How do you clean a range hood filter naturally?.

Ginkgo biloba is the scientific name of living fossil.

An extant taxon that superficially resembles closely related species solely known from the fossil record is referred to as a living fossil. The fossil species must be old in relation to the beginning of the current clade in order to qualify as a living fossil. Living fossils frequently come from lineages with few species, but this is not necessary. Living fossils never belong to the same species as the distant relatives they superficially resemble because genetic drift would inevitably alter their chromosomal structure.

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In the absence of oxygen, only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose produced by aerobic respiration.

Examples include: In humans, animals, birds, and insects, when glucose breakdown occurs with use of oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration. Yeast, for example, are organisms that can live without oxygen in the air because they obtain energy through the process of anaerobic respiration.

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The proportion of offspring phenotypes that would result when two merle dogs mate, if one dog is true-breeding for the long-coat trait and the other dog is true-breeding for the short-coat trait is LL x ll= Ll, Ll, Ll and Ll.

Phenotype is defined as the set of recognized characteristics or traits of an organism. There mainly four types phenotypes. According to Mendelian traits the human phenotype is of polygenic trait.  

The phenotype of the mating between two Mertie dogs with true long-coat trait and true short-coat trait is heterozygous long-coat dogs will be produced all through passed will be 4:0

Thus, the proportion of offspring phenotypes that would result when two merle dogs mate, if one dog is true-breeding for the long-coat trait and the other dog is true-breeding for the short-coat trait is LL x ll= Ll, Ll, Ll and Ll.

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This cell is undergoing telophase as the cell is easily visible under with two cells. When the stage of meiosis is taking place the cell then it divides into two daughter cells with half of the chromosomes.

Reductional division is the type of division that is present in meiosis that is the chromosomes number gets halved. In meiosis it is clearly evidently seen to view the 2 daughter cells.

The 4 phases of cell division are as following where :

1. Prophase – The chromosomes shorten,  and thicken.

2. Metaphase – Chromosomes line up,  in the middle of the cell.

3. Anaphase – Chromatids break apart at the centromere and move to opposite poles.

4.,Telophase – Two nuclei formed,  after nuclear envelopes reform around each group of chromosomes.

Here the cell is given with the individual DNA, cell bodies and nucleus in each of the cells present.

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Therefore, there will be 20 chromatids, all of which will be visible during prophase. From a diploid mother cell, mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells.

Genetic information only exists in one copy during the G1 phase since DNA has not yet been duplicated. However, the cell is still diploid and only has information for 46 chromatids rather than 46 chromosomes.

A range of proteins that are necessary for DNA replication are produced by the cell during this stage. All chromosomes are replicated during the G1 phase's successor, S phase. After replication, each chromosome has two sister chromatids (see figure below).

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The rungs of the DNA ladder made of four types of nitrogenous bases which are A, T, G, C.

The rungs of the DNA ladder made of four types of nitrogenous bases.

These nitrogenous bases are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T).

Adenine and guanine are termed as purines whereas thymine and cytosine are termed as pyrimidines.

These nitrogen bases pair as A-T and C-G.

A-T with the help of two hydrogen bonds and G-C with the help of three Hydrogen bonds.

The structure of DNA is made of sides and rungs. The sides or the backbone of DNA consists of sugar molecules and a phosphate group.

The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions.

That's why they are always complementary to each other. The two strands are held together by a hydrogen bond that is present between the two complementary nitrogenous bases.

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A presumptive identification of several species of Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, and Clostridium can be made through BLANK sensitivity testing. Antimicrobial.

Numerous cellular as well as viral pathogens are frequently identified using both immunologic and biochemical methods. Quick approaches for growing infectious pathogens include immunological testing.

Genotypic, proteotypic, and phenotypic analysis are the three techniques used to identify microorganisms. Proteotypic approaches study the expressed ribosomal proteins, whereas genomic identification examines the sequences in the rRNA regions of bacteria and fungi.

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Vertebrates, or animals with backbones, make up the majority of the species in the subphylum Vertebrata of the phylum Chordata. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all vertebrate chordates. One species of mammal, the modern human, is a well-known chordate.

