The purpose of MHC molecules is to bind and display pathogen-derived peptide fragments on the cell surface so that the relevant T lymphocytes can recognise them.
What are MHC proteins, or major histocompatibility complex proteins?MHC, or the major histocompatibility complex, is a set of genes that produce proteins located on the cell surfaces and that aid the immune system in identifying foreign objects. In all higher vertebrates, MHC proteins are present. The complex in humans is also known as the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) system.
What exactly are MHC proteins, and why are they crucial?The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes that code for cell surface proteins that play a significant part in the immune response. MHC molecules have a major role in how they display antigens.
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thalassemia is a very serious disorder that affects hemoglobin. it is caused by an autosomal recessive gene. if both a woman and a man are carriers, then what is the chance that they will have a child with the disease?
If both a woman and a man are carriers, then chance that child will have a disease is 25 %.
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder caused when the body doesn't make enough of a protein. its symptoms may includes weakness, pale and yellow skin , abdominal swelling and dark urine .
Thalassemia can me mild or chronic . mild from doesn't need any care while chronic form need blood transfusion or stem cell transplant . Blood transfusion process involves receiving injections of red blood cells through a vein to restore normal levels. only successful treatment of thalassemia is is a bone marrow and stem cell transplant from a compatible donor.
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sometimes, an elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is used to detect anti-measles antibodies in a patient's serum. what type of elisa could be used for this application? select all that apply.
An ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a test that allows you to measure the presence of antibodies in a patient's serum.
It can be used to detect anti-measles antibodies in patients who have been vaccinated against measles and other diseases, such as rubella and chickenpox.
A sandwich ELISA uses two antibodies to bind to an antigen. One antibody has a special enzyme attached, which can be detected with a color change or by fluorescence.
The second antibody has been coated onto the surface of the microtiter plate, which contains many wells for testing samples. When the first antibody binds with its antigen, it will also bind with the second antibody on the plate. The enzyme-linked one will then coat itself on top of this double-coated structure and make it visible through light or color changes.
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Primary productivity is an indicator of how much matter and energy is
available in the producers within a given area. With a partner, discuss the patterns
you see in the map. Why do you think primary productivity is important for the
health of an ecosystem?
The rate at which energy is added to the bodies of a group of animals, known as primary producers, in the form of biomass, is referred to as primary productivity.
What is measured by the main productivity?By monitoring the output of oxygen or the intake of carbon dioxide, primary productivity is typically calculated. The standard unit of measurement for production rates is grams of organic carbon per unit area per unit time.
What is energy used in primary production?Any extraction of energy products in a usable form from natural sources is considered primary energy production. This happens either during the extraction of natural resources (for instance, in coal mines, crude oil fields, or hydroelectric power plants) or during the production of biofuels.
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a bacterial broth culture grown in isolation (pure culture) reflects a predictable growth profile. list the four principle phases of a typical growth profile and briefly describe: (a) what is happening during each phase with regard to the viable cell count and (b) what is causing the change to occur
The four-phase of bacterial culture growth are the lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
Lag Phase: Cellular activity, but not growth, characterizes this initial phase. During this phase, these cells enlarge but do not divide.
Exponential (Log) Phase: Bacterial cells move into the exponential or log phase after the lag phase. The cells are currently dividing by binary fission and multiplying by two after each generation. As DNA, RNA, cell wall components, and other components required for growth are produced for division, metabolic activity is high.
Stationary Phase: As the nutrients get depleted and waste products start to build up, the population expansion seen in the log phase eventually starts to slow down. The number of dividing cells equals the number of dying cells at the stationary phase of bacterial cell development. There is no overall population growth as a result.
Death Phase: As nutrients become scarcer and waste products multiply, more cells are undergoing cellular death.
Factors like oxygen, pH, temperature, and light impact microbial growth.
