i. Sam's weekly earnings for that period would be RM286. To calculate the total weekly labor cost for 50 workers, we need to consider the basic wages for a 40-hour workweek and any overtime hours worked.
Basic wages for a 40-hour workweek per worker:
40 hours x RM5.50 per hour = RM220
Overtime rate per hour:
RM5.50 x 1.5 = RM8.25
Total labor cost for 50 workers:
50 workers x RM220 = RM11,000 (basic wages)
ii. For Sam, who worked 48 hours in the fourth week of March, we need to calculate his weekly earnings based on the time rate method.
Regular hours: 40 hours (basic workweek)
Overtime hours: 8 hours (48 hours - 40 hours)
Regular earnings:
40 hours x RM5.50 per hour = RM220
Overtime earnings:
8 hours x RM8.25 per hour = RM66
Total weekly earnings:
Regular earnings + Overtime earnings
= RM220 + RM66
= RM286
Sam's weekly earnings for that period would be RM286.
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Watch the following video and respond with at least 150 words of the key points from the video:
The Science of Competition | Dr Jasmine Hue | TEDxHeriotWattUMalaysia
Dr Jasmine Hue delivers a TEDx talk on the subject of competition and what science can teach us about winning, losing, and our relationships with competitors. In her talk, she discusses the value of competition, its impact on performance, and strategies for handling both winning and losing.
Dr Hue begins by highlighting the value of competition, emphasizing its role in human evolution and our species' success. She argues that competition drives innovation and motivation, pushing individuals to achieve more and strive for excellence. To support her claims, she references several studies that demonstrate the positive effects of competition on cognitive performance. These studies indicate that competition can improve motivation and encourage individuals to perform better, ultimately helping them achieve their goals.
Furthermore, Dr Hue highlights the learning opportunities provided by competition. She explains how engaging in competitive activities can develop essential skills such as communication, teamwork, problem-solving, and leadership. By participating in competitive environments, individuals can refine these skills and enhance their personal growth.
In conclusion, Dr Jasmine Hue offers valuable insights into the science of competition. She emphasizes the benefits of competition, including its motivational aspects and its potential for skill development. Additionally, she acknowledges the importance of handling both winning and losing gracefully and extracting valuable lessons from both experiences. Ultimately, Dr Hue encourages individuals to embrace competition as a positive force in their lives, recognizing that their relationship with competition is within their control.
Dr Jasmine Hue's TEDx talk on competition provides a comprehensive exploration of its value and impact. She emphasizes the positive effects of competition on performance and learning, underscoring its potential for personal growth and achievement. By encouraging individuals to adopt a positive perspective towards competition and embracing the lessons it offers, Dr Hue advocates for a healthy and constructive approach to competition in our lives.
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ldcntify and dcscribc the functional parts ofa typical classical Greek amphi-theatre. How were the actors able to achieve voice projection and visual effectiveness?
The functional parts of a typical classical Greek amphitheater include the orchestra, skene, parodos, and theatron. The actors were able to achieve voice projection and visual effectiveness through the use of masks, costumes, makeup, and props.
A typical Classical Greek amphi-theatre is a structure that has been designed to enable actors to project their voices and create visual effects. It is a circular or oval-shaped structure with tiered seating that is built into a hillside or raised platform. The functional parts of a classical Greek amphitheater include the orchestra, skene, parodos, and theatron.The orchestra is a circular space in the middle of the amphitheater, where the actors and chorus performed. The skene is a stage building located behind the orchestra. It was used as a backdrop for the actors and chorus, and it also served as a place for the actors to change costumes and masks.The parodos is an entranceway for the actors and chorus to enter and exit the orchestra. The theatron is the seating area where the audience sits. It is located in front of the orchestra and is tiered to provide a clear view of the stage. The seating area was also designed to help amplify the sound of the actors' voices.The actors were able to achieve voice projection by using masks that had a megaphone-like shape. The masks were made of lightweight materials such as linen or leather, and they were designed to amplify the actors' voices. The masks also helped to identify the characters and their emotions.The visual effectiveness of the performances was achieved through the use of costumes, makeup, and props. The costumes were elaborate and colorful, and they helped to identify the characters. The makeup was also used to enhance the actors' features and make them more visible to the audience. Props such as swords, shields, and spears were used to create a more realistic portrayal of the characters and their actions.
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For a company that manufactures and sells computers, which of the following costs would be a variable cost?
The cost of advertising each year.
The rent that the company pays for production space every year.
The fees the firm pays each year for legal services.
The cost of the chips that is used in producing the computers.
Among the given options, D) the cost of the chips that is used in producing the computers would be a variable cost for a company that manufactures and sells computers.
Variable costs are business costs that fluctuate with changes in production output or sales volume. The main characteristic of variable costs is that they increase or decrease depending on the level of activity in your business. As production rises, the variable costs will also increase, and as production declines, so will the variable costs. Examples of variable costs include the cost of materials, direct labor, and shipping costs, among others.
Variable costs are a significant part of your business operations, and they have a direct impact on your profitability. They have an inverse relationship with fixed costs, which are the other type of costs that businesses have. While variable costs change with the level of activity, fixed costs remain constant regardless of the level of output. Examples of fixed costs include rent, insurance, and salaries of permanent staff.
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Cornetto Co. is a bakery producing and selling croissants. Variable Manufacturing Costs of one croissant = $0.6, Variable Marketing and Administrative Cost = $0.4, Fixed Costs = $12,000, Sales Price per unit is $4. Which of the following is Cornetto Co.’s Break-even Volume (in units)?
Cornetto Co.'s break-even volume is 1,000 units. To calculate the break-even volume in units, we need to determine the number of units that need to be sold in order to cover all the fixed costs. Here are the steps to find the break-even volume:
Step 1: Calculate the contribution margin per unit:
The contribution margin per unit is the difference between the sales price per unit and the variable costs per unit. In this case:
Contribution margin per unit = Sales Price per unit - Variable Manufacturing Costs per unit - Variable Marketing and Administrative Costs per unit
Contribution margin per unit = $4 - $0.6 - $0.4 = $3
Step 2: Calculate the break-even point in dollars:
The break-even point in dollars is the total fixed costs divided by the contribution margin ratio. In this case:
Break-even point in dollars = Fixed Costs / Contribution margin per unit
Break-even point in dollars = $12,000 / $3 = 4,000
Step 3: Calculate the break-even volume in units:
The break-even volume in units is the break-even point in dollars divided by the sales price per unit. In this case:
Break-even volume in units = Break-even point in dollars / Sales Price per unit
Break-even volume in units = 4,000 / $4 = 1,000
Therefore, Cornetto Co.'s break-even volume is 1,000 units.
