how can you increase system efficiency

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is that part of the endomembrane system which is probably affected by this new drug

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in several metabolic activities. It produces steroids, phospholipids like those found in plasma membranes, and lipids. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is overproduced in cells that emit these substances, such as cells in the testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands.

Proteins obtained from the ER are further processed and sorted in the Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, where they are eventually transported to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. As was already mentioned, the Golgi apparatus also produces sphingomyelin and glycolipids.

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Answer:

You got this!

Determine which equation is false, based on the solution set S:{4}.

3t = 12

3m + 7 = 14

4(4c + 1) = 68

9 = 5p − 11

Explanation:

No there is no chance that an affected individual could not possibly be homozygous and thus the disease may be autosomal recessive.

The majority of cases of keratoderma with woolly hair are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that each cell's two copies of the affected gene are mutated. Woolly Hair is a rare congenital abnormality of the scalp hair that affects non-black people and manifests as tightly coiled hair in a specific area of the scalp or covering the entire side. Woolly hair that is isolated or localised is typically benign and unrelated to other conditions or complications.

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Specific gravity indicates the amount of dissolved substances in the urine.

As it travels through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney, urea, along with water and other waste products, creates the urine. both ureters. From the kidneys to the bladder, urine travels through these tiny tubes. The excretory organs remove some additional, frequently poisonous compounds from the circulatory fluids and expel them from the body through urine, which is a liquid or semisolid solution of metabolic wastes. Urine often reflects an organism's needs for water in terms of composition.

The difference between an object's density and that of a standard substance is its specific gravity. Depending on its value, the specific gravity might indicate whether an object will float or sink in our reference substance. A laboratory test called urine specific gravity reveals the concentration of all chemical particles in the urine.

Thus from above conclusion we can say that specific gravity indicates the amount of dissolved substances in the urine.

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Organisn high on the fod chain because of Biomagnification process.

Biomagnification is the accumulation of a chemical through an organism from water and food publicity that consequences in a attention this is greater than might have resulted from water publicity only and accordingly extra than predicted from equilibrium.

Biomagnification occurs whilst poisonous chemical substances, like DDT, whose remains within the environment are consumed in a roundabout way by organisms thru meals. Whilst an organism within the higher meals chain consumes the decrease organism containing such chemicals, the chemicals can get gathered within the better organism.

Biomagnification is vital in toxicology because it offers data concerning the amount of pollutants in an area and might deliver clues to disruptions to populations and ecological groups.

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It is possible to measure bottom-up links with flow webs, top-down linkages with ingestion/production webs, and trophic position using the secondary production of species in multi-species assemblages.

The organisms that eat the producers are the principal consumers.. They are numerous and often modest in size. Herbivorous animals are the main consumers (vegetarians). The organisms known as secondary consumers are carnivores that consume the prime consumers.

The relationship between the consumer and the food product is fundamental to the growth of food products, so it is crucial that it be taken into account at every stage of the process of changing eating habits. Understanding the consumer/product interaction can be done on three different levels: as an individual product, as a meal, and as an eating pattern.

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Answer: Segmented body plan

Explanation:

Answer:

Oxygen

Explanation:

Mutation in a eukaryotic organism is most likely to cause destruction of cells with radiation-induced DNA which leads to production of less p21 protein.

Mutation refers to the process of producing diversity in characteristics by altering the genetic sequence. The alteration may include deleting, inserting or simple rearranging of chromosomes.

Eukaryotic organisms are organism that have their nucleus clearly defined and protected by a nuclear membrane.  

When these types of organisms go through the process of mutation, the DNA of cells in which radiation is induced get damaged, this destruction is continued throughout the cell cycle and damaged DNA is not repaired. This causes the division of cells to be slower than usual because now the organism will produce lesser p21 protein.

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Using the theories of crossing over, we got that producing genetically diverse off spring benefits species a better chance of surviving in an unpredictable or changing environment.

Crossing over is exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, which actually results in new allelic combinations in the daughter cells.

Each diploid cell contains two copies of every chromosome, one derived from maternal gamete and the other from  paternal gamete. These pairs of chromosomes, are  derived from one parent, are called homologous chromosomes. When the diploid organisms undergo sexual reproduction, they first produce haploid gametes through meiosis.

