how did propaganda shape american views of world war i? how has propaganda shaped american views and mores during other twentieth century events?

The governmental measure that was explained as an increase in security to protect U.S. citizens from terrorist attacks is option B: the Patriot Act.

The government's proposed action, described as a security enhancement to safeguard the United States, will be implemented. The measure that safeguards individuals from terrorist assaults is known as the Patriot Act.

Therefore, one can say that the objective of providing more advanced surveillance and investigative abilities to law enforcement agencies was to avoid upcoming terrorist attacks.

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Answer:

B

Explanation:

because Virginia tobacco plantations were in ... indentured servants..

correct me if I'm wrong

The change in the labor force of the southern British colonies by the 1700s, as depicted in the excerpt, is that slavery became more widespread than indentured servitude. This was driven by the demand for labor in agriculture.

The change in the labor force of the southern British colonies by the 1700s as depicted in the excerpt is that slavery became more widespread than indentured servitude.

The excerpt mentioned, "The labor force in the southern British colonies became increasingly dependent on African slaves for labor, both because they were easier to manage and because their skin color and language made them less likely to escape."

Hence, it is clearly indicated that slavery became more widespread than indentured servitude represented a change in the labor force of the southern British colonies by the 1700s.

The practice of slavery became so widespread in the southern colonies of British America due to the demand for labor in tobacco, rice, and indigo cultivation.

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The phrase "revolutions devour their own children" was coined by Jacques Mallet du Pan, a Swiss essayist, in reference to the French Revolution.

The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political change in France from 1789 to 1799, during which the country went through numerous social and political upheavals. During the French Revolution, many of the revolution's most prominent leaders, including Maximilien Robespierre, fell victim to the very system they helped to create.The evidence from the French Revolution that supports the statement "revolutions devour their own children" is as follows:During the Reign of Terror (1793–94), when the revolutionary government was attempting to crush opposition and maintain order, Maximilien Robespierre, a leading figure in the Revolution, was among the 16,000 people executed by the guillotine. The same revolutionary court that Robespierre himself had established sentenced him to death. Georges Danton, another leading figure in the Revolution, was also executed during the Reign of Terror after he became a political liability to the revolutionary government. He had been a close associate of Robespierre and played a crucial role in overthrowing the monarchy. During the Thermidorian Reaction (1794), the revolutionary government was overthrown, and Robespierre was executed along with his closest allies. This demonstrates how the revolution, which began as a struggle for freedom and equality, became a means of violence and repression against those who spoke out against the government.In conclusion, the phrase "revolutions devour their own children" refers to the idea that revolutionary movements often end up harming or destroying the very people who initiated them. This was demonstrated during the French Revolution, where many of the revolution's leaders were executed by the government they helped to create.

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The focus of this article is the arrival of foreign-born workers in Mexico in pursuit of employment.

The article talks about the foreign-born workers coming to Mexico in search of employment.

The author describes the vast number of people who have arrived in Mexico to pursue job opportunities, as the article mainly focuses on the immigrants who have moved from the United States to Mexico.

The writer of this article emphasizes the fact that it is not only Mexico that has been attracting the immigrants but the United States as well, making it easier for them to move to Mexico for jobs.

The article explains the impact of these immigrants on the Mexican economy and job market.

It discusses the challenges these immigrants have had to face in trying to obtain employment and adjust to the Mexican way of life.

This article is very informative and provides insights into the experiences of the immigrants who move to Mexico in search of work.

In conclusion, the focus of this article is the arrival of foreign-born workers in Mexico in pursuit of employment.

The article describes the struggles and challenges that the immigrants face when trying to obtain employment in Mexico.

It highlights the role that foreign-born workers play in the Mexican economy and job market.

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The consequence of having a "feeble" or weak executive in a major republic like ancient Rome can have several implications. It's important to note that the Roman Republic had a complex system of checks and balances with multiple branches of government, including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

The Roman Republic itself experienced periods of both strong and weak executive leadership, and these dynamics played a role in shaping the course of Roman history.

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Answer: True

Explanation: I took the test and I just know the answer.

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Artifacts are objects created or modified by humans that hold historical, cultural, or scientific significance. They provide insights into the past and the lives of ancient civilizations. Among the options given, the only item that is not typically considered an artifact is option A) dishes.

