A closed circulatory system is a trait that does not apply to arthropods; hence choice D is the best one.
Arthropoda, the biggest phylum, with over nine lakh species and includes parasitic, aquatic, and even terrestrial species. They have jointed appendages and chitinous exoskeletons. The class Insecta, which makes up a significant portion of all animal species in the world, is one of a number of significant classes found in this phylum. It is believed that annelids and arthropods share a common ancestor. The three arthropod lineages are assumed to have split from a single common ancestor. Adaptations like breathing tracheae were developed by the earliest arthropods. Arthropods are organisms with segmented bodies, an exoskeleton covering their bodies, and joint appendages or legs. Invertebrates classified as Arthropoda mostly consist of insects, crustaceans, and myriapods.
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which of the following best defines an organ? multiple choice question. the smallest unit of all living things a collection of bones and muscles that aid living organisms in life processes. a collection of tissues that work together to accomplish a common task a collection of cells that have a similar structure and function.
The correct answer is B. A collection of tissues that work together to accomplish a common task, which best defines an organ.
An organ is a structure made up of many tissues that collaborate to carry out a certain job. Different tissue types, such as epithelial, connective, muscular, and nerve tissue, can make up an organ.
Each type of tissue serves a specific job and adds to the organ's overall health. For instance, the heart is made up of nerve tissue to regulate heart rhythm, connective tissue to hold the tissues together, and muscle tissue to pump blood.
The arteries are lined by epithelial tissue. Together, these tissues create an organ that functions. The mix of various tissues and their arrangement inside the organ affect the size and form of the organ.
Complete Question:
Which of the following best defines an organ?
Multiple choice question.
A. A collection of cells that have a similar structure and function
B. A collection of tissues that work together to accomplish a common task
C. The smallest unit of all living things
D. A collection of bones and muscles that aid living organisms in life processes
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Aaron's mother has multiple sclerosis. One of the features of the disease is the slowing down of nerve impulses. What part of the neuron could be affected by MS?
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). In MS, the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding the nerve cells, is destroyed.
This disrupts the ability of nerve cells to communicate with each other, resulting in the disruption of nerve impulses. The areas of the neuron that are especially affected are the myelin sheath, the axons, and the dendrites. The myelin sheath is the most affected, as it is the most vulnerable to attack by the immune system. The axons, which transmit electrical signals, are also damaged, resulting in decreased nerve impulse conduction. Finally, the dendrites, which receive signals from other neurons, may also be affected, leading to decreased communication with other neurons. Thus, MS can affect all parts of the neuron, resulting in the slowing down of nerve impulses.
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suppose a father is heterozygous for type a blood. a mother is heterozygous for type b blood. what would be the phenotypic ratio for blood types of their children?
The possibility of all the offspring having all A, B, AB, and O blood types will be 1:1:1:1.
Heterozygous A is AO
Heterozygous B is BO
Prunnett square ratio for blood
A O
B AB B
O A O
Possibilities for offspring are:
AO 25%
BO 25%
AB 25%
OO 25%
The chances that the children will be AB and OO, respectively, are 25% and 25%. Due to this, there is a 50% chance that the child will have an ABO blood type that is different from either parent's. Although there are other blood groups, you just mentioned the ABO blood types of each parent, therefore I'm guessing you're only concerned with the ABO group. The ratio will be 1:1:1:1.
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Which group is correctly paired with its description? (A) diatoms-important consumers in aquatic communities (B) diplomonads-protists with modified mitochondria (C) apicomplexans-producers with intricate life cycles (D) red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
The correct pairing of the group with its description is: (D) Red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
Red algae are a group of protists that are characterized by having red pigments in their plastids. They acquired their plastids by secondary endosymbiosis, which means that they engulfed another eukaryotic cell that already had a photosynthetic organelle, and then evolved to maintain that organelle as their own plastid. Red algae are important producers in marine ecosystems, and they are used by humans in food, medicine, and industry.
(A) Diatoms are not important consumers in aquatic communities; they are actually primary producers, responsible for up to 20% of global photosynthetic carbon fixation.
