Answer:
DNA is a dynamic and adaptable molecule. As such, the nucleotide sequences found within it are subject to change as the result of a phenomenon called mutation. Depending on how a particular mutation modifies an organism's genetic makeup, it can prove harmless, helpful, or even hurtful. Sometimes, a mutation may even cause dramatic changes in the physiology of an affected organism. Of course, in order to better understand the varying effects of mutations, it is first necessary to understand what mutations are and how they occur.
Where do mutations occur?
Mutations can be grouped into two main categories based on where they occur: somatic mutations and germ-line mutations. Somatic mutations take place in non-reproductive cells. Many kinds of somatic mutations have no obvious effect on an organism, because genetically normal body cells are able to compensate for the mutated cells. Nonetheless, certain other mutations can greatly impact the life and function of an organism. For example, somatic mutations that affect cell division (particularly those that allow cells to divide uncontrollably) are the basis for many forms of cancer.
Germ-line mutations occur in gametes or in cells that eventually produce gametes. In contrast with somatic mutations, germ-line mutations are passed on to an organism's progeny. As a result, future generations of organisms will carry the mutation in all of their cells (both somatic and germ-line).
What kinds of mutations exist?
Mutations aren't just grouped according to where they occur — frequently, they are also categorized by the length of the nucleotide sequences they affect. Changes to short stretches of nucleotides are called gene-level mutations, because these mutations affect the specific genes that provide instructions for various functional molecules, including proteins. Changes in these molecules can have an impact on any number of an organism's physical characteristics. As opposed to gene-level mutations, mutations that alter longer stretches of DNA (ranging from multiple genes up to entire chromosomes) are called chromosomal mutations. These mutations often have serious consequences for affected organisms. Because gene-level mutations are more common than chromosomal mutations, the following sections focus on these smaller alterations to the normal genetic sequence.
Base substitutionBase substitutions are the simplest type of gene-level mutation, and they involve the swapping of one nucleotide for another during DNA replication. For example, during replication, a thymine nucleotide might be inserted in place of a guanine nucleotide. With base substitution mutations, only a single nucleotide within a gene sequence is changed, so only one codon is affected.
Although a base substitution alters only a single codon in a gene, it can still have a significant impact on protein production. In fact, depending on the nature of the codon change, base substitutions can lead to three different subcategories of mutations. The first of these subcategories consists of missense mutations, in which the altered codon leads to insertion of an incorrect amino acid into a protein molecule during translation; the second consists of nonsense mutations, in which the altered codon prematurely terminates synthesis of a protein molecule; and the third consists of silent mutations, in which the altered codon codes for the same amino acid as the unaltered codon.
Insertions and deletionsA schematic shows 29 nucleotides arranged to form a partially double-stranded segment of DNA, with 16 nucleotides in the top strand and 13 nucleotides in the bottom strand. Grey horizontal cylinders represent deoxyribose sugar molecules, and blue, red, green, and orange vertical rectangles represent the chemical identity of each nitrogenous base. An extra nucleotide has been added to the replicating strand because of a misalignment of base pairs.
Figure 2: During an insertion mutation, the replicating strand \"slips\" or forms a wrinkle, which causes the extra nucleotide to be incorporated.
All the nerve bundles of the body are routed through the:
A) Cranium
B) Stomach
C) Spinal Cord
All the nerve bundles of the mammalian body system are routed through the spinal cord.
The correct answer choice is option C.
The importance of the nerve bundles to the spinal cord.The nerve bundles are those structures within runs from the nervous system throughout all the body parts. They are electrical wires which helps to transmit signals or electrical impulses.
That being said, the spinal cord signals different electrical impulses from the brain to different parts of the body and also from different parts of the body back to the brain.
In conclusion, we now know from the simple explanation above that the nerve cells branches to different parts of the body through the spinal cord.
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in a dietary deficiency of folate, there are decreasing numbers of mature red blood cells to carry the oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. this condition is known as .
This condition is called as megaloblastic anemia.
