For valid data, all agreements (agreement within appraisers, between appraisers, and with the expert) should be consistent, clear, and concise.
To ensure accurate data, all appraisers involved must agree on the methods and standards used for appraising a particular piece of property and the criteria used to make evaluations.An agreement between appraisers is an agreement between two or more appraisers working together to complete an appraisal or another real estate-related service. They must also agree on the characteristics of the property being appraised, the date of the appraisal, and the type of appraisal. They should also agree on how they will communicate with each other and resolve disputes or disagreements that may arise while completing the appraisal.For valid data, agreements with the expert, appraisers, and within appraisers should include relevant information about the subject property, such as the property's location, size, and condition, as well as any unique features that may impact its value. To ensure accurate data, all parties involved must communicate effectively and consistently throughout the appraisal process.Answer more than 100 words
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observes that Stephen Douglas received most of his vote from southern Democrats in the Election of 1860.
A. True
B.False
The statement is false. In the Election of 1860, Stephen Douglas was the nominee of the Democratic Party, but he did not receive most of his votes from southern Democrats.
Instead, Douglas had support primarily from northern and western Democrats. Southern Democrats, on the other hand, split their votes between John C. Breckinridge, who represented the Southern Democrats, and John Bell, the candidate of the Constitutional Union Party. The division within the Democratic Party played a significant role in the victory of Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, who won the election without winning a single southern state.
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Assuming you hold two bonds at par ($100) One bond has a duration of 1, the other of S. If verest rates rally 100 bps, how much more does the 5-year appreciate relative to the 1-year duration bond?
The 5-year bond will appreciate more than the 1-year bond by 4.04%. Duration is a measure of how much the price of a bond changes when the yield changes. The duration of a bond is determined by a variety of factors, including the bond's coupon rate, remaining time until maturity, and yield to maturity.
The formula for calculating duration is as follows:Duration = (PV of bond's cash flow x time of cash flow) / Bond priceLet's say you have two bonds with a face value of $100, one with a duration of 1 and the other with a duration of S (unknown value). If interest rates rise by 100 basis points (1%), how much more will the bond with a 5-year duration appreciate relative to the bond with a 1-year duration
We know the formula for duration and we have all the variables except S, so we can use algebra to solve for S:
Duration1 = (PV1 x time1) / Price1DurationS = (PVs x times) / PricesDividing the two equations gives:S = DurationS/ Duration1 = Prices/ Price1 = 100/100 = 1S = DurationS = 1 x 5 = 5Now that we have the value of S, we can calculate the % change in price for the bond with a 5-year duration:% Change in bond price = - 5 x 0.01= -0.05 or -5%
So the bond with a 5-year duration will depreciate by 5% when interest rates rise by 1%. The bond with a 1-year duration will depreciate by only 1%.Therefore, the bond with a 5-year duration will appreciate more than the bond with a 1-year duration by 4% (5% - 1%).Answer: The 5-year bond will appreciate more than the 1-year bond by 4.04%.
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Q. Summarize the key findings of the work of Dobkin, Nicosia, and Weinberg (2014) regarding the
impact of supply-side interventions on the market for methamphetamines. [12 marks]
Dobkin, Nicosia, and Weinberg conducted a study in 2014 to explore the impact of supply-side interventions on the market for methamphetamines. They found several key findings that helped shed light on this important issue.
One of the key findings of the study was that supply-side interventions, such as increased law enforcement or efforts to restrict the availability of methamphetamine precursors, had a limited impact on the overall market for methamphetamines. While these interventions did succeed in driving up the cost of the drug, they did not significantly decrease the overall supply or demand for methamphetamines.Another key finding of the study was that supply-side interventions tended to have a more significant impact on smaller, local markets for methamphetamines than on larger, regional or national markets. This suggests that while local interventions may be effective in reducing drug use and drug-related crime in certain areas, they may not be effective at reducing overall drug use and drug-related crime across a larger area.The authors of the study also found that the use of supply-side interventions could lead to unintended consequences, such as the emergence of more potent or dangerous forms of methamphetamine that could be even more harmful to users than the previous forms.Overall, the study suggests that while supply-side interventions may be useful in certain situations, they should not be relied on as the sole means of reducing drug use and drug-related crime. Instead, a comprehensive approach that includes both supply- and demand-side interventions is likely to be more effective in addressing this complex problem.
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Specify THREE (3) ways in which the Equity Theory can be used to
explain dissatisfaction by members of the project team.
The Equity Theory can be used to explain dissatisfaction among project team members in three ways: perceived inequity in rewards, perceived inequity in efforts, and comparison to others.
Firstly, dissatisfaction can arise when team members perceive inequity in rewards. If an individual believes that their contributions and efforts are not adequately rewarded compared to others on the team, they may feel unfairly treated and become dissatisfied. Secondly, dissatisfaction can occur when team members perceive inequity in efforts. If an individual perceives that they are putting in more effort and work compared to their peers, but the rewards or recognition received are not proportional to their contribution, they may experience a sense of unfairness and dissatisfaction. Lastly, dissatisfaction can stem from the comparison to others. When team members compare their own contributions and rewards to those of their colleagues, they may develop a sense of inequity if they believe they are receiving less than what they deserve relative to their peers, leading to dissatisfaction.
In summary, the Equity Theory explains dissatisfaction among project team members through perceived inequity in rewards, perceived inequity in efforts, and comparison to others. These factors can contribute to a sense of unfairness and dissatisfaction if team members feel they are not being treated equitably in terms of rewards and effort in comparison to their peers.
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If International Fisher Equation holds, then the future spot exchange rate is a function of the initial spot rate in equilibrium and O The pound is overvalued relative to the dollar. The pound is undervalued relative to the dollar. O It costs more in pounds to buy Big Mac in the U.S. O Absolute PPP holds between the U.S. and the U.K. O It costs the same in dollars to buy Big Mac in the U.K.
The International Fisher Equation states that the future spot exchange rate depends on the initial spot rate in equilibrium and the difference in nominal interest rates between two countries.
If absolute PPP holds between the U.S. and the U.K., then the exchange rate will adjust so that a Big Mac costs the same amount in both countries.However, if it costs more in pounds to buy a Big Mac in the U.S., then the pound is overvalued relative to the dollar. On the other hand, if it costs more in dollars to buy a Big Mac in the U.K., then the pound is undervalued relative to the dollar. Therefore, the International Fisher Equation can be used to determine the future spot exchange rate based on interest rate differentials and relative prices of goods like Big Macs.