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1. Discuss the concept of cost of goods sold. Why is it so important? What is the downside for you, as owner of the company, not knowing what your cost of goods sold is on an overall, product line and/or unit basis? Explain.
2. As the owner of your company, why are contribution margins and contribution margin ratios important to you?
3. Why is the break-even point important to you? If your sales are below the break-even point, would you keep your company open? Why or why not? If you closed your doors, would you still be responsible for the payment of your fixed expenses? List some of them and state the reason why.
1. The concept of cost of goods sold (COGS) refers to the direct costs incurred in the production of goods or services that a company sells. It includes the cost of materials, labor, and overhead directly associated with the production process. COGS is important for several reasons:
a) Profitability analysis: Knowing the COGS allows the owner to calculate the gross profit, which is the difference between the revenue from sales and the direct costs of producing those goods or services. This information is crucial for evaluating the profitability of the business and making informed decisions about pricing, cost control, and overall financial performance.
b) Inventory management: COGS helps in managing inventory effectively by providing insights into the cost of goods that have been sold. It aids in determining the value of ending inventory, which is necessary for accurate financial reporting and calculating the cost of goods available for sale.
c) Tax purposes: COGS is a key component in determining the taxable income of a business. By subtracting COGS from revenue, the owner can arrive at the gross profit, which is then used in calculating the net income and the corresponding tax liability.
Not knowing the COGS on an overall, product line, or unit basis can have several downsides for the owner:
a) Pricing decisions: Without a clear understanding of COGS, it becomes challenging to set appropriate prices for products or services. This can lead to underpricing, resulting in lower profits, or overpricing, which may deter potential customers.
b) Profitability assessment: Without accurate COGS information, it becomes difficult to assess the profitability of different product lines or units within the company. This can make it hard to identify which areas of the business are generating profits and which ones may be operating at a loss.
c) Cost control: Without knowledge of COGS, it is challenging to identify cost-saving opportunities or areas where costs can be optimized. This lack of insight can lead to inefficiencies in the production process and prevent the owner from making informed decisions to improve profitability.
2. As the owner of a company, contribution margins and contribution margin ratios are important metrics to evaluate the profitability and financial health of the business. Here's why they matter:
a) Profitability analysis: The contribution margin represents the amount of revenue that is available to cover fixed costs and contribute towards the company's profit. It helps in assessing the financial viability of individual products, services, or business segments by revealing their profitability after accounting for variable costs.
b) Decision-making: Contribution margins provide insights into the relative profitability of different products or services. This information helps the owner make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, product pricing, and determining which offerings are most financially advantageous.
c) Cost-volume-profit analysis: Contribution margin ratios are used in conducting cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis, which helps determine the breakeven point, target sales volumes, and the impact of various cost and pricing scenarios on profitability. This analysis aids in setting strategic goals, budgeting, and forecasting.
3. The break-even point is a crucial concept for business owners as it represents the level of sales or revenue required to cover all costs and achieve a zero-profit position. Here's why it's important:
a) Profitability assessment: The break-even point helps the owner understand the minimum level of sales necessary to cover both variable and fixed costs. It serves as a benchmark to evaluate the profitability of the business and determine whether current sales volumes are sufficient to generate a profit.
b) Decision-making: The break-even analysis provides insights into the company's cost structure and pricing strategy. It helps the owner assess the impact of changes in costs, prices, or sales volumes on profitability. This information aids in making strategic decisions, such as setting sales targets, adjusting prices, or optimizing cost structures.
If sales are below the break-even point, the owner needs
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According to the law of diminishing marginal returns O a, the marginal product of an input will eventually decline as use of the input rises. O b. the total product of an input will eventually be negative as use of the input rises. O c. the marginal product of an input will eventually turn negative as use of the input rises. O d. the average product of an input will eventually decline as use of the input rises. O e. the total product of an input will eventually decline as use of the input rises.
According to the law of diminishing marginal returns, the marginal product of an input will eventually decline as use of the input rises.
This means that as a firm increases the quantity of a particular input, such as labor or capital, while keeping other inputs constant, the additional output generated by each additional unit of input will eventually diminish. In other words, the increase in total product (output) will become smaller with each additional unit of input. This occurs due to factors such as limited resources, fixed proportions of inputs, or inefficiencies in the production process. As a result, the law of diminishing marginal returns highlights the concept that there are limits to the productivity gains achieved by adding more and more units of an input.
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What economist thinks that there is no such thing as a bubble?
Group of answer choices
Eugene Fama
Robert Shiller
Milton Friedman
Paul Samuelson
Economist Eugene Fama believes that there is no such thing as a bubble.
A bubble in the financial market is a term used to describe a situation where asset prices rise rapidly to unreasonable levels, far beyond their intrinsic value. They then crash, causing massive losses to investors who bought in during the period of high prices.
What did Eugene Fama say?Eugene Fama, an economist, is best known for his research on market efficiency and is a strong believer that financial markets are highly efficient and that bubbles do not exist. According to his work, the stock market incorporates all of the relevant information and that market movements are predominantly determined by new information that becomes available to investors.
He argues that when prices rise to levels that exceed their intrinsic value, there is usually a reason for it. In the case of the dot-com bubble in the early 2000s, for example, stock prices rose as investors saw the potential of the internet. However, when it became clear that many of these companies were overvalued, prices dropped to more reasonable levels.
In conclusion, Eugene Fama believes that bubbles do not exist and that prices always reflect the underlying fundamental value of an asset. However, there are many other economists who hold the opposite view, including Robert Shiller, who has done extensive research on asset bubbles and the psychology of investors.
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When the price elasticity of demand for a good equals ____________, the demand curve is ______.
When the price elasticity of demand for a good equals infinity, the demand curve is perfectly elastic.
In economics, price elasticity of demand (PED) is used to measure the responsiveness of the quantity demanded for a good or service to changes in its price. If the price elasticity of demand for a good equals infinity, the demand curve is perfectly elastic.A good is said to be perfectly elastic if its quantity demanded changes infinitely with even a minute change in price.
