The heart's intrinsic pacemaker, the SA node (SAN), generates spontaneous action potentials (APs) through a system of coupled oscillators whose common output initiates each normal heartbeat.
What activates an SA node?Autonomic nerve fibers regulate firing of the sinus node to initiate initiation of the subsequent cardiac cycle, thereby influencing heart rate
Where do action potentials generated at SA nodes propagate?Action potentials generated by the SA node propagate across the atria primarily by intercellular conduction at velocities of approximately 0.5 m/s.
How are action potentials triggered in SA nodules of heart?Cardiac action potentials originate from the sinus node high in the right atrium. The cell spontaneously depolarizes and initiates spontaneous depolarization of action potentials at a constant rate from the sinus node.
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What are spirochetes in humans?
Answer:
Spirochaetes are long and tightly coiled bacteria that cause diseases in humans. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi are among the best‐known spirochaetes, responsible for syphilis and Lyme disease, respectively.
Explanation:
What does the polar nature of water do?
Because of the polarity of water, each water molecule attracts other water molecules due to their opposing charges, establishing hydrogen bonds.
Because of the bent structure of the molecule, water (H2O) is polar. Because of the shape, the majority of the negative charge from the oxygen atoms is on one side of the molecule and the positive charge from the hydrogen atoms is on the other.
This is a polar covalent chemical bonding example. When solutes are introduced to water, their charge distribution may be changed.
The difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen explains why the molecule's form isn't linear and nonpolar (like CO2). Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.1, while oxygen has an electronegativity of 3.5.
The greater the difference in electronegativity values, the more probable it is that atoms will form a covalent connection. Ionic bonds exhibit a significant variance in electronegativity values.
Under normal conditions, hydrogen and oxygen both operate as nonmetals, but oxygen is far more electronegative than hydrogen, therefore the two atoms form a polar covalent chemical bond.
Because the highly electronegative oxygen atom draws electrons or negative charge, the region around the oxygen is more negative than the regions surrounding the two hydrogen atoms.
Both hydrogen atoms are attracted to the same side of the oxygen atom, but they are as far apart as they can be since the hydrogen atoms are both positively charged.
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g which of the following provides a great example for regulation of a process by a post translational modification (ptm)? a: microtubule assembly b: f-actin assembly c: er-associated protein degradation (erad) d: lamellipodia formation in: skeletal muscle contraction
The post-translational level refers to the ultimate phase of gene expression where a protein is made.
The stability, degradation, and functionality of the protein are significantly influenced by this level. The structure and function of a protein are significantly impacted by this covalent modification.
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are changes made to a protein after it has been cleaved by a proteolytic enzyme and one or more amino acids have been added to a modifying group, such as acetyl, phosphoryl, glycosyl, or methyl.
Protein glycosylation, one of the most significant post-translational alterations of proteins, has a significant effect on protein folding, shape, distribution, stability, and function. Therefore, proteins can behave differently as a result of post-translational changes.
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what defect causes pituitary dwarfism? view available hint(s)for part a what defect causes pituitary dwarfism? neurodegeneration one defective allele lack of growth hormone lack of a pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is destroyed by a malignant, degenerative, or aberrant process, which results in pituitary dwarfism. As a result, the production of additional pituitary hormones such growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) may also decrease.
The most common and easily recognisable form of dwarfism in humans is achondroplasia, a congenital disorder in which the limbs are short (in around 70% of cases). In most other situations, a shortage of growth hormone is to blame. The type of treatment depends on the underlying cause. Patients with hereditary disorders occasionally need physical therapy or surgery. Hormone imbalances can also be treated with growth hormone therapy prior to the child's growth plates merging. Custom-made furniture is regularly used as personal accommodations by people of modest size. Many support groups provide services to assist people in coping with any potential discrimination they may experience.
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Determine the highest level of protein structure described by the following. Sort each item into the appropriate bin.
The arrangement of many polypeptide chains in a protein complex is known as quaternary structure. The quaternary structure of a protein is the most complex level of structure.
An illustration of a quaternary structure.The quaternary structure is an arrangement that some proteins and other substances form (Figure 14). As two instances: In addition to the actin microfilament, which is made up of thousands of actin molecules, Haemoglobin is an assembly of four globular proteins.
