give the individual reaction orders for all of the following substances and the overall reaction order from the following rate law:

Answer:

The EMF and free enthalpy (or Gibbs Free Energy) of a reaction are directly related.

If the free enthalpy of a redox reaction is negative, then the EMF will be negative, indicating that the reaction is spontaneous and will occur without the need for an external source of energy.

If the free enthalpy of the reaction is positive, then the EMF will be positive, indicating that the reaction is not spontaneous and will not occur without the input of energy.

The relationship between free enthalpy and EMF is shown in the following equation:

∆G = -nFE°(cell), where n is the number of electrons transferred, F is the Faraday constant, and E° is the EMF of a cell under standard conditions.

A photon with a wavelength of 500 nm. E = 3.98 X 10-13 J ~ 4X 10 J,A photon with a wavelength of 840 nm lambda is 986.241

Given: Energy (E) =hc/lambda, where, h = planck's Const. = 6.63 X 10 34 J sec, C= Speed of light= 3x 108 ms, Wavelength (in m)= lambda

(i) d = 500mm = 500x109m E= 6.63 X 10-34 JS x 3x 108 ms-1 5 x 107  = 5x107 mT, E = 3.98 X 10-13 J ~ 4X 10 J. 2) lambda= 840mm = 840X109 m = 8.40x 107m 840X109 m = 8.40x 107m, E=  6·63× 10-34 JSX 3X 108 ms/8.40 X 10-7m=2.37X/0, (iii) Given: E=5-15 X 10-19 E = bcJ = 5-15x10 195 = 6·63x10-34×3×108 lambda  = 3.862 × 10 = 986.241. The wavelength refers to the distance among 2 sequential waves' intersection point. The term "corresponding points" describes two pts or particulate that are within the same phase, that is, pts that have finished exactly equal fragments of one‘s periodic motion. The distance among both identical points (adjoining crests) in adjoining cycles of the a sound wave transmitter perpetuated in space or through a wire is described as the wavelength. This distance is usually specified in wireless communication systems in metres (m), centimetres (cm), or millimetres (mm) (mm). Radio signals, light waves, and infra - red (heat) waves everybody has distinctive differences that they follow as they traverse space. Each wave has its own distinctive structure and length. The particular wavelength between peaks (high points).

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The substances that mix with water are;
- baking soda

- baking powder

- salt

- sugar

- white vinegar

For the density of the materials

- baking soda - Less dense than water

- baking powder - Less dense than water

- salt - Less dense than water

- sugar   - Less dense than water

- white flour - Less dense than water

- white vinegar - less dense than water

- oil - Denser than water

We know that the materials that can be able to mix with water are the material that are ionic in nature. As such a material that is ionic can be able to combine with water efficiently as if the material is polar, the polar bonds can also be able to well interact with the water molecule and dissolve.

If a substance is non polar then the substances would not be able to interact with water hence it can not dissolve.

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1. Draw only the valence electrons.

2. Give every element main group element (except hydrogen) an octet of electrons.

3. Give each hydrogen two electrons.

Lewis structures are used to describe the arrangement or configurations of the valence electrons of molecules and polyatomic ions involved in electronic bonding. A Lewis structure consists of the symbols of the elements in the molecule surrounded by dots with each dot representing each of the elements valence electrons. Also, the electrons shared between two elements are shown by dots between the two elements and these electrons are known as shared electron pairs. The valence electrons on atom that is not involved in bonding is known as lone pairs.

The three general rules for drawing Lewis structures are:

1. Draw only the valence electrons. Only the valence electrons of the atoms of elements are shown since they are the only electrons involved in chemical bonding.

2. Give every element main group element (except hydrogen) an octet of electrons. The complete eight valence electrons of the noble gases is associated with their stability. Thus, the main group elements show a tendency to form enough bonds to obtain eight valence electrons in order to achieve stability. This is known as the octet rule. However, since the maximum number of valence electrons for elements in the first period of the period table is two, the noble gas helium has completely-filled valence shell containing two electrons known as a duplet. Hydrogen belongs to the first period and is therefore an exception to the octet rule.