Chordates from non-vertebrates: Cephalochordata (lancelets), Urochordata (tunicates), and Myxini (hagfishes) are chordates that lack vertebrae.

Invertebrates include flatworms, arthropods, sponges, and insects, among others. Vertebrates include birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals.

Chordates include a wide variety of animals, including pandas, crows, sharks, salamanders, alligators, and sea squirts. So, basically, to answer the question, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians make up

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If a homozygous dominant dog with brown fur is crossed with a heterozygous dog with brown fur, then the percentage of possible genotypes is 50% pure dominant and 50% heterozygous

How to find out?

First, we have to group them for easy identification.

BB = Homozogous dominant

Bb = Heterozygous

Then the two are crossed to become:

BB x Bb

Then obtained:

B B

B BB BB

b Bb Bb

From the results of the crosses above, it can be seen that the genotype percentages obtained were 50% BB and 50% Bb.

Therefore, the result of crossing a heterozygous brown-haired dog with a brown-haired homozygous dominant dog, the percentage of possible genotypes is 50% pure dominant and 50% heterozygous.

From these results, it can also be seen that the percentage of phenotypes obtained is 100% brown.

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In light-dependent reactions, water molecules provide electrons to the electron chain, and release oxygen and hydrogen ions. The terms in the blank spaces are 1)_thylakoid lumen_. 2) _ stroma_.

Two stages are part of the photosynthetic process. One of them includes light-dependent reactions, and the other involves light-independent reactions.

Light-dependent reactions occur in the chloroplastic thylakoidal membrane. It is an electron flow that depends on light energy. It is known as the noncyclic pathway.

The products of these reactions are ATP and NADPH (used during light-independent reactions) and oxygen release.

The sequence of events is the followings,

1) Light energy reaches the pigment molecules -chlorophyll- in Photosystem II.

2) Chlorophyll absorbs light, and electrons provided by water molecules get to a higher energy level.

3) Electron flow along the chain begins when the excited electrons go through from Photosystem II to a less energetic level in photosystem I.

4) The empty space left by electrons in photosystem II is refilled with new electrons provided by the water molecules.

5) Luminous energy makes electrons move from photosystem I to another electron acceptor, from where they get transported again and used to produce NADPH molecules.

6) The empty space left by electrons in photosystem I is refilled with new electrons coming from photosystem II.

7) When the water molecule breaks down, hydrogen ions remain in the thylakoid lumen, from where they are pumped to the stroma by the ATP synthase.

8) The released energy is used to produce ATP molecules.

9) Hydrogen ions go back from the stroma to the thylakoid compartment.

Following this framework, we can fill in the blanks,

When electrons move through the chain reaction of Photosystem I, H+ (hydrogen ions from water) are pumped from the _thylakoid lumen_ into the _ stroma_.

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Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. This is an example of pleiotropy in Option C.

Pleiotropy is a condition where the gene has more than one effect on the physiology of the body, such as if one gene is mutated, it affects not only its particular function but also a variety of other physiologic functions of the body. An example is cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, etc. In cystic fibrosis, the mutated gene not only affects receptor function but also affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs.

Hence, cystic fibrosis is an example of pleiotropy in Option C.

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The criterion NOT used  to define a prokaryotic species is that members of different species cannot interbreed.

A prokaryotic species is that species which is a single celled organism and does not possess nucleus or other membranes.

Example of a prokaryotic species is Amoeba.

Interbreed refers to the breeding between two different races.

like: cross a horse and a donkey to get a new breed as Mule. Aslo breeding between different species of same genus.

Hence, the criterion NOT used  to define a prokaryotic species is that members of different species cannot interbreed.

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More than half of the population has the central skin pigmentation. The lightest and the darkest skin pigmentations are equally common in the population.

Skin, hair, and eye pigmentation differs between and among human populations. Many candidate gene and numerous genome-wide association studies have sought to identify the genes and alleles responsible for this variation (GWAS). Up until now, the majority of GWAS for pigmentary features have relied on categorical scales and subjective phenotypes.