The combination of many protein chains or subunits into a densely packed structure is known as the quaternary structure of a protein. The primary, secondary, and tertiary structures are unique to each subunit. Van der Waals interactions between nonpolar side chains and hydrogen bonds hold the subunits together.
The most complex level of organisation that is still regarded as a single molecule is the quaternary structure found in proteins. Any protein with two or more peptide chains forming subunits is said to have quaternary structure. The subunits are typically ordered symmetrically and can be unique or identical.
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I need help with the last two boxes.
Answer:
Explanation:
alcholic fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration and yeasts use the process to produce ethanol (alcohol). Lactic acidosis fermentation is another form of anaerobic respiration and it produces lactid acid.
an inherited form of anemia in which erythrocytes rupture or are destroyed at a faster rate than normal is known as .
An inherited form of anemia in which erythrocytes (red blood cells) rupture or are destroyed at a faster rate than normal is known as hemolytic anemia.
This type of anemia can be caused by a variety of genetic mutations that affect the structure or function of the red blood cells, such as sickle cell anemia or hereditary spherocytosis. Hemolytic anemia can also be caused by autoimmune disorders, infections, or exposure to certain drugs or toxins.
The increased rate of red blood cell destruction can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, shortness of breath, jaundice, and an enlarged spleen. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the anemia and may include blood transfusions, medications, or surgery.
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All living cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have the following cell structures: plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and at least one chromosome. Choose any one of these. Describe its basic structure (including molecular composition) as well as the function. Explain why a cell could not exist without the function(s) performed by this cell structure.
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are the two fundamental types of cells. The primary distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence of a nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
The nucleus stores DNA, the genetic material found in cells. The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane. Prokaryotic cells do not have nuclei. Their DNA, on the other hand, is floating around inside the cell. Prokaryotes are organisms that have prokaryotic cells.
All prokaryotes are single-celled (unicellular) organisms. Bacteria and archaea are the only prokaryotes. Eukaryotes are organisms that have eukaryotic cells. Protists, fungi, plants, and animals are all examples of eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are multicellular organisms. Eukaryotes can only have one cell. Bacterial and eukaryotic cell architectures are similar.
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which structure is highlighted marginal artery right circumflex artery right coronary artery left anterior descending artery left coronary artery
artery on the left side. A branch of the left circumflex artery, it can be discovered at the left AV sulcus. It heads for the top of the heart. the artery on the left that descends anteriorly.
Branches emerge from the left major coronary: The left coronary artery divides into the left anterior descending artery, which provides blood to the front of the left side of the heart. The left coronary artery's left circumflex branch surrounds the heart muscle. The left major coronary artery and the right coronary artery (RCA) are the two primary coronary arteries (LMCA). The aorta's root is the source of both of them. The right atrium and right ventricle are the primary recipients of blood from the RCA, which exits the anterior ascending aorta. Your left main coronary artery has two branches, the left anterior descending (LAD) artery being one of them. Anterior refers to an artery that feeds blood to your heart's front chambers. It is your heart's main source of oxygenated blood for the lower left ventricle, which pumps blood throughout your body.
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The field of conservation biology
a. tries to increase speciation events in order to increase biodiversity
O b. tries to conserve every species, everywhere
O c. developed in response to government intervention
O d. was initially viewed as too measurement-oriented, looking at details and not at the big
Oe. attempts to integrate an understanding of evolution, ecology, and extinction
The field of conservation biology attempts to integrate an understanding of evolution, ecology, and extinction. The correct option is E.
What is conservational biology?By examining how evolution, ecology, and extinction interact, conservation biology aims to comprehend and safeguard biodiversity.
This includes researching the causes of species extinction, such as habitat loss, excessive exploitation, and climate change, and creating plans to lessen their effects.
It is also not seen as being overly measurement-focused, focusing on the little print rather than the broad picture.
Actually, conservation biology frequently necessitates a multidisciplinary and integrated approach that takes into account both the biological and socioeconomic aspects that have an impact on species and ecosystems.
Thus, the correct option is E.
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which of the following statements is/are true about centralization and cephalization? a. all animals exhibiting cephalization exhibit centralization b. all animals exhibiting centralization exhibit cephalization c. a
The statement "d. None of the above" is true regarding centralization and cephalization.