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in what direction do protons flow during chemiosmosis in chloroplasts? group of answer choices from the matrix into the stroma from the stroma into the cytosol from the thylakoid space to into the stroma from the intermembrane space into the stroma from the stroma into the thylakoid space
Direction in which protons flow during chemiosmosis in chloroplasts are : from the stroma into the thylakoid space.
Where do protons flow during chemiosmosis in chloroplasts?The chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts occurs during photosynthesis. The energy of electron is used to pump proton from stroma into the thylakoid lumen and when protons move back to stroma then they pass through ATP synthase.
The process of moving ions to the other side of a biological membrane is known as chemiosmosis.
Electrochemical gradient is generated in chemiosmosis which is used to drive ATP synthesis. During this process, hydrogen ions get collected in the thylakoid membranes.
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I need some help with some questions for a weekly recap quiz! If u don't know the answer please do not answer! Brainly for the best answer! Thanks yall for helping me!
Mutations that can contribute to a change in the characteristics of a species over time include:
a mutation in an egg cell; option Ba mutation in a sperm cell; option DIf a human cell has more or less than the correct number of chromosomes, a likely result is that it can cause mutations in the DNA of the human; option A.
What are mutations?
Mutations are changes that occur in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
Mutations may occur in the coding regions known as genes or non-coding regions of the DNA.
A mutation may or may not result in changes in the gene product that is coded for by the DNA.
The mutation may have deleterious effects or may enhance the chances of survival for a given organism.
Mutations may or may not also be passed on to offspring by parents.
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Repeated irrigation in dry climates leads to accumulation of salts in the upper layers of the soil, a process called ____.
Repeated irrigation in dry climates leads to accumulation of salts in the upper layers of the soil, a process called salinization.
Soil salinity is the quantity of salt withinside the soil. The system of growing the salt content material is referred to as salinization. Salt is a certainly taking place compound determined in soil and water. Salinization may be due to herbal strategies which include mineral leaching or the withdrawal of salt deposits from the oceans. Salinization also can arise because of human sports which include irrigation.
The accumulation of an excessive amount of salt, particularly at the surface, is due to the motion of salt thr the capillary system from the element withinside the soil that's full of liquid with dissolved salts, to the surface. The evaporation system attracts liquid from the soil to the surface, and the evaporated liquid leaves salt at the soil surface. Concentrated salt also can come from chemical fertilizers.
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Which of the following is a possible outcome of a disruption to an ecosystem?
O All of the above
O Population size increases
O population size decreases.
O A species may leave or enter and ecosystem.
O A species become extinct
collection of pus in the pleural cavity: a.pneumothorax b.pleuritis c.hemoptysis d.pyothorax e.cyanosis
Collection of pus in pleural cavity is called pyothorax.
Pyothorax, also referred to as a thoracic empyema, is the buildup of an infectious purulent discharge inside the pleural cavity. The development of pyothorax can result from a variety of bacterial sources, including pneumonia, lung abscess, thoracic bite wounds, and abnormal parasite or grass awn migration. Although there are a few uncommon case reports of incidence in newborns, pyothorax in dogs is most frequently reported at a mean age of 3–4 years.
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the bacterium clostridium botulinum secretes botulinum toxin, neurotoxin. the toxin blocks the release of acetylcholine from the axon terminal of a motor neuron. explain how the toxin binding would change the normal sequence of events at the neuromusclar junction
The motor neuron is bound by botulinum toxin, which inhibits acetylcholine from being released into the synaptic cleft. Due to the lack of neurotransmitter to bind to the ion-channel receptor on the muscle cell motor end plate, this hinders the beginning of an end-plate potential.
The bacterium Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod frequently found on plants, in soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals, produces the neurotoxic protein known as botulinum toxin, or BoNT.
Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis by preventing the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction. The toxicity is what leads to botulism.
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Do you remember the five
characteristics of life?
From memory, list the characteristics of life.
