Robert Shiller presents arguments against the validity of the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH) by emphasizing the presence of irrational behavior and market inefficiencies.
He challenges the notion that market prices fully reflect all available information and argues that investor sentiment and psychological factors can lead to deviations from fundamental values.
Robert Shiller's arguments against the efficient markets hypothesis center around the existence of market inefficiencies and irrational behavior.
He highlights that market prices are often influenced by factors beyond rational expectations and fundamental values. Shiller's research suggests that investor sentiment and psychological biases play a significant role in driving market fluctuations and asset pricing.
One of Shiller's notable contributions is his work on behavioral finance, which explores how human emotions and cognitive biases impact investment decisions.
He argues that investor behavior can lead to market trends and speculative bubbles that deviate from fundamental valuations.
Shiller's research on historical financial market data, such as his analysis of the housing market leading up to the 2008 financial crisis, demonstrates instances where market prices were driven by irrational exuberance rather than rational expectations.
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When does a corporation need a board of directors?
your answers should not exceed 120 words..
A corporation typically needs a board of directors from its inception as it is a legal requirement for most jurisdictions.
The board of directors serves as the governing body of the corporation and is responsible for making important decisions and providing strategic direction. The board's primary role is to represent the interests of shareholders and ensure the corporation's management operates in their best interest. The board is responsible for appointing and overseeing top executives, setting corporate policies, approving major initiatives, and ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. Additionally, the board of directors acts as a fiduciary, safeguarding the corporation's assets and making decisions in the best interest of the company and its stakeholders.
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Chapter 20
In the United States in the early 1980s, there was a government budget____. Oa. surplus and a trade surplus. Ob. deficit and a trade deficit. Oc. surplus and a trade deficit. Od. deficit and a trade surplus.
In the United States in the early 1980s, there was a government budget deficit and a trade deficit. This marked a major departure from the post–World War II era.
During which the United States had been a creditor nation.The combination of higher interest rates and the Reagan administration's tax reductions resulted in an increase in the budget deficit from $74 billion in 1980 to $221 billion in 1986.The trade deficit was fueled by two factors a sharp rise in imports, notably Japanese electronics and automobiles.
The goal was to reduce taxes, which would lead to increased investment and, ultimately, to increased economic growth. This policy was based on the belief that government intervention in the economy was the source of economic problems, and that the market should be allowed to operate freely.
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Question 2 Metal works, Inc is analyzing two alternative configurations for the firms' new plasma cutter shop. The two alternatives donated A and B below perform the same task but require very different payments. Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alternative A $(80,000) (20,000) (20,000) (20,000) (20,000) (20,000) (20,000) (20,000) Alternative B $(80,000) (6,000) (6,000) (6,000) • Calculate each projects equivalent annual cost given a 10% discount rate. . Which of the alternatives do you think the company should select?
Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC)The equivalent annual cost is a mathematical formula that estimates the annual cost of borrowing money over the life of a loan using the same interest rate and loan payment.
EAC is used by businesses and investors to compare borrowing options. It is a measure of the cost of the investment per year, taking into account the time value of money. The formula for EAC is as follows: Where C is the initial cost of the investment, r is the discount rate, n is the life of the investment, and A is the annualized cost.
In this problem, we have two alternatives that perform the same task. We need to calculate the EAC for each one and select the one with the lowest EAC.
To calculate the EAC for alternative A, we plug the values into the formula: Alternative AInitial cost = $80,000Annual cost = $10,322.04 (calculated using the formula above)To calculate the EAC for alternative B, we plug the values into the formula: Alternative BInitial cost = $80,000
Annual cost = $5,247.27 (calculated using the formula above)Therefore, Alternative B is the better option since it has a lower EAC of $5,247.27, which is less than alternative A's EAC of $10,322.04.
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Suppose the demand schedule in a market can be represented by the equation Qd = 500 - 10P, where Qd is the quantity demanded and P is the price. Also, suppose the supply schedule can be represented by the equation, Qs = 200 + 10P where Qs is the quantity supplied. Suppose the price is currently equal to 18 in this market. Is there a shortage or surplus in this market, and how large is the shortage/surplus?
There is a shortage in this market, and it is equal to 60 units. is the answer.
The quantity demanded and quantity supplied in a market depends on the price. If the price of a product increases, the quantity supplied also increases, but the quantity demanded decreases. Similarly, if the price of a product decreases, the quantity demanded increases, and the quantity supplied decreases. Here, we need to find whether the market has a shortage or a surplus and how large it is. Suppose the demand schedule in a market can be represented by the equation Qd = 500 - 10P, where Qd is the quantity demanded and P is the price.
Suppose the supply schedule can be represented by the equation, Qs = 200 + 10P where Qs is the quantity supplied.
Suppose the price is currently equal to 18 in this market.
Now, Qd = 500 - 10P,
substituting P=18
Qd = 500 - 10(18)
Qd = 500 - 180
Qd = 320Qs = 200 + 10P,
substituting P=18
Qs = 200 + 10(18)
Qs = 200 + 180Qs = 380
Comparing the values of Qd and Qs, we see that there is a shortage in the market.
The quantity demanded is 320, and the quantity supplied is 380.
Therefore, the shortage is 60 (380 - 320). The shortage is equal to 60 units.
There is a shortage in this market, and it is equal to 60 units.
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William realized that he was facing the classic buy-versus-rent decision. It is time for him to apply some of the analytical tools he had acquired in the Engineering Economics course. In the US, on average, the house price increases by 3 percent per year. Given his mortgage rate of 5%, William will lose money by purchasing the house. On the other hand, if he decides to continue to rent, he will lose the monthly rent. Conduct an incremental analysis using the IRR method to determine whether purchasing the house is economically advisable. For this analysis, you should consider the price of the house at the end of 30 years. Also, remember that William's personal MARR is 6% compounded monthly.