In animal anatomy and evolution, centralization and cephalization are related but distinct concepts. The concentration of the nervous system into a central nervous system (CNS) composed of the brain and spinal cord is referred to as centralization. This enables quick and coordinated responses to stimuli. A decentralised nervous system, on the other hand, is distributed throughout the body and lacks a distinct CNS.
Cephalization, on the other hand, refers to the development of a distinct head region with sensory and feeding appendages. Cephalization is frequently associated with centralization because the development of a brain and sensory organs in the head region allows for more efficient sensory processing and movement coordination.
While centralization and cephalization are frequently found in animals, they are not always associated. Some animals, such as jellyfish, have a centralised nervous system but no distinct head region, whereas others have a distinct head region but no centralised nervous system (e.g., flatworms).
As a result, neither statement (a) nor statement (b) is entirely correct, and the correct response is (d) None of the above.
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The fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that membranes:
A. Consist of a single layer of phospholipids and proteins.
B. Consist of a phospholipid bilayer composed of a variety of fatty acids.
C. Consist of protein molecules embedded in a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids.
D. Consist of a phospholipid bilayer between two layers of hydrophilic proteins.
The correct answer is option C. According to the fluid mosaic model of the membrane, proteins are encapsulated in a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids in membranes.
S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson introduced this hypothesis in 1972, claiming that the cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins scattered all over it.
The phospholipid bilayer is continually in flux as a result of the diverse external and intracellular stimuli that influence it, and the proteins create a mosaic of different configurations.
The proteins may interact with the polar head groups of the bilayer and the nonpolar core of the membrane because they are amphipathic, or having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas.
The proteins are crucial for signal transduction, molecular transport, and cell-to-cell recognition. The semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer acts as a barrier to control the flow of chemicals into and out of the cell.
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Identify the shape of the bacteria
It is rod shaped bacteria
What are rods, bacilli, and cocci?
Although bacteria can take on a wide range of shapes, the most often researched species tend to be either spherical (named cocci, singular coccus), or cylindrical (called rods or bacilli) (singular bacillus). Rods and cocci are actually the extremes of a spectrum.
Similar to the streamlined body of a fish, a boat, or an airplane, a rod-shaped cell has a body that would be ideal for swimming. The frictional resistance will be larger for a spherical body. The majority of the flagellated motile bacteria are rod-shaped, which lends support to this concept. It contains a large number of rod-shaped bacteria, including Shigella, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli.
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what types of proteins are found in the cytoplasmic membrane? what types of planar lipids? what is the function of each of these components?
transmembrane, embedded, and membrane-bound planar. lipids are sterols and hopanoids.
Transmembrane proteins, also known as integral proteins, are found embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. These essential proteins frequently act as pathways for chemicals to cross cell membranes. In the absence of non-biological solvents, mixes of pure lipids are used to create planar lipid bilayer membranes. The substantial specific capacitance of the solventless bilayers (586-957 nF/cm2), which is equivalent to that of cell membranes but far higher than that of traditional lipid/decane bilayers, distinguishes them from other types of bilayers. Hopanoids can intercalate into phospholipid bilayers and alter the fluidity of membranes by interacting with their intricate lipid components, actions that are thought to be very similar to those of sterols in the membranes of animals and plants.
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how do master regulatory genes function in cell differentiation? view available hint(s)for part a how do master regulatory genes function in cell differentiation? they may produce proteins that stimulate production of more of the master regulatory gene. they produce proteins that act as transcription factors to produce proteins specific to the function of the particular cell type. the transcription factors they produce coordinately control related genes. they are often capable of changing some fully differentiated cells of different types into their particular cell type. all of the listed responses are correct.
The master regulatory genes function in cell differentiation in a way that they produce proteins that act as transcription factors to produce proteins specific to the function of the particular cell type.
Master regulatory genes play a critical role in the process of cell differentiation by regulating the expression of other genes involved in the development of specific cell types. Specifically, they produce proteins that act as transcription factors, which bind to specific DNA sequences and stimulate the transcription of genes that are essential for the development of a particular cell type. This process of gene regulation helps to coordinate the expression of genes that are required for a specific cell type to function properly. In addition, some master regulatory genes are capable of converting fully differentiated cells of different types into their particular cell type, a process known as cell reprogramming. Overall, the role of master regulatory genes in cell differentiation is crucial for the development and maintenance of different cell types in the body.