Hence,the benefits  of producing genetically diverse offspring by crossing over is that it benefits species a better chance of surviving in an unpredictable or changing environment.

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In making of crude protein extract from your e. coli pellets, alumina play an important role .

The purification procedure consists of two separation techniques:  ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography. In this purification, an extract of E. coli is first created from a frozen pellet of the E. coli mutant strain which produces b-galactosidase. The extract is made by  by grinding them in a mortar and pestle with alumina.

After centrifuging, the supernatant is collected and used in the first fractionation step.  The proteins in the crude cellular extract are fractionated by exploiting differences in protein solubility.

Ammonium sulfate is to increase the ionic strength of the extract solution. Precipitated proteins are removed from the solution by centrifuging them into a pellet.  Fraction which has most b-galactosidase is fractionated by substrate affinity on a chromatography column to create other more fractions.

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The annual changes in carbon dioxide are caused by seasonal plant growth, whereas the cumulative rise over many years is due to a combination of fossil fuel consumption, deforestation, and cement production.

Although photosynthesis also takes place in the oceans, only land-based photosynthesis drives the seasonal cycles, since very little of the CO2 produced there actually enters the atmosphere.

Therefore, Since seasonal CO2 swings are a result of photosynthesis, areas with more vegetation will see more variations.

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Ant and acacia tree is an example of a mutualistic relationship in which one species provides defenses against herbivory for the other .

Acacia trees produce shelter by developing specialized structures also feed the ant colony, and the ants, in turn, defend the tree against herbivores.

Mutualism is the formation of a relationship that will mutually benefit two  parties that are distinct and are in the relationship. In this kind of relationship  Both the partners will be equally benefited from the each other . this is one of the most positive association between two different individual that stay and protect each other .

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In order to enzymatically digest lipid molecules, the digestive process first breaks those huge droplets of fat into smaller droplets using lipases, an enzyme.

Enzymes known as lipases are present in pancreatic juice (enzymes that break down lipids). Lipases have relatively limited surface area to work with when the lipid in the chyme clumps into big globules, rendering lipid digestion ineffective.

Triglyceride digestion takes place mostly in the small intestine, where bile and pancreatic lipase work to break down the fats into forms that may be absorbed.

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Autocrine pathway is represented by cells in the body that are able to both receive hormone stimulation and secrete the hormone to receptive neighboring cells.Autocrine is one of the hormone pathway
Cells communicate with other cells through extracellular messenger molecules.  These molecules can travel near or far from the cells that produce them.  In fact, there are molecules that can travel throughout the body, meaning over great distances from the source.
Types of hormon pathway
- Autocrine, meaning that the cell that produces the messenger molecule also has receptors for the messenger molecule and responds to the cell itself, which in turn can activate or inhibit the cell.
- Paracrine means that the messenger molecule travels a short distance through the extracellular space to another cell not far from the cell that produces the messenger molecule.  Why is it just so close.It could be because the molecule is unstable, degraded by enzymes, or bound to the extracellular matrix (ECM).
- Endocrine, meaning messenger molecules can travel long distances and these molecules travel through blood vessels.  These endocrine molecules are often referred to as hormones.
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Homologous structures are : d)often shared by organisms in the same line of descent. Hence d) is correct option.

Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor but  features are completely different are called Homologous structures. Example for homologous structures are the limbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats.

Homologous structures are body parts of organisms that have same anatomical features, therefore, indicating a common ancestor or developmental origin. They can share the same trait but they do not have the same function. Some examples are: the forelimbs of the bats and of humans are homologous structures.

Homologies are traits present in more than two organisms that are inherited from the common ancestor of those particular organisms.

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It has been shown that the scale of infertility in Ontario has significantly increased since 16 percent of couples may experience this problem when this value was only 8 percent in less than four decades.

The expression infertility problem makes a reference to all types of health problems associated with the fertilization process such as for example, the presence of toxicants in the water that may alter sperm count number under the microscope.

It has been shown that infertility problems have increased considerably in several cities in Canada, where the rate double in the last forty (40) years.