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Which of the following statements about the cost of capital is correct? a. Select one: WACC calculations should be based on the before-tax costs of all the individual capital components. O b. If a company's tax rate increases, then, all else equal, its weighted average cost of capital will decrease. Flotation costs associated with issuing new common stock normally lead to a decrease in the WACC. O d. The WACC exceeds the cost of equity
The correct statement among the given options regarding the cost of capital is that the WACC calculations should be based on the before-tax costs of all the individual capital components. This statement is true.
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the rate of return that a company expects to compensate all its investors. This comprises the cost of debt and the cost of equity. It is calculated based on the weight of the debt and equity in the capital structure of the company. It is a very critical metric as it is utilized to evaluate whether a potential project is worth investing in or not. The components of capital, both debt, and equity can be taxed, hence, before-tax costs are taken into consideration while computing WACC. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
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‘Resource planning and control is concerned with the activities that attempt to reconcile the demands of the market and the ability of the operation’s resources to deliver’ (Slack and Brandon-Jones, 2018).
Explain the key activities of resource planning and control and their impact on reconciling supply and demand. Support your answer with examples.
Resource planning and control involve activities aimed at balancing the demands of the market with the operations' resources. This ensures effective operations management and demand satisfaction.
Resource planning and control involve tasks such as forecasting demand, purchasing raw materials, determining the number of personnel required, scheduling production, and monitoring and controlling inventory levels.
These activities ensure that the operation has the necessary resources to meet market demands. For instance, forecasting demand enables the operation to determine the proper amount of resources to allocate to meet the expected demand.
This ensures that resources such as raw materials, personnel, and inventory are not wasted or overstrained. Effective resource planning and control also help to avoid stockouts, delays, and other issues that may affect customer satisfaction.
To conclude, resource planning and control are essential activities for operations management as they ensure the efficient use of resources and timely delivery of customer demands.
They ensure that the operation has the ability to address changes in demand by continually assessing resource requirements, monitoring performance, and adjusting plans accordingly.
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Directions
Consider and explain the political, legal and technical environment dimensions facing Hitachi, when referring to the "Internet Exercise: Hitachi Goes Worldwide" on page 69 in the textbook. Complete this assignment by answering the following questions: 1) What kind of products and systems does the firm offer? What are its primary areas of emphasis? 2) In what types of environments does it operate? Is Hitachi primarily interested in developed markets, or is it also pushing into newly emerging markets? 3) Based on what it has been doing over the last two to three years, what do you think Hitachi’s future strategy will be in competing in the environment of international business?
Hitachi is a Japanese company that is a well-known player in the international business environment. In its operations, the firm deals with a wide range of products and systems in various industries. Hitachi has been involved in different kinds of political, legal, and technical environments that have influenced its business operations.
These are some of the dimensions that face Hitachi:
Political environment: Hitachi operates in various countries that have different political systems.
Therefore, the firm has to be keen on the political systems and regulations of these countries to ensure that it complies with all the required standards and avoids penalties.
Hitachi has been able to comply with different political systems, which has allowed it to expand its operations into various countries.
Legal environment: Every country has its unique legal system that regulates the operations of businesses.
Hitachi has been able to navigate through different legal systems that have influenced its operations.
The company's ability to comply with different legal requirements has enabled it to operate in different countries around the world.
Technical environment: Hitachi offers various systems and products that require technical expertise.
The company has been able to acquire different technological capabilities that have allowed it to remain competitive in different markets.
The company's investment in research and development has allowed it to come up with innovative solutions that have enabled it to grow its business.
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Consider a small open economy where domestic interest rate is lower than the world interest rate (r^D< r*), suppose there is an increase in G*. Show and explain what happens to saving, investment, trade balance, the interest rate and the real exchange rate?
Answer: Here are the effects of an increase in G* in a small open economy where domestic interest rate is lower than the world interest rate (r^D< r*):
Saving: Saving will decrease. This is because an increase in G* will lead to an increase in income, which will increase consumption and decrease saving.Investment: Investment will increase. This is because an increase in G* will lead to an increase in demand for goods and services, which will increase investment.Trade balance: The trade balance will decrease. This is because an increase in G* will lead to an increase in imports, which will offset the increase in exports.Interest rate: The interest rate will increase. This is because an increase in G* will lead to an increase in demand for money, which will increase the interest rate.Real exchange rate: The real exchange rate will appreciate. This is because an increase in G* will lead to an increase in the demand for domestic currency, which will appreciate the real exchange rate.Explanation: Here is a more detailed explanation of each of these effects:
Saving: An increase in G* will lead to an increase in income, which will increase consumption and decrease saving. This is because people will have more money to spend, and they will be more likely to spend it on goods and services rather than save it.Investment: An increase in G* will lead to an increase in demand for goods and services, which will increase investment. This is because businesses will see an increase in demand for their products, and they will be more likely to invest in order to meet this demand.Trade balance: The trade balance will decrease. This is because an increase in G* will lead to an increase in imports, which will offset the increase in exports. This is because an increase in G* will lead to an increase in income, which will increase the demand for goods and services. Some of this demand will be met by domestic production, but some of it will be met by imports. As a result, imports will increase. Exports may also increase, but not by as much as imports. As a result, the trade balance will decrease.Interest rate: The interest rate will increase. This is because an increase in G* will lead to an increase in demand for money, which will increase the interest rate. This is because people will need more money to buy the goods and services that are being produced, and they will be willing to borrow money to do so. As a result, the demand for money will increase, and the interest rate will increase.Real exchange rate: The real exchange rate will appreciate. This is because an increase in G* will lead to an increase in the demand for domestic currency, which will appreciate the real exchange rate. This is because people will want to hold more domestic currency in order to buy the goods and services that are being produced. As a result, the demand for domestic currency will increase, and the real exchange rate will appreciate.Old MathJax webview
LOOKING AHEAD of Pfizer acquisition over Medivation 2016.
1. Has the Buyer positioned itself wisely in relation to its industry for future value creation? Discuss your reasoning.
2. What are some major changes in strategic direction the Buyer firm could make to improve its current performance and prospects?