Deficiency disorder is a ailment caused by a lack of critical dietary factors and specially a vitamin or mineral. A balanced food plan specializes in supplying the body with all the vitamins it requires. It accommodates macronutrients like protein, carbohydrates, and fats at the side of micronutrients like vitamins and minerals.
Diet deficiency anemia is a loss of healthful red blood cells due to decrease than typical quantities of nutrition B-12 and folate. this could appear in case you don't devour sufficient ingredients containing nutrition B-12 and folate, or in case your frame has hassle soaking up or processing these nutrients.
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Alexis is trying to determine a victim's time of death. What is the LEAST effective method she can use for determining their time of death?
O A
О в.
O C.
OD.
rigor mortis
livor mortis
algor mortis
indicative acts
Time of death is determined by the rigor mortis method, which is the most effective forensic method hence option a is correct.
What is an effective method to determine the time of death?
This stiffening process, known as Rigor Mortis, has a generally known recurrence period and may thus be used to determine the time of death.
In general, if the corpse is warm and there is no rigidity, death happened within the last 3 hours. The death happened 3-8 hours earlier if the corpse is warm and rigid.
If the body is discovered before the body temperature has reached equilibrium with the ambient temperature, forensic experts can determine the time of death by measuring the body's core temperature.
Therefore rigor mortis is the best effective method to determine the time of death, hence option a is correct.
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What is another name for the “sentences” that DNA encodes?
The female reproductive part of an angiosperm is the ____ and the male reproductive part is the _____
A.anther, stamen
B.pistil, stigma
C.stamen, pistil
D.pistil, stamen
dna and mrna synthesis proceed in a 5' to 3' direction. what do 5' and 3' refer to? group of answer choices the number of hydroxyl groups attached the position of the phosphate and nitrogen bases the position of a carbon atom in the sugar backbone the number of carbons in the nitrogen base
The 5' and 3' refer to c) the position of a carbon atom in the sugar backbone.
DNA and mRNA are made from nucleotide bases, a phosphate group, and a sugar backbone.
There are two strands of DNA, and one of them is in the 5' to 3' direction. The other is in the 3' to 5' direction. This means that the position of the carbon that is free in the sugar backbones is either 5' for one strand and 3' for the other strand.
However, replication occurs only in the 5' to 3' direction. This is because the DNA polymerase can work only in this direction. For the other strand, referred to as the lagging strand, Okazaki fragments are formed.
Your question will correctly be written as:
DNA and mRNA synthesis proceed in a 5' to 3' direction. what do 5' and 3' refer to? group of answer choices
a) the number of hydroxyl groups attached
b)the position of the phosphate and nitrogen bases
c) the position of a carbon atom in the sugar backbone
d) the number of carbons in the nitrogen base
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why do we amplify the control region, as opposed to a conserved region, while performing pcr on mitochondrial dna?
We amplify the control region because, Because the control region is non-coding, it can accumulate mutations without affecting protein structures, allowing us to compare individuals.
In vertebrates, the mitochondrial control region, also known as the displacement loop or D-loop, is positioned between the genes encoding proline and phenylalanine tRNAs. It is in charge of mitochondrial gene transcription and is the starting site for heavy strand replication.
The mtDNA regulatory region is a non-coding DNA section of the mitochondrial genome. This area is in charge of DNA synthesis. The human mtDNA genome's most polymorphic region, with variation concentrated in hypervariable areas. In these locations, the average genome diversity is 1.7%.
The mitochondrial controlling region (CR) is the mitochondrial genome's primary non-coding section, containing the mitochondrial origins of transcription and reproduction.
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bones will usually heal after they have been severely damaged so long as the cellular components of the endosteum and periosteum survive and there is a(n)
Bones will usually heal after they have been severely damaged so long as the cellular components of the endosteum and periosteum survive and there is an ossification center.
An ossification center is the starting site for cartilage ossification. The cartilage cells at this stage grow and arrange themselves in rows, which is the first stage of ossification. The first region of a bone to begin ossifying is called the main ossification center. In the middle of each growing bone during fetal development, it typically manifests. While the major centers of irregular bones typically occur in the body of the bone, they typically occur in the diaphysis/shaft of long bones.