(B) Diplomonads are protists with modified mitochondria that lack typical features of other eukaryotic mitochondria. Diplomonads are often parasitic and can cause diseases in humans and animals.
(C) Apicomplexans are a group of protists that are often parasitic and have intricate life cycles involving multiple hosts. They do not produce energy through photosynthesis and are not producers.
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Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?
A. a nucleus
B. a cell membrane
C. DNA
D. enzymes
E. a cell wall
Answer:
A. a nucleus
Explanation:
why is changes in a song gene significant to speciation??
Even without genetic evolution of female preferences, given the diversity in vocalizations, the formation of song preferences through sexual imprinting may still lead to reproductive isolation.
What part do genes play in speciation?
When reproductive isolation between two or more populations emerges from alleles already existing in the shared ancestral population rather than through new mutations, this is known as standing genetic variation.
Therefore, there may be two ways that gene expression can support ecological speciation: either indirectly by encouraging population persistence or more directly by influencing adaptive genetic divergence in features that cause reproductive isolation. According to many widely recognized definitions of species, speciation is the process by which two genetically identical populations diverge to the point at which their continued fusion is impossible. Therefore, species are independent and genetically unique.
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Number the following stages of a star’s life in the correct order.
Heat and light are emitted because of nuclear fusion.
Formation of a white dwarf.
Formation of a red giant.
Gas and dust inside a nebula are drawn together.
The planetary nebula drifts away.
The correct order of stages of a star's life cycle is D, C, E, B, and A.
What is the life cycle of a star?A Star begins its life in a nebula. A nebula, or region of gas and dust in space, is where a star is born. When the gas and dust combine to form a protostar, it becomes extremely hot and eventually transforms into a main sequence star.
This phase, which can endure for billions of years, is when nuclear reactions take place and the star glows. This is the life cycle of a star.
Therefore, The correct order of stages of a star's life cycle is D, C, E, B, and A.
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Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species?
1. allopatric speciation
2. sympatric speciation
3. sexual selection
4. polyploidy
A) 1 and 3
B) 1 and 4
C) 2 and 3
D) 2 and 4
B) 1 and 4, Among known plant species, the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species are allopatric speciation and polyploidy.
Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is divided by a physical barrier, such as a river or mountain range, which prevents gene flow between the two populations. Over time, the two populations may accumulate genetic differences that lead to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species. Polyploidy, on the other hand, occurs when a cell or organism has more than two sets of chromosomes. This can occur through a variety of mechanisms, such as the failure of cell division or hybridization between two different species. Polyploidy can lead to the formation of new species by preventing gene flow between individuals with different chromosome numbers. While sexual selection and sympatric speciation can also contribute to the origin of new species, they are not as common in plants as allopatric speciation and polyploidy. Sexual selection is a type of natural selection that occurs when individuals with certain traits are more successful at mating and reproducing. Sympatric speciation occurs when new species arise in the absence of a physical barrier, usually as a result of ecological or behavioral factors that prevent interbreeding between different populations.
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the arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the _____ and _____ arteries.
The radius and ulna, two bones that make up the forearm, are found on the thumb and pinky sides, respectively. One of the two arteries that continue the brachial artery is the radial artery; the other is the ulnar artery.
It nourishes the forearm's anterior compartment. The axillary artery splits into two branches, the radial and ulnar arteries, which act as the primary forearm perforators. The radius is shorter than the ulna and has a large distal end that joins with the carpal bones at the wrist. Its little proximal end joins with the humerus. The ulna's dimensions are reversed when compared to the radius because it has a large proximal end that articulates with the humerus and a tiny distal end. The forearm and hand can pronate and supinate according to the shape of the radius and ulna and the joints that connect them.
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the specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the
a. Chyle.
b. Lacteals.
c. Lymphatic Trunks.
d. Collecting Vessels.
Lacteals. Dietary lipids that are too big to be absorbed by intestinal capillaries are received by a particular variety of lymphatic capillary known as a lacteal. In the small intestine are lacteals.