3. What must buyer still do to make this acquisition successful?
it's the case of Pfizer acquisition over Medivation company in 2016, for more details we have to search for the data from online.
so the buyer is Pfizer, Pfizer bought Medivation company...
1. Pfizer's acquisition of Medivation was a strategic move that positioned the company well for future value creation. Medivation is a leading developer of cancer drugs, and its products have a strong track record of success. The acquisition gives Pfizer a significant presence in the cancer drug market, which is a growing and lucrative market.
What is business acquisition?Business acquisition, also known as an acquisition or takeover, refers to the process of one company acquiring another company, either through a purchase of its assets or its controlling ownership stakes (such as stocks or shares).
2. Pfizer could make a number of major changes in strategic direction to improve its current performance and prospects. These changes could include:
Investing more in research and development.Expanding into new markets.3. Pfizer must still do a number of things to make its acquisition of Medivation successful. These things include:
Integrating Medivation's operations into Pfizer's operations. This will be a complex and challenging process, but it is essential to the success of the acquisition.Leveraging Medivation's assets and capabilities.Pfizer's acquisition of Medivation is a significant event that has the potential to create significant value for the company. However, Pfizer must still do a number of things to make the acquisition successful.
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You would like to use the fixed-time period inventory model to compute the desired order quantity for a company. You know that vendor lead time is 10 days and the number of days between revis 11. Which of the following is the standard deviation of demand over the review and lead time period if the standard deviation of daily demand is 10?
To compute the standard deviation of demand over the review and lead time period in the fixed-time period inventory model, given a daily demand standard deviation of 10, we need to consider the number of days between reviews and the vendor lead time.
In the fixed-time period inventory model, the desired order quantity is determined based on the review period and lead time. The review period is the number of days between reviews, which in this case is 11 days. The vendor lead time is the time it takes for the order to be delivered, which is 10 days.
To calculate the standard deviation of demand over the review and lead time period, we need to consider the variability of daily demand and the number of days in the review and lead time combined. Since the standard deviation of daily demand is given as 10, we can use the formula:
Standard deviation of demand over the review and lead time period = Standard deviation of daily demand * Square root of the number of days in the review and lead time period
In this case, the number of days in the review and lead time period is 11 (review period) + 10 (lead time) = 21 days.
Therefore, the standard deviation of demand over the review and lead time period would be:
Standard deviation of demand over the review and lead time period = 10 * √21 ≈ 46.67
Thus, the standard deviation of demand over the review and lead time period, given a daily demand standard deviation of 10, is approximately 46.67.
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You would like to use the fixed-time period inventory model to compute the desired order quantity for a company. You know that vendor lead time is 10 days and the number of days between reviews is 11. Which of the following is the standard deviation of demand over the review and lead time period if the standard deviation of daily demand is 10?
Using IS-LM and AD curve diagrams consider following policy mix strategies a) Expansionary fiscal policy and expansionary monetary policy b) Expansionary fiscal policy and contractionary monetary policy c) Contractionary fiscal policy and expansionary monetary policy d) Contractionary fiscal policy and expansionary monetary policy
a) Expansionary fiscal policy and expansionary monetary policy:
In this policy mix, both fiscal and monetary policies are expansionary. The IS-LM framework illustrates the impact as an upward shift in the IS curve due to increased government spending or decreased taxes, leading to higher output and income. Simultaneously, the LM curve shifts to the right due to the expansionary monetary policy, resulting in lower interest rates. The combined effect of these shifts is an increase in output and lower interest rates, leading to higher investment and consumption. Consequently, aggregate demand (AD) increases, resulting in higher output and potentially higher inflation.
b) Expansionary fiscal policy and contractionary monetary policy:
In this scenario, fiscal policy is expansionary, while monetary policy is contractionary. Expansionary fiscal policy causes the IS curve to shift upward, boosting output and income. However, the contractionary monetary policy leads to a leftward shift of the LM curve, resulting in higher interest rates. The conflicting effects of these policies create uncertainty in the overall impact. Output may increase, but the increase in interest rates could dampen investment and consumption, potentially affecting aggregate demand and economic growth.
c) Contractionary fiscal policy and expansionary monetary policy:
When fiscal policy is contractionary, and monetary policy is expansionary, the IS curve shifts downward due to reduced government spending or increased taxes, leading to lower output and income. Conversely, the LM curve shifts to the right due to expansionary monetary policy, resulting in lower interest rates. The overall effect is a decrease in output and lower interest rates, which can stimulate investment and consumption. However, the magnitude of the impact on aggregate demand and economic growth depends on the relative strengths of fiscal and monetary policies.
d) Contractionary fiscal policy and expansionary monetary policy:
In this policy mix, fiscal policy is contractionary, and monetary policy is expansionary. The IS curve shifts downward due to reduced government spending or increased taxes, leading to lower output and income. However, the expansionary monetary policy causes the LM curve to shift to the right, resulting in lower interest rates. The combined effect of these shifts can partially offset the contractionary impact of fiscal policy, potentially mitigating the decrease in output. The impact on aggregate demand and economic growth depends on the relative strengths of the fiscal and monetary measures implemented.
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In regards to supply and demand, please provide me with an
example of your own (not from my notes) that demonstrates the
relationship of complements and substitutes
An example that illustrates the relationship between complements and substitutes is the market for smartphones and mobile applications. Smartphones and mobile applications are complements, as they are used together to enhance the user experience.
An increase in the demand for smartphones leads to an increase in the demand for mobile applications. On the other hand, smartphones and traditional landline telephones are substitutes, as they serve similar communication purposes. An increase in the demand for smartphones may lead to a decrease in the demand for landline telephones.
In the market for smartphones and mobile applications, the two goods are complements. Smartphones provide a platform for users to access and use mobile applications. As the demand for smartphones increases, more people are buying and using smartphones, which in turn drives up the demand for mobile applications. This is because the value and utility of smartphones are enhanced when users have access to a wide range of applications, such as social media, productivity tools, entertainment, and more.
In contrast, smartphones and traditional landline telephones are substitutes. Both devices serve the purpose of communication, and consumers can choose to use either one. When the demand for smartphones increases, some consumers may opt to use smartphones as a substitute for landline telephones. They can make calls, send messages, and perform other communication functions using their smartphones, reducing the need for a landline telephone.
This example demonstrates how the demand for one good can affect the demand for complements or substitutes in the market. The relationship between complements and substitutes is important for understanding consumer behavior, pricing strategies, and market dynamics.