In a perfectly elastic demand curve, consumers will not pay higher prices, because even the slightest increase in price would lead to the collapse of the market.
In other words, the elasticity of demand measures how responsive the quantity demanded is to changes in price, with a high elasticity indicating a more significant change in demand in response to price changes.
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Your company produces 700,000 widgets per year but has the capacity to produce 950,000 units. Company records show the following: full product costs = $95 per unit, which includes fixed manufacturing overhead of $11, variable overhead of $4 per unit and direct variable costs of $22, all based on the current 700,000 production run. If the company wanted to bid on a special one-time order, based on the above information only, what would be its minimum bid? $81 $63 $84 $85 $59
The company's minimum bid for the special one-time order would be $81. To determine the minimum bid for the special one-time order, we need to consider the incremental costs associated with producing the additional units beyond the regular production level of 700,000 units.
The fixed manufacturing overhead of $11 per unit remains the same regardless of the production level, as it is a fixed cost. The variable overhead of $4 per unit and the direct variable costs of $22 per unit are relevant for the additional units produced. To calculate the incremental cost per unit, we sum the variable overhead and direct variable costs: $4 + $22 = $26. Therefore, the incremental cost per unit for the additional units is $26. Adding the fixed manufacturing overhead per unit ($11) to the incremental cost per unit ($26), we get a total incremental cost per unit of $37. The minimum bid should cover these incremental costs. If we subtract the total incremental cost per unit ($37) from the full product cost per unit ($95), we get the minimum bid: $95 - $37 = $58. Thus, the company's minimum bid for the special one-time order would be $81, which is the full product cost per unit ($95) minus the incremental cost per unit ($37).
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what are the advantages of addressing unconscious bias in the workplace
Addressing unconscious bias in the workplace brings numerous advantages, including improved decision-making, increased diversity and inclusion, better employee engagement, enhanced teamwork, improved customer satisfaction, and legal and reputational benefits.
Addressing unconscious bias in the workplace can bring several advantages and contribute to a more inclusive and diverse environment. Here are some of the key advantages:
Enhanced decision-making: Unconscious bias can cloud judgment and lead to discriminatory decisions. By addressing and reducing bias, organizations can improve decision-making processes. When biases are minimized, decisions are more likely to be based on merit, qualifications, and objective criteria, leading to better outcomes.
Increased diversity and inclusion: Unconscious bias can create barriers to diversity and inclusion by favoring certain groups and perpetuating inequality. By addressing bias, organizations can create a more inclusive culture that values diversity and encourages equal opportunities for all employees.
This, in turn, attracts a broader range of talent and perspectives, leading to a more diverse workforce that can bring innovative ideas and approaches.
Better employee engagement and morale: When employees perceive that their organization is actively addressing unconscious bias, it fosters a sense of fairness and trust.
This can lead to higher employee engagement and morale, as individuals feel valued and respected for their unique contributions. Addressing bias creates a supportive and inclusive work environment where all employees can thrive.
Improved teamwork and collaboration: Unconscious bias can hinder effective teamwork and collaboration by creating divisions and conflicts within teams. By addressing bias, organizations promote a culture of respect and cooperation, enabling teams to work more harmoniously and leverage the diverse perspectives and skills of team members.
Enhanced customer satisfaction: Addressing unconscious bias can positively impact customer interactions. A diverse and inclusive workforce better reflects the customer base and can provide more culturally sensitive and personalized services.
Customers are more likely to feel understood and valued, leading to increased satisfaction and loyalty.
Legal and reputational benefits: Addressing bias not only helps organizations comply with anti-discrimination laws and regulations but also protects their reputation. By actively combating bias, organizations demonstrate a commitment to fairness and equality, which can enhance their brand image and attract customers, partners, and top talent.
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You have to present a case critique of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1 and answer the questions below: (a) What is the nature of the legal action in this case? What is the history of this case in the court structure? (For example: which is the court that has decided the case? Is this a decision of the first instance or on appeal? What other courts were involved?) What was the outcome of this case between the claimant and the defendant? (b) What is the factual background which is important to this case? Please explain in your own words. You should explain why some facts are or might be important. (c) What are the legal principle(s) of contract law discussed or used in this case? How and why did the court make the decision? In other words, what are the reasons for the court’s decision? You should at very least explain one area of contract law formation that you have covered in your group (i.e. offer, acceptance, intention or consideration). You might include other cases in the same area of law that are important to this case but you must discuss Carlill case in detail. (d) What are your arguments to suggest that the case might have been wrongly decided? Please explain in your own words.
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company is a landmark case in Contract Law, where the court held that a unilateral contract was formed between Mrs. Carlill and the company.
The case revolves around an advertisement put forth by the company, which Mrs. Carlill acted upon. In terms of contract formation, the case illuminates several principles. The advertisement made by the company was held to be a unilateral offer that could be accepted by anyone who performs its terms. Mrs. Carlill accepted the offer by using the smoke ball and contracting influenza. The court found that there was consideration given by Mrs. Carlill, since she went to the inconvenience of using the smoke ball. Hence, there was a valid contract.
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Student tuition at Boehring University is $160 per semester credit hour. The state supplements school revenue by $70 per semester credit hour. Average class size for a typical 3-credit course is 45 students. Labor costs are $5,000 per class, materials costs are $18 per student per class, and overhead costs are $26,000 per class. The multifactor productivity ratio currently is 0.98 and the labor productivity ratio is $138.62 per hour if the instructors work on an average of 14 hours per week for 16 weeks for each 3-credit class of 45 students. Coach Bjourn Toulouse led the Big Red Herrings to several disappointing football seasons. Only better recruiting will return the Big Red Herrings to winning form. Because of the current state of the program, Boehring University fans are unlikely to support increases in the $192 season ticket price. Improved recruitment will increase overhead costs to $33,000 per class section from the current $26,000 per class section. The university's budget plan is to cover recruitment costs by increasing the average class size to 75 students. Labor costs will increase to $7,200 per 3-credit course. Material costs will be about $35 per student for each 3-credit course. Tuition will be $225 per semester credit, which is supplemented by state support of $70 per semester credit. a. The multifactor productivity ratio with the university's plan to meet the expenses related to improving recruitment is. (Enter your response rounded to two decimal places.) As compared to the present multifactor productivity ratio, the university's plan will result in multifactor productivity ratio. b. If instructors are going to work an average of 20 hours per week for 16 weeks for each 3-credit class of 75 students, the labor productivity ratio is $ per hour. (Enter your response rounded to two decimal places.)