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in your experiment did blood glucose increase at any time interval for the group that drank sugar-free drinks?
Aspartame is a sugar substitute that is used in many foods and beverages to give consumers a reduced, low, or no-calorie option. We use aspartame in several of our goods because we are aware that many consumers desire delicious beverages with lower sugar and calorie content.
What is Sugar-free drink ?Diet sodas and sugar-free flavored sparkling water are examples of sugar-free carbonated beverages that may raise your chance of developing diabetes and give you headaches. These sugar-sweetened beverages have fewer calories than conventional drinks with sugar added, but drinking them can result in weight gain.
What Blood glucose ?The primary sugar in your blood is called blood sugar, or glucose. Your body uses it as its primary source of energy, and it originates from the food you eat. All of the cells in your body receive glucose from your blood to be used as fuel. Diabetes is a condition in which you have too high blood sugar levels.
The term "glycaemia," also referred to as "blood sugar level," "blood sugar concentration," or "blood glucose level," refers to the concentration of glucose in the blood of people or other animals. A 70 kg person's blood contains 4 grams or less of the simple sugar glucose at all times.
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a pure white chicken and a pure black chicken are crossed. the f1 progeny all are checkered. this is an example of:
The f1 progeny all are checkered It is an example of codominance.
In genetics, codominance refers to a kind of inheritance inside which two variants (alleles) with same gene are activated separately to produce distinct features in a person. Codominance may be seen in spotted cows and plants with petals of two distinct hues.
Codominance can also be seen in less obvious features such as type of blood. Both the A and B blood type alleles can be produced simultaneously at the same time, producing in type AB blood. Codominance, as distinguished to partial domination, occurs when both parents' traits are manifested in the same child organism.
Codominance is a widespread phenomena that is likely to be a major driver of community composition, ecosystem function, and both community and ecosystem stability. While researching polygenetic features and their inheritance, Gregor Mendel identified the phenomena of codominance.
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PLS HELP FOR MY EARTH SCIENCE CLASS?!?
The right atmospheric composition is another key component for a
planet to sustain life.
Which telescope holds a promising future in our quest for Earth 2.0?
A Hubble Space Telescope
B Spitzer Space Telescope
C Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope
D James Webb Space Telescope
James Webb Space Telescope holds a promising future in our quest for Earth 2.0
The correct answer is D
How are telescopes utilized?A telescope is indeed a device used to observe distant objects. The planets & stars can be seen through telescopes. Binoculars and cameras both utilize some of the same optical engineering as telescopes.
How does a telescope operate simply?Lenses, which are pieces of curved, glass, were employed in early telescopes to focus light. Curved mirrors are used by the majority of telescopes nowadays to collect light from the night sky. Light is focused by a telescope's mirror or lens' shape. When we gaze through a telescope, that light is what we're seeing.
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in the gapc gene (a.k.a. gapc), how many exons are not amplified by the primers used in the first round of pcr?
A minimum of two exons aren't amplified in the initial PcR cycle.
During an important procedure known as glycol illnesses, G A p C G is heated. I feel. The capitalization of black analysis and camps was appropriate. The damaging relationships between G A P C, daily hide, and cholesterol. Represents Venice Cyril D hiding the phosphate and Venice g ease hydrogen. Additionally, this gene is psychosomatic.
What about exons?The regions of a gene called exons code for proteins.Amino acids are coded for in exons, which are found in mRNA.Distinct protein domains are encoded by different exons.The domains might be encoded by a single exon or by splicing together many exons.A gene's introns and exons are nucleotide sequences.As RNA matures, introns are cut out via RNA splicing, which suggests that they're not expressed in the resulting messenger RNA (mRNA) product.In contrast, exons still are chemically sure to one another to produce mature mRNA.Exons are protein-coding regions of an RNA transcript or the DNA that encodes it that are translated.Introns are intervening segments of DNA that do not code for proteins and can be used to divide exons.The key thing to remain in mind is that codons are characteristics of RNA, whereas exons and introns are characteristics of DNA.Otherwise, there is a risk that the functions of DNA and RNA in the Central Dogma ("DNA creates RNA makes Protein") may be misunderstood.Homologous sequences within the opposite type of nucleic need to be referred to by a different name.Learn more about exons here:
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Why does the process shown in the diagram only occur in plants and certain bacteria and protists?