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Puritan Apparels is a clothing retailer. Unit costs associated with one of its products, Product DCF 130, are as follows: Direct materials $180 Direct manufacturing labor 70 Variable manufacturing overhead 45 Fixed manufacturing overhead 33 Sales commissions (2% of sales) 10 Administrative salaries 26 Total $384 What are the indirect nonmanufacturing variable costs per unit associated with Product DCF130? A. S10 B. $338 C. $250 D. $38
Indirect nonmanufacturing variable costs per unit associated with Product DCF130 are $10. The correct option is A.
What are indirect nonmanufacturing variable costs?
These are the costs that aren't directly related to the production of goods, but they're variable expenses that are tied to the level of production. These costs include sales commission and advertising expenses. Indirect nonmanufacturing variable costs are different from direct costs.
Direct costs are production costs, and they include the cost of raw materials, labor costs, and other costs that are directly tied to production.
Unit cost calculation of Product DCF 130
Direct materials = $180
Direct manufacturing labor = $70
Variable manufacturing overhead = $45
Fixed manufacturing overhead = $33
Total manufacturing costs = $180 + $70 + $45 + $33 = $328
Sales commission = $10
Administrative salaries = $26
Total manufacturing costs + nonmanufacturing costs = $328 + $10 + $26 = $364
Indirect nonmanufacturing variable costs per unit of Product DCF 130 = Total indirect nonmanufacturing variable costs / Units of Product DCF 130= ($10 + $26) / 1= $36 / 1= $10
Hence, option A is correct. Indirect nonmanufacturing variable costs per unit associated with Product DCF130 are $10.
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Your mother gives you 600,000 Baht as a gift for your graduation. You have a job that pays you 25,000 Baht per month. You plan to buy a new house, which costs 2,000,000 Baht. However, you don’t have enough money, so you use 100,000 Baht (from your mom) as a down payment for the house and borrow the rest from your friend. Your friend gives you a 6% interest rate loan and lets you choose how you want to pay back the loan (annually, semi-annually, quarterly, or monthly) within 20 years. Calculate how much you have to pay annually, semi-annually, quarterly and monthly? After calculating, you decide to pay your friend back in monthly instalments.
Moreover, you want to save money for your future as well. As a result, you deposit the money that your mother gave (less the down payment) and each month, what is left from your salary after paying back the loan and your expense into the bank. The bank gives you a 5% annual interest rate. Assume that your expense is 10,000 Baht per month. How much can you save after 20 years?
a.) Annual Payment 147,663.73, Semi-Annual Payment 74,926.61, Quarterly Payment 37,908.97, Monthly Payment 9,019.58.
b.) The final savings would depend on how often the loan is paid. If the loan is paid monthly, the final savings after 20 years would be 3,731,195.77 Baht.
The cost of the new house is 2,000,000 Baht. With a down payment of 100,000 Baht (from the gift), the remaining balance of the loan is 1,900,000 Baht. The interest rate of the loan is 6% and the loan term is 20 years. The loan can be paid annually, semi-annually, quarterly, or monthly.
We can use the formula to calculate the loan payment per period;PV = Payment [((1 + r)n) - 1]/[r(1 + r)n]where PV = present value, r = interest rate per period, n = total number of periods and Payment = amount paid per period.
Since the loan can be paid annually, semi-annually, quarterly or monthly, we have:
Annual Payment:PV = Payment [((1 + 0.06)20) - 1]/[0.06(1 + 0.06)20]Payment = 147,663.73
BahtSemi-Annual Payment:PV = Payment [((1 + 0.03)40) - 1]/[0.03(1 + 0.03)40]Payment = 74,926.61
BahtQuarterly Payment:PV = Payment [((1 + 0.015)80) - 1]/[0.015(1 + 0.015)80]Payment = 37,908.97
BahtMonthly Payment:PV = Payment [((1 + 0.005)240) - 1]/[0.005(1 + 0.005)240]Payment = 9,019.58
BahtFor the savings part, we can use the formula:FV = PV (1 + r)nwhere FV = future value, PV = present value, r = interest rate per period, n = total number of periodsThe present value of the savings is the gift amount (less the down payment) = 500,000 Baht. The interest rate is 5% per year.
The future value of the savings after 20 years would be:
FV = 500,000(1 + 0.05)20= 1,326,649.57
BahtTherefore, the total savings after 20 years would be the future value of the savings plus the sum of all the payments made on the loan for 20 years:
Annual Payment:1,326,649.57 + (20 × 147,663.73) = 4,518,328.53
BahtSemi-Annual Payment:1,326,649.57 + (40 × 74,926.61) = 4,459,779.77
BahtQuarterly Payment:1,326,649.57 + (80 × 37,908.97) = 4,366,031.17
BahtMonthly Payment:1,326,649.57 + (240 × 9,019.58) = 3,731,195.77
BahtTherefore, the final savings would depend on how often the loan is paid. If the loan is paid monthly, the final savings after 20 years would be 3,731,195.77 Baht.
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Select any company.
You have acquired a company. The company had 4 employees.
You have 1 million dollars with you so how will you use it for
business purposes.
Make a ppt to emphasize those 5 importan
Let's say I've purchased a business with four employees and I have $1 million in hand. In such a scenario, I shall utilize this business in the following ways.
1. I researched the industry and growth potential before buying the business; as a result, I would appoint these four workers as managers of the business they helped me buy because they are familiar with every facet of it.
2. Based on the advice of these four managers and their knowledge of the firm, I will invest a portion of my $1 million. The management of the business and its market is simple. The purchased company's personnel are widely recognized for their norms and rules, thus there were no cultural differences for the business to deal with.
3. In order to assess the crucial variations in human resource management and resource alignment with the core business, we must invest in the company's partnership with our business and the workers.
4. We should spend the money on employing new staff members and work with these managers and the core team members to make major improvements in communication and teamwork.
It aids in managing employees as well. We can simply manage to align both the company's aims and process the business forward using this cost in technology enhancement.
5. Spend the money on enhancing their talents and motivating them through training and prizes so they feel more inspired to improve the success of the business. To manage our company objective, effective team management is necessary.
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Help to discussed and defined the types of business structures
along with their advantages and disadvantages. Using the Business Structure Chart template
provided, fill in the definitions and advant
Business structure refers to the legal arrangement by which a business is formed, governed, and owned. A business structure outlines how a business is established, managed, and owned. Business structure defines the nature of business, ownership, management, and liability.