To determine if purchasing the house is economically advisable,William conducts an incremental analysis using the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method. With an average annual house price increase of 3% in the US and a mortgage rate of 5%.
In the incremental analysis using the IRR method, William compares the cash flows associated with purchasing the house versus renting over a 30-year period. Cash flows for purchasing the house include the initial investment (down payment and closing costs) and yearly expenses such as mortgage payments, property taxes, maintenance, and insurance. Renting involves monthly rent payments over the same 30-year period.
The IRR method calculates the discount rate that makes the present value of cash inflows (e.g., house value appreciation) equal to the present value of cash outflows (e.g., costs of buying and maintaining the house). By comparing the resulting IRR with William's MARR of 6% compounded monthly, he can determine whether purchasing the house is economically advisable.
If the IRR is higher than the MARR, it indicates that the investment (buying the house) is expected to generate returns exceeding the minimum acceptable rate. Conversely, if the IRR is lower than the MARR, the investment may not be financially viable.
To make a decision, William should perform the incremental analysis using the IRR method, considering the present value of all cash inflows and outflows associated with buying the house and continuing to rent over the 30-year period. Comparing the resulting IRR to his MARR will provide valuable insights into the financial feasibility of purchasing the house.
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A company eamed a net profit of Rs. 650,000 ; its sales are Rs. 5,200,000; the numbers of equity shares outstanding are 130,000 and the market price of its equity share is Rs. 200. What is the company's price to sales per share ratio? a. 65.07 b. 5 c. 40.63 d. Insufficient information
The answer is option (b), 5. The company's price to sales per share ratio can be calculated as follows:
Price to sales per share ratio = (Market price of equity share / Sales per share)
First, we need to calculate the sales per share, which is the total sales divided by the number of equity shares outstanding:
Sales per share = Total sales / Number of equity shares outstanding = Rs. 5,200,000 / 130,000 = Rs. 40
Now we can calculate the price to sales per share ratio:
Price to sales per share ratio = (Market price of equity share / Sales per share) = Rs. 200 / Rs. 40 = 5
Therefore, the answer is option (b), 5.
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From a comparative standpoint, what can be said about the recent trend in Canada's and the USA's government debt to Gross Domestic Product ratio? Use statistics to support your answer
A comparison of the most recent trend in the government debt to GDP ratio between Canada and the USA, with a cutoff date of September 2021, shows the following: The ratio of Canadian government debt to GDP has been steadily rising in recent years.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reports that the ratio of Canada's government debt to GDP increased from 89.6% in 2017 to 101.7% in 2020. The ratio of government debt to GDP increased significantly in the US, in contrast. The US government debt to GDP ratio increased from 108.9% in 2017 to 131.1% in 2020, according to the IMF. These figures show that over the studied period, the government debt to GDP ratios in both countries have increased.
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The required time, cost, and likelihood of success for each step of the project is below (15 points): Technology Fabric Engine Fuel Cost $30 million $80 million $60 million Time 6 months 1 year 2 years Probability of Success 1-PV(success) PV (investment) 80% 30% 25% The risk-free rate is 5%. Use equation below to rank the stages of Matthews' rocket-propelled skateboard project:
The stages of Matthews' rocket-propelled skateboard project should be ranked based on their Net Present Value (NPV) values calculated using the risk-free rate and the given data.
To rank the stages of Matthews' rocket-propelled skateboard project, we need to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) for each stage. The NPV takes into account the required investment, the time it takes to complete the stage, and the probability of success. By discounting the future cash flows using the risk-free rate of 5%, we can determine the present value of each stage. The stage with the highest NPV would be ranked first, indicating the most favorable investment. By comparing the NPVs of the three stages, we can determine which stage offers the highest potential return on investment and should be prioritized in terms of its value to the project.
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Common fixed asset manipulation schemes including the following, except:
Booking fictitious assets
Misrepresenting asset valuation
Improperly capitalizing inventory and start-up costs
Selling assets for a loss
Common fixed asset manipulation schemes including the following, except: Selling assets for a loss.
Common fixed asset manipulation schemes include booking fictitious assets, misrepresenting asset valuation, and improperly capitalizing inventory and start-up costs. These practices are aimed at distorting financial statements and misleading stakeholders. Selling assets for a loss, on the other hand, is not typically considered a manipulation scheme. In some cases, selling assets at a loss may be a legitimate business decision based on factors such as market conditions, strategic goals, or the need to free up capital. While it can impact financial statements, it is not inherently deceptive or aimed at manipulating the perception of the company's financial position.
Booking fictitious assets involves recording non-existent assets on the books to inflate the company's asset value. Misrepresenting asset valuation refers to intentionally overstating or understating the value of existing assets, which can distort the financial health of the company. Improperly capitalizing inventory and start-up costs involves misclassifying expenses as fixed assets, which can lead to an overstatement of the company's asset base and profitability.
In contrast, selling assets for a loss may have legitimate reasons such as liquidating underperforming assets, divesting from non-core business areas, or reducing debt. While it can affect the financial statements, it is not considered a manipulation scheme because it does not involve intentionally distorting the company's financial position or misleading stakeholders.
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Mr. robert wants to establish an annual $5,000 scholarship in memory of her husband. The first scholarship is to be awarded two years from now. If the funds can earn 6.25% compounded annually, what amount must Mrs. McTavish pay now to sustain the scholarship in perpetuity?