However, the color of the skin, hair, and eyes varies constantly. Here, we aim to identify the genetic basis of the quantitative variance in these qualities and to characterize it objectively and properly. Reflectance or digital spectroscopy were used to evaluate the skin, hair, and eye colors of Europeans from Ireland, Poland, Italy, and Portugal. 176 women participated in a GWAS across 313,763 SNP sites for the three quantitative pigmentation traits.

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Answer: The guy's name is Rudolf Virchow.

Explanation: Hope this helps!!!

Similar to a mitochondrion, a(n) chloroplast  contains an outer and inner membrane, with an intermembrane between the two. Unlike a mitochondrion, it also contains chlorophyll-containing membranes called ; thylakoid membranes.

Mitochondria are the cell's "powerhouses," breaking down fuel molecules and capturing energy through cellular respiration. Plants and algae contain chloroplasts. They are in charge of capturing light energy and converting it into sugars during photosynthesis.

The thylakoid membrane is the site of photosynthesis's light-dependent reactions, with photosynthetic pigments embedded directly in the membrane. It is an alternating pattern of dark and light bands 1 nanometre in width.

What exactly is the thylakoid membrane in chloroplast?

A chloroplast's thylakoid membranes are an internal system of interconnected membranes that carry out photosynthesis's light reactions. They are organized into stacked and unstacked regions known as grana and stroma thylakoids, which are differentially enriched in photosystem I and II complexes.

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The statement 'if oxygen deletes rapidly, you may expect to find dead marine life along the sea floor' is true.

Although marine organisms might not be getting the oxygen they require from the atmosphere, yet they rely on oxygen and get it from the dissolved resources in water.

If the dissolved oxygen resource also becomes scarce for marine organisms, then they begin to die in that area of water, and such an oxygen-scarce resource is referred to as the death zone.

For an oxygen-scarce region, the sea floor becomes occupied by dead organisms and such a region is referred to as the death zone.

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Macula hair cells are receptive to changes in static equilibrium are found in this structure. Walls of saccule and utricle, vestibule's two bulb-shaped sacs, contain a sensory receptor known as a macula, hair-cells.

The major detector of changes in static equilibrium is the vestibule. The saccule and utricle, the vestibule's two bulb-shaped sacs, each have a sensory receptor termed a macula. Numerous receptor cells known as hair cells are found in the macula, and from these hair cells, numerous stereocilia (long microvilli) and a solitary kinocilium (a real cilium) extend into the otolithic membrane, a glycoprotein gel. Otoliths, which are calcium carbonate crystals that cover the otolithic membrane, give it more solidity and make it more receptive to changes in motion. The otolithic membrane moves up and down in the saccule or back and forth in the utricle in response to changes in linear motion. Gradient potentials are started when the otolithic membrane moves in a manner that is analogous to the stereocilia of the hair cells that are embedded there.

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From the fourth ventricle, a portion of the CSF flows down through the central canal. Most of the CSF escapes through the median foramen of Magendie and the two lateral openings of Luschka into the subarachnoid space (SAS).

Image result for TRUE/FALSE. The CSF can travel through a continuous path from the left lateral ventricle to the central canal of the spinal cord.

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through the foramen of Monro. From here it flows through the cerebral aqueduct of Silvio to the fourth ventricle and into the subarachnoid space through the openings of Magendie and Luschka

CSF flows over the surface of the brain and down the spinal cord while in the subarachnoid space. It exits the subarachnoid space through the arachnoid villi that lie along the superior sagittal venous sinus, intracranial venous sinuses, and around spinal nerve roots.

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A reaction connected to RNA 3′-end processing leads to the termination of transcription. The majority of eukaryotic mRNA precursors undergo site-specific cleavage in the 3′-untranslated region, and the upstream cleavage product is then polyadenylated.

RNA polymerase won't stop unless it receives instructions to do so. Once the polymerase transcribes a DNA sequence known as a terminator, the process of halting transcription, also known as termination, takes place.

Bacteria use two main types of termination mechanisms: Rho-dependent and Rho-independent.