Lacteals are present inside the small intestine. The small intestinal mucosa is made up of numerous projections called vili, which resemble fingers. Each villus has columnar epithelium lining it. Below the epithelium layer is a lymphatic channel known as the lacteal, which connects to the lymphatic system. They facilitate fatty acid absorption.
The three compartments of the large intestine are the caecum, colon, rectum. When it is present, the absorption of water, minerals, and medications is improved.
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a woman is a carrier for a sex-linked lethal gene that causes spontaneous abortions. she has nine children. how many do you expect to be boys?
This woman has three male offspring. The lethal gene resides on the X chromosome since the woman is the carrier. This indicates that there is a 50% possibility that the fatal gene would influence the progeny. As the ratio would be 2:1, there are 3 male children and 6 female children.
Alleles that cause the death of the carrying organism are referred to as lethal or deadly alleles. They frequently result from modifications to genes that are essential for growth or development. Lethal alleles can also be recessive, or dominant, or conditional, based on the genes which are involved. After a protracted period of development that appears normal, deadly alleles can be postnatally or perinatally lethal. In the event that they are embryonically fatal, the foetus won't survive past the first trimester. Alleles that are embryonically lethal are what create non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance, such as the observation of characteristics in a 2:1 ratio.
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in a hypothetical embryo, a high concentration of a morphogen called morpho is needed to activate gene p; gene q is active at or above medium concentrations of morpho; and gene r is expressed so long as any quantity of morpho is present. a different morphogen, called phogen, activates gene s and inactivates gene q when at medium to high concentrations. if morpho is produced in the anterior end of the embryo and phogen is produced in the posterior end of this embryo, which genes will be expressed in the middle region of the embryo? (assume a gradient of morphogen concentrations in three regions, from high at the source, to medium in the middle, and to low at the opposite end.)
If morpho and phogen are diffusing from where they are produced at the opposite ends of the embryo, the genes that will be expressed in region 2 of this embryo are Genes R and S (D).
Based on the information provided, we can infer that the concentration of morpho and phogen varies along the length of the embryo, with high concentration at the source and low concentration at the opposite end. In region 2 of the embryo, the concentration of morpho is at a medium level, which is sufficient to activate gene Q but not gene P. At the same time, the concentration of phogen is also at a medium level, which will inactivate gene Q but activate gene S. Therefore, in region 2, genes Q and S will be expressed, while genes P and R will not be expressed. Therefore, the correct answer is (d) genes R and S
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The given question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows:
In this hypothetical embryo, a high concentration of a morphogen called morpho is needed to activate gene P ; gene Q is active at medium concentrations of morpho or above; and gene R is expressed as long as there is any quantity of morpho present. A different morphogen called phogen has the following effects: activates gene S and inactivates gene Q when at medium to high concentrations. If morpho and phogen are diffusing from where they are produced at the opposite ends of the embryo, which genes will be expressed in region 2 of this embryo? (Assume diffusion through the three regions from high at source to medium in the middle to low concentration at the opposite end.)
a. genes P, Q, R, and S
b. genes P, Q, and R
c. genes Q and R
d. genes R and S
e. gene R
which vessels increase peripheral resistance when they vasoconstrict in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Systemic arterioles increase peripheral resistance when they vasoconstriction in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Arterioles are small blood vessels that regulate blood flow and blood pressure by controlling the amount of blood that flows into the capillary beds of the body's tissues. When the smooth muscle in the walls of systemic arterioles constricts, the vessel diameter decreases, leading to an increase in resistance to blood flow and an increase in blood pressure. This vasoconstriction is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, which releases norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stress or other stimuli.
Option B is the proper response, thus.
The complete question is:-
Which vessels increase peripheral resistance when they vasoconstriction in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A)venules
B)systemic arterioles
C)capillaries
D)muscular arteries
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Which of these is NOT true of the Kingdom Aveolata?a. Some members of this kingdom are decomposers, showing ecological convergence with the fungi.b. Some member of this kingdom a free-living and covered with cilia.c. Some members of this kingdom cause human diseases that require an insect vector.d. Some members of this kingdom are an important component of the phytoplankton.