To sustain an annual scholarship of $5,000 in perpetuity, Mrs. McTavish must pay an initial amount that will generate enough interest to cover the scholarship each year. If the funds can earn 6.25% interest compounded annually and the first scholarship is to be awarded two years from now, Mrs. McTavish needs to pay approximately $63,492.06 to sustain the scholarship.
To calculate the amount Mrs. McTavish needs to pay, we can use the present value formula for perpetuities:
PV = PMT / r
Where:
PV = Present value (amount Mrs. McTavish needs to pay)
PMT = Annual payment (scholarship amount)
r = Interest rate
In this case, the annual payment (scholarship amount) is $5,000, and the interest rate is 6.25% (0.0625).
To account for the two-year delay before the first scholarship is awarded, we need to calculate the present value of the two-year annuity:
PV = PMT / [tex](1 + r)^2[/tex]
Substituting the values, we have:
PV = $5,000 / [tex](1 + 0.0625)^2[/tex]
≈ $5,000 / 1.12890625
≈ $4,429.81
Therefore, Mrs. McTavish needs to pay approximately $4,429.81 to sustain the scholarship for the first two years.
To calculate the amount she needs to pay in perpetuity, we divide the annual payment by the interest rate:
PV = PMT / r
= $5,000 / 0.0625
= $80,000
Thus, Mrs. McTavish needs to pay approximately $80,000 to sustain the annual scholarship of $5,000 in perpetuity.
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IRAC Exercise (Consititutional Law)
A shopping mall is running out of parking spaces so it needs to expand its parking lots. The mall asked the city to help in appropriating land so it can help the expansion. The city agreed to help and send a letter to the ajoining homeowners offering to pay them a price above the market price for the necessary part of their land to expand the parking lot of the shopping mall. Can the homeowners prevent the city from taking their land for this project?
Please use the IRAC Method to state (in question format) the legal issue in this problem; then state the controlling rules, laws, or principles that are necessary to answer that issue; then apply the controlling rules to the facts at hand to arrive at your conclusion.
Please label your answers as follows:
THE ISSUE(S) IN THIS PROBLEM:
THE CONTROLLING RULES:
APPLICATION OF RULES TO FACTS:
CONCLUSION:
Can the homeowners prevent the city from taking their land for the parking lot expansion project? The controlling rules in this case involve constitutional principles related to eminent domain and the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution. In this case, the city is seeking to appropriate the homeowners' land for the expansion of the shopping mall's parking lot.
THE ISSUE(S) IN THIS PROBLEM: Can the homeowners prevent the city from taking their land for the parking lot expansion project?
THE CONTROLLING RULES: The controlling rules in this case involve constitutional principles related to eminent domain and the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution.
Eminent domain allows the government to take private property for public use, provided that just compensation is paid to the property owners. The Fifth Amendment requires that the government provide just compensation when exercising its power of eminent domain.
APPLICATION OF RULES TO FACTS: In this case, the city is seeking to appropriate the homeowners' land for the expansion of the shopping mall's parking lot. The city has offered to pay the homeowners a price above the market value for their land. The key question is whether this project qualifies as a public use and whether the homeowners are entitled to just compensation.
CONCLUSION: Based on the given information, it is unlikely that the homeowners can prevent the city from taking their land for the parking lot expansion project. Eminent domain allows the government to take private property for public use, and the expansion of the parking lot can be considered a public use.
However, the homeowners are entitled to just compensation for the taking of their land. Since the city has offered to pay them a price above the market value, it appears that they are fulfilling the requirement of providing just compensation.
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Consider following information Cash195639; Inventory......... 56,000; Marketable securities......... con Accounts receivable... 42,000; Allowance for bad debts... 10,000 ****** Plant and equipment-original cost...............742519; Accumulated depreciation................$346,000; Investments......... .22,000 28,000; Bonds payable.... ........68027; Notes Accounts payable... payable...............48684; Common stock, $1 par, 100,000 shares outstanding... 100,000; Retained earnings........... 87,000; Preferred stock, $56 par, 1,000 shares outstanding............. 56,000; Capital paid in excess of par (common stock) 95,000 What is total of Liabilities? ANSWER FORMAT: 123456.78 Answer: 36,000; Maut ngan
The given answer format of "123456.78" does not match the total liabilities amount provided. The correct total liabilities amount based on the information given is $221,395.
To calculate the total liabilities, we need to consider the different categories of liabilities mentioned in the information provided. These include bonds payable, notes payable, accounts payable, and preferred stock.From the information given, the bonds payable amount is $68,027, the notes payable amount is $48,684, and the accounts payable amount is not specified. We'll assume it is the same as the accounts payable payable amount, which is $48,684.
The preferred stock amount is $56,000, which represents the par value of $56 per share multiplied by the 1,000 shares outstanding.
Therefore, to calculate the total liabilities, we sum up all the individual amounts:
Bonds payable: $68,027
Notes payable: $48,684
Accounts payable: $48,684
Preferred stock: $56,000
Total liabilities = $68,027 + $48,684 + $48,684 + $56,000 = $221,395.
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An ad campaign's creative strategy includes (a/an) element 1. The target audience consists of the primary market (who the company sells its product or brand to)... as well as the secondary target audience (made up of centers of influence or key influentials). This element of strategy asks "Who are we communicating to?" 2. The product concept, as we discussed in an earlier lesson, is the "bundle of values" offered to the consumer. This element of strategy asks "What are we communicating about?" 3. The communications media covers the channels and outlets where the advertising will be delivered. This element of strategy asks "How are we reaching our audience?" 4. The IMC message element of strategy asks: "What do we want to say and how do we want to say it?" The marketer and the creative team must agree on these four aspects of strategy before any work begins on developing advertising. IMC message product concept communications media
Concept of nuclear deterrence through the threat of catastrophic destruction between countries with nuclear weapons.