Answer:
They are usually 7 characteristics
Explanation:
1) GROWTH
2) Ability to REPRODUCE
3) RESPOND
4) METABOLISM
5 ) RESPIRATION
6) NUTRITION
7) EXCRETION
Answer:
1.Cells
2.Homeostasis
3.Reproduction
4.Metabolism
5.DNA/Heredity
Explanation:
I am don't remember the five characteristics of life from memory l am only remember some but here you got.
the protein sample is mixed with a matrix prior to analysis. what is the function of a matrix in maldi-tof ms analysis?
In MALDI technology, the matrix does have a special impact on the analysis of the sample: it dilutes the sample to separate the clustered macromolecule.
During protein digestion, peptides could be examined using MALDI-TOF MS for further levels usually confirmed using peptide mass fingerprinting. Simple operation, good mass precision, high resolution, and otherwise sensitivity are all features of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
it protects the sample by absorbing laser energy and transferring it to the sample instead of directly exposing it to the laser.
In the clinical microbiology laboratory, matrix-assisted laser classes in social and emotional of flight (MALDI-TOF) spectrometry (MS) has gained popularity as a method for the quick and precise determination of bacteria, mycobacteria, and some fungal infections.
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A student records the amount of time it takes mice to run
through a maze.
Which two terms describe this type of data?
A. Continuous
B. Quantitative
C. Qualitative
D. Discrete
Quantitative and Discrete are the two terms that describe this type of data.
Data are a group of discrete values that describe an amount, quality, fact, statistics, or other fundamental units of meaning, or they can simply be a series of symbols that can be further understood. A datum is a specific value contained in a group of data.
Quantitative data is information that is numerical, whereas qualitative data is information that is descriptive (it describes something) (numbers).
Discrete or continuous quantitative data are both possible. While continuous data can take any value, discrete data can only take specific values (such as whole integers) (within a range).
Text, observations, numbers, graphs, figures, pictures, and symbols are all examples of data. Data may consist of specific costs, weights, addresses, names, ages, temperatures, dates, or distances, for instance.
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What is composed of cells that produce hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream?.
Answer:
Endocrine glands are composed of cells that produce hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream.
Explanation:
Have a nice day^^
challenge: using a total of only five organs (large or small), design a digestive system that can absorb the maximum number of calories from the apple. describe your system.
Digestion is the breakdown of food molecules
Digestion of an apple :
The following organs are involved in apple digestion:
Mouth: Using teeth, the apple was sliced into smaller pieces. The starch in the apple is broken down by saliva in the mouth.
Stomach: Hydrochloric acid and other gastric fluids are among the digestive juices found in the stomach. The apple is blended with these liquids.
Duodenum: Starch molecules are broken down in the duodenum.
Ileum: A little finger-like structure found in the villi of the organ, which absorbs sugar molecules as well as vitamins and minerals found in apples.
Colon: After passing through the colon, undigested waste is sent to the rectum, another organ.
Rectum: Through the rectum, the body expelled its indigestible
These are the organs which can absorb the maximum number of Calories from the apple.
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janet is 12 weeks pregnant. at this point, her developing baby is called a(n): zygote. embryo. fetus. teratogen.
At 12 weeks pregnant the baby is at foetal stage of development.
The foetal stage of development follows embryonic development. Fetal development in humans starts in the ninth week following fertilisation and lasts until birth. The sex organ are grown and theer is no missing organ. If there is a defect at this stage in formation of body parts at this stage it will be carried till end of pregnancy. Although the baby will be moving a lot, it's too early for you to feel their motions just yet.
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Create three relevant questions that you would like answered or clarified about the role of
DNA and chromosomes. Focus on the following areas as you generate questions:
i. The cause-and-effect relationship between the genetic code and gene expression
ii. Mechanisms of gene regulation
iii. The role of DNA segments that do not code for proteins
c) Make sure your questions are scientific questions, meaning they could be tested by scientists.
Three questions regarding DNA and chromosomes are:-
Question No. 1: What is a codon and how it could direct the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis?
Question No. 2: What is an operon?
Question No. 3: What are introns and exons?