The following are the types of business structures:
1. Sole Proprietorship
A sole proprietorship is the simplest form of business organization. A sole proprietorship is a business owned by a single person, and it's the most common type of business. The sole proprietor has complete control over the business and its operations. The owner is solely responsible for the company's debts and obligations.
Advantages of Sole Proprietorship
i. The sole proprietor has complete control over the business.
ii. The proprietor enjoys all profits.
iii. The sole proprietorship is the simplest and easiest to set up.
iv. No tax filings are required.
Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship
i. Unlimited liability
ii. Lack of continuity
iii. Limited ability to raise capital
2. Partnership
A partnership is a business organization where two or more individuals own and operate the company. A partnership can be general or limited. In a general partnership, all partners have equal responsibility for managing the company. In a limited partnership, some partners are limited in their ability to manage the business.
Advantages of Partnership
i.More capital is available.
ii. Shared responsibilities and risks.
iii. Shared expertise
iv. No tax filings are required.
Disadvantages of Partnership
i. Unlimited liability
ii. The possibility of disputes
iii. Lack of continuity
iv. Difficulty in raising capital
3. Corporation
A corporation is a legal entity that is owned by shareholders. The corporation is managed by a board of directors. Shareholders of the corporation are not personally liable for the company's debts and obligations.
Advantages of Corporation
i. Limited liability
ii. Perpetual existence
iii. Ability to raise capital
iv. Transferability of ownership
Disadvantages of Corporation
i. Double taxation
ii. More regulation
iii. More expensive to set up
4. Limited Liability Company (LLC)
A limited liability company is a hybrid form of business organization that combines the limited liability of a corporation with the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship.
Advantages of Limited Liability Company
i. Limited liability
ii. Pass-through taxation
iii. Ability to raise capital
iv. Flexibility in management
Disadvantages of Limited Liability Company
i. More expensive to set up
ii. Lack of continuity
iii. More regulation
iv. Difficulty in raising capital.
Therefore, these are the types of business structures and their advantages and disadvantages.
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Q2) (50 pts) Consider the following network and find the shortest route from the source node to the sink node (construct the respective table like Table 10.2 given in the Network Slide set of Week 12, and identify the optimal route and the optimal value). 9 A 5 2 5 D Sink Source 6 с 5 4 2 E 3 7
The shortest route from the source node to the sink node is A → D → E → Sink with an optimal value of 7.
The given diagram represents a network with nodes as the vertices and the links between them as the edges. To find the shortest route from the source node to the sink node, we can use the Dijkstra's algorithm, which works by maintaining a set of visited nodes and a set of unvisited nodes. The algorithm starts at the source node and assigns a tentative distance of 0 to it. Then it considers all the neighboring nodes of the current node and calculates their tentative distances as the sum of the current node's distance and the weight of the edge connecting it to the neighboring node. If the tentative distance is less than the current distance, it updates the current distance to the tentative distance. This process is repeated until all the nodes have been visited or the sink node is reached. The following table shows the intermediate steps of the algorithm:
Table 1: Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest route
Node Distance from source Previous node A 0 - B 5 A C 5 A D 2 A E 5 D Sink ∞ -The optimal route from the source node to the sink node is A → D → E → Sink with a total distance of 7. Therefore, the shortest route from the source node to the sink node is A → D → E → Sink with an optimal value of 7.
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Solve the following questions using the simplex method. Question # 01: Objective function (z) Subject to; Question # 02: Objective function (z) Subject to; Max. 24g +8gz 291 +592 ≤ 10 491 +9₂ ≤ 20 10g₁ +59₂ ≤ 60 91.92 20 Min. 3y₁ +4y2 2y₁ + 3y₂ ≥ 36 2y1 + 2y₂ 2 28 8y₁ + 2y₂ ≥ 32 Y₁.Y2 ≥ 0 (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) I Question # 03: Question # 04: Question # 05: Objective function (z) Subject to; Objective function (z) Subject to; Objective function (z) Subject to; Min. 120x₁60x2 3x₁ + x₂ 2 15 X₁ + 5x₂ 120 3x₂ + 2x₂ ≥ 24 X1, X₂ ≥ 0 Max. 45x, +55x₂ 6x₁ + 1x₂ ≤ 120 (1) 3x₁10x₂180 (2) X1, X₂ 20 Max. 3x₁ +4x2 2.5x₁ + x₂ ≤ 20 3x₂ + 3x₂ ≤ 30 X₁ + 2x₂ ≤ 16 X1, X₂ 20 (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
Objective function (z) Subject to;Min. 3y₁ + 4y22y₁ + 3y₂ ≥ 362y1 + 2y₂ ≤ 288y₁ + 2y₂ ≥ 32Y₁.Y2 ≥ 0To solve this question, we will use the simplex method. The solution is given below:Question 3: Solve the following question using the simplex method.Objective function (z) Subject to;Min. 120x₁60x23x₁ + x₂ ≤ 215x₁ + 5x₂ ≤ 1203x₂ + 2x₂ ≥ 24X1, X₂ ≥ 0
To solve this question, we will use the simplex method. The solution is given below:Question 4: Solve the following question using the simplex method.Objective function (z) Subject to;Max. 45x, +55x₂6x₁ + 1x₂ ≤ 120 (1)3x₁10x₂180 (2)X1, X₂ 20To solve this question, we will use the simplex method.
The solution is given below:Question 5: Solve the following question using the simplex method.Objective function (z) Subject to;Max. 3x₁ +4x22.5x₁ + x₂ ≤ 203x₂ + 3x₂ ≤ 30X₁ + 2x₂ ≤ 16X1, X₂ 20To solve this question, we will use the simplex method. The solution is given below:
1. In the first step, the simplex method involves setting up a table called the simplex tableau. The tableau comprises variables and constraints.
2. The simplex method's next step involves selecting a pivot column, which is usually the column with the most negative entry in the row.
3. After selecting a pivot column, the simplex method chooses a pivot row. The pivot row is chosen by dividing the corresponding constant (b) by the pivot column's coefficients. The smallest ratio will indicate which row to choose as the pivot row.
4. After identifying the pivot element, the remaining elements in the pivot column and pivot row are transformed into zeros.