In developing an ad campaign's creative strategy, there are four crucial elements to consider.
Firstly, the target audience encompasses the primary market to whom the company sells its product or brand, as well as the secondary target audience consisting of key influencers or centers of influence.
This element seeks to define the intended recipients of the communication and identify who the campaign aims to reach.
The second element is the product concept, which refers to the bundle of values offered to the consumer. It involves determining what specific messages the campaign will convey about the product or brand.
This element addresses the question of what the advertising will communicate about the product and its unique selling points.
The third element is the communications media, which covers the channels and outlets through which the advertising will be delivered. This element explores the various methods and platforms used to effectively reach the target audience.
It considers traditional channels such as television, radio, and print, as well as digital media and other relevant communication channels.
The fourth element is the IMC (Integrated Marketing Communications) message. This element delves into the specific content of the message and how it will be conveyed to the audience. It involves determining what needs to be said and deciding on theaudience.
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Roquiraments 1. Did the owner's equity of Sloan Engineering increase or decrease during 20247 . By how much? 2. Identify the four possible reasons that owner's equity can change. The change in owner's equity during the year is
Investments, and retained earnings contribute to an increase in owner's equity, while losses, withdrawals, and dividends paid out decrease owner's equity.
Investments or Additional Capital: If the owner injects additional funds into the business, it will increase owner's equity. This can happen through personal investments or contributions of assets to the business.
Profit or Loss: The net income or loss generated by the business affects owner's equity. Profit increases owner's equity, while a loss decreases it. Net income is calculated by subtracting expenses from revenues.
Drawings or Withdrawals: If the owner withdraws personal funds from the business or takes out assets for personal use, it decreases owner's equity. Drawings are typically recorded as a reduction in equity.
Retained Earnings: Retained earnings represent the portion of net income that is reinvested in the business rather than distributed to the owner(s) as dividends. If the business retains more earnings, it increases owner's equity.
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A propane tank hodls 946 litres of fuel, and the cost on delivery during the current year is 72 cents (.72) per litre. The buyer will receive a full fuel tank on closing. The tank is half full when the seller accepts the buyer's offer. How much does the buyer one the seller on closing day?
$1,021.76
$681.12
$340.56
$227.04
The buyer own the seller on closing day is $340.56
A propane tank holds 946 litres of fuel, and the cost on delivery during the current year is 72 cents (.72) per litre. The buyer will receive a full fuel tank on closing. The tank is half full when the seller accepts the buyer's offer. Half the tank is full so the buyer is receiving 946/2 = 473 litres of fuel. 473 x $0.72 = $340.56 Therefore, the amount that the buyer owns the seller on closing day is $340.56.
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Consider a hypothetical closed economy in which households spend $0.60 of each additional dollar they earn and save the remaining $0.40.
1. What is the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) for this economy?
2. What is the value of the multiplier for this economy?
Suppose that the government in this economy decides to increase government purchases by $400 billion.
3. The increase in government purchases of $400 billion will lead to an increase in income, which in turn will generate an increase in consumption. What is the amount of the initial change in consumption caused by this increase in government purchases?
4. The initial increase in consumption will again increase income, which will cause a second change in consumption. What is the amount of this second increase in consumption?
5. What is the total change in demand resulting from the initial change in $400 billion in government purchases?
The following graph shows the aggregate demand curve for this economy before the change in government purchases.
6. Use the green line to plot the new aggregate demand curve after the multiplier effect takes place. For simplicity, assume that there is no crowding out effect. No InterWiki reference defined in properties for Wiki called "Hint"!
{Section title='The multiplier effect of a change in government purchases' !!!The Multiplier Effect of a Change in Government Purchases: The multiplier effect involves the additional shifts in the aggregate demand (AD) that's caused by either an increase or decrease in one of the three components. This can include private consumption, gross investment, and government purchases, all in the aggregate demand when the economy is assumed to be without an international sector. In equilibrium, aggregate supply (Y) equals to aggregate demand (AD); therefore, we can formally write: Y = AD, where AD = Private Consumption (C) + Gross Investment (I) + Government Purchases (G), hence in equilibrium, Y = C + I + G. Assuming private consumption is a linear function of income (Y), we can write the private consumption function as follows: C = a + bY, where a represents the autonomous amount of consumption, and b is the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), which is also the slope of the private consumption function. Substituting the private consumption function into the aggregate demand and the equilibrium equation will become: Y = a + bY + I + G. (Note that aggregate supply and income in the private consumption function are both denoted by the letter Y because national income can be calculated by using either the expenditures approach or the income approach.) Isolating Y on one side of the equation and re-arranging terms will result in the following equation: Y* = 1/(1-b)*(a + I + G), where Y* = equilibrium income, and 1/(1-b) = the multiplier
Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is the proportion of additional income that the consumers spend on consumption. Here, households spend $0.60 of each additional dollar they earn and save the remaining $0.40.
So, MPC = 0.6.2) The multiplier is the effect of a change in one component of aggregate demand on the equilibrium level of national income. The value of the multiplier is the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save, 1/0.4 = 2.5.3) The increase in government purchases of $400 billion will increase income, which in turn will generate an increase in consumption.
The initial change in consumption can be calculated as:
Change in income = $400 billion Multiplier = 2.5Change in consumption = MPC x Change in income Change in consumption = 0.6 x $400 billion = $240 billion4) .The initial increase in consumption will again increase income, which will cause a second change in consumption.