Option C, Some members of this kingdom cause human diseases that require an insect vector.
The Kingdom Protista, also known as the Kingdom Protoctista, is a diverse group of single-celled and simple multicellular organisms. Members of this kingdom occupy a wide range of ecological niches and perform various important roles in the ecosystem. Some members of the Kingdom Protista are decomposers, like some human diseases, showing ecological convergence with the fungi. Some members of the kingdom are free-living and covered with cilia, which helps them to move and feed. Some members of the kingdom are an important component of the phytoplankton, which is the base of the aquatic food chain. However, none of the members of the Kingdom Protista cause human diseases that require an insect vector, which are usually caused by organisms from the Kingdom Animalia or Kingdom Fungi.
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The complete Question is:
Which of these is NOT true of the Kingdom Aveolata?
a. Some members of this kingdom are decomposers, showing ecological convergence with the fungi.
b. Some member of this kingdom a free-living and covered with cilia.
c. Some members of this kingdom cause human diseases that require an insect vector.
d. Some members of this kingdom are an important component of the phytoplankton.
which of these structures is a separate generation from the plant sporophyte?
The male gametophyte is a separate generation from the sporophyte of the plant.
The life cycle of higher plants is dominated by the sporophyte stage, where the gametophyte bears the sporophyte. In ferns, the gametophyte is free-living and structurally very different from the diploid sporophyte. In mosses such as mosses, the haploid gametophyte is more developed than the sporophyte.
In the sporophytic phase, the diploid (having two sets of chromosomes) grows and then produces spores by meiosis. These spores divide mitotically to form haploid (with one set of chromosomes) gamete-producing bodies called gametophytes. The fusion of two gametes during fertilization produces a diploid zygote that divides mitotically to form a new sporophyte.
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What is the role of lipopolysaccharide in bacteria?
LPS is a polysaccharide that is found in the outer membranes of most Gram-negative bacteria. It is essential to the survival and virulence of these bacteria.
The majority of Gram-negative bacteria have an essential substance called lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. It is made up of a lipid, commonly known as lipid A, and a polysaccharide chain that is joined to lipid A.
LPS serves as a structural element of the outer membrane, acting as a barrier against the outside world. By modifying the host immune response, LPS also has a significant impact on the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria.
For instance, LPS can activate the complement cascade, causing the generation of inflammatory mediators, as well as trigger the creation of proinflammatory cytokines like tumour necrosis factor-.
LPS can also attach to Toll-like receptors on immune cells, activating the innate immune system and causing the release of inflammatory mediators. LPS is therefore essential for the persistence and pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria.
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which of the following is expected to happen to a species' population when resources are stable over a long period of time and the species have reached carrying capacity?(1 point) responses the population will die out. the population will die out. the population will increase. the population will increase. the population will decrease. the population will decrease. the population will stay the same.
The correct option is d ;The population will decrease as it gets stable over a period of time.
If a species' population surpasses its carrying capacity, the ecosystem may become unfit for survival. If the population outnumbers the carrying capacity for an extended length of time, resources may be destroyed totally. If all resources are depleted, populations may perish.
The carrying capacity refers to the maximum population the ecosystem or the environment is able to carry or hold on to. This refers to the max population that can be sustained in the ecosystem and is population dynamics can be modeled from the logistic function. The more the number of species the fewer chances are in their survival as they have reached stability.
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The complete question is :
which of the following is expected to happen to a species' population when resources are stable over a long period of time and the species have reached carrying capacity?(1 point)
A responses the population will die out.
B the population will die out. the population will increase.
C the population will increase. the population will decrease.
D the population will decrease. the population will stay the same.
what is selection pressure in the process of soapberry bugs population living on the introduced/new food source, came to have, on average, shorter beaks.
In soapberry bugs living on a new food source, the availability of the new food source would be the selection pressure that affects the characteristics of the population over time. Option A is correct.
In this case, the new food source may require soapberry bugs to develop shorter beaks in order to feed on it more efficiently. Those soapberry bugs with shorter beaks that are better adapted to feed on the new food source would have a selective advantage over those with longer beaks that are less efficient in feeding.