Dishes, such as plates, bowls, and cups, are common household objects used for eating and serving food. While they can have aesthetic value and be passed down through generations as heirlooms, they are not typically classified as artifacts in the same sense as bones, tools, and drawings. Bones, especially those of ancient humans or animals, are significant artifacts in paleontology and archaeology. They provide crucial information about past life forms, including their anatomy, behavior, and evolution. Tools, such as stone tools or ancient weapons, are important artifacts as they reveal the technological advancements and skills of past societies. They offer insights into hunting, tool-making techniques, and the development of early civilizations. Drawings, including cave paintings, petroglyphs, or ancient artworks, are significant artifacts that provide a visual representation of human creativity, beliefs, and cultural practices throughout history. In summary, while dishes are not typically considered artifacts, bones, tools, and drawings are all important artifacts that contribute to our understanding of the past.

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"Americans have come to accept the West as a dry, hilly region. They did not attempt to orchestrate the landscape's change; they just settled along rivers where there was water." The statement is false.

While it is true that many Americans moved to areas near rivers in order to have access to water, it is false to claim that they just did so and did not utilize engineering to change the environment.

For the purpose of farming in arid areas, Americans built irrigation systems like canals and ditches that channel water from rivers. To catch and store water for dry seasons, they constructed dams, reservoirs, and water storage systems.

To overcome the obstacles given by the dry and hilly environment, major technical efforts were required to reshape the Western landscape.

Therefore, the statement is false.

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The quote "the world is not static, and the status quo is not sacred" by Truman means that everything in the world changes and the established state of affairs is not necessarily sacred. In other words, Truman is saying that the status quo, or the current state of affairs, is not necessarily sacred or unchangeable. The world is not static refers to the idea that the world is always changing, and new things are coming into being while others are passing away.

This means that the status quo, or the current state of affairs, is not necessarily sacred or unchangeable. What was once considered a norm, in Truman's opinion, may not be suitable in the present day. Therefore, the status quo is not something that should be held onto as a matter of principle because it can be harmful to the people.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Two presidents who had a significant effect on upholding slavery in the U.S. during the mid-1850s were Millard Fillmore and Franklin Pierce. Fillmore, who served as the 13th president from 1850 to 1853, supported the Compromise of 1850, which included the Fugitive Slave Act.

This law strengthened the rights of slaveholders and required the return of escaped slaves, thereby bolstering the institution of slavery. Pierce, the 14th president from 1853 to 1857, further deepened the divide by advocating for the expansion of slavery into new territories, including through the controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. These policies contributed to the intensification of tensions between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the lead-up to the American Civil War.

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The US aided Indochina against Japan that US action in 1941 angered the Japanese and resulted in the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The correct answer is option B.

The United States formally entered World War II following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, not Nanjing or Indochina. The United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, not as a result of an attack on Nanjing or Indochina.

The attack on Pearl Harbor, located in Hawaii, was a significant event that led to the United States declaring war on Japan.  Prior to the attack, the United States had been involved in the war through providing support to Allied forces, but it was the attack on Pearl Harbor that prompted the formal entry of the United States into World War II.

The attack on Nanjing, which occurred in 1937, and events in Indochina were separate from the events that directly triggered the United States' entry into the war. Hence, option B is correct answer.

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Complete Question:

What US action in 1941 angered the Japanese and resulted in the bombing of Pearl Harbor?

a. The US signed the Destroyers for Bases agreement.

b. The US aided Indochina against Japan.

c. The US froze Japan's assets and exports.

d. The US aided China in war against Japan.

The Currency Act of 1764 was adopted by Parliament in 1764 to "prevent paper bills of credit hereafter issued in any of His Majesty's colonies from being made legal tender."

This act was enacted as part of the Townshend Acts, a series of measures imposed by the British government on the American colonies.The Currency Act aimed primarily at the colonial practise of printing paper money as legal tender.

It forbade the colonies from issuing new paper notes of credit and ruled that existing ones were no longer valid tender for debt payment. The act instead required that all debts and obligations be fulfilled in British sterling.

The Currency Act of 1764 was largely intended to reinforce British mercantilist objectives by tightening control over colonial economies. It was part of the British government's larger endeavour to exert its authority over the American colonies and enhance its economic and political dominance.

This statute, along with others such as the Sugar statute and the Stamp Act, exacerbated tensions between Britain and its American colonies, eventually culminating to the American Revolution.

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Hallie's notion of power relations, as it relates to the reality of cruelty, can be understood through his concept of the "ordinary perpetrator." According to Hallie, ordinary people are capable of committing acts of cruelty when placed in certain power relations.