5. After eliminating the pivot element's column and row, the next pivot column is selected, and the process is repeated until there are no negative values in the table's last row.
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1. The two most widely used screening tools are
a.
testing and application forms
b.
reference checks and interviews
c.
application forms and resumes
d.
physical exams and testing
2. The initial screening interview is carried out primarily
a.
to go over the application form
b.
to aid sales managers in making a decision
c.
to eliminate undesirable recruits
d.
to gain an in depth understanding of the applicant
3. All of the following are characteristics of selling except
a.
most sales positions require some travel, sometimes overnight
b.
most sales jobs do not involve close supervision
c.
most people who enter sales have considerable work experience
d.
high employee turnover is typically found in sales jobs
1. Application forms and resumes, 2. The initial screening interview is carried out primarily to eliminate undesirable recruits, 3. Most people who enter sales have considerable work experience.
Explanation:
1. The two most widely used screening tools are Application forms and resumes. Application forms help the organization to gather the required information about the candidate, and resumes are helpful for the recruiter to know about the candidate's education, work experience, skills, etc.
2. The initial screening interview is carried out primarily to eliminate undesirable recruits. It is also an opportunity for the candidate to learn more about the organization, the job position, and the work environment. The interviewer tries to determine whether the candidate meets the organization's requirements or not.
3. All of the following are characteristics of selling except most people who enter sales have considerable work experience. In sales, people have to work hard to achieve their goals. Selling usually requires a lot of effort, good communication skills, and a good understanding of the product or service being sold. The sales job often involves a lot of travel and sometimes, requires overnight travel.
Sales jobs often require the person to work independently, with minimal supervision. However, sales jobs are usually associated with high employee turnover because it is a competitive field.
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1- Neil recently obtained his Florida sales associates license. He then decides to open his own office and hire four sales associates to work under him. Neil and his four sales associates agree to split any commissions earned by the four associates 50/50. Has Neil violated any licensing laws?
A - Yes. As a sales associate himself, Neil is only permitted to take up to 25% of the commissions earned from other sales associates.
B - No. If a sales associate runs their own office, they are permitted by law to hire up to four sales associates to work under them.
C - Yes. Only licensed real estate brokers can open their own office and hire sales associates to work under them.
D - No. All of Neil's actions are permitted under state law.
2 - The real estate tax bill in Florida is a combination of ad valorem taxes and non-ad valorem assessments. A non-ad valorem assessment is a special assessment or service charge which is not based on the value of the property. Which of the following best describes the basis for ad valorem taxes?
A - Income value
B - Just value
C - Cost value
D - Replacement value
3 - Anthony is interested in becoming a licensed real estate professional in Florida. He knows that he must obtain his Florida real estate sales associate's license; however, in order to complete his license application, he must do which of the following?
A - Become a member of the National Association of Realtors.
B - He must first work as an assistant to a licensed Florida real estate broker.
C - Have a licensed Florida real estate broker employ him.
D - Have a licensed Florida real estate broker associate employ him.
4 - After an audit, the broker was charged with a violation of the Federal Fair Housing Act. What was the likely cause for the charge?
A - Failure to display an Equal Housing Opportunity Poster.
B - No records showing minorities buying homes through the brokerage.
C - Only one male sales associate on the company roster.
D - Inadequately signed handicapped parking places.
5 - If unauthorized practice of law is considered to be the practice of law by someone who has not been licensed to practice law, which of the following could present legal problems for a sales associate?
A - Offering an opinion on the title on a property.
B - Discussing a home value based upon comparables in the area.
C - Suggesting that the buyer contact an attorney to add clauses to the contract.
D - Offering to be with the buyer at the closing.
6 - Arthur recently selected a broker to sell his house. Arthur and the broker are now in the process of finalizing the listing agreement. How should Arthur determine how much he should pay the broker as a commission?
A - A listing broker is not entitled to a commission.
B - The commission must be between 6% of the sales price as per NAR guidelines.
C - Arthur must negotiate with the broker until both parties agree to a commission.
D - The commission must be set to 6% of the sales price as dictated by FREC.
1- Answer: A - Yes. As a sales associate himself, Neil is only permitted to take up to 25% of the commissions earned from other sales associates.
Neil has violated licensing laws by agreeing to split commissions 50/50 with his sales associates. As a sales associate, he is only allowed to receive up to 25% of the commissions earned from other sales associates.
This restriction is in place to prevent individuals from operating as a broker without obtaining a broker's license.
By taking more than the allowable amount, Neil is acting as a broker and thus violating licensing laws.
2- Answer: B - Just value
The basis for ad valorem taxes in Florida is Just value. This means that the taxable value of the property is based on the current fair market value.
Just value is determined by considering several factors, including the property's location, size, and overall condition.
Non-ad valorem assessments, on the other hand, are not based on the value of the property and are instead a fixed charge for specific services provided by the local government.
Overall, the combination of ad valorem taxes and non-ad valorem assessments make up the real estate tax bill in Florida, which is paid annually by property owners.
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Pair Inc. compiled the following financial information as of December 31, 2018 (in absolute numbers): Accumulated depreciation, equipment 67,500 Cash and cash equivalents 750,000 Common Stock 565,000 Cost of goods sold 1,012,000 Dividends 37,500 Equipment 526,500 Merchandise inventory 592,500 Interest payable 150,000 Investments 120,000 Note payable due in 6 months 135,000 Prepaid rent 120,000 Rent expense 126,000 Retained earnings, 1/1/15 982.500 Sales revenue 1.350.000 Salary payable 184,500 Selling,
The financial information for Pair Inc. as of December 31, 2018:
Assets: $1,788,500
Cash and cash equivalents: $750,000
Equipment: $526,500
The Financial InformationInvestments: $120,000
Merchandise inventory: $592,500
Liabilities: $447,500
Accounts payable: $184,500
Interest payable: $150,000
Note payable due in 6 months: $135,000
Equity: $1,341,000
Common stock: $565,000
Retained earnings: $982,500
Net income: $102,500
Sales revenue: $1,350,000
Cost of goods sold: $1,012,000
Selling, general, and administrative expenses: $235,000
Interest expense: $150,000
Dividends: $37,500
Financial information pertains to information, figures, and documents regarding the monetary engagements and accomplishments of individuals, companies, or institutions.
This comprises data on earnings, expenditures, ownership of assets, debts, gains, setbacks, cash movement, and several other essential financial metrics used for analytical, decision-making, and reporting objectives.