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timothy weighs exactly 100 points. after swimming at the beach all day, will his weight increase, decrease, or stay the same? why?
Answer:
Im 80 decrease 20 increase
Explanation:
i would think he would d3crease some w31ght off by sw1mm1ng so i think its d3creases
Eukaryotes traditionally studied by microbiologists include the protozoa, helminths, and microscopic algae and:_______
Microbiologists frequently study eukaryotes such protozoa, helminths, microscopic algae, and Fungi.
What eukaryotes from the list below do microbiologists generally study?
A few few eukaryotes have long been the focus of microbiologists.
These consist of protozoa, microscopic fungi, microscopic algae, and helminths. Algae do not cause infections in people.
Which four classifications do eukaryotic microorganisms fall under?
The four eukaryotic kingdoms are recognised by the most common categorization as Versatility (prokaryotes), Animalia (Metazoa), Pteridophytes, Fungi, and Protista. This taxonomy also recognises the "Whittaker" five kingdom structure.
Organelles such as mitochondria (cellular energy exchangers), the Golgi apparatus (a secretory device), the endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like structure of membranes within the cell), and lysosomes are also present in eukaryotic cells (digestive apparatus within many cell types)
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The above question is incomplete. Check complete question below -
Eukaryotes traditionally studied by microbiologists include the protozoa, helminths, and microscopic algae and:___
A. Fungi
B. Archeae
C. Bacteria
D. Virus
the ability to bounce back when things do not go as planned is called?
Resilience (or resiliency) is our ability to adapt and bounce back when things don't go as planned.
Those that are resilient don't wallow in failure or spend too much time thinking about it; instead, they accept the circumstance, take the necessary lessons from it, and move on.
Those who are tenacious see the future optimistically. In other words, they maintain a positive outlook and anticipate better days.
Resilient people tend to have ambitious goals and a strong desire to achieve them.
Those that are compassionate, resilient, and empathetic don't waste time worrying about what others think of them. They maintain solid bonds while resisting peer pressure.
People who are resilient never view themselves as victims; instead, they concentrate their time and efforts on bringing about change in the areas over which they have influence.
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if you have blood type a what blood antigens do you lack?
Blood type A: has the A antigen, but not the B antigen. Antigens are surface proteins located on RBCs. Type O negative blood is only blood type that does not have antigens. Blood type A has A antigens and B has B antigens, AB has both A and B antigens.
What are main blood types?There are four main blood types (blood groups): A, B, AB and O. Blood group is determined by genes that are inherited from parents. Each group is either RhD-positive or RhD-negative, meaning there are eight blood types in total.
What is the golden blood type?One of the rarest blood types in the world is called Rh-null. This blood group differs from Rh-negative because it does not contain any Rh antigens. Less than 50 individual have this blood group. Also known as "golden blood".
What is the strongest blood type?Type O-negative red blood cells are considered the safest to give to someone in a life-threatening emergency, or when the supply of the exact matching blood type is limited. This is because type O-negative blood cells do not have antibodies to A, B, or Rh antigens.
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for cells without the hyperactive adenylate kinase mutation, how would you expect the ec to change? choose one: a. the ec would decrease. b. there is no way to predict how the ec would change. c. the ec would remain unchanged. d. the ec would increase.
For cells without the hyperactive adenylate kinase mutation, expect the EC to change Option D) EC would increase.
The EC would increase. for the normal cell, [ADP] would decrease and [ATP] would increase. From the definition of EC this would lead to a ratio closer to one, greater than EC of mutant
Protein function is a balancing act between activity and stability. However, it has been challenging to evaluate the significance of stability-activity trade-offs for protein evolution and their impact on organismal fitness. Previously, we connected organismal survival at increasing temperatures to adaptive modifications to a single protein sequence in a thermophile via allelic substitution of an important gene, adenylate kinase (adk). The in vivo continuous evolution of the temperature-sensitive thermophile has revealed that the initial step towards higher organismal fitness is the mutation of glutamine-199 to arginine in the mesophilic enzyme.