This process only occur in plants and certain bacteria and protists because plants have chloroplasts with pigment that absorbs sunlight, while humans do not. So the correct option is C. plants have chloroplasts with pigment that absorbs sunlight, while humans do not.
What are chloroplasts?Chloroplasts are organelles found in plants, bacteria and protists which are responsible for photosynthesis. This process will convert light energy into chemical energy such as chlorophyll.
After forming chlorophyll, it absorbs light to be able to carry out photosynthesis and to be able to form ATP and reducing molecules such as NADPH to be able to give energy to the cell to form organic molecules to be able to feed.
Therefore, we can confirm that the correct option is C. plants have chloroplasts with pigment that absorbs sunlight, while humans do not.
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What are the benefits of algae? Select all that apply.
They are complex organisms.
They are the base of food webs.
They provide oxygen.
They live only in water.
Answer:
All the benefits of algae include all the answers given.
Explanation:
Orgasm occurs after stimulation of the genitals or erogenous zones.Phytoplankton and algae form the bases of aquatic food webs. Oxygen is produced by photosynthesizing organisms that live in the ocean, in freshwater, and on land. These organisms include bacteria, algae and plants. Photosynthesizing algae in the ocean produces around 70% of oxygen in the atmosphere.Algae are simple plants that live in oceans, lakes, rivers, ponds, and moist soil.how does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?
The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon this way axon affects the activity of a neuron.
Retrograde trophic assistance for growing neurons can interfere with their growth and frequently results in their death. Here, we describe the results of removing retrograde support from the isthmo-optic projection in chick embryos by preventing axoplasmic transport at the terminal sections of the axons, an action that is known to kill the isthmo-optic neurons in the long run. Neuron survival in the isthmo-optic nucleus was reduced even more swiftly. This unique effect persisted at 6 and 9 h after injection, but at longer survival durations, as was expected, the number of dead neurons rose significantly above control levels. According to our understanding of the temporary decrease in neuronal death, retrograde trophic signals contain both life- and death-promoting elements, with the former acting more quickly in this system.
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After ingestion, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human digestive system is.
Enzymes with in human digestive system begin working with carbohydrates as soon as they are ingested as the first form of macromolecule.
What happens after digestion?Chewing triggers the start of digestion, which is completed there in small intestine. Large food molecules split into smaller ones as they move through the GI tract and combine with digestive fluids.
Why is proper digestion important?To be converted into nutrients that body can use for energy, development, and cell repair, food must first be digested. Nutrients from food and drink need to be broken up into smaller molecules before being absorbed by the circulation and sent to the cells around the body.
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mining companies are required to re-vegetate lands that were strip mined after removal of the ore/ fuel. however, it was found that trees that were planted in these mined soils were unable to establish. this was because through the process of strip mining, all the top soil was removed and the soil was missing mycorrhizal fungi that live on and in the roots of the trees to help them obtain nutrients from degraded and nutrient-poor soils. the trees cannot survive without the mycorrhizal fungi, and the mycorrhizal fungi are dependent on trees for survival. the relationship between trees and mycorrhizal fungi can best be described as . pick the best answer.
The relationship between trees and mycorrhizal fungi can best be described to be a symbiotic relationship.
Symbiotic interactions between fungi & plants are known as mycorrhizae. A host plant's root system is colonized by fungi, which boost the plant's ability to absorb water as well as nutrients while giving the fungus access to the plant's carbohydrates produced while photosynthesis. Fungi and plant roots interact in symbiotic ways. In exchange for the trees' or shrubs' assistance, the fungus receives nutrients like carbon, sugars, and other elements from the roots. Mycorrhiza is the name for the symbiotic association between fungus and plant roots.