Causes of infertility include:

Therefore, with this data, we can see that infertility problems have dramatically increased in some cities of Canada including Ontario, thereby an integral view of the problem is required to solve this issue.

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The genes involved in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) have in common that they each play a role in metabolism of glucose, or insulin action and release.

The group of chemical processes in organisms that maintain life is known as metabolism. The three primary functions of metabolism are the transformation of food's energy into cellular energy, the synthesis of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and certain carbohydrates, and the removal of metabolic wastes. Organisms may grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and react to their environments thanks to these enzyme-catalyzed processes.

MODY, which stands for "Maturity-onset diabetes of the young," was previously known as Type 2 diabetes in adults because of how similar it behaved to Type 2 diabetes in young people. MODY is distinct from the juvenile form of diabetes in that it restricts the body's ability to manufacture insulin (Type 1 Diabetes).

Thus from above conclusion we can say that the genes involved in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) have in common that they each play a role in metabolism of glucose, or insulin action and release.

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100% of the progenies will be homozygous recessive for all the three traits, when two individuals with the genotype aabbcc are mated with no linkage in the genes.

Homozygous recessive is the condition of genotype where homozygous is the state where both the alleles in the genotype are of same type. Recessive is the condition where the alleles are not able to express their effect individually. They display their characters only when occur in a pair.  If a cross is made between two homozygous recessive individuals, then all their progenies also show the same character.

Linkage is the property of closeness of genes. This unit of distance between the genes is centimorgan. If two genes have a distance of less than 50 centimorgan, they are said to be linked. A distance of 50 centimorgan or above states that the genes are not linked.

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The suborganellar structure that will become visible after staining is nucleoid.

In the field of biology, nucleoid can be described as a region inside the prokaryotic cell in which the DNA is present.

The prokaryotes do not have a membrane-bound nucleus like the eukaryotes. Hence, the region where the genetic material of the prokaryotes is present is an irregular shaper structure referred to as the nucleoid.

When DNA is stained with a DNA-binding dye, the suborganellar structure that will become visible will be the nucleoid as it is the region where the DNA is present.

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The orange odour molecules make their way up to his nose and then get translated into neural signals through activation of the olfactory epithelium.

Inside the nasal cavity, there is a membrane layer called the olfactory epithelium. The nasal cavity's ceiling is covered cellular tissue called the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory sensory system, which includes the olfactory epithelium, transmits smell signals to the brain. It accomplishes this by capturing scents that cross the cilia and then relaying information about them to the olfactory bulb.The front of the brain is home to the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb analyses the data and sends it to other areas of the brain once it receives it from the cells in the nasal cavity

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Genetic drift is best described as the redistribution of the frequency of gene occurrence in a(n) a. population.

In the field of biology, genetic drift can be described as a random event in which the allele frequency for a certain population modifies or changes due to an unexpected event.

A gene frequency that was low might become higher and vice versa as a result of genetic drift.

This shift in allele frequency, referred to as genetic drift, might also cause an allele to completely disappear from a certain population.

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Answer: organism has a membrane bound nucleus.

Explanation:

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus which has nuclear membrane & in prokaryotic cells DNA is not contained in a membrane bound nucleus it is simply in a region of the cell called the nucleoid.

D. High mountain communities are most likely to be threatened by climate change.

What is climate change?

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global warming is responsible for a number of extreme impact events, making mountain ecosystems particularly vulnerable to climate change.

As glaciers continue to recede, less water is available, which causes more erosion and landslides in mountainous regions. High mountains are considered "particularly temperature-sensitive locations," and there is data to suggest that temperatures are increasing more quickly at higher elevations.

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As compared to its surroundings, the concentration of solutes is low inside a cell. So, the cell is in hypertonic solution. A particular solute in this cell uses energy for its transport from the cell to its surroundings. This type of transport is known as Active transport.

A hypertonic solution is the one where the concentration of solutes is more than the intracellular solute concentration. Therefore, the movement of water from inside of the cell to the outside. This causes the shrinkage of cell.

Active transport uses some form of energy to transport the molecules against their concentration gradient. This energy can be direct from ATP, called primary active transport. Or due to the coupled downhill transport of some other molecule, called secondary active transport.