A Rho factor-binding site is present in the RNA during Rho-dependent termination. In order to reach RNA polymerase, Rho factor attaches to this region and begins to "climb" the transcript.

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Answer: An invasive species is a non-native organism that is released into a new ecosystem.

When tryptophan levels are high, while DNA from the operator region of the tryptophan operon replaces the lac operator DNA from the lac operon, it prevents the lac operon from being transcribed.

Lac operon- Lactose can be broken down by E. coli bacteria, however it is not their preferred energy source. The lac operon genes, which encode vital enzymes for lactose absorption and processing, must be expressed for the bacteria to utilise lactose.

LacZ, LacY, and LacA are the three genes that make up the lac operon. These genes are all translated into a single mRNA via a single promoter. The lac operon also includes a number of regulatory DNA sequences in addition to the three genes.

Trp operon- A set of genes known as the trp operon is discovered in the bacteria E. coli and codes for the tryptophan biosynthesis enzymes.

Five tryptophan biosynthesis-related enzyme-encoding genes, a promoter (RNA polymerase interacting site), and an operator make up the trp operon (interacting site for a repressor protein).

Therefore, it can be said that if the lac operator DNA is replaced with tryptophan operator, the lac operator would not transcribe as the operator would not turn on.

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Independent assortment leads to crossing over and the development of new genomic pairings in the organism. It is the easiest method for increasing human genetic diversity.

The genotypes of two or more different genes are individually selected into gametes by Mendel's principle of independent assortment. In other words, a gamete's acquisition of an allele for one genome does not alter the genotype for another gene.

The development of reproductive cells causes various genes to separately separate from one another, according to the Regulation of Independent Assortment.

When the body is producing gametes during the Metaphase I phase of Meiosis I, it has to do with how the homologous chromosome pairs line up in the cell.

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There are four types of beverages are: water, milk, juice, and smoothies.

In addition to being a vital source of water, beverages can also include other nutrients. Some drinks can include nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, protein, lipids, and other carbs in addition to energy.

At first, the syrup is mixed with water, after which the mixture is cooled, carbonated, and finally packaged. In the second, the manufacturer precisely measures a certain amount of syrup into each bottle before adding carbonated water.

Soft drinks with high sugar, artificial sweetener, and food coloring content raise the risk of diabetes and contribute to obesity. Soft drinks increase your chances of developing cancer and liver problems. Overall, the high sugar content of soft drinks is an issue for diabetes.

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When the channel narrows, a pressure difference occurs. Since pressure times area equals force, the fluid is subjected to a net force as a result of the pressure difference.

The fluid's kinetic energy is increased by the net work completed. Therefore, whether or not the fluid is contained in a tube, the pressure will decrease in a fluid that is moving quickly. There are several typical instances of pressure loss in fluids moving quickly. A region of lower pressure is created inside the shower by the fast-moving water and air stream, while normal atmospheric pressure is created on the other side. The mid-1800s saw the first evidence of this phenomenon when it was discovered that trains traveling in opposite directions leaned alarmingly in the direction of one another.

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In cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen react to form ATP. Water and carbon dioxide are released as byproducts.

Cellular respiratory is a chain of chemical reactions that wreck down glucose to produce ATP, which can be used as power to electricity many reactions during the body. There are three foremost steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Cellular respiration is the method with the aid of which organisms use oxygen to interrupt meal molecules to get chemical power for cell capabilities. mobile respiration takes place inside the cells of animals, flora, and fungi, and also in algae and other protists.

As we recognize, the cellular is the structural and practical unit of existence and each mobile requires energy to perform its features. therefore, breathing that takes vicinity at the smallest degree of our frame i.e cellular level is referred to as cell breathing.

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Answer:

Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Explanation:

Cellular respiration is one of the most elegant, majestic, and fascinating metabolic pathways on earth. At the same time, it’s also one of the most complicated.