Mycorrhiza is a fungus's root system. To be more precise, mycorrhizae are fungi that coexist with the roots of several plants in a symbiotic manner. The fungi that create mycorrhizal connections with plants are found all over the earth.
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soils of the spodosol order have a distinctive light-colored horizon of leached material beneath the dark upper horizon of weathered organic material. in what region do soils of the spodosol order occur?
The region where the soils of Spodosol order are present are: coniferous forests of cool temperate or wetter regions.
Spodosol are the acidic soils. Their appearance is a little ashy and gray. The subsurface of these soils has the accumulation of humus, Al and Fe oxides. The soil is found in cool and moist type of climates. Their pH ranges from around 4.5 to 5.5.
Coniferous forests are a biome of terrestrial habitat. These habitats have warm summers and cool winters. The trees rich in coniferous forests are called conifers that have needle like leaves. They also do not have flowers but have conifers. Coniferous forests are generally evergreen.
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Besides the supinator, which other muscle is a powerful supinator of the forearm?.
Besides the supinator, the other muscle that is a powerful supinator of the forearm is: the biceps brachii. The biceps brachii is responsible for elbow flexion and forearm supination.
What is the biceps brachii?The biceps brachii is a large, thick muscle on the front of our upper arm that is located between the shoulder and the elbow. This muscle often looks like a horseshoe shape. The biceps brachii’s primary function is as an extension of the elbow joint.
While the biceps are located on the front upper arm, there are other muscles known as the triceps on the back of the upper arm, which are responsible for arm extension.
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A population of plants contains individuals with flowers that are yellow or red.
Over time, the population changes so that most individuals have orange
flowers. Which term describes the process that has occurred in this
population?
OA. Directional selection
B. Stabilizing selection
OC. Genetic drift
D. Disruptive selection
Answer:
Explanation:
Yes, It can be happned
The population change so that most of the individuals have orange flowers is an example of directional selection. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is Directional stabilization?In population genetics, the directional selection is a mode of negative natural selection through which an extreme phenotype is favored over the other phenotypes in a population, that causes the allele frequency of that particular allele to shift over time in the direction of that particular phenotype.
A population which changes over time so that most of the individuals have orange flowers is an example of directional stabilization.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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which of the following genetics terms is correctly matched with its definition? group of answer choices alleles: gene variants that arise by mutation and exist on relatively the same parts of homologous chromosomes genotype: the observable traits expressed by an organism phenotype: useful for determining genetic probabilities of fertilization events heterozygous: when a diploid organism gets two identical alleles of a gene
Match the genetic word to the associated trait: Homozygous. A gene with two identical alleles.
What types of qualities are examples?Character traits includes things like sincerity, loyalty, charity, and restlessness. These are only a few of the numerous character traits that could aid in your understanding of yourself or those around you.
What character feature is common?All port, any of a variety of per-sistent traits that chara-cterize or dictate a person's conduct in a range of circumstances, are shared by many people, and are displayed in a comparable man-ner.
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an entity with two identical or similar alleles for a certain trait. Heterozygous. a living thing with two distinct alleles for the same characteristic. Phenotype.
What in biology is an organism?An organism refers to just a living object with a organized structure, could react to stimuli, procreate, develop, adapt, etc maintain homeostasis. Therefore, every mammal, plant, fungus, protist, bacterial, or archaeon found on Earth would be considered an organism.
what organism it unicellular ?Living things with only one cell, which performs all the functions, are referred to as unicellular organisms. Amoeba, Unicellular, bacteria, and Cyanobacteria are a few examples.
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WILL GIVE 100 POINTS! GOOD LUCK :)
Answer:
Explanation:
1. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. The relative humidity is the healthy range of humidity in the atmosphere.
2. The heat index, also known as the apparent temperature, is what the temperature feels like to the human body when relative humidity is combined with the air temperature.
3. Water vapor in the air reaches its dew point as it cools in the air around the can, forming liquid drops of water.
4. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air.
