine the largest amount of NH3 that can be produced from the given amounts of N2 and H2, we need to consider the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation:

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

According to the balanced equation, 1 mole of N2 reacts with 3 moles of H2 to produce 2 moles of NH3.

Given:

2.0 mol of N2

1.0 mol of H2

Based on the stoichiometry of the equation, we can determine the limiting reactant, which is the reactant that will be completely consumed first and will determine the maximum amount of product that can be formed.

To do this, we compare the moles of N2 and H2 to the stoichiometric ratio:

N2: 2.0 mol

H2: 1.0 mol × (3 mol of H2 / 1 mol of N2) = 3.0 mol

Since the ratio of N2 to H2 is 1:3, we can see that N2 is the limiting reactant because we have fewer moles of N2 than the stoichiometric requirement.

Now we can determine the maximum amount of NH3 that can be produced from the limiting reactant, N2. Since 1 mole of N2 reacts to produce 2 moles of NH3, we can calculate:

Maximum moles of NH3 = 2.0 mol of N2 × (2 mol of NH3 / 1 mol of N2) = 4.0 mol of NH3

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a. The chemical equation for the electrolysis of water is:

2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)

b. The gas obtained at the anode during the electrolysis of water is oxygen (O2).

c. The volume of gas obtained at the anode is 0.002232 moles or approximately 0.05 L of oxygen gas.

a. The chemical equation for the electrolysis of water is:

2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)

b. The gas obtained at the anode during the electrolysis of water is oxygen (O2).

c. According to the balanced chemical equation, for every 2 moles of water (H2O) electrolyzed, 1 mole of oxygen gas (O2) is obtained. Since 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at standard temperature and pressure (STP), we can use the stoichiometry of the reaction to determine the volume of oxygen gas produced.

Given that 50 cm³ of gas is obtained at the anode, we need to convert this volume to liters:

50 cm³ = 50/1000 L = 0.05 L

Using the stoichiometric ratio of the balanced equation, we find that 2 moles of water produce 1 mole of oxygen gas. Therefore, 0.05 L of oxygen gas is equivalent to:

0.05 L × (1 mole/22.4 L) = 0.002232 moles

Thus, the volume of gas obtained at the anode is 0.002232 moles or approximately 0.05 L of oxygen gas.

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The concentration of Oxalic Acid is 0.2625 M.

A kinetic experiment is conducted to determine the rate law of a reaction. The concentration of Oxalic Acid can be calculated using the given amount of the reactants and the volume of the test tube. A balanced chemical equation can be used to find the stoichiometric ratio of the reactants in the given reaction.The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:5 H2C2O4 + 2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 → 10 CO2 + 2 MnSO4 + 8 H2OThe stoichiometric ratio between Oxalic Acid and Potassium Permanganate is 5:2. The Oxalic Acid is the limiting reactant, and Potassium Permanganate is in excess.The amount of Oxalic Acid in the solution can be calculated using the formula:molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in L.The moles of Oxalic Acid can be calculated using the formula:moles of H2C2O4 = Molarity of H2C2O4 x Volume of H2C2O4 in L= 0.525 M x 0.006 L= 0.00315 moles.

The volume of the solution after the addition of the reactants is:6.00 mL of 0.525 M Oxalic Acid + 4.00 mL of distilled water + 2.00 mL of 0.200 M KMnO4= 12.00 mLThe concentration of Oxalic Acid in the solution can be calculated using the formula:Molarity of H2C2O4 = moles of H2C2O4 / volume of solution in L= 0.00315 moles / 0.012 L= 0.2625 M.

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The balanced ionic equation shows that the reaction is balanced on both sides and that the number of atoms of each element remains the same.

When ammonium bromide and copper(I) chromate are mixed, an ionic reaction occurs that produces precipitates of copper(I) bromide and ammonium chromate. These precipitates are insoluble in water, which causes them to separate from the solution. Therefore, the balanced ionic equation for the reaction is as follows:3Cu2+ (aq) + 2CrO42- (aq) + 12NH4+ (aq) + 12Br- (aq) → Cu3Br2 (s) + (NH4)2CrO4 (s)Ionic reactions are chemical reactions in which ions in aqueous solutions interact with one another. In this reaction, ammonium bromide and copper(I) chromate dissociate into their respective ions when they come into contact with one another. Ammonium bromide dissociates into ammonium ions (NH4+) and bromide ions (Br-), while copper(I) chromate dissociates into copper ions (Cu2+) and chromate ions (CrO42-).Upon mixing, the ions combine to form copper(I) bromide (Cu3Br2) and ammonium chromate ((NH4)2CrO4), which precipitate out of solution as solid products.