During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain by electron carriers \text{NAD}^+NAD

+start a text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript and \text{FAD}FADstart text, F, A, D, end text, which becomes \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text and \text{FADH}_2FADH

2start a text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript when they gain electrons. To be clear, this is what's happening in the diagram above when it says ++plus \text {NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text or ++plus \text{FADH}_2FADH

2start a text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript. The molecule isn't appearing from scratch, it's just being converted to its electron-carrying form:\text {NAD}^+NAD

+start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript ++plus 2 e^-2e −2, e, start superscript, minus, end superscript ++plus 2 \text H^+2H

+2, start a text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript \rightarrow→right arrow \text {NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text ++plus \text H^+H +start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript\text {FAD}FADstart text, F, A, D, end text ++plus 2e^-2e

−2, e, start superscript, minus, end superscript ++plus 2 \text H^+2H

+2, start a text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript \rightarrow→right arrow \text {FADH}_2FADH

2start a text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript

To see how a glucose molecule is converted into carbon dioxide and how its energy is harvested as ATP and \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text//slash\text{FADH}_2FADH

2start a text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript in one of your body's cells, let’s walk step by step through the four stages of cellular respiration.

Glycolysis. In glycolysis, glucose—a six-carbon sugar—undergoes a series of chemical transformations. In the end, it gets converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. In these reactions, ATP is made, and \text{NAD}^+NAD

+start a text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript is converted to \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text.

Pyruvate oxidation. Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial matrix—the innermost compartment of mitochondria. There, it’s converted into a two-carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A, known as acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text is generated.

Citric acid cycle. The acetyl CoA made in the last step combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP, \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text, and \text{FADH}_2FADH

2start a text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript are produced, and carbon dioxide is released.

Oxidative phosphorylation. The \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text and \text{FADH}_2FADH

2start a text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain, turning back into their "empty" forms (\text{NAD}^+NAD

+ start a text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript and \text{FAD}FADstart text, F, A, D, end text). As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.

Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without oxidative phosphorylation.

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The genetic material for many viruses is carried by RNA, which is utilized in every stage of protein synthesis.

The type of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein is known as messenger RNA because it moves the information, or message, from the DNA outside of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm (mRNA).

Transduction. The process of transduction, on the other hand, is how a virus spreads genetic material from one bacterium to another. This procedure is dependent upon a particular kind of virus known as a bacteriophage, which can infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts.

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Nonspecific repair systems use a single mechanism to repair multiple types of DNA lesions, whereas specific repair systems only repair a single type of DNA lesion.

Base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair, respectively. Multiple enzymes are used in base excision repair (BER) to remove and replace a single damaged nucleotide base.

In order for cells to repair DNA damage, at least five major DNA repair pathways—base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)—are active at various stages of the cell cycle.

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The word "Perplexity" is an adjective.

Being perplexed refers to the emotion of being perplexed and annoyed by a situation. He started counting them, and as his confusion grew, he repeated the process. The perplexities of anything are those aspects of it that are complex and hard to comprehend.

Something that is confused is described by the term perplexing. You can find the new alphabet to be completely baffling until you become competent in Arabic. Perplexus, the Latin word for involved, complicated, or convoluted, is the origin of the English word puzzling.

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The calculated image size of the cell is 500 μm under the 100X magnification when the given actual size is 5 μm.

A lens's optical feature known as magnification specifies how sharply it is focused. Specifically, the ratio of an object's actual size to the picture that a microscope lens captures is what we refer to as optical magnification.

The following equation relates the magnification, image size and actual size:

Magnification = image size / actual size

Or

Image size of the cell = magnification × actual size of the cell

Now, on putting the given values in the above equation, we get:

Image size = 100 × 5

Image size = 500 μm

Thus, the image size of the cell is found to be 500 μm.

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The safest way to transport food If you're traveling for longer than 30 minutes, put cold foods in a cooler with ice or freezer packs or an insulated container with an ice pack to keep them at 40°F or lower.

Food preservation techniques include those that increase food's resistance to microbial growth and slow fat oxidation. As a result, the process of rancidification and decay is slowed down. Processes that prevent the aesthetic deterioration of food, such the enzymatic browning reaction that occurs when apples are chopped during food preparation, may also be included in food preservation. Reduced food waste can be achieved by canning food.

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