5. Water vapor, water vapor, or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water.
6. A measure of the actual amount of water vapor (moisture) in the air, regardless of the air's temperature.
7. The temperature but also the absolute pressure of the system of interest.
8. Dew occurs when the relative humidity reaches 100 percent.
Where in the cell cycle do you think the mutation occurred? Please explain your
reasoning.
Answer:
Metaphase.
Explanation:
Chromosomal mutation are either having an extra or missing piece, or having an extra or missing chromosome. An extra or missing piece happens during crossing over where the exchanged parts both go to one side, so one side has an extra chromosome piece and the other has a missing one. This happens in metaphase.
A sequence of biotic changes that regenerate or create an ecological community is known as?.
A sequence of biotic changes that regenerate or create an ecological community is known as Succession.
Ecological succession is the gradual evolution of a community's constituent species over time. The process by which a region's species and habitat mix evolves over time is called ecological succession. These communities gradually replace one another until a "climax community" is attained, such as a mature forest, or until a disruption, such as a fire, happens. A key idea in ecology is ecological succession.
Nudation, Invasion, Competition and Co-action, Reaction, and Climax or Stabilization are the five stages of succession. At the same location, a succession of biotic communities organically emerge one after another until the Climax stage is reached. In their early stages, biotic communities evolve slowly.
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Describe the characteristics and significance of the carbon atom ( organic chemistry )
Answer:
Carbon has an exceptional ability to bind with a wide variety of other elements. Carbon makes four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds, allowing carbon atoms to form multiple stable bonds with other small atoms, including hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Explanation:
Carbon has an exceptional ability to bind with a wide variety of other elements. Carbon makes four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds, allowing carbon atoms to form multiple stable bonds with other small atoms, including hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
when atp is abundant, which processes are likely to occur? choose one or more: gluconeogenesis glycolysis glycogen synthesis glycogen breakdown mobilization of fats
The process which happens when ATP is abundant is the process of gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis.
Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate sources, the most important raw materials being pyruvic acid or oxaloacetate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. When the intake of carbs from food is insufficient for the needs of the body, the body will turn glucose into energy to meet the needs of the body.
Glycogen synthesis: is the process of glycogen formation from sugar. When there is an increase in blood sugar, the insulin hormone will facilitate the glucose in the blood to store in the liver and muscle cells as energy reserve.
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Carbon is able to bond…
A. many elements.
B. only with non-metal elements.
C. only with CHONPS elements and no others.
Use this model to describe unobservable relationships
I don't completely comprehend what you are asking for, but I will try my best to answer your question. First, we can notice that there are two bonds between Adenine and Thymine, while there are 3 bonds between Guanine and Cytosine. This suggests that bonded Guanine and Cytosine pairs are stronger than bonded Adenine and Thymine pairs. Additionally, we can conclude that Adenine and Cytosine are both purines, as in the model, both bases are depicted with a 6-membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring, which is what defines a purine. On the other hand, Thymine and Cytosine are both pyrimidines since, in the model, they are depicted with only one 6-membered ring, which is what defines a pyrimidine.
ellie may, a mother with type b blood, has a child with type o blood. she claims that jethro, who has type a blood, is the father. he claims that he cannot possibly be the father. further, blood tests ordered by maury povich reveal that the father is homozygous. judge joe brown rules that:
In addition, Maury povich's blood tests show that the father is homozygous. The Jerry Springer show should be called, according to judge Joe Brown, who agrees with Jethro.
What is often examined during a blood test?Blood tests are frequently performed. Find out how well-functioning organs like your kidneys, liver, heart, or thyroid are, as directed by healthcare professionals. aid in the diagnosis of illnesses like HIV/AIDS, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and cancer.
What activities are prohibited prior to a blood test?Avoiding certain meals and beverages, such as alcohol, grilled meats, and herbal tea. avoiding overindulging the day before a test. not a smoker. avoiding certain actions, such as engaging in sexual activity or hard exercise.
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how does iodine staining effect the life process of the cell
Answer:
As a biological stain, iodine is useful for studying plant cells because it stains starch blue-black and in animal tissue, it can help in the demonstration of nuclei and cell membranes