Hallie argues that power imbalances, hierarchical structures, and social dynamics can shape individuals' behavior and enable acts of cruelty. When individuals are granted or assume positions of power over others, they may be tempted to exploit their authority, dehumanize their victims, and engage in acts of violence. This power dynamic can create a sense of entitlement and moral detachment, allowing individuals to rationalize or justify their cruel actions.

Furthermore, Hallie highlights the role of social norms, ideologies, and group dynamics in perpetuating cruelty. When cruelty becomes normalized or legitimized within a particular social context, individuals may conform to these norms or feel pressured to participate in cruel acts to maintain their social standing or belonging.

In essence, Hallie's notion of power relations emphasizes that cruelty can emerge from the complex interplay of power dynamics, societal structures, and individual motivations. Understanding these power relations is crucial for comprehending the root causes of cruelty and developing strategies to prevent and address it.

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One piece of evidence that would support the author’s characterization of Russia’s political culture prior to the Bolshevik Revolution is the suppression of political opposition. According to the author's characterization of Russia’s political culture prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, the government had a history of repressing its political opposition. It was the autocratic and totalitarian government that sought to maintain its power and authority over the masses through such repression.

The government's use of censorship, propaganda, and the use of violence was widespread during this period to suppress the voices of the political opposition. Political critics, writers, and thinkers were often jailed or forced into exile for speaking out against the government or calling for reform.

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Importantly, food imports to the Pacific region give people access to food on a physical (locally available), social (preferences can favour packaged food over local food), and economic (imported foods are generally cheaper per kcal) level that they would not otherwise have if food were only produced domestically.

In Pacific Islander culture, food is extremely important and serves as a symbol of abundance, charity, and group solidarity. Visitors are welcomed, and they are typically requested to share a meal. Even if a guest is not hungry, he or she will typically consume a small amount of food to avoid disappointing the host. Food is frequently provided as a gift as well, and declining food is seen as a slight on the host or giver.

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Alfred Barr's assertion is regarding the impact of the upward thrust of the Nazi regime in Germany and its effect on German artists. The "flight" mentioned within the statement refers to the emigration or exile of many German artists who opposed or were persecuted with the aid of the Nazi regime. These artists, who often held progressive or avant-garde views, confronted increasing censorship, suppression, and the hazard of persecution in Nazi Germany.

The emigration or exile of German artists had a great impact on the art scene within the United States. Many of these artists sought safe haven inside the United States, mainly in cities like New York, which have become a hub for inventive and intellectual expression. The influx of German artists enriched American art globally and contributed to the development of contemporary and modern art within the United States.

The arrival of those German artists delivered new creative perspectives, strategies, and thoughts inspired by means of European avant-garde actions together with Expressionism, Dadaism, and Bauhaus. Their presence challenged and extended the artistic conventions triumphing inside the United States at the time, introducing new procedures to abstraction, figurative artwork, and conceptualism.

The effect of these exiled German artists can be visible in diverse aspects of American artwork. They influenced the improvement of summary expressionism, which emerged as an outstanding motion in the United States within the mid-twentieth century. Artists like Hans Hofmann, Josef Albers, and Max Ernst, who fled Nazi Germany, played large roles in shaping this motion.

Furthermore, the trade of thoughts between German exiles and American artists fostered a cross-pollination of artistic practices and philosophies. It led to the combination of European modernist influences in American artwork and contributed to the diversification and internationalization of the American artwork scene.

In summary, the flight of German artists from Nazi Germany had a profound effect on the artwork of the United States. It enriched American artwork globally by way of bringing in new inventive views, techniques, and ideas, shaping the improvement of present-day and contemporary artwork within the United States and contributing to the upward thrust of actions like abstract expressionism.

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The political consequences of Britain's Glorious Revolution differed from those of the French Revolution in several ways. The Glorious Revolution refers to the events that took place in Britain in 1688 when James II was overthrown and replaced by William III and Mary II. This event had a significant impact on British politics and led to several political consequences.

The political consequences of Britain's Glorious Revolution are as follows:1. Constitutional monarchy The Glorious Revolution resulted in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in Britain. William and Mary agreed to accept the Bill of Rights, which limited the power of the monarch and granted more power to Parliament. The establishment of a constitutional monarchy was a significant political consequence of the Glorious Revolution.2. Parliamentary supremacy The Glorious Revolution resulted in the establishment of parliamentary supremacy in Britain. Parliament became the supreme law-making body in the country, and the monarch's power was severely limited. This was a significant political consequence of the Glorious Revolution.3. The rise of political parties The Glorious Revolution led to the rise of political parties in Britain.