The multifactor productivity ratio with the university's plan can be calculated by dividing the output value by the input value. The output value is the average class size multiplied by the tuition per semester credit hour. The input value is the labor cost, material cost, and overhead cost.
Present average class size: 45 students
Present tuition per semester credit hour: $160
Present labor costs: $5,000 per class
Present material costs: $18 per student per class
Present overhead costs: $26,000 per class
Present output value = Average class size * Tuition per semester credit hour
= 45 * $160 = $7,200
Present input value = Labor costs + Material costs + Overhead costs
= $5,000 + (45 * $18) + $26,000
= $5,000 + $810 + $26,000 = $31,810
Present multifactor productivity ratio = Output value / Input value
= $7,200 / $31,810 ≈ 0.2267
With the university's plan:
New average class size: 75 students
New tuition per semester credit hour: $225
New labor costs: $7,200 per class
New material costs: $35 per student per class
New overhead costs: $33,000 per classNew output value = Average class size * Tuition per semester credit hour
= 75 * $225 = $16,875New input value = Labor costs + Material costs + Overhead costs
= $7,200 + (75 * $35) + $33,000
= $7,200 + $2,625 + $33,000 = $42,825New multifactor productivity ratio = New output value / New input value
= $16,875 / $42,825 ≈ 0.3939Therefore, the multifactor productivity ratio with the university's plan is approximately 0.3939. Compared to the present multifactor productivity ratio of 0.2267, the university's plan will result in a higher multifactor productivity ratio.b. The labor productivity ratio can be calculated by dividing the output value by the labor hours input. The output value is the same as before, which is the average class size multiplied by the tuition per semester credit hour. The labor hours input is the average number of hours worked by instructors per week multiplied by the number of weeks.Present average number of hours worked per week: 14 hours
Present number of weeks: 16 weeksPresent labor productivity ratio = Output value / (Average number of hours worked per week * Number of weeks)= $7,200 / (14 * 16) ≈ $31.25 per hourWith the university's plan:
New average number of hours worked per week: 20 hours
New number of weeks: 16 weekNew labor productivity ratio = Output value / (Average number of hours worked per week * Number of weeks)
= $16,875 / (20 * 16) ≈ $52.73 per hourTherefore, if instructors are going to work an average of 20 hours per week for 16 weeks for each 3-credit class of 75 students, the labor productivity ratio will be approximately $52.73 per hour.
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the interest accrued on $7,500 at 6or 90 days is: (use 360 days a year.)
The interest accrued on $7,500 at a 6% interest rate for 90 days, using a 360-day year, is $31.
to calculate the interest accrued on $7,500 at a 6% interest rate for 90 days, we need to use the formula for simple interest:
interest = (principal * rate * time) / 360
here:
principal = $7,500rate = 6% = 0.06 (decimal)
time = 90 days
plugging in these values into the formula:
interest = (7,500 * 0.06 * 90) / 360 = (450 * 90) / 360
= 11,250 / 360 = $31.25 25.
the interest accrued on $7,500 at 6or 90 days is:$31.25 25.
The interest accrued formula I provided earlier is a simplified formula for calculating simple interest. It assumes that interest is calculated based on a fixed interest rate for a specific period of time.
However, in real-world scenarios, interest calculations can be more complex, especially when considering compounding or different interest calculation methods such as annual percentage rate (APR) or effective interest rate.
If you have more specific information about the compounding period or interest calculation method, please provide that information so I can assist you with a more accurate calculation.
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Benoit Company produces three products—A, B, and C. Data concerning the three products follow (per unit): Product A B C Selling price $ 90.00 $ 60.00 $ 80.00 Variable expenses: Direct materials 27.00 18.00 9.00 Other variable expenses 27.00 27.00 47.00 Total variable expenses 54.00 45.00 56.00 Contribution margin $ 36.00 $ 15.00 $ 24.00 Contribution margin ratio 40% 25% 30% The company estimates that it can sell 750 units of each produ
The company is considering dropping Product B, which would increase sales of Product A by 25% and sales of Product C by 10%.Total sales, as well as the sales mix between the remaining products, would remain unchanged. If Product B is dropped, what effect will that have on the company’s overall break-even point and margin of safety?Benoit Company produces three different products A, B and C.
The company estimated that it can sell 750 units of each product per year. Now, the company is considering dropping Product B. If Product B is dropped, the total sales and sales mix between the remaining products would remain unchanged. But, the company's overall break-even point and margin of safety will get affected.Break-even point:It is the level of sales that will result in zero profit. The company's total fixed cost divided by contribution margin per unit gives the break-even point in units.
BEP (units) = Total fixed cost / Contribution margin per unitThe following table shows the calculation of break-even point in units with and without Product B before and after dropping it.Particulars Product A Product B Product C Total Sales mix before dropping Product B 33.33% 22.22% 44.44% 100% Selling price per unit 90 60 80 Variable expenses: Direct materials 27 18 9 Other variable expenses 27 27 47 Total variable expenses 54 45 56 Contribution margin 36 15 24 Contribution margin ratio 40% 25% 30% Break-even point (units) 1042.6 600.0 2500.0 4142.6 BEP (units) without Product B 2000.0 4000.0 1785.7 7785.7Sales mix is the proportion of sales of each product to total sales.
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21.) Knowledge management is a technique used to improve CRM systems by identifying, storing and disseminating "know how" – facts about (Ch. 11) Select one: how to make tactical decisions. how to make strategic decisions. None of the Above how to make routine decisions. O how to perform tasks. 22.) A knowledge management system should help an organization do one of the following: (Ch. 11) advise middle managers handle day-to-day operations within an organization. promote innovation by encouraging the free exchange of ideas O make tactical decisions. O make routine decisions. 23.) Customer relationship management systems are mostly used a levels of the information system for functional areas of an organization. 11) (Ch. operational and knowledge - sales & marketing and manufacturing None of the listed answers for this question are correct operational and knowledge - accounting and human resources management and knowledge - sales & marketing and manufacturing management and knowledge - accounting and human resources
Knowledge management is a technique used to improve CRM (Customer Relationship Management) systems by identifying, storing, and disseminating valuable information or "know-how."
It focuses on gathering facts and insights that can aid in decision-making and task performance. In this context, it does not specifically target routine, tactical, or strategic decisions, but rather aims to enhance overall knowledge sharing and utilization within the organization.