3. Give each hydrogen two electrons. Hydrogen attains a duplet structure in accordance with the structure of helium

Therefore, the three sentences are: Draw only the valence electrons. Give every element main group element (except hydrogen) an octet of electrons. Give each hydrogen two electrons.

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[NOTE: THIS IS AN INCOMPLETE QUESTION. THE COMPLETE QUESTION IS: Select the keyword or phrase that will best complete each sentence about the three general rules of for drawing Lewis structures.a. main group b. hafnium c. valence d. hydrogen e. core f. transition metal1. Draw only__the electrons. 2. Give every___element (except hydrogen) an octet of electrons. 3. Give each____two electrons.]

The correct answer to this question is pyruvate oxidizes in case of the aerobic respiration to generally form acetyl Coenzyme A or CoA which involves three major steps decarboxylation along with the reduction of the NAD+, and at the last attachment of CoA.

In the cellular inner space or the matrix, pyruvate is usually modified in a series of steps:

Step 1 : Pyruvate mostly loses the carboxyl group, which is then usually liberated as a carbon dioxide molecule, generally leaving a two-carbon molecule in its original place.

Step 2 : The two-carbon molecule from step 1 is further changed and oxidised, and then NAD+ takes up the all the lost electrons to create NADH.

Step 3 : Coenzyme A (CoA), an organic susbstance generated usually from the vitamin B5, is then joined with the oxidised two-carbon molecul. an acetyl group, to form the acetyl CoA. The role or the work of acetyl CoA, also designated as a carrier molecule, in this process is to transport the formed acetyl group to the citric acid cycle.

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Selective uptake is the procedure with the aid of using which membranes in cells decide what molecules can cross in and what molecules can exit of a cell.

The studies aimed to expand chemically changed PIM-1s to be used in adsorption and fueloline separation processes. In particular, the nitrile institution in PIM-1 became transformed to numerous one of a kind purposeful organizations to control the interplay capacity of PIM-1 with one of a kind species. Synthesis of PIM-1 became done with the aid of using one of a kind methods, the usage of each the low (72h, 65 °C) and the excessive temperature (forty min, 160 °C) methods.

The response led to a aggregate of hydrolysis products. The composition of the polymer has a profound impact at the very last overall performance of the polymer. Powder samples of hydrolysed PIMs had been used withinside the studies. The discount of nitrile to number one amine became done the usage of borane dimethyl sulphide complex, ensuing in amine PIM-1.

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Benzaldehyde is converted to 2-Phenyl acetonitrile in three steps.

Step 1: Reduction of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol in the presence of a strong reducing agent LiAlH4

Step 2: Benzyl alcohol is converted into benzyl chloride with PCl5

Step 3: Benzyl chloride is converted into 2-Phenyl acetonitrile with aq. KCN

This reaction is illustrative of a general procedure for the tetraalkylammonium salt-catalyzed alkylation of active methylene functions in the presence of concentrated aqueous alkali.

Methods for the alkylation of nitriles have been reviewed.12 These procedures, as well as those applied to other active methylenes, generally involve the use of dangerous and expensive condensing agents (sodium amide, metal hydrides, triphenylmethide, potassium tert-butoxide, etc.) and strictly anhydrous organic solvents (ether, benzene, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.) or liquid ammonia.

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The mass of MgSO₄ required to make 65.0ml of a solution that is 0.245 M is equal to 1.911 g.

We can determine the concentration of a substance in a solution in terms of molarity

The molarity of a given solution can be calculated from the number of moles of a solute in a solution in a liter.

The Molarity of the solution can be determined from the formula mentioned below:

Molarity (M) = Moles (n)/Volume of the Solution ( in L)

Given, the molarity of MgSO₄  solution = 0.245 M

The volume of the MgSO₄  solution, V = 65ml = 0.065 L

The molar mass of the MgSO₄, M = 120 g/mol

Molarity = m/(M ×V)

0.245 = m/(120 ×0.065)

m = 1.911 g

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A 500mL rubbing alcohol contains 350mL of isopropyl alcohol.