As a result, the soapberry bugs with shorter beaks are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing their genes and traits onto their offspring. Over time, this process of natural selection can lead to the average beak length of the population becoming shorter, as the soapberry bugs with longer beaks are selected against.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"What is selection pressure in the process of soapberry bugs population living on the introduced A) new food source B) came to have C) on average D) shorter beaks."--
a cell is placed into a solution where the extracellular k concentration is 10 mm instead of the normal 5 mm. think about how this would affect the electrochemical gradient for k . how would the resting membrane potential be affected?
The resting membrane potential can be calculated using the Nernst equation, but because potassium is not the sole ion involved, it is a little more difficult.
When a neuron actively transmits information by producing action potentials, for instance, the membrane potential may fluctuate.
Along with the migration of potassium ions into the extracellular area, other ions such as sodium and chloride also pass through the membrane. For instance, the negatively charged electrical potential inside the neurone also attracts the positively charged sodium ions, which enter the neurones down the concentration gradient.
Thus, the resting potential will become less negative as a result of this shift. Overall, all ion movements across the membrane are explained by the resting potential.
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cells are the smallest functional units of life that can grow, reproduce, and perform basic functions
True or False
True, cells are the smallest functional units of life that can grow, reproduce, and perform basic functions.
which makes up all living things as well as the body's tissues, is the smallest unit that is capable of independent living. The cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm are the three major structural components of a cell. A cell's membrane, which encloses it and regulates what enters and leaves it, controls the flow of chemicals. The bulk of the cell's DNA can be found in the nucleus, a structure located inside the cell that houses the nucleolus.The majority of RNA is produced there as well. The substance that fills a cell is called cytoplasm. It also contains the Golgi complex, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, which are all microscopic cell components with distinct roles. Most chemical processes and protein synthesis occur in the cytoplasm. Over 30 trillion cells make up the human body.
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How do viruses reproduce lytic cycle?
One of the two cycles a virus might employ to proliferate inside a host cell is the lytic cycle. The lytic cycle is a sequence of steps in which a virus seizes control of a host cell, uses that cell's constituent parts to produce additional virus, kills and leaves the cell, and then spreads to other cells.
The six steps of the lytic replication cycle are typically described as follows:
A virus attaches itself to the outside of a host cell.
Injection entails injecting the virus's genetic material (either RNA or DNA) into the host cell through a newly formed hole in the cell membrane.
Integration - The virus's genetic material instructs the cell to build more of the virus.
Replication - Ribosomes within the host cell construct the virus's components.
The host cell assembles the components to form new copies of the virus.
Lysis - The cell bursts open, resulting in death and the release of more virus, which can now infect other cells. (The terms lysis and lytic are used.)
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myofibrils is the sarcoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of long, cylindrical structures called that extend the length of the cell. true or false?
‘The given statement “myofibrils is the sarcoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of long, cylindrical structures called that extend the length of the cell.” is True. Because Myofibrils are cylindrical structures that extend the length of skeletal muscle fibers and are found in the sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of muscle cells.
Each muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of myofibrils, which are responsible for muscle contraction. The myofibrils are organized into repeating units called sarcomeres, which are the basic functional units of muscle contraction. Sarcomeres consist of thin filaments made of actin, thick filaments made of myosin, and other associated proteins.
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Are enzymes reused or consumed?
Enzymes may be reused again and again since they are not reactants and do not deplete throughout a reaction. An enzyme can be employed for other reactions after it has catalyzed a reaction and been freed from its binding to a substrate.
A biological catalyst is an enzyme. In a chemical process, catalysts are not consumed; rather, they just increase the pace of the reaction without being consumed. Technically speaking, they provide another route for a reaction to take place and are eventually used up, but a subsequent chemical reaction using the alternate route produces the catalyst molecule once again, thus we say that the catalyst is not used up again.
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Which is easier to identify: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase?
Answer:
The Metaphase is easiest to identify.
Explanation:
The chromosomes are easily seen and can be identified at the metaphase stage of cell division.