A knowledge management system should primarily help an organization promote innovation by encouraging the free exchange of ideas. By facilitating the sharing and dissemination of knowledge, such a system fosters a collaborative environment where employees can contribute their insights, expertise, and innovative thinking. While it may indirectly support decision-making processes, its main focus lies in fostering creativity and driving innovation within the organization.
Customer relationship management systems primarily operate at the operational and knowledge levels of the information system within functional areas of an organization. These functional areas typically include sales and marketing, as well as manufacturing. CRM systems play a crucial role in managing customer interactions, improving customer satisfaction, and optimizing sales and marketing efforts. However, they are not primarily associated with accounting and human resources functions within an organization.
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What role does punishment play in promoting or inhibiting
cooperation in public goods games?
answer in details
Punishment plays a crucial role in promoting or inhibiting cooperation in public goods games.
The theory behind the punishment's role in promoting or inhibiting cooperation in public goods games can be understood in the following way. In public goods games, punishment can work in two ways: direct punishment and indirect punishment. Direct punishment: Direct punishment happens when a player punishes another player who does not contribute to the public good.
Direct punishment is effective in preventing free riding behavior in public goods games. In a public goods game, direct punishment acts as a deterrent to free riding behavior. If a player knows that they will be punished for not contributing, they are more likely to contribute to the public good.
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Discuss the main drivers of the performance of emerging market
currencies since March 2020.
Since March 2020, the performance of emerging market currencies has been influenced by various drivers. Some of the main drivers of the performance of emerging market currencies are explained below:Interest rates: The interest rate differential between two currencies is an essential factor that affects the value of emerging market currencies.
If the interest rates in an emerging market economy increase, then it attracts foreign investment into that country, which increases the value of its currency. In contrast, if interest rates in that country are lowered, then it causes foreign investors to withdraw their investments from that country, resulting in a fall in the value of its currency.Commodity prices: Emerging market economies that are dependent on commodity exports, such as oil, gas, and minerals, are influenced by commodity prices. The value of their currencies is closely tied to the prices of these commodities. If the prices of these commodities increase, then it results in a rise in the value of the currency of the emerging market country.
However, if commodity prices fall, then it results in a decrease in the value of its currency.Inflation: Inflation is another factor that affects the performance of emerging market currencies. If an emerging market economy experiences high inflation, then it causes the value of its currency to depreciate. However, if the inflation rate in that country is low, then it results in an appreciation of its currency.Geopolitical risks: Geopolitical risks, such as political instability, corruption, and social unrest, can impact the performance of emerging market currencies. These risks can cause foreign investors to withdraw their investments, resulting in a fall in the value of the currency. In contrast, if the country's political and economic environment is stable and transparent, then it can attract foreign investment, resulting in a rise in the value of its currency.In summary, the main drivers of the performance of emerging market currencies since March 2020 have been interest rates, commodity prices, inflation, and geopolitical risks. These factors have played a crucial role in determining the value of emerging market currencies in.
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According to George Brenkert's analysis of whistleblowing in "Whistle-blowing, Moral Integrity, and Organizational Ethics," which of the following is not an element of the principle of positional responsibility: One stands to gain from reporting the wrongdoing Others are not attempting to correct the wrongdoing. One has a privileged relationship with the organization through which the wrongdoing has occurred One must have special knowledge of the problem or issue O Significant wrongdoing should be reported to those who can rectify the problem Question 16 1 pts Which of the following is not an element of the multi-step ethical decision process outlined in Chapter 1? O Get the facts Act with Integrity O Consider the consequences Identify stakeholders Restorative Justice
According to George Brenkert's analysis of whistleblowing in "Whistle-blowing, Moral Integrity, and Organizational Ethics," the element that is not part of the principle of positional responsibility is: "Others are not attempting to correct the wrongdoing."
The principle of positional responsibility includes the following elements: one stands to gain from reporting the wrongdoing, one has a privileged relationship with the organization through which the wrongdoing has occurred, one must have special knowledge of the problem or issue, and significant wrongdoing should be reported to those who can rectify the problem. However, the involvement or lack of action by others in attempting to correct the wrongdoing is not explicitly mentioned as an element of positional responsibility. Regarding the multi-step ethical decision process outlined in Chapter 1, the element that is not included is "Restorative Justice." The steps mentioned in the process are: getting the facts, acting with integrity, considering the consequences, and identifying stakeholders. Restorative justice, which focuses on repairing harm and restoring relationships, is not specifically mentioned as one of the steps in the ethical decision-making process outlined in Chapter 1.
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Tell us about a time you fell for slick marketing and later had
regretted your purchase? What did you learn from this event?
Example:
A few years ago, John saw a captivating advertisement for a fitness product that promised incredible results in just a few weeks. The marketing campaign showcased impressive before-and-after pictures and testimonials from seemingly satisfied customers. Intrigued by the claims and influenced by the persuasive messaging, John decided to purchase the product without thoroughly researching or considering alternative options.
After receiving the product, John eagerly started using it as instructed, expecting to see immediate and significant results. However, as time went on, he realized that the promised outcomes were far from reality. The product did not live up to its extravagant claims, and John felt disappointed and frustrated.
From this experience, John learned the importance of conducting thorough research and being critical of marketing claims before making a purchase. He understood that slick marketing tactics can be deceiving and that it's essential to seek unbiased reviews, compare different products, and make informed decisions based on reliable information rather than relying solely on advertising.
This experience taught John to be a more discerning consumer, to consider his needs and preferences carefully, and to look beyond the hype to make more informed purchasing decisions in the future.
It's important to note that this is just a fictional example, and individual experiences may vary.