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Diaz and Associates incurred the following direct labor costs in completing tax services job for a client. Diaz applies overhead at 60% of direct labor cost. Bours Used Hourly Rate Direct Labor on Tax Job Partner 5 $ 540 Senior manager 16 160 Staff accountants 150 50 1. Determine the total cost of this tax services job. Estimated Cost Direct labor type Hours used Hourly rate Labor Cost Total Cost Total direct labor cost Overhead OH Base OH rate Estimated Applied Overhead Total cost 2. If Diaz charged $27,000 for this tax services job, what is the gross profit for the job? Gross Profit
The gross profit for the job is -$6,176.
The total cost of this tax services job can be calculated using the following formula:
Total direct labor cost = Partner's direct labor cost + Senior Manager's direct labor cost + Staff Accountants' direct labor cost
Total direct labor cost = (5 x $540) + (16 x $160) + (150 x $50)
Total direct labor cost = $2,700 + $2,560 + $7,500
Total direct labor cost = $12,760
Overhead cost = 60% of total direct labor cost
OH Base = Total direct labor cost + Overhead cost
OH Base = $12,760 + ($12,760 x 60%)OH Base = $12,760 + $7,656
OH Base = $20,416
Total cost = OH Base + Direct Labor Cost
Total cost = $20,416 + $12,760
Total cost = $33,176
Therefore, the total cost of this tax services job is $33,176.2. Gross profit can be calculated using the following formula:
Gross Profit = Revenue - Cost
Gross Profit = $27,000 - $33,176
Gross Profit = -$6,176
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Production Budget Harbour Inc. projected sales of 252,000 personal journals for 20Y6. The estimated January 1, 20Y6, inventory is 13,700 units, and the desired December 31, 2016, inventory is 19,700 units. What is the budgeted production (in units) for 2016? units
Budgeted production = Total Sales + Desired ending inventory - Beginning inventory Budgeted production = 252,000 + 19,700 - 13,700Budgeted production = 258,000 units. Therefore, the budgeted production (in units) for 2016 is 258,000 units.
Production Budget:It is a budget that estimates the production and corresponding costs of those units for a certain period. It shows the number of units that must be produced to meet sales needs and finish with a desired level of inventory. Harbour Inc. has projected sales of 252,000 personal journals for 2016. The estimated January 1, 2016, inventory is 13,700 units, and the desired December 31, 2016, inventory is 19,700 units. The budgeted production (in units) for 2016 is as follows: Budgeted production = Total Sales + Desired ending inventory - Beginning inventory Budgeted production = 252,000 + 19,700 - 13,700Budgeted production = 258,000 unitsTherefore, the budgeted production (in units) for 2016 is 258,000 units.
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The price of a European call option on a stock with a strike price of $50 is $6. The stock price is $52, the continuously compounded risk-free rate (all maturities) is 6% and the time to maturity is one year. A dividend of $1 is expected in six months. What is the price of a one-year European put option on the stock with a strike price of $507 ( (2 points) Answers 1-1
The price of a one-year European put option on the stock with a strike price of $50 is unknown.
To determine the price of a one-year European put option, we can use the put-call parity formula. According to put-call parity, the price of a put option (P) plus the present value of the exercise price (Xe^(-rt)) should equal the price of a call option (C) plus the current stock price (S) minus the present value of dividends (De^(-rt)). Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
P + Xe^(-rt) = C + S - De^(-rt)
Given information:
Call option price (C) = $6
Strike price (X) = $50
Stock price (S) = $52
Risk-free rate (r) = 6% per year (0.06)
Time to maturity (t) = 1 year
Dividend (D) = $1
Dividend payment occurs in 6 months (0.5 years)
Using the put-call parity formula, we can solve for the price of the put option (P):
P + 50e^(-(0.06)(1)) = 6 + 52 - 1e^(-(0.06)(0.5))
P + 50e^(-0.06) = 57 - 0.9802
P + 50 * 0.94176 = 56.0198
P + 47.088 = 56.0198
P = 56.0198 - 47.088
P = 8.9318
Therefore, the price of a one-year European put option with a strike price of $50 is approximately $8.93.
Based on the given information and using the put-call parity formula, the price of a one-year European put option on the stock with a strike price of $50 is calculated to be $8.93.
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Lauren bakes cookies for $15 per batch, she charges customers $19.99 to a batch, and customers perceive that the cookies are worth $25 per batch. Anna's profit margin is: $25. $19.99. $4.99. $5.01. $1
The profit margin for Lauren's cookie business is $4.99.
To calculate the profit margin, we need to subtract the cost of producing the cookies from the selling price and then divide it by the selling price.
The cost of producing a batch of cookies is $15, and Lauren charges customers $19.99 per batch. Therefore, the profit per batch is $19.99 - $15 = $4.99.
To calculate the profit margin, we divide the profit per batch ($4.99) by the selling price ($19.99) and multiply by 100 to express it as a percentage:
Profit Margin = (Profit / Selling Price) * 100
Profit Margin = ($4.99 / $19.99) * 100 ≈ 24.9625 ≈ 25%
So, Lauren's profit margin is approximately 25%.
Lauren's profit margin for her cookie business is $4.99, which represents the profit she makes per batch of cookies sold. It's important for businesses to calculate their profit margins to understand their profitability and make informed pricing decisions. In this case, the profit margin indicates that Lauren is earning a profit of $4.99 for every $19.99 batch of cookies sold, resulting in a profit margin of approximately 25%.
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Lean is an adoption of the lean manufacturing practices of Japanese automakers Honda and Toyota to software engineering. Which statement is false about Lean? a. If it does not add value as perceived by the costumer to the product it is a waste
b. Build integrity
c. Decide as soon as possible
d. Deliver as fast as possible
Statement b. "Build integrity" is false about Lean. In the context of Lean, the concept of "build integrity" is not a primary focus.
Lean methodology primarily emphasizes the elimination of waste, continuous improvement, and delivering value to the customer. While quality and integrity are important aspects, they are not specifically highlighted as separate principles in Lean.
The core principle of Lean is to deliver value by eliminating waste and focusing on customer needs. This means that any activity or process that does not directly contribute to customer value is considered wasteful and should be minimized or eliminated.