How to Calculate for Solute

  1. Identify the given.

% v/v = 70% or 0.70

mL of solution = 500mL (rubbing alcohol)

 2. Identify which quantity is required.

mL of solute = ? (isopropyl alcohol)

 3. List down the equation to be used.

mL of Solute = (% v/v)(mL of solution)

 4. Then, substitute the given quantities in the equation.

mL of solute = (0.70)(500mL)

5. Simplify or solve the equation, and interpret the answer.

mL of solute = 350mL of isopropyl alcohol

Interpretation: There is 350mL of isopropyl alcohol in a 500mL rubbing alcohol solution.

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The mass of 1 mole of phosphorus atoms is calculated to be 30 grams.

Mass number of an atom is defined as the sum of total number of protons and neutrons present in an atom. The mass number of any element is calculated by the formula:

Mass Number (A) = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons

On the other hand, atomic number is defined as the total number of protons present in an atom.

Therefore, it is calculated experimentally that mass number of phosphorous is 30 g/mol whereas atomic number of phosphorous is 15.

Therefore, the mass of 1 mole of phosphorus atoms is 30 grams.

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Removing of products, increasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure all of these will alter the equilibrium concentration. The correct option to this question is D.

The Le Chatelier principle is as follows: A movement in the equilibrium's location counteracts the effect of a change in one of the variables that characterize a system at equilibrium.

Equilibrium-affecting variables and the Le Chatelier principle

Alterations in concentration

Alterations in pressure.

Temperatures fluctuate.

The system's balance is thrown off when one of these elements changes, and it then readjusts itself until it achieves equilibrium again. The sections that follow discuss some of the most significant factors that affect equilibria.

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Complete question:

Which of the following changes in reaction conditions will alter the composition of an equilibrium mixture of gases for a reaction having unequal moles of gaseous products and gaseous reactants?

A) removing of products

B) increasing the temperature

C) decreasing the pressure

D) All of these will alter the equilibrium concentrations.

In most simplified way, metals are good conductors of eletricity due to overlapping of valence and conduction bands and plenty of conduction electrons are available.

while in the case of insulators, there will be a large gap between valence and conductions bands(>5 ev) as such there is almost no conduction electrons are available, hence they are not able to conduct electricy.

finally in the case of semiconductors, the gap between valence and condudtion bands is very samll( nearly 1 ev) as such at room temperature only, some electroins manage to become conduction electrons and show small electrical conductiity. however, their conductivity is increased by adding impurities known as doping.

Conductors have an overlapping of valence and conduction bands. So the electrons can easily flow across the bands and hence conduct easily.Semiconductors have a small gap between the valence and conduction bands and hence a little of the electrons flow across the bands . But on increasing temperature , semiconductor shows increased conductivity , opposite to the metals.

Insulators have a very large energy difference between the valence and conduction bands . No electron flows across these bands . hence no conductivity.

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Atomic Structure & Periodic Table:

Hydrogen consists of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus. You can also find atomic structures in the periodic table of elements. Atomic structure is the arrangement of subatomic particles within an atom. An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter within an element.

Atoms contain three types of subatomic particles protons neutrons and electrons. Discovery of elementary particles. Atomic structure refers to the structure of an atom, including a nucleus in which protons and neutrons reside. Negatively charged particles called electrons rotate around the center of the nucleus.

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For each Lewis acid-base reaction, identify the base and the acid. Decide which reactant is an electron-pair donor and which reactant is an electron-deficient in each equation. Lewis acid is the substance with an electron deficit, while Lewis base is the other.

Small, compact, and polarizable describe hard acids and bases. Larger and more evenly distributed in size are soft acids and bases. In addition to their inherent strength, hard acids and soft acids react differently with different types of bases.

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Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15, and it has 15 protons and neutrons. The atom of calcium has 20 neutrons and is represented by the symbol Ca.