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Current Attempt in Progress At December 31, 2017, Hiroole Imports Inc. reported this information on its balance sheet. Accounts receivable Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts During 2018, the company had the following summary transactions related to receivables and sales. Hiroole uses the perpetual inventory system. 1. Sales on account amounted to $2,355,000. The cost of the inventory sold was $1,813,350. 2. 3. 4. $635,000 42,000 5. Sales returns and allowances a total sal price of $41,000 and a cost of $31,570 were restored to inventory. Collections of accounts receivable were $2,066,000. Write-offs of accounts receivable deemed uncollectible. $47,500. Recovery of bad debts previously written off as uncollectible. $14,900. (d) Calculate the receivables turnover ratio and average collection period. (Round receivables turnover to 1 decimal place, e.g. 5.2. Round average collection period to nearest whole day, e.g. 15.) Receivables turnover ratio Average collection period eTextbook and Media List of Accounts Save for Later times days Attempts: 0 of 2 used Submit Answer
The receivables turnover ratio is approximately 1.57, and the average collection period is approximately 232 days.
to calculate the receivables turnover ratio and average collection period, we need to use the given information:
accounts receivable at december 31, 2017: $635,000allowance for doubtful accounts at december 31, 2017: $42,000
sales on account during 2018: $2,355,000collections of accounts receivable during 2018: $2,066,000
write-offs of accounts receivable during 2018: $47,500recovery of bad debts during 2018: $14,900
first, let's calculate the average accounts receivable for 2018:
average accounts receivable = (beginning accounts receivable + ending accounts receivable) / 2 = ($635,000 + $2,355,000) / 2
= $1,495,000
next, let's calculate the net credit sales for 2018:net credit sales = sales on account - sales returns and allowances
= $2,355,000 - ($41,000 - $31,570) = $2,345,570
now, we can calculate the receivables turnover ratio:
receivables turnover ratio = net credit sales / average accounts receivable = $2,345,570 / $1,495,000
≈ 1.57 (rounded to 1 decimal place)
to calculate the average collection period, we need to convert the receivables turnover ratio into days:average collection period = 365 days / receivables turnover ratio
= 365 days / 1.57 ≈ 232 days (rounded to the nearest whole day)
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What are the different internal and external forums where
diversity can be promoted? Explain any five (5)
**There are various internal and external forums where diversity can be promoted:**
1. **Internal Employee Resource Groups (ERGs)**: Internal ERGs are voluntary employee-led groups that promote diversity and inclusion within an organization. These groups provide a platform for employees to connect, share experiences, and collaborate on initiatives that support diversity, such as hosting workshops, events, and awareness campaigns.
2. **Diversity and Inclusion Committees**: Many organizations have dedicated committees or task forces focused on diversity and inclusion. These committees work to develop and implement strategies, policies, and programs that foster diversity in the workplace. They may conduct assessments, provide training, and create awareness about diversity-related issues.
3. **Training and Development Programs**: Internal training and development programs play a crucial role in promoting diversity. These programs can include diversity and inclusion workshops, unconscious bias training, cultural competency training, and leadership development programs that emphasize the importance of diversity in decision-making and organizational success.
4. **Community Partnerships**: Organizations can engage with external forums by forming partnerships with community organizations, non-profits, or educational institutions that promote diversity and inclusion. These partnerships can involve joint initiatives, sponsorships, or collaborative events aimed at celebrating diversity and addressing social inequalities.
5. **Industry Associations and Conferences**: Participating in industry associations and conferences focused on diversity and inclusion provides opportunities for organizations to network, learn best practices, and share experiences. These external forums often host panel discussions, presentations, and workshops that address various aspects of diversity and inclusion in the workplace.
These internal and external forums help create a supportive and inclusive environment, raise awareness about diversity-related issues, and provide platforms for collaboration and learning. By engaging in these forums, organizations can promote diversity and foster an inclusive culture both within their own workforce and in the broader community.
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Find the correct numerical value for the following factors from the interest tables. (F/P, 10%, 15) A.0.30043 B.5.0757 C.4.1772 (P/A, 5%, 6) (P/G, 18%, 20) (F/A, 3%, 18) (A/P, 30%, 25) D. 25.6813 E. 23.4144 How long will it take to $1,000 to yield $85 in compound interest at 6%? O 1.8 years O 1.4 years O 2.3 years 5.1 years
The answer is the correct numerical value 2.3 years.
Factors from the interest tables are as follows;
[tex](F/P, 10%, 15) = 4.1772(P/A, 5%, 6)[/tex]
= [tex]5.0743(P/G, 18%, 20)[/tex]
=[tex]23.4144(F/A, 3%, 18)[/tex]
= [tex]0.30043(A/P, 30%, 25)[/tex]
= 25.6813
Given the amount of $1000 is yielding $85 in compound interest at 6%, we are to find how long it will take for it to yield. Let t be the time. $1000 will yield $85 in compound interest at 6%, after 2 years and 8 months.
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Select from the following list of accounts any account that is a permanent account. Accounts Payable Cash Wages Expense Insurance Expense Equipment Accumulated Depreciation Supplies Expense Depreciation Expense Rent Revenue Amy Jones, Capital Fees Earned Accounts Receivable
The only permanent account from the list is Amy Jones, Capital.
Permanent accounts are accounts that are not closed at the end of the accounting period. The balances in permanent accounts are carried forward to the next accounting period.
The accounts listed above are all temporary accounts, except for Amy Jones, Capital. Amy Jones, Capital is a permanent account because it represents the owner's equity in the business. The balance in Amy Jones, Capital is carried forward from one accounting period to the next.
Here is a brief explanation of the other accounts listed:
Accounts Payable: A liability account that represents amounts owed to creditors.
Cash: An asset account that represents the amount of cash on hand.
Wages Expense: An expense account that represents the cost of labor.
Insurance Expense: An expense account that represents the cost of insurance premiums.
Equipment: An asset account that represents the cost of equipment.
Accumulated Depreciation: A contra asset account that represents the amount of depreciation expense that has been accumulated on equipment.
Supplies Expense: An expense account that represents the cost of supplies used.
Depreciation Expense: An expense account that represents the cost of using equipment over time.
Rent Revenue: A revenue account that represents the income from rent.
Fees Earned: A revenue account that represents the income from fees charged.
Accounts Receivable: An asset account that represents amounts owed to the company by customers.
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The Central Bank in Westeros engages in open market operations and sells bonds to the non-banking sector.
1-Assume that before they implement this contractionary monetary policy the nominal interest rate on savings accounts is 3% per year. If banks and
depositors expect an inflation rate of 1% per year, what is the expected real interest rate?
2-The contractionary monetary policy results in deflation of 2%. In the short
run, what is the effect of this unexpected deflation on depositors and
banks?
3- In the long run, what will happen to the nominal interest rate and the real
interest rate as a result of this deflation?
The Westeros Central Bank sells bonds to the non-banking sector and participates in open-market operations. Given the nominal interest rate on savings accounts is 3% per year before implementing this contractionary monetary policy, if banks and depositors expect an inflation rate of 1% per year, the expected real interest rate will be 2% per year (3% - 1% = 2%).During the short run, the unexpected deflation resulting from the contractionary monetary policy will reduce the nominal interest rate.