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The Tc and Pc values of water are very high compared to the room temperature and common atmospheric pressure. As a result, water exists in liquid state under ordinary condition of temperature and pressure.

Water exists in the liquid state under ordinary conditions because its critical temperature (Tc = 647.1 K) and critical pressure (Pc = 220.6 bar) are significantly higher than room temperature and common atmospheric pressure.

The critical temperature is the temperature above which a substance cannot exist in the liquid state regardless of the pressure applied and the critical pressure is the pressure required to convert a substance into a liquid at its critical temperature.

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403.2 liters of hydrogen gas is needed for the reaction if 6 mol of nitrogen gas are consumed in the reaction and the reaction occurs at STP.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas is given by:N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)This equation states that one mole of nitrogen gas reacts with three moles of hydrogen gas to form two moles of ammonia gas. Therefore, the stoichiometric ratio of nitrogen gas to hydrogen gas is 1:3.In this question, 6 mol of nitrogen gas is consumed in the reaction. Since nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas react in a 1:3 ratio, we can determine the amount of hydrogen gas needed as follows:1 mol of nitrogen gas requires 3 mol of hydrogen gas for complete reaction. Therefore, 6 mol of nitrogen gas requires 3 x 6 = 18 mol of hydrogen gas.At STP, one mole of gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L. Hence, 18 mol of hydrogen gas occupies a volume of 18 x 22.4 = 403.2 L.

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The piece of evidence that best identifies the type of reaction as nuclear or chemical is: Chemical, because a new substance is formed. Option 4

In this scenario, the observation that a new substance is formed is a key characteristic of a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms to form different substances with distinct properties. The formation of a new substance indicates a chemical change has occurred.

The other pieces of evidence listed do not necessarily point to a nuclear reaction:

Chemical, because energy is released during the reaction: Energy can be released in both nuclear and chemical reactions, so this observation alone is not sufficient to determine the type of reaction.

Nuclear, because energy is released during the reaction: While energy can be released in nuclear reactions, it is not exclusive to them. Chemical reactions can also release energy, such as in exothermic reactions.

Nuclear, because the mass decreased after the reaction: This observation suggests a change in mass, which could be indicative of a nuclear reaction. However, it is important to consider that chemical reactions can also involve changes in mass, such as the formation of gases or dissolution of a solid.

Overall, the most conclusive evidence to identify the type of reaction is the formation of a new substance, which aligns with a chemical reaction.

Option 4

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Answer:

B. They have low melting and boiling points.

Covalent compounds typically have low melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds. This is because covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of discrete molecules. The intermolecular forces holding these molecules together are generally weaker compared to the strong electrostatic forces between ions in ionic compounds. As a result, less energy is required to break the intermolecular forces and convert a covalent compound from a solid to a liquid or gas, leading to lower melting and boiling points.

Based on the description of the potential energy diagram provided, the diagram made by the student appears to be correct.

The potential energy diagram represents the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. In an endothermic reaction, the products have higher potential energy than the reactants, meaning energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

The curve line on the graph indicates the energy changes throughout the reaction pathway. It starts at a higher level, representing the initial potential energy of the reactants. As the reaction progresses, the potential energy decreases, indicating the formation of products with lower potential energy.

The broken horizontal line from point X on the y-axis to the point where the curve begins represents the activation energy (Ea) of the reaction. Activation energy is the energy barrier that must be overcome for the reactants to convert into products.

Point X on the y-axis indicates the potential energy of the reactants at the start of the reaction, and the broken line shows the energy required to initiate the reaction.

The broken horizontal line from point Y on the y-axis to the point where the curve ends represents the potential energy of the products. Point Y represents the potential energy of the products at the end of the reaction.

Overall, the student's diagram correctly represents an endothermic reaction, showing the potential energy changes, the activation energy, and the final potential energy of the products. The curve line starts at a higher level (representing the higher potential energy of the reactants) and ends at a slightly lower level (representing the lower potential energy of the products).

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