______ are essential chemical substances that must be consumed for normal cellular metabolism and growth.
Chemicals called nutrients are necessary for regular cellular growth and metabolism and must be ingested.
Nutrients are substances that are essential for the growth, maintenance, and repair of the body. They provide energy, help maintain the structure of cells and tissues, and support various physiological functions. There are six main types of nutrients that the body requires:
Carbohydrates - a source of energy that can be converted to glucose by the body for immediate use or stored in the liver and muscles for future use.
Proteins - essential for building and repairing tissues, making enzymes and hormones, and maintaining the immune system.
Fats - a concentrated source of energy that helps the body absorb certain vitamins and minerals.
Vitamins - organic compounds that the body needs in small amounts for various physiological functions such as immunity, metabolism.
Minerals - inorganic substances that the body needs in small amounts for various functions.
Water - essential for life, it helps regulate body temperature, transports nutrients and waste products, and lubricates joints and tissues.
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Which molecular process is found only in retroviruses?
Transduction of cellular genes molecular process is found only in retroviruses.
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it infects, modifying the genome of that cell. Once within the host cell's cytoplasm, the virus employs its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to generate DNA from its RNA genome, which is the opposite of the usual pattern, so retro. The new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme, at which time the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus. The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, transcribing and translating the viral genes alongside the cell's own genes, creating the proteins required to build new copies of the virus.
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If a family has four sons, the probability that the next child will be a boy?
Answer: It doesn't matter how many times a certain gender was dominant, it is still a 50/50.
Explanation:
3. Pilihan ganda30 detik1 ptQ. A nerve fiber is a ________ elongated process, usually an axon or a peripheral process.Pilihan jawabansingledoubletriplequadruple
One long extension (axon) in sending impulses and typically several branches (dendrites) in receiving impulses make up the big cell body that makes up a nerve cell (or neuron).
The dendrite of one cell receives impulses from of the axon that travel across a synapse, or the junction among two nerve cells. The component of a nerve (neuron) known as the axon, also known as a nerve fibre, is responsible for carrying nerve impulses out from the neuron body. Typically, a neuron contains one axon which connects it to other neurons, muscle cells, or glandular cells. Some axons may extend all the way from of the spinal cord to the tip of a toe, for instance. An axon is a lengthy fibre that emerges from the neuron's cell body. It sends nerve impulses outside of the cell body.
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Life as we know it cannot flourish on the moon but it might be possible for it to survive. What life form on Earth might survive on the moon?
bacterial endospores
The tardigrade, commonly referred to as the water bear, is one such organism. Tardigrades are tiny invertebrates that can endure a range of harsh environments, such as intense radiation, sweltering heat, and vacuum.
The only life form that might possibly exist on the moon is the tardigrade (or anywhere else in the void of empty space). It has been found all over the world, and this microscopic organism sometimes referred to as the "water bear," has shown to be extraordinarily resistant to pressure and temperature extremes as well as the capacity to thrive without water. The only living creature that has been shown to be able to survive in the harsh conditions of space, which include tremendous pressure, extremely low temperatures, and powerful solar radiation, is this one.
The moon cannot host life because it lacks an atmosphere and has dormant geology. The meager gravity of the moon would also make it difficult for any molecules to stay in place.
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determine the inheritance pattern of each of the following pedigrees. Then label the genotypes of each individual in the pedigrees.
In an Autosomal dominant situation:- Shaded shapes (affected people) have at the least one dominant allele (RR or Rr)- Unshaded shapes (unaffected people) have to be homozygous recessive (rr).
What is Autosomal dominant?The required details for Autosomal dominant situation in given paragraph for an offspring to be affected/shaded (R_), at the least one of the dad and mom must be affected/shaded (R_).
If each dad and mom are unaffected/unshaded (rr), they are able to best have unaffected offspring. In an Autosomal recessive situation: - Shaded shapes (affected people) have to be homozygous recessive (rr).
Therefore, In an Autosomal dominant situation:- Shaded shapes (affected people) have at the least one dominant allele (RR or Rr)- Unshaded shapes (unaffected people) have to be homozygous recessive (rr).
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