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Natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored is Directional, in which extreme values of trait are favored over intermediate is disruptive and which favors stabilized phenotype is stabilizing selection.

Directional Selection

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life, the seminal 1859 work by the English biologist and scientist Charles Darwin, was the first to identify directional selection as a type of natural selection.

According to the directional selection theory, an extreme phenotype—a set of features or characteristics—is preferred to other phenotypes, and as a result, the allele frequency—the frequency with which a gene variant appears in a population—shifts over time in favor of the extreme phenotype. In other words, a feature will manifest itself in the population with the highest frequency if it is favorable.

Giraffe neck lengths serve as an illustration of directed selection. Because they could reach more food in the trees, giraffes with longer necks were favored by the environment's selection pressure. At the same time, giraffes with shorter necks faced selection pressure. Both long and short necks are extreme phenotypes, but due to selection pressure over time, the long neck phenotype predominated; that is, this characteristic in giraffes moved in favor of long necks.

Stabilizing Selection

Stabilizing selection is also referred to as "middle-of-the-road" selection since it favors a non-extreme characteristic over one of the two extreme ones. Plant height is an illustration of this. Short plants may not receive enough sunlight in a population of plants, and towering plants may sustain wind damage. This causes a decrease in the number of very tall and very short plants and an increase in medium-height plants. Stabilizing selection is thought to be the most prevalent method of natural selection because most features do not change significantly over time.

Human birthweight and bird egg production are two other instances of stabilizing selection (clutch size). Human babies' birth weights keep within a range because newborns with extremely low birth weights have a lower chance of surviving and those with extremely high birth weights can cause difficulties during delivery that endanger both the mother and the baby's lives. There is a maximum number of eggs that can be laid by a certain bird species in a clutch. The clutch should contain just the right number of eggs to protect it against disease and/or predators, but not too many that the parent(s) will have trouble feeding.

Selective Disruption

Natural selection of this kind favors extreme features in a population and is bimodal. For instance, some pollinators in a population of plants will visit the tallest plants, while another species will visit the medium-height plants, and a third species will favor the lowest plants. Natural selection would favor tall and short plants, the two extreme phenotypes, and remove the pollinator that favors medium-height plants, causing medium-height plants to become less common.

The size of the beaks of finches on the Galapagos Islands, which Darwin observed, is a more well-known illustration of disruptive selection. Finches with large and small beaks (no finches with medium-sized beaks) were preferred on certain of the islands because the bulk of seeds discovered there was either huge or small.

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Answer:

you need too go ask a tutor about this

Explanation:

Answer:0% No offspring can display the recessive trait

Explanation:

just did the test

The four terms that best describe meiosis are gametes, 4 cells produced, independent assortment and genetic variation.

The type of cell division that takes place in sexually-reproducing organisms is called meiosis. In this process, a single gametic cell undergoes division twice to form four daughter cells, each containing only half the genetic information of the parent cells.

Recombination between the gametes i.e., exchange of genetic material between them, occurs in Prophase 1 of meiosis, which gives rise to genetically varying cells. The chromosomes then move to opposite poles and segregate independently of each other to form gametes and this process is called independent assortment.

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If RNA polymerase can transcribe the dystrophin gene at an average rate of 43 nucleotides a second, the time taken to transcribe the entire gene will be 32.29 hours approximately.

In the question, it is given that the dystrophin gene is of the size 2.5 mega-base.

Now, 1 mega-base = 10⁶ base pairs.

Also, 1 base-pair = 2 nucleotides.

Therefore, the total nucleotides in the dystrophin gene will be

            = 2.5 ×  10⁶ × 2

            = 5 × 10⁶ nucleotides.

Since 43 nucleotides take 1 second to be transcribed.

1 nucleotide will take 1/43 seconds.

Hence, 5 × 10⁶ nucleotides will take = (5 × 10⁶) / 43 seconds.

Converting, it into hours = (5 × 10⁶) / (43 × 3600) hours.

Thus, the total time taken is 32.29 hours.

The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:

The size of dystrophin gene is 2.5 mega-bases. If RNA polymerase can transcribe the dystrophin gene at an average rate of 43 nucleotides a second, how long does it take to transcribe the entire gene? Use two decimal places for the answer.  

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