Answer No. 1: A codon is made up of three nitrogenous bases and it codes for a particular amino acid. 61 codons code for amino acids while the rest 3 do not code for any amino acid and hence act as stop codons.
Answer No. 2: Regulation of transcription is the basic step for the regulation of gene expression. In bacteria, more than one gene is arranged together and regulated in units known as operons.
Answer No. 3: Introns and exons are the non-coding and the coding sequences of the DNA respectively. Exons are those sequences which appear in the mature RNA, while introns do not appear on the mature RNA.
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which process would be included in an accurate diagram of the rock cycle? i
Answer:
Sedimentary and metamorphic rock melt and become magma.
Explanation:
Marine science The exosphere is about halfway to the moon, true or false
a researcher performs fish with a probe against a known chromosome 3 sequence on cells with a small deletion on the p arm of chromosome 3. if two fluorescent spots are observed in each cell, what is the most likely explanation? multiple choice
A researcher performs FISH with a probe against a known chromosome 3 sequence on cells with a small deletion on the p arm of chromosome 3. The most likely explanation when two fluorescent spots appear is: the sequence targeted by the probe is not within the deleted region.
What is FISH?In genetic testing, FISH stands for Fluorescence in Situ Hybridisation. This is a test that looks for specific gene changes in cells. By doing FISH, we could look for specific parts of genes to detect genetic mutations and understand a variety of chromosomal abnormalities. If two fluorescent spots appear, it is most likely the sequence targeted is not within the deleted region.
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Variation and survival - Extended Task
Research and answer this question.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of variation to the survival of orangutans?
The advantages and disadvantages of genetic variation to the survival of orangutans are:
Advantages:
Because of variation, organisms can evolve to survive in challenging environments and become more resistant to diseases. It also fosters diversity.Disadvantages:
Negative effects, such as genetic disorders and diseases, are another potential drawbackWhat is genetic variation?
DNA sequence variations among members of a population are referred to as genetic variation. Sperm and egg cells, as well as somatic (all other) cells, are subject to variation.Three separate processes contribute to genetic diversity: gene recombination, gene migration, and mutation. Genetic variety and evolution are propelled by mutation. Base substitutions, deletions, and insertions are the different kinds of DNA mutations.Due to deforestation, illegal hunting, and forest fires that have decimated orang-utan wild populations, one of the most thorough genome analyses of orang gutans to date has revealed that its tiny populations are surprisingly genetically diverse. This raises the possibility that the critically endangered species could recover from its current dire situation.
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speciation is the divergence of two populations from a common ancestor. how does it contribute to biological diversity?
The diversity we observe today is the result of new adaptations emerging in the survivors of the extinction. The separation of two populations from a common ancestor is known as speciation. Biodiversity is increased by speciation.
Diversity is increased by speciation. The diversity of organisms within an ecosystem is known as biodiversity. It boosts biodiversity because speciation leads to the creation of new species.
The amount of biological diversity is directly inversely correlated with the pace of speciation. This implies that the diversity of a species will increase as speciation increases. Understanding the evolutionary tendency of any species and re-establishing the different bio-diversities already present on earth are both made possible by speciation.
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A boy and a dad get into a car accident. The dad did not make it, but the boy did. The boy went to the hospital, and the doctor said I couldn't. He is my son. Who is the doctor?
Answer:
the doctor is the mother of the boy
a sprinter has a higher percentage of type ii muscle fibers than a marathon runner. select one: true false
The answer is True. Sprinters have a higher percentage of type ii muscle fibers.
What are type ii muscle fibers?
Fast-twitch muscle fibers produce larger and more potent forces, but only for brief periods of time before quickly becoming exhausted. They are frequently referred to as white fibers or type II since they are more anaerobic and have less blood supply.
Type ii muscle fibers are usually found in muscles of the arms in large numbers.
Running sprints, agility drills, bench presses, deadlifts and heavy squats are a great way to build type ii fibers.
Fast twitch/ type ii fibers are much more powerful than type I fibers. These give major strength but also fatigue easier than type I.