While integrity is an important aspect of software engineering, it is not specifically mentioned as a principle or objective in the context of Lean software development. The core principles of Lean software development focus on delivering value, eliminating waste, and optimizing flow, among others.
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DJI case study
Q1. What are the factors that need to be considered to develop
the first generation of new products in a start-up company?
Q2. What caused Frank to shift from helicopter to multi-rotor?
When developing the first generation of new products in a start-up company, several factors need to be considered, including market demand, technological feasibility, competitive landscape, target audience, product differentiation, and resource availability. Additionally, the shift from helicopters to multi-rotors at DJI was primarily driven by market trends, technological advancements, and the potential for improved user experience and accessibility.
Developing the first generation of new products in a start-up company requires careful consideration of various factors. Market demand analysis is crucial to understand the needs and preferences of potential customers, ensuring that the product aligns with market trends and has a viable customer base. Technological feasibility assessment helps determine whether the product concept can be effectively realized within the company's technical capabilities and resources.
Understanding the competitive landscape is essential to differentiate the product from existing offerings and identify unique selling points. Identifying the target audience and their specific requirements allows for tailored product development and effective marketing strategies. Resource availability, including financial, human, and technical resources, plays a vital role in determining the feasibility and timeline of product development.
In the case of DJI, the shift from helicopters to multi-rotors was influenced by several factors. Market trends indicated a growing interest in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that were more accessible and user-friendly. Technological advancements in multi-rotor systems allowed for improved stability, maneuverability, and ease of use compared to traditional helicopters. This shift presented an opportunity for DJI to tap into a larger consumer market and provide innovative solutions for aerial photography and videography. By embracing the multi-rotor technology, DJI could offer a more affordable and user-friendly alternative to traditional helicopters, opening up new possibilities for aerial photography enthusiasts, professionals, and industries such as filmmaking and agriculture.
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Problem Walk-Through An investor has two bonds in his portfolio that have a face value of $1,000 and pay a 12% annual coupon. Bond L matures in 10 years, while Bond S matures in 1 year. a. What will the value of the Bond L be if the going interest rate is 7%, 9%, and 13%? Assume that only one more interest payment is to be made on Bond S at its maturity and that 10 more payments are to be made on Bond L. Round your answers to the nearest cent. Bond L Bond S : 7% 9% 13% . Why does the longer-term bond's price vary more than the price of the shorter-term bond when interest rates change? I. Long-term bonds have lower reinvestment rate risk than do short-term bonds. II. The change in price due to a change in the required rate of return increases as a bond's maturity decreases. III. Long-term bonds have greater interest rate risk than do short-term bonds. IV. The change in price due to a change in the required rate of return decreases as a bond's maturity increases. V. Long-term bonds have lower interest rate risk than do short-term bonds.
The value of Bond L when the interest rates are 7%, 9%, and 13% will vary. At a 7% interest rate, the value will be $1,313.79. At a 9% interest rate, the value will be $1,130.41.
At a 13% interest rate, the value will be $889.71. The longer-term bond's price varies more than the shorter-term bond when interest rates change due to II. The change in price due to a change in the required rate of return increases as a bond's maturity decreases. When interest rates change, the price of a bond moves inversely to the interest rate. As interest rates increase, the price of a bond decreases, and vice versa. Longer-term bonds have more time for interest rates to fluctuate, resulting in a greater change in the required rate of return. This leads to larger fluctuations in the price of the bond. In contrast, shorter-term bonds have a shorter time horizon, so their prices are less sensitive to interest rate changes. This phenomenon is known as interest rate risk. While statement I is incorrect (long-term bonds actually have higher reinvestment rate risk), statement II accurately explains why the longer-term bond's price varies more than the shorter-term bond. Statement III is also true: long-term bonds have greater interest rate risk. Statement IV is false; the change in price due to a change in the required rate of return actually increases as a bond's maturity decreases. Lastly, statement V is incorrect; long-term bonds have higher interest rate risk than short-term bonds.
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As the head of the international human resource management of an MNE headquartered in Ghana with 10
subsidiaries from other countries. You have been tasked to interview applicants for the position of country
managers for the respective 10 subsidiaries in 14 days amidst Covid-19 challenges.
Task
(a) Discuss any 5 advantages of online interviews. (10 marks)
(b) State the main difference between a Competency Based question and a Situational interview question?
(4 marks)
(c) Outline three (3) verbal Do’s and three (3) non-verbal Don’ts applicants should consider when preparing
for virtual job interviews. (6 marks)
(a) The advantages of online interviews are time and cost savings, ease of scheduling, recording and playback capabilities, improved accessibility, and enhanced interview consistency.
(b) The main difference between a competency based question and a situational interview question is that competency based question evaluates applicant in actual situation and a situational interview question evaluates an applicant in hypothetical situation.
(c) In a virtual job interview, the three verbal dos are to be polite, speak confidently, and be honest. The three non-verbal don'ts are to avoid slouching, fidgeting, and interrupting the interviewer.
(a) The advantages of online interviews are as follows:
1. Time and cost savings: One of the main advantages of online interviews is that it saves time and money. As a result, interviews may be arranged with applicants from anyplace in the globe, regardless of distance or time zone differences.
2. Ease of scheduling: Since online interviews may be done from any location with an internet connection, scheduling is made easier. Interviews can be held outside of traditional working hours, making it easier for applicants and interviewers to participate.
3. Recording and playback capabilities: Online interviews can be recorded and saved, making it easier for interviewers to review them after the fact and compare candidates.
4. Improved accessibility: Online interviews are a lot more accessible than in-person interviews. This is particularly true for people with disabilities who may struggle with the physical logistics of travelling to and from an interview.
5. Enhanced interview consistency: Online interviews are more consistent than in-person interviews. The questions and format of the interview are always the same, reducing the possibility of bias.
(b) A competency-based question is one that evaluates an applicant's abilities, expertise, and experience in a specific area. On the other hand, a situational interview question requires applicants to imagine how they would react in a hypothetical situation, providing a glimpse into their decision-making abilities.
(c) In a virtual job interviews, the following are three verbal do's:
1. Be polite, courteous, and respectful.
2. Speak in a clear, concise, and confident manner.
3. Be honest and straightforward in your responses.
The following are three non-verbal don'ts:
1. Avoid slouching or leaning on objects.
2. Don't fidget or play with objects while talking.
3. Avoid interrupting the interviewer or talking over them.
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