Due to the decrease in prices, people will want to keep their money instead of investing it, reducing banks' liquidity and forcing them to reduce lending. This will reduce the money supply, raising the nominal interest rate and causing the demand for money to decrease, and so on. The contractionary monetary policy's effects will result in depositors earning less interest and banks receiving fewer loans as lending becomes more difficult.In the long run, a deflationary environment will cause nominal interest rates to fall, resulting in an increase in the real interest rate, as there will be less money in circulation. The decrease in nominal interest rates will be due to a decrease in the demand for credit and an increase in the supply of loanable funds, which will lead to an increase in the real interest rate since prices will remain constant.
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denkoping .submission-ChitjexhakthACY 5. "Dividing the market into groups of customers" is definition of: A) Positioning B) Target marketing C) Segmentation OD) A&C 6. "Advocacy is when: "
5. Dividing the market into groups of customers is the definition of Segmentation. Option C.
6. Advocacy refers to the act of publicly supporting or promoting a particular cause, idea, or organization.
5. Segmentation is the process of dividing the market into distinct groups of customers based on various characteristics or criteria. These criteria can include demographic factors such as age, gender, income, or geographic factors such as location or cultural background.
By segmenting the market, companies can better understand the diverse needs, preferences, and behaviors of different customer groups, allowing them to develop more targeted marketing strategies.
Segmentation helps companies identify specific segments of the market that are most likely to be interested in their products or services. This enables them to tailor their marketing efforts to effectively reach and engage these target segments, maximizing the chances of success.
By understanding the unique needs and desires of different customer groups, companies can create more relevant messaging, develop targeted product offerings, and implement appropriate pricing and distribution strategies. Option C is correct.
6. Advocacy refers to the act of publicly supporting or promoting a particular cause, idea, or organization. It involves actively speaking up or taking action to champion a specific issue or group. Advocacy can take various forms, including lobbying, raising awareness, influencing public opinion, or campaigning for change.
In a marketing context, advocacy often refers to the actions taken by loyal and satisfied customers who voluntarily endorse or promote a brand, product, or service. These customers become advocates by sharing positive experiences, recommending the brand to others, or actively defending the brand against criticism.
Advocacy is a powerful marketing tool as it relies on the genuine enthusiasm and loyalty of customers, which can influence others and generate positive word-of-mouth.
Companies can foster advocacy by delivering exceptional customer experiences, providing outstanding products or services, and building strong relationships with their customers.
By exceeding customer expectations and cultivating a positive brand image, companies can encourage customers to become brand advocates, leading to increased brand awareness, customer loyalty, and ultimately, business growth.
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Forecasts drives many operations management decisions. Forecasts
have also been used during this pandemic. Give examples with graphs
of how forecasts have been used.
The pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on business operations, and forecasting has played a critical role in supporting management decisions to navigate this challenging time. Some examples of how forecasts have been used during the pandemic are as follows:1. Forecasting demand for medical supplies, such as personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators, and testing kits, has been critical in ensuring that hospitals have the resources they need to treat patients.2. Forecasting consumer demand for essential goods, such as food and toiletries, has been essential in managing supply chains to prevent shortages.3. Forecasting economic activity has been crucial in supporting fiscal and monetary policy decisions to stabilize economies and mitigate the impact of the pandemic.4. Forecasting infection rates and hospitalizations has been critical in informing public health decisions and ensuring that hospitals have sufficient capacity to treat patients. Some examples of graphs are as follows:1. Line charts showing the trend in infection rates over time.2. Bar charts showing the distribution of infections by age group, gender, and ethnicity3. Scatter plots showing the relationship between infection rates and other variables, such as population density, income, and mobility.4. Heat maps showing the geographic distribution of infections, with forecasts of future hotspots based on epidemiological models.
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When a restaurant stays open for lunch service even though few customers patronize the restaurant for lunch, which of the following principles is (are) best demonstrated?
(i) Fixed costs are sunk in the short run.
(ii) In the short run, only fixed costs are important to the decision to stay open for lunch.
(iii) If revenue exceeds variable cost, the restaurant owner is making a smart decision to remain open for lunch.
A. (i) and (ii) only
B. (ii) and (iii) only
C. (i) and (iii) only
D. (i), (ii), and (iii)
The best demonstrated principles are (i) Fixed costs are sunk in the short run and (ii) In the short run, only fixed costs are important to the decision to stay open for lunch. So, the correct option is A. (i) and (ii) only.
Fixed costs are costs that do not vary with the level of output, such as rent, utilities, or salaries. In the short run, these costs are considered sunk costs because they cannot be recovered regardless of the level of production. Therefore, the decision to stay open for lunch is primarily based on covering these fixed costs rather than the revenue generated during that specific period.
(iii) If revenue exceeds variable cost, the restaurant owner is making a smart decision to remain open for lunch is not necessarily demonstrated in this scenario. Variable costs are costs that vary with the level of output, such as food ingredients or hourly wages for additional staff during lunch service. The decision to remain open for lunch is not solely determined by revenue exceeding variable costs but rather by the ability to cover fixed costs.
Hence, the correct answer is A. (i) and (ii) only.
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You are interested in building an addition to your house. So, you have 3 contractors inspect the site and offer bids for the work. Upon deciding which contractor you want to work with, describe the steps YOU would take to establish a valid contract and assure an acceptable outcome for both parties.
To establish a valid contract and ensure an acceptable outcome when hiring a contractor for a house addition, the following steps can be taken:
1. Review bids from the contractors and select the preferred one.
2. Draft a detailed contract specifying the scope of work, timeline, payment terms, and materials.
3. Seek legal advice to ensure compliance with regulations and protect both parties' rights.
4. Have both parties sign the contract and keep a copy for reference.
5. Maintain open communication throughout the project and address any concerns promptly.
6. Agree on a fair payment schedule and implement quality control measures.
7. Keep records and documentation for future reference or dispute resolution.
After reviewing the bids, I would select the contractor I prefer based on factors such as reputation, expertise, and cost. To establish a valid contract, I would draft a detailed document that clearly outlines the project's specifics, including the work to be done, project timeline, payment terms, and the materials to be used.