The Whigs and the Tories emerged as the two main political parties in the country. This was a significant political consequence of the Glorious Revolution. The French Revolution, on the other hand, had several political consequences that differed from those of the Glorious Revolution. These consequences include the overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of a republic, the Reign of Terror, the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the spread of revolutionary ideals throughout Europe. In conclusion, while the Glorious Revolution and the French Revolution had several similarities in terms of their political consequences, they also had significant differences. The Glorious Revolution resulted in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, parliamentary supremacy, and the rise of political parties, while the French Revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of a republic, and the spread of revolutionary ideals throughout Europe.

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An ideal ruler in Confucianism does not possess the feature of absolute power. Confucianism emphasizes the importance of benevolent governance.

Confucianism promotes the idea of a virtuous ruler who governs with wisdom and compassion. Literary knowledge is considered essential for a ruler to make informed decisions and lead effectively. By studying classical texts and engaging in intellectual pursuits, the ruler gains knowledge and wisdom to guide their governance. Furthermore, a sense of tradition is valued in Confucianism, as it provides a framework for ethical behavior and social harmony. The ruler's adherence to traditional values and customs fosters stability and continuity in society.

Moreover, the ideal ruler in Confucianism is expected to serve as a moral example. Confucius believed that a ruler's virtuous conduct would inspire and guide the people towards ethical behavior. By embodying moral virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, and integrity, the ruler sets an example for the entire society to follow. This moral leadership fosters a harmonious and just society where individuals uphold ethical principles and fulfill their roles and responsibilities.

In contrast, absolute power is not considered an attribute of an ideal ruler in Confucianism. Confucius emphasized the importance of a ruler's accountability to the people and the need for checks and balances to prevent abuses of power. The ruler's authority is not absolute but is grounded in the well-being and prosperity of the governed. A ruler who exercises power without restraint or consideration for the welfare of the people would deviate from the ideal envisioned by Confucianism.

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Camp Gruber is an infantry training base.

Vance Air Force Base - Pilot training school Tinker Field - Aircraft maintenance depot

Camp Gruber in Oklahoma was an important army training camp during WWII. It provided soldiers with training and readiness for deployment to the front lines. The camp was in charge of educating infantry personnel various fighting skills, physical conditioning, and military tactics.

Tinker Field, located near Oklahoma City, was an important aircraft maintenance station during WWII. It was in charge of military aircraft repair, maintenance, and modification. Tinker Field was critical in keeping aircraft operational and in peak condition for combat missions.

Vance Air Force Base near Enid, Oklahoma, functioned as the base.

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Mary Cassatt was a prominent artist during the Gilded Age, a period of rapid industrialization and wealth accumulation in America.

Her paintings, such as "The Child's Bath," often depict intimate moments of domestic life, highlighting the growing leisure time and wealth of the middle class during this era. The painting also shows the impact of new technology and mass production on daily life, with the bathtub being a symbol of modern convenience.

By focusing on the lives of privileged individuals, Cassatt's work reflects the themes of opulence and consumer culture that defined the Gilded Age.

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The term that best describes the Soviet States transition into independence is "Soviet Collapse."

After the Soviet Union's dissolution in December 1991, the term "Soviet Collapse" has been utilized to describe the event. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a federal socialist state located in Eurasia, collapsed, resulting in the development of 15 independent republics.

On December 26, 1991, the Soviet Union (USSR) was dissolved, leading to the formation of several independent countries, including Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and others. As a result, the Soviet Republics transitioned from being a communist country to independent nations, changing the course of world history.

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Contribution to modern science was made by Andreas Vesalius b. He published On the Structure of the Human Body which became the foundation of modern anatomy. Newton's book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy argue d. that mathematical principles could be applied to our understanding of the natural world. The Renaissance rediscovery of the work of Egyptian astronomer a. Ptolemy's system no longer seemed to work with what scientists were observing, and scientists began to look for other theories.

Andreas Vesalius, who was an anatomist and physician, contributed to modern science through his work on the human body's structure.

Vesalius published his work On the Structure of the Human Body, which is considered to be the foundation of modern anatomy, option B.

In this book, he refuted earlier teachings about the human body's structure, mainly those of Galen.

He emphasized that the human body's structure could be learned through dissection and direct observation.

In the 16th century, the vaccination that helped reduce the death rate across Europe was created by Edward Jenner.

Therefore, option A is not correct.