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Blue Spruce Company has an inexperienced accountant. During the first months on the job, the accountant made the following errors in journalizing transactians. All entries were posted as made. 1. The purchase of supplies for $490 cash was debited to Equipment $160 and credited to Cash $160. 2. A $380 dividend was debited to Salaries and Wages Expense $680 and credited to Cash $680. 3. A payment on account of $720 to a creditor was debited to Accounts Payable $270 and credited to Cash $270. Prepare the correcting entries. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts.)
The inexperienced accountant at Blue Spruce Company made three errors in journalizing transactions. To correct these errors, specific correcting entries need to be prepared. The correcting entries will reverse the incorrect entries made and record the correct entries with the appropriate account titles and amounts.
To correct the first error, the entry that debited Equipment and credited Cash for the purchase of supplies needs to be reversed. The correcting entry would debit Supplies for $490 and credit Cash for $490. This entry properly reflects the purchase of supplies for $490.
The second error, where a dividend was debited to Salaries and Wages Expense and credited to Cash, needs to be corrected. The correcting entry would debit Dividends for $380 and credit Cash for $380. This entry properly records the payment of dividends.
The third error, where a payment on account to a creditor was debited to Accounts Payable and credited to Cash, requires correction. The correcting entry would debit Accounts Payable for $720 and credit Cash for $720. This entry accurately reflects the payment made to the creditor.
By preparing these correcting entries, the accountant can rectify the errors made in journalizing the transactions. This ensures that the financial records of Blue Spruce Company accurately reflect the correct account balances and maintain the integrity of the company's financial statements.
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Consider retail company like «Magnit», «Carrefour>>. Revenue of retail company for a year does not differ significantly from cash receipt from clients for the same year. TRUE FALSE
Retail companies like Magnit and Carrefour are very popular, and their revenue, as well as their clients' cash receipts, are some of the most significant measures of their success.
However, the statement "Revenue of retail company for a year does not differ significantly from cash receipt from clients for the same year" is not necessarily true because revenue is not always the same as cash receipt from clients. For instance, some of the reasons why a retail company's revenue may differ from its clients' cash receipt include the following:Payment type used by clients: Some clients may choose to pay using credit, debit cards, or other electronic means instead of cash. Therefore, the company may not receive cash receipt from such clients immediately.Time lag between when products are purchased and when they are sold: The company may have inventory that it purchased in one year and sold the following year. Therefore, revenue in the year of purchase may differ from cash receipt from clients. Sales returns or refunds: The company may receive returns of some products that were already sold to clients, resulting in a lower cash receipt from clients than revenue for the year. Therefore, revenue of a retail company for a year can differ significantly from cash receipt from clients for the same year, making the statement FALSE.
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Use the data below to compute 2014 OCF (Operating Cash Flow) 2014 2013 Cash 12 18 Short-term investments 7 66 Accounts receivable 369 316 Inventories 553 420 Property, plant & equipment (net) 926 871 Accounts payable 48 32 Short-term debt 96 65 Accrued liabilities 150 134 Long-term debt 662 583 Common stock 130 130 Retained earnings 766 714 3,147 2,852 Net revenue Depreciation expense 113 92 Interest 91 61 Taxes 81 84 255 122 Net income (Round to the nearest whole dollar)
The Operating Cash Flow (OCF) for 2014 is $540. Accounts receivable 369 316, Property, plant & equipment are some of the essential requirements for defining Operating Cash Flow
To calculate the Operating Cash Flow (OCF) for 2014, we need to use the following formula: OCF = Net Income + Depreciation Expense + Interest Expense + Taxes
Given the data: Net Income for 2014 = $255 Depreciation Expense for 2014 = $113 Interest Expense for 2014 = $91 Taxes for 2014 = $81 OCF = $255 + $113 + $91 + $81 = $540 Therefore, the Operating Cash Flow (OCF) for 2014 is $540.
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Organization does not have a "best" or a "worst" culture.
Substantiate
There is no doubt in saying that organization does not have a "best" or a "worst" culture. The culture of an organization is mainly influenced by various factors including the industry, size of organzation, leadership style, values, and employee dynamics.
Here are some of the reasons why an Organization does not have a "best" or a "worst" culture:
Subjectivity: Culture is subjective and can be achieved by any individual. One person thinks a culture to be positive while other person don't. Experience, Background, Personal Preference, and Influencement of the employees is the reason behind their culture.Context and Fit: Culture can never be one and only one in concept. What one organization founds best in terms of culture, another organization don't. The right culture depends upon values, needs, and goals of the organization.To study more about Organization Culture:
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under an extended term nonforfeiture option, the policy cash value is converted to
Under an extended term nonforfeiture option, the policy cash value is converted to an extended term insurance policy.
A nonforfeiture option refers to an insurance policy's guaranteed minimum cash value that can be used to purchase an extended-term insurance policy, or it can be used to pay premiums for a reduced face amount of insurance without any further premiums.
The extended-term nonforfeiture option is a life insurance provision that converts the policy's cash value into an extended-term policy after the policyholder stops paying premiums. It is one of the three options that policyholders can select to avoid losing the cash value when they stop paying premiums.
It is, however, the least common of the three nonforfeiture choices, which also includes the reduced paid-up option and cash surrender. When the extended-term nonforfeiture option is chosen, the policy's cash value is used to purchase a fully paid-up term insurance policy with a death benefit equal to the death benefit of the original policy.
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Under an Extended Term Nonforfeiture option, the policy's cash value is converted into an extended term insurance policy with the original death benefit, lasting for a specific period depending on the policy's cash value and the insured's age.
Explanation:Under an Extended Term Nonforfeiture option, the policy cash value is converted into an extended term insurance policy. This extended term insurance policy provides the original death benefit for a certain period, known as the extended term. The length of the extended term depends on the policy's cash value and the insured's age at the time of policy conversion. Essentially, the policy cash value is used to purchase a term insurance for the maximum period of time the cash value can provide based on the mortality charge rate and policy expenses. If the insured dies within this extended period, the insurance company would pay out the death benefit as in the initial agreement.