Sprinters, therefore have a higher percentage of type ii fibers than marathon runners.
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At what point on a roller coaster is the gravitational potential energy (GPE) the highest?
A- at the top of the highest drop
B-at the lowest point of the roller coaster
C-at the top of the second hill
D- when the coaster stops
Answer:
A at the top
I got this correct on my test
Why might cells need to make new copies of
themselves? Do all Cells reproduce in the same way? What are the steps of Mitosis?
What happens at each step in the process? What happens when cells lose control
over their ability to divide? How could this happen?
Cells divide for the purpose of survival and growth of organisms. This way, chromosome numbers are maintained and damaged cells are renewed as well.
What is Mitotis?
Mitosis is the division of cells which results in the formation of two daughter cells. They both have the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Mitosis involves the following phases:
Prophase is where the chromosomes shorten in length and thicken.Metaphase is where the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.Anaphase is where the chromatids break at the centromere after which they move to opposite poles.Telophase is where the two nuclei formed after nuclear envelopes reform around the groups of chromosomes.When cells lose their control over the ability to divide, they can accumulate genetic disorders that may lead to cancerous tumors. This happens when the normal cell cycle is disrupted and it therefore loses control.
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Alex was brought into the clinic by his
football coach that stated that Alex is
delirious, has intense cramps and has been
vomiting since he drank over 1000 mL of
water in under 45 minutes at football
practice.
Normally, the sodium concentration inside
the cells is equal to the sodium
concentration outside of the cell. However,
drinking this much water in a short amount
of time will cause the inside
of the cell to become diluted.
To compensate, water from
the outside of the cell will
rush into the cell, causing
water intoxication.
Which cell
organelle
allows this to
happen?
Answer:blood
Explanation:
The cell membrane allows water to rush into the cell when it becomes diluted due to excessive water intake.
The cell organelle that allows water to rush into the cell when it becomes diluted due to excessive water intake is the cell membrane. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it controls what substances can enter and leave the cell.
In this case, the dilution of the cell causes the concentration of solutes inside the cell to be lower than the concentration outside, leading to osmosis, where water molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through the cell membrane.
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A motorcycle is moving at a constant speed of 40 km/h. How long does it 1
take the motorcycle to travel a distance of 8 km?
Your answer
Calculating with the definition of speed, it will take the motorcycle 0.2 h (12 minutes) to travel a distance of 8 km.
First, you have to know that speed is a measurement quantity that explains the relationship between the distance travelled by an motorcycle in the given case. Thus the speed is linked with the change of position of motorcycle in distance within a definite amount of time.
The speed can be calculated using the following formula;
In the given case;
speed= 40
distance travelled= 8 km
time= ?
Putting this into the definition of speed:
solution;
40 × time= 8 km
time= 8 km÷ 40
time= 0.2 h= 12 minutes (because, 1 h=60 minutes)
If we conclude, it will take the motorcycle 0.2 hr (12 minutes) to travel a distance of 8 km.
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Some insects can walk on the surface of water. Their feet push against the surface of the water and the water surface bends down under their weight but does not break. What do the individual water molecules do that makes this possible?
Answer:it is surface tension
Explanation:
what structure is indicated by the arrow? epithelial cell junctions what structure is indicated by the arrow? epithelial cell junctions spot desmosome hemidesmosome tight junction gap junctions
The arrow points to the spot desmosome structure. The anchoring junctions known as maculae adhaerentes on the spot desmosomes are connected to intermediate filaments.
Where may one find spot desmosomes?Spot desmosomes are seen in great concentrations in between spine-like process connections of said epithelial cells and beneath belt desmosomes throughout junctional complexes in stratified squamous epithelia.
What are desmosomes and what do they do?Desmosomes are important intercellular sticky junctions seen in other tissues and in the basolateral membranes of vascular endothelium. They facilitate direct cell-cell interactions and offer intermediate filament anchoring sites that are crucial for the preservation of tissue architecture.
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