Vesalius is not considered to be the founder of physiology.

Though he contributed significantly to the field of physiology, this title is usually given to a German physiologist named Albrecht von Haller.

Hence, option C is incorrect.

Vesalius wrote public letters criticizing the Church for its non-acceptance of early scientific thought, but this is not his significant contribution to modern science.

Therefore, option D is incorrect.

The book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy was written by Isaac Newton.

It argued that mathematical principles could be applied to our understanding of the natural world, option D.

According to Newton, mathematics was an essential tool for unlocking the secrets of the universe, including gravity, the motions of planets, and the properties of light.

Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect.

The Renaissance rediscovery of the work of Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy helped start the Scientific Revolution because Ptolemy's system no longer seemed to work with what scientists were observing, and scientists began to look for other theories, option A.

During this period, there were significant developments in various fields, including astronomy, physics, and mathematics.

Therefore, options B, C, and D are incorrect.

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King Richard the Lionheart appears to have been a renowned warrior and leader, actively involved in military campaigns and crusades.

Several key points about King Richard the Lionheart:

Nickname and Reputation: King Richard was commonly known as "the Lionheart," which suggests that he was recognized for his bravery, courage, and prowess on the battlefield. The nickname implies that he was a skilled and fearless warrior.

Leadership and Military Actions: The text mentions that King Richard participated in the Third Crusade, which indicates his involvement in military campaigns in the Holy Land. This suggests that he was a leader who took an active role in defending Christian territories and promoting the ideals of the Crusades.

Imprisonment and Ransom: The text states that King Richard was captured and held for ransom during his return from the Crusade. This implies that he was a significant figure and a target for capture, potentially due to his leadership position and reputation. It also suggests that he had sufficient wealth and resources to be ransomed.

Father's Rule: The text mentions that King Richard succeeded his father, King Henry II. This indicates that he inherited the throne and had a lineage of rulership, suggesting a dynastic monarchy.

Time Period: The reference to the Third Crusade places King Richard in the late 12th century (specifically, 1189-1192). This helps establish the historical context and provides a timeframe for King Richard's reign and actions.

Based on these inferences, King Richard the Lionheart appears to have been a renowned warrior and leader, actively involved in military campaigns and crusades. His capture and subsequent ransom highlight his significance as a political figure, while his nickname underscores his reputation for bravery and valor on the battlefield.

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In the television show "The Persuaders," Absolute vodka bonded with the entertainment show "Sex and the City" for branding purposes. The correct option is c.

This collaboration proved to be a strategic move by Absolute vodka to enhance its brand image and target a specific demographic. "Sex and the City" was a highly popular TV series that aired from 1998 to 2004, focusing on the lives of four independent women living in New York City.

The show's portrayal of a glamorous and sophisticated lifestyle, coupled with its depiction of the characters frequently enjoying cocktails and nightlife, made it an ideal platform for Absolute vodka to showcase its product. By associating itself with "Sex and the City," Absolute vodka aimed to align its brand with the show's themes of luxury, fashion, and socializing.

The collaboration likely involved product placements, marketing campaigns, and possibly even custom-themed bottles or promotions tied to the show. This partnership allowed Absolute vodka to leverage the show's massive fan base and reach a targeted audience of young, fashionable, and trend-conscious individuals. It provided an opportunity for the brand to create a strong and lasting impression, ultimately leading to increased brand awareness, sales, and market share.

Absolute vodka bonded with the entertainment show "Sex and the City" in "The Persuaders" to tap into the show's popularity and appeal to its target audience, strategically leveraging the association to enhance brand recognition and sales.

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The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 led to all the following reforms except gave Native Americans the right to intertribal marriage. The correct option is C.

Land management, tribal leadership, and economic development were the three main areas of emphasis of the Indian Reorganisation Act. By promoting self-determination and cultural preservation, it sought to rebuild and strengthen Native American tribes. The issue of intertribal marriage was not addressed, despite the fact that it included facilities for finance, business creation, and worker training.

Thus, the ideal selection is option C.

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The dictator whose involvement in drug trafficking activity led to the United States removing him from power in 1989 was Manuel Noriega.

Noriega, the military ruler of Panama, was a key figure in the international drug trade and had close ties to various drug cartels, including the notorious Medellín Cartel led by Pablo Escobar.

Noriega's involvement in drug trafficking became a matter of concern for the United States as it threatened regional stability and had a direct impact on American interests. The U.S. government had previously supported Noriega due to his cooperation in intelligence sharing and anti-communist efforts, but his criminal activities eventually outweighed any perceived benefits.