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Ashwood Industries is reviewing their capital expenditure projects for the year. The estimated total cost of new investments would be $100 million. Ashwood Industries expects net income to be $35 million this year. They wish to maintain their current debt-to-equity ratio of 1.25
a) Calculate the dividends paid and total external equity & debt financing required if the firm follows a residual dividend policy. b) Calculate the dividends paid and external equity & debt financing required if the firm has a fixed payout ratio of 15%
a) Under the residual dividend policy, Ashwood Industries would pay $18.75 million in dividends and require $81.25 million in external equity and debt financing to fund their capital expenditure projects.
b) If the firm follows a fixed payout ratio of 15%, Ashwood Industries would pay $15 million in dividends and require $85 million in external equity and debt financing to support their investment plans.
a) The residual dividend policy states that a company should first fund its capital expenditure projects and then pay dividends with any remaining funds. To calculate the dividends paid, we subtract the external financing required for the capital expenditure projects from the net income. In this case, the external financing required is the estimated total cost of new investments ($100 million) minus the retained earnings, which is the net income ($35 million) multiplied by the target debt-to-equity ratio of 1.25.
Therefore, the retained earnings amount to $35 million × 1.25 = $43.75 million. Subtracting this amount from the net income gives us $35 million - $43.75 million = -$8.75 million. Since the firm would not pay negative dividends, the dividend payment would be zero. As a result, the external financing required would be $100 million - $0 = $100 million.
b) Under a fixed payout ratio of 15%, the dividend payment can be calculated by multiplying the net income by the payout ratio. In this case, the dividend payment would be $35 million × 0.15 = $5.25 million. The external financing required can be determined by subtracting the retained earnings (net income × payout ratio) from the estimated total cost of new investments.
Hence, the retained earnings would be $35 million × 0.15 = $5.25 million. Subtracting this from the total cost of new investments gives us $100 million - $5.25 million = $94.75 million. Therefore, the firm would pay $15 million in dividends and require $94.75 million in external equity and debt financing.
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A worker's contribution to the firm's revenue is measured directly by the worker's:
A. value of marginal product.
B. marginal product multiplied by his/her wage.
C. marginal product minus his/her wage.
D. contribution to total output.
A. value of marginal product. The worker's contribution to the firm's revenue is measured directly by their value of marginal product, which represents the additional revenue generated by the last unit of output produced by the worker.
The value of marginal product (VMP) is a concept used to measure a worker's contribution to a firm's revenue. It represents the additional revenue generated by the last unit of output produced by the worker. VMP takes into account both the quantity of output produced by the worker and the price at which the output is sold in the market.
To calculate the value of marginal product, the marginal product of labor (MPL) is multiplied by the price of the output. MPL refers to the change in output resulting from the addition of one more unit of labor. The worker's wage is not directly considered in the calculation of VMP.
By comparing the value of marginal product with the worker's wage, firms can determine whether hiring additional workers is profitable. If the VMP exceeds the wage, it indicates that the worker's contribution to the firm's revenue is higher than the cost of employing them. Conversely, if the VMP is lower than the wage, it suggests that the worker's contribution is not sufficient to justify their compensation.
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1) Real GDP per capita is $40,000 and grows by 0.5% per year. According to the rule of 70, how many years will it take for real GDP per capita to double? How long will it actually take for real GDP per capita to double? (Use Excel) 2) Real GDP per capita is $40,000 and grows by 1% per year. According to the rule of 70, how many years will it take for real GDP per capita to double? How long will it actually take for real GDP per capita to double? (Use Excel)
The rule of 70 states that the number of years it takes for a value to double is approximately 70 divided by the growth rate expressed as a percentage.
Given that the real GDP per capita is $40,000 and grows at a rate of 0.5% per year, the number of years it will take for real GDP per capita to double is given as follows:
Years it will take to double = 70/0.5 = 140 years Approximately, it will take 140 years for real GDP per capita to double in this scenario.
Using Excel, we can also calculate this as follows:
We first calculate the annual increase in real GDP per capita by multiplying the initial value by the growth rate, as shown below. Annual increase in real GDP per capita = 0.5% * $40,000 = $200We then calculate the number of years it takes for the value to double by using the formula for the future value of an investment.
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Choose any four of the following six statements and explain whether the statement is true, false or uncertain. Be sure to fully explain your answers fully and justify the choice you make, because it is the explanation rather than the choice you make that matters most for the mark. If we have modelled the trend adequately in time series regressions, we can just look at the value of R² as a reliable guide to whether the model is a good model.
The statement "If we have modeled the trend adequately in time series regressions, we can just look at the value of R² as a reliable guide to whether the model is a good model" is false.
R², also known as the coefficient of determination, measures the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variables in a regression model. While R² is a useful metric for assessing the goodness of fit in regression analysis, it should not be solely relied upon to determine whether a time series model is good or adequate.
There are several reasons why relying solely on R² is not sufficient in time series regressions:
1. Time series data often exhibit complex patterns and dependencies that cannot be adequately captured by simple linear regression models. In such cases, even if R² is high, the model may still be inaccurate in capturing the dynamics and patterns in the time series.
2. R² only measures the goodness of fit within the sample used for modeling. It does not provide information about how well the model will perform in forecasting future values or in capturing out-of-sample variations. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the model's predictive performance using methods such as out-of-sample testing or cross-validation.
3. Time series models often require additional diagnostic tests and analyses to ensure the adequacy of the model. These tests include checking for autocorrelation, stationarity, and the appropriateness of the model's assumptions. Relying solely on R² does not provide information about these aspects.