A stable subatomic particle known as a protons has the symbol p, H+, or 1H+ having a positive electric charge of +1 e elementary charge. It has a mass that is 1,836 times greater than that of an electron and slightly less than that of a neutron (the proton–electron mass ratio). Nucleons are a collective term for protons and neutrons, each of which have masses of roughly one atomic mass unit (particles present in atomic nuclei).

Each atom's nucleus contains one or more protons. They supply the primary electric force that attracts and holds the atomic electrons together. The defining characteristic of an element, known as the atomic number, is the number of protons in the nucleus (represented by the symbol Z).

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Chemical sedimentary rocks are named mostly based on chemistry, whereas clastic sedimentary rocks are named primarily based on particle size.

By sorting, grain size, and shape, clastic rocks are categorised. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved minerals are dissolved in water. Chemical rocks are categorised mostly based on the minerals that make up the rock.Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of rock fragments (clasts) from earlier strata. Rock fragments that have become loose due to weathering are then transferred to a basin or depression where silt is confined. When sediment is deeply buried, becomes crushed, and becomes cemented, sedimentary rock is produced. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified into various groups based on the size of the sedimentary grains and the sorts of rock pieces that make up the sediment.

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Lithium weighs 5. 5.00 grams and has the most moles.

Wilhelm Ostwald, a German chemist, is typically credited with coining the term. The Latin term moles, which meaning "a mass," is ultimately where the word mole originates, not from German. Because it is the diminutive and refers to "a little bulk," the word molecule is connected to the word mole.

A mole is equivalent to 6.023 x 1023 of any given substance (Avagadro number). The products of the chemical reaction can be measured using it. The number of moles per liter is the most often used unit for measuring molarity and is denoted by the unit symbol mole/L or moledm3 in SI units. The term molar often known as "1 M," refers to a solution with a concentration of 1 mole/L.

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The option that describes a situation in which reduction occurs is Cl₂ becoming Cl⁻

In chemistry, reduction means a class of chemical reactions in which the number of electrons associated with an atom or group is increased.

A compound that accepts electrons is said to be reduced.

Situations in which reduction occurs include:

Cl₂ ⇒Cl⁻

When reduction occurs, the oxidation number (superindex) appears to decrease that number. In this case 2+ becomes 1-.

Note:

As with other problems, a decreasing oxidation number means that the compound or element is being reduced (gaining electrons), while an increasing oxidation number means it is being oxidized (losing electrons). increase.

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ATP

Free NH3 from oxidative deamination reaction

Bicarbonate anion

Carbamoyl phosphate is a one-carbon compound and an acyl monophosphate. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a carbamoyl phosphate(2-).The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).It is an anion of biochemical significance.

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The precipitation reaction is type of the double displace reaction. the substance which is dissolved is combine to form the one more solid products.

The precipitation reaction is the example of the double displacement reaction. when the dissolves substance in as aqueous solution  are combine to form one or more solid substance are called as precipitation reaction. the precipitation reaction example are given as :

AgNO₃(aq)   +         KCl(aq) ---->             AgCl               +             KNO₃(aq)

silver nitrate      potassium chloride     silver chloride     potassium nitrate

                                                               (precipitate)

The AgCl. silver chloride is the solid form in the reaction as precipitate. this silver chloride is the insoluble salt formed as a product in the precipitate reaction.

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Protein synthesis is defined as the process in which cells make proteins. Synthesis of protein occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. Transcription is defined as the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. It occurs by following three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

The order of events in protein synthesis (from first to last) is given as follows:

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Small fires that need immediate attention before they get larger and become more serious : Incipient fires.

Incipient refers to a fire that has just begun and is of size that has poor visibility, smoke inhalation and high temperatures.

It has flames that are small and not widespread. Incipient fires has smoke that allows for visibility in the room. The heat emitted from the flame is quite low.

Things that should be done when responding to incipient stage fire: Sound  fire alarm and call the fire department, identify a safe evacuation path and do not allow the fire, heat or smoke to come between you and the evacuation path.