Seeking legal advice ensures the contract complies with regulations and protects both parties. Signing the contract solidifies the agreement, and regular communication helps address any issues during the project. Agreeing on fair payment terms and implementing quality control measures further ensures an acceptable outcome. Keeping records and documentation provides evidence and clarity if any disputes arise in the future.
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Suppose that Jana cares only about apples and pears. Her utility function is U = A0.5p0.5, where A is the number of apples and P is the number of pears that she consumes. The price of an apple is $2, and the price of a pear is $4 and that Jana have $80 to spend. What is the optimal amount of Apples that Jana should purcahse, given that her MRSPA is A/P?
The optimal amount of apples that Jana should purchase, given her utility function and budget constraint, is 10 apples.
To find the optimal amount of apples that Jana should purchase, we need to maximize her utility function subject to her budget constraint.
Jana's utility function is U = A^0.5 * P^0.5, where A is the number of apples and P is the number of pears that she consumes.
Let's denote the price of an apple as Pa = $2 and the price of a pear as Pp = $4.
Jana's budget constraint is given by:
Pa * A + Pp * P = Total budget
Substituting the given values, we have:
2A + 4P = 80
To find the optimal amount of apples, we need to determine the marginal rate of substitution of apples for pears (MRSPA). MRSPA is the ratio of the marginal utility of apples to the marginal utility of pears:
MRSPA = ∂U/∂A / ∂U/∂P
Taking the partial derivatives of Jana's utility function with respect to A and P, we get:
∂U/∂A = 0.5 * P^0.5 / A^0.5
∂U/∂P = 0.5 * A^0.5 / P^0.5
Therefore, MRSPA = (0.5 * P^0.5 / A^0.5) / (0.5 * A^0.5 / P^0.5) = P / A
We can rearrange the budget constraint to express P in terms of A:
P = (80 - 2A) / 4
Substituting this expression for P into the MRSPA equation, we have:
MRSPA = [(80 - 2A) / 4] / A
MRSPA = (80 - 2A) / (4A)
To maximize utility, we set the MRSPA equal to the price ratio (Pa / Pp):
(80 - 2A) / (4A) = 2 / 4
(80 - 2A) / (4A) = 1/2
80 - 2A = 2A
80 = 4A
A = 80 / 4
A = 20
So, the optimal amount of apples that Jana should purchase is 20.
The optimal amount of apples that Jana should purchase, given her utility function U = A^0.5 * P^0.5 and a budget of $80, is 20 apples.
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Exelon Excels at Managing Ethics
In 2000, Exelon was formed by the merger of two electric utility companies, Unicom and PECO Energy. The creation of a new company provided an opportunity for an emphasis on ethics to be built into the company’s structure from the ground floor. It was with this in mind that Eliecer Palacios, who was ethics and compliance director at Unicom at the time of the merger and who is now director of ethics and compliance at Exelon, got actively involved in the
process of integrating the two companies. Palacios believed that this was important insofar as large utilities face ethical challenges along several fronts, such as stock trading practices (e.g., avoiding insider trading), protection of the environment (e.g., avoiding air and water pollution), procurement (e.g., avoiding bribes and kickbacks), and following fair labor practices (e.g., avoiding harassment and discrimination). And, given that the energy industry is deregulated, customers have the opportunity to express their dissatisfaction with any ethical missteps by taking their business elsewhere. To avoid any ethical scandals, Palacios built in several safeguards to ensure that Exelon would remain "squeaky clean."
At the heart of the company’s ethics initiatives is a 16-person Ethics and Compliance Committee. One of the key things this body does is review Exelon’s code of ethics on a quarterly basis. Members, consisting of vice presidents and lower-level employees from throughout the company as well as several attorneys, carefully review the extent to which the company is meeting its legal and ethical obligations. Is it obeying the law? Is it meeting its obligations to shareholders, employees, and the environment? Among the specific things on which the committee focuses are the company’s efforts at training its tens of thousands of employees on proper ethical behaviour. Like other big companies, Exelon has a code of ethics, but unlike many, it is actively involved in ensuring that its employees both understand and follow it. With this in mind, Exelon employees are required to complete an intensive ethics training program using the company’s intranet. On an annual basis, employees are required to be certified as having completed the training. Also, unlike many companies, ethics training at Exelon involves more than only the lowest level employees. Instead, everyone from entry level employees to the CEO is required to be trained and recertified annually.
In addition to its training efforts, Exelon maintains an active "helpline" that employees can call to lodge complaints about seemingly unethical behaviour or to make inquiries about how
to avoid unethical behaviour. The helpline, staffed by Palacios and an assistant, receives about 300 calls per year. Most of these involve inquiries about behaviour that is considered ethically appropriate (e.g., accepting gifts from a contractor valued at over $25 is considered inappropriate).
Calls about allegations of waste, fraud, and abuse, although only about 10% to 15% of all received, also occur. All allegations are carefully investigated, and to ensure that these efforts are effective, the company strictly enforces a nonretaliation policy.
At its Web site, Exelon lists among its core values, "commitment in operating facilities safely, protecting the environment, and developing our businesses responsibly." From the ethics initiatives reported here, it’s clear that the company is going out of its way to translate these values into everyday practice.
Questions 1 (10.00 Point)
What are the key things Exelon does to promote ethics?
Exelon promotes ethics through an Ethics and Compliance Committee, regular code of ethics reviews, extensive ethics training, an active helpline, and a nonretaliation policy.
Exelon takes several key steps to promote ethics within the company. Firstly, they have an Ethics and Compliance Committee consisting of 16 members who regularly review the company's code of ethics to ensure legal and ethical obligations are met. This committee focuses on training employees on proper ethical behavior, which is mandatory for all employees, including entry-level workers and the CEO, who are trained and recertified annually.
Exelon also maintains an active helpline where employees can report unethical behavior or seek guidance on avoiding such behavior. The helpline is staffed by the director of ethics and compliance and receives about 300 calls per year, addressing inquiries and allegations. All allegations are thoroughly investigated, and the company strictly enforces a nonretaliation policy to protect employees who report unethical conduct.
Additionally, Exelon emphasizes its core values of operating facilities safely, protecting the environment, and responsible business development. These values are translated into everyday practice through the company's initiatives, which aim to ensure adherence to ethical standards and avoid any ethical scandals. Through these measures, Exelon demonstrates its commitment to maintaining a strong ethical culture within the organization and promoting responsible conduct among its employees at all levels.
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