4. Other metrics and criteria, such as AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) or BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion), should be considered in conjunction with R² to evaluate the overall goodness of fit and model selection.
In conclusion, while R² is a valuable measure of fit in regression analysis, it is not sufficient on its own to determine the adequacy or goodness of a time series model. It is important to consider other factors, conduct diagnostic tests, and evaluate the model's predictive performance for a comprehensive assessment.
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Case study 1 A Not-for-Profit Medical Research Center You are Alexis, the director of external affairs for a national not-for-profit medical research center that does research on diseases related to ageing. The center’s work depends on funding from multiple sources, including the general public, individual estates, and grants from corporations, foundations, and the federal government. Your department prepares an annual report of the center’s accomplishments and financial status for the board of directors. It is mostly texting with a few charts and tables, all black and white, with a simple cover. It is voluminous and pretty dry reading. It is inexpensive to produce other than the effort to pull together the content, which requires time to request and expedite information from the center’s other departments. At the last board meeting, the board members suggested the annual report be "upscaled" into a document that could be used for marketing and promotional purposes. They want you to mail the next annual report to the center’s various stakeholders, past donors and targeted high-potential future donors. The board feels that such a document is needed to get the center "in the same league" with other large not-for-profit organizations with which it feels it competes for donations and funds. The board feels that the annual report could be used to inform these stakeholders about the advances the center is making in its research efforts and its strong fiscal management for effectively using the funding and donations it receives. You will need to produce a shorter, simpler, easy-to-read annual report that shows the benefits of the center’s research and the impact on people’s lives. You will include pictures from various hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities that are using the results of the center’s research. You also will include testimonials from patients and families who have benefited from the center’s research. The report must be "eye-catching." It needs to be multicolor, contains a lot of pictures and easy-to-understand graphics, and be written in a style that can be understood by the average adult potential donor. This is a significant undertaking for your department, which includes three other staff members. You will have to contract out some of the activities and may have to travel to several medical facilities around the country to take photos and get testimonials. You will also need to put the design, printing, and distribution out to bid to various contractors to submit proposals and prices to you. You estimate that approximately 5 million copies need to be printed and mailed. It is now April 1. The board asks you to come to its next meeting on May 15 to present a detailed plan, schedule, and budget for how you will complete the project. The board wants the annual report "in the mail" by November 15, so potential donors will receive it around the holiday season when they may be in a "giving mood." The center’s fiscal year ends September 30, and its financial statements should be available by October 15. However, the non-financial information for the report can start to be pulled together right after the May 15 board meeting. Fortunately, you are taking a project management course in the evenings at the local university and see this as an opportunity to apply what you have been learning. You know that this is a big project and that the board has high expectations. You want to be sure you meet their expectations and get them to approve the budget that you will need for this project. However, they will only do that if they are confident that you have a detailed plan for how you will get it all done. You and your staff have six weeks to prepare a plan to present to the board on May 15. If approved, you will have six months, from May 15 to November 15, to implement the plan and complete the project. Your staff consists of Grace, a marketing specialist; Levi, a writer/editor; and Lakysha, a staff assistant whose hobby is photography (she is going to college part-time in the evenings to earn a degree in photojournalism and has won several local photography contests).
CASE QUESTIONS1. Using the schedule from Chapter 5, estimate the cost for each activity?
2. Determine the total budgeted cost for the project?
3. Prepare a budgeted cost by period table (similar to Figure 7.5) and a cumulative budgeted cost (CBC) curve (similar to Figure 7.6) for the project?
Alexis, the director of external affairs for a not-for-profit medical research center, is tasked with transforming the annual report into a more engaging and visually appealing for marketing and promotional purposes.
Alexis needs to present a detailed plan, schedule, and budget to the board of directors by May 15. The project involves activities such as gathering information, taking photographs, obtaining testimonials, designing, printing, and distributing the annual report. Alexis has six weeks to prepare the plan and six months to implement it. The questions ask to estimate the cost for each activity, determine the total budgeted cost for the project, and prepare a budgeted cost by period table and cumulative budgeted cost curve.
To estimate the cost for each activity, Alexis and the team will need to break down the project into specific activities and determine the resources required for each. This could include costs for photography equipment, travel expenses, design software, printing services, mailing costs, and any outsourced activities. By estimating the costs associated with each activity, a comprehensive budget can be established.
To determine the total budgeted cost for the project, Alexis needs to sum up the estimated costs for all the activities. This includes considering both direct costs (such as photography and printing) and indirect costs (such as staff salaries and overhead expenses). By aggregating the estimated costs, a total budgeted cost for the entire project can be calculated.
Preparing a budgeted cost by period table and a cumulative budgeted cost curve will help track and visualize the financial progress of the project. The table will outline the planned costs for each period, breaking down the expenses over time. The cumulative budgeted cost curve will show the accumulation of costs as the project progresses, providing a visual representation of the budgeted costs over time.
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need for collaboration increases as the decisions become more structured. T/F
False. Collaboration needs are typically higher in unstructured decision-making situations, where multiple perspectives and insights are required, rather than in structured decisions with clear procedures.
The need for collaboration does not necessarily increase as decisions become more structured. In fact, structured decisions often involve clear procedures, well-defined criteria, and a limited number of viable alternatives, which may not require extensive collaboration. Structured decisions can be made based on predetermined rules, guidelines, or established protocols. In such cases, individuals or small groups can make decisions efficiently without extensive collaboration.