The United States took action against Noriega through a military intervention known as Operation Just Cause. In December 1989, U.S. forces invaded Panama with the objective of removing Noriega from power and bringing him to justice for drug trafficking and other criminal charges. The operation was swift and resulted in Noriega's capture and subsequent imprisonment in the United States.

The removal of Noriega from power highlighted the United States' commitment to combatting drug trafficking and its determination to hold accountable those involved in such illicit activities, even if they held positions of political power. The operation also signaled  a shift in U.S. foreign policy towards Latin America, emphasizing the importance of democratic governance and the rule of law.

Final answer:

In summary, Manuel Noriega's involvement in drug trafficking activity prompted the United States to intervene militarily and remove him from power in 1989, reflecting the U.S. government's determination to address the issue of drug trafficking and uphold regional stability in the Americas.

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Opium was the item which England exported to China in an attempt to battle its trade deficit with that country. This led to the First Opium War from 1839 to 1842 and was fought between Great Britain and China over the illegal trade of opium.

Opium is a narcotic obtained from the unripe seedpods of the opium poppy. The Opium War was sparked by a diplomatic crisis between China and Great Britain over the Chinese campaign against the drug opium. The Chinese had destroyed 20,000 chests of opium imported by British traders, who were seeking a payment in return.

A trade deficit refers to a situation where a country's imports exceed its exports over a given period. In other words, it represents the negative balance of trade, where the value of goods and services a country imports is higher than the value of what it exports.

The Opium War refers to a series of armed conflicts that took place between China and Western powers in the 19th century. The wars were primarily fought over the issue of the opium trade, which had devastating effects on China.

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The item that England exported to China in an attempt to battle its trade deficit with that country was option (d) opium. The trade deficit of Britain with China was because Britain imported more goods than it exported to China.

In the late 1700s and early 1800s, China's balance of payments fell behind because of trade deficits with Britain, which resulted in a large quantity of silver flowing out of the country and into Britain. Opium exports from India to China by the British were an attempt to balance this trade deficit. Despite the fact that China had prohibited opium importation, British merchants persisted in smuggling the substance into China, causing an addiction epidemic and leading to the Opium Wars between Britain and China, which lasted from 1839 to 1842 and from 1856 to 1860. As a result of these conflicts, China was forced to open its ports to foreign trade, allowing the British to expand their commercial interests in China and reducing the trade deficit.  Thus, option (d) is the correct answer.

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Government lacks the authority to suppress dissent as safeguarding freedom of speech is crucial for democracy.

The impact of suppressing dissent on World War I's outcome remains uncertain due to various influential factors.

1) Freedom of speech and expression are fundamental rights that should be upheld by the government, regardless of the circumstances.

2)  The United States' decision to pass the Espionage and Sedition Acts during World War I and suppress dissent was driven by concerns about national security and maintaining morale, but the direct impact on the outcome of the war is uncertain.

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The use of elections to select skilled, knowledgeable leaders. Option D.

Philosophers in Western civilizations have set various precedents that have influenced future governments and societies. While all the options mentioned (A, B, C, and D) have had an impact, the use of elections to select skilled, knowledgeable leaders stands out as a significant precedent.

The concept of democracy and the idea that citizens have a say in selecting their leaders can be traced back to ancient Greece, particularly to the work of philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. They advocated for a form of government where power is vested in the people, and leaders are chosen through a system of elections.

This idea of citizen participation and selecting skilled individuals to lead has shaped the development of democratic systems throughout Western civilizations.

Over the centuries, the principle of elections to choose leaders has been refined and expanded upon. It has become a fundamental aspect of modern democratic societies, ensuring that leaders are accountable to the people they serve.

Elections provide an opportunity for citizens to express their preferences, and the process allows for the selection of individuals with the necessary skills, knowledge, and qualifications to govern effectively.

By establishing the use of elections, philosophers have paved the way for representative democracies, where ordinary citizens have a voice in the lawmaking process.

While option B (the participation of ordinary citizens in lawmaking) also relates to citizen involvement, the use of elections encompasses a broader scope and is a fundamental mechanism for selecting leaders.

In conclusion, the use of elections to select skilled, knowledgeable leaders has been a significant precedent set by philosophers in Western civilizations.

This practice has shaped the development of democratic systems, ensuring citizen participation, accountability, and the selection of capable leaders to govern societies. So Option D is correct.

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