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Among electromagnetic waves, UV rays are most dangerous because exposure to these radiation cause serious problems in living organism. Therefore, the  UV radiations from sun is very harmful.

Electromagnetic wave is a wave which contain two component one is electric component and other is magnetic component. The electric and magnetic component are perpendicular to each other. There are so many wave that comes under electromagnetic wave like infrared wave , radio wave.

There is a relation between energy of wave. frequency of wave, and wavelength of wave

Mathematically,

E=hc/λ

where,

E = energy of electromagnetic wave

h is planks constant having value 6.67×10⁻³⁴js

c is speed of light that is 3×10⁸m/s

λ is the wavelength of electromagnetic wave

Sunlight contains UV radiations which are very harmful for the life on earth. These radiations causes skin cancer.

Therefore, the UV radiations from sun is very harmful.

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Of the atoms that are given, Rubidium is least electronegative among the other 5 options, hence option e) rb is the correct option.

Electronegativite nature is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself. As we move from left to right in a period electronegativity increases as we move from metals to non metals.The electronegativity of an atom changes depending on the hybridization of the orbital employed in bonding.

Compared to electrons in p orbitals, s orbital electrons are retained more firmly. As a result, when the hybrid orbital has more s character, a bond to an atom that uses a spx hybrid orbital for bonding will be more strongly polarized to that atom. In organic chemistry, different functional groups rather than specific atoms are more frequently related with electronegativity.

It is common to use the terms group electronegativity and substituent electronegativity interchangeably. The inductive effect and the resonance effect, which are referred to as σ- and π-electronegativities, respectively, are typically distinguished from one another.

Hence, option e) rb is correct option here.

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The half life for this reaction when [A]o = 0.757 M is 4.033 s

integrated rate law for 2nd order reaction:

1/[A]o = 1/[A] - k*t

so, for 2nd order reaction, 1/[A] vs t will be straight line

integrated rate law for 1st order reaction:

ln [A] = –kt + ln [A]o

So, for 1st order reaction, ln[A] vs t will be straight line

integrated rate law for zero order reaction:

[A] = [A]o – k*t

So, for zero order reaction, [A] vs t will be straight line

Here,

1/[A] vs t is straight line

so, order of A is 2

use integrated rate law for 2nd order reaction:

1/[A] = 1/[A]o + k*t

1/(0.107) = 1/(0.757) + k*24.5

9.346 = 1.321 +k*24.5

k*24.5 = 8.025

k = 0.328 M-1.s-1

Given:

rate constant, k = 0.328 M-1.s-1

use relation between rate constant and half life of 2nd order reaction

t1/2 = 1/([A]o*k)

      = 1/(0.757*0.328)

      = 4.033 s

The half-life of a chemical reaction can be defined as the time it takes for the concentration of a given reactant to reach 50% of its initial concentration (that is, the time it takes for the concentration of a reactant to reach half its initial value). This is represented by the symbol "t1/2" and is usually expressed in seconds.

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Drinking water contains a mixture of anions and cations which are monitored and managed to avoid adverse health or environmental effects.

What is an anion?

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The central carbon atom is sp2 hybridized, has three sigma bonds and has two resonance structures.

Which of the following statements are true concerning co3^2?

The correct options are : 1, 3 and 4

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A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favors the formation of products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring.

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Answer:

The example of a chemical combination that can also be said to be a synthesis reaction is; [tex]2Mg(s) +O_{2} (g) -- > 2 MgO(s)[/tex]

We know that the meaning of the synthesis reaction is quite central as we attempt to answer the question that is lying right before us here. If we are talking about the synthesis reaction then our mind must have to go to the kind of reaction in which there is the combination of two or more so as to produce a single compound.

As we are talking about the synthesis reaction, we would have to look at the reaction that would give rise to a single product as it has been written. Let us also recall that we have been told that the reaction is a  oxidation-reduction reaction thus there is a change in oxidation number in the process of the reaction as shown.

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