On the other hand, the need for collaboration tends to be higher in unstructured or complex decision-making situations. Unstructured decisions involve ambiguous or novel problems, multiple stakeholders with diverse perspectives, and a larger number of potential alternatives. Collaboration becomes crucial to gather diverse insights, knowledge, and expertise, as well as to reach a consensus or make informed decisions that consider various perspectives. In these situations, collaboration enables better problem-solving, innovation, and the integration of different viewpoints, ultimately leading to more effective decision-making processes.
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1. What is the difference between time value of money and inflation?
2. What is the difference between profit for the year and cash flows?
3. What is the difference between simple interest and compound interest?
4. What is the meaning of net present value (NPV)?
5. What do we mean by internal rate of return (IRR)?
The difference between time value of money and inflation lies in their concepts and effects: Time value of money refers to the idea that the value of money changes over time.
It recognizes that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future due to the potential to earn returns or interest. It considers the impact of interest rates, discounting, and compounding on the present and future value of cash flows.
Inflation, on the other hand, refers to the general increase in prices of goods and services over time. It erodes the purchasing power of money, meaning that the same amount of money can buy fewer goods or services in the future. Inflation is influenced by factors such as supply and demand, economic conditions, and government policies.
Profit for the year and cash flows are different financial measures that provide distinct information: Profit for the year, also known as net income or earnings, represents the excess of revenues over expenses during a specific accounting period. It reflects the profitability of a business and is calculated by deducting expenses (including depreciation, taxes, etc.) from revenues.
Cash flows, on the other hand, refer to the actual inflows and outflows of cash in a business. It reflects the liquidity and cash-generating ability of a company. Cash flows can include operating activities (cash from sales, payments to suppliers), investing activities (purchase/sale of assets), and financing activities (borrowings, repayments).
Simple interest and compound interest differ in how they calculate interest on a principal amount: Simple interest is calculated only on the original principal amount for a specified period. It does not take into account any accumulated interest over time. The formula for simple interest is: Interest = Principal x Rate x Time.
Compound interest, on the other hand, takes into consideration the accumulated interest over time. It calculates interest on the initial principal amount as well as on the interest earned in previous periods. Compound interest can result in higher returns compared to simple interest. The formula for compound interest is: Future Value = Principal x (1 + Rate)^Time.
Net present value (NPV) is a financial evaluation technique used to assess the profitability of an investment or project. It measures the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows associated with the investment. A positive NPV indicates that the project is expected to generate more cash inflows than outflows and is considered financially favorable. NPV takes into account the time value of money by discounting future cash flows to their present value using a specified discount rate.
Internal rate of return (IRR) is a financial metric used to evaluate the profitability and attractiveness of an investment or project. It is the discount rate at which the present value of cash inflows equals the present value of cash outflows, resulting in a net present value of zero. In other words, the IRR is the rate at which an investment breaks even. A higher IRR indicates a more favorable investment opportunity. The IRR helps in assessing the project's potential returns and comparing it to the required rate of return or cost of capital. If the IRR is higher than the required rate of return, the investment is considered financially viable.
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Which of the following statements is correct in relation to real option analysis? O The fact that the projects are evaluated using a hurdle rate lower than WACC is evidence consistent with managers using real option analysis. O The option to abandon a project should never be exercised early if no cash flow is expected during the option life. O Real option analysis is important when there is a high likelihood of new information arriving during the life of the project, even if managers are not able to respond to the new information. None of the other statements is correct in relation to real option analysis. O More than one of the other statements is correct in relation to real option analysis.
The correct statement in relation to real option analysis is: "Real option analysis is important when there is a high likelihood of new information arriving during the life of the project, even if managers are not able to respond to the new information."
Real option analysis is a method used to evaluate investment projects by considering the flexibility and strategic options embedded within the project. It recognizes that managers have the option to make decisions and take actions based on new information or changing circumstances. This flexibility can be valuable and can enhance the overall value of the project.
The statement acknowledges that real option analysis is particularly relevant when there is a high likelihood of new information emerging during the project's lifespan.
Even if managers are unable to respond to this new information due to various constraints, the analysis still recognizes the potential impact and value of having the option to make decisions based on such information.
The other statements presented in the question are incorrect in relation to real option analysis. It is not necessary for projects to be evaluated using a hurdle rate lower than the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to indicate the use of real option analysis.
The option to abandon a project may be exercised early even if no cash flow is expected during the option life, depending on the circumstances. The final option states that none or more than one of the other statements are correct, which is not accurate.
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The participating employee. Who is normally considered to be the owner of a 403(b) tax-sheltered annuity?
The owner of a 403(b) tax-sheltered annuity is normally considered to be the participating employee.
A 403(b) tax-sheltered annuity is a kind of retirement plan that allows employees of non-profit companies to save and invest money in a tax-advantaged manner. It is intended to be a long-term savings plan that helps employees save for their retirement years. In a 403(b) plan, the employee, not the employer, is usually the owner of the account. The contributions are generally made pre-tax, which means that they are deducted from the employee’s pay before taxes are applied. Therefore, the money in the account grows tax-free until it is withdrawn. When the employee withdraws the money, he or she will have to pay taxes on the money at his or her current tax rate.
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The participating employee is considered the owner of a 403(b) tax-sheltered annuity. This plan is a type of retirement plan for certain public school and tax-exempt organization employees, in which they contribute a portion of their salary tax-free.
Explanation:In a 403(b) tax-sheltered annuity, it is the participating employee who is generally considered to be the owner. This type of retirement plan is usually offered to employees of certain public schools and tax-exempt organizations. The participating employee contributes part of their salary to the plan, and this contributed amount is not subject to income tax at the time of contribution. Because of their contributions, the employee is considered to own the annuity. Any earnings from the 403(b) plan grow tax-deferred until withdrawal, which is generally when the participating employee retires.
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