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a urease test is used to identify mycobacterium tuberculosis because
Urease test is used to identify mycobacterium tuberculosis because M.tuberculosis produces urease, thus indicating that a person has the bacteria that can cause tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is a serious infectious bacterial disease that mainly affects the lungs.The bacteria that cause TB are spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Most people infected with the bacteria that cause tuberculosis don't have symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they usually include a cough, weight loss, night sweats and fever.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis belongs to the family of Mycobacteriaceae and is the causative agent of tuberculosis. It is a pathogenic bacteria. M.tuberculosis secretes a range of effector proteins to confuse the host immune system, thus promoting its intracellular survival and shaping its lifestyle to persist in granulomas during the latency phase of infection.
Urease breath test comprises the basis of developing a similar breath test for TB. Labeled urea is degraded by H. pylori in the stomach whereby the labeled CO2 produced is then exhaled and detected in the lungs. The detection of the labeled CO2 implies infection with the bacteria.
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the lock and key model and the induced fit model are two models of enzyme action explaining both the specificity and the catalytic activity of enzymes. indicate whether each statement is part of the lock and key model, the induced fit model, or is common to both models?
The lock-and-key model and the induced-fit model are two enzyme action models that explain both enzyme specificity and catalytic activity.
Emil Fischer hypothesized the Lock and Key model of enzyme action in 1899. According to Fischer, enzymes are highly specific to the substances with which they react. The substrate(s) bind to the enzyme at the active site, resulting in the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex.The enzyme speeds up the chemical reaction. This reaction can be a synthesis reaction (bond formation) or a digestion reaction (breaking bonds to form new substances).The enzyme releases the reaction's product(s). After completing a reaction, an enzyme can be reused. The Induced Fit model of enzyme structure provides a more accurate description of enzyme structure.Daniel Koshland proposed the Induced Fit model in 1958. The active site, according to Koshland's hypothesis, is shaped similarly enough and has specific chemical properties that attract a substrate to bind. When the substrate binds, the active site is prompted to change shape.
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oxytocin is produced by neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus, but is released into the bloodstream where? group of answer choices
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by neurons located in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating a variety of physiological and behavioral processes.
Once produced, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream via the posterior pituitary gland, a small structure located at the base of the brain. From there, oxytocin travels to various parts of the body and exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors in target tissues, such as the uterus and mammary glands.
Oxytocin is involved in a range of physiological processes, including labor and delivery, lactation, social bonding, and stress regulation.
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Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because:_______
Muscles are unlikely to break off their bones because they are held together by connective tissues called tendons.
Tendons are capable of withstanding high levels of tension since they are strong and flexible. They serve as a connection between the muscle and the bone, enabling movement without the muscle separating from the bone.
In order to prevent the muscle from tearing under the strain of movement, the tendon's flexibility also aids to cushion the muscle.
Additionally, the tendon has the capacity to absorb some of the force generated by the contraction of the muscle, which aids in lowering the force applied.
Finally, ligaments hold the muscles and bones together and offer joint stability. To maintain the muscles linked to the bones and stop them from separating, the tendons, ligaments, and muscles all work together.
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Classify each item by the class of molecule to which it relates. A. Protein B. Nucleic acid C. Lipid D. Carbohydrate 1. RNA 2. Stored in adipose tissue 3. Its monomers are called necleotides 4. DNA 5. Genes are made of this 6. Its main feature is its water-repellent property 7. Its monomers are called amino acids 8. Its polymers are called polysaccharides
Answer:
Protein
7. Its monomers are called amino acidsNucleic Acid
1. RNA3. Its monomers are called nucleotides5. Genes are made of this4. DNALipid
2. stored in adipose tissue6. Its main feature is its water-repellent propertyCarbohydrate
8. Its polymers are called polysaccharidesWhich correctly lists the changes to eukaryotic pre-mrna to form mrna
Exons removed, poly T tail inserted, and C)cap added. This is how eukaryotic pre-mRNA is altered to create mRNA.
Pre-mRNA is created in the nucleus by transcription of a section of a linear chromosome's DNA. To become a mature mRNA, this transcript must go through treatment (splicing and addition of 5' cap and poly-A tail) when it is still within the nucleus. RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in eukaryotes transcribes mRNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) from the genome. Mature mRNAs are produced after significant cotranscriptional processing. Pre-mRNA maturation typically involves splicing, 5′-end capping, 3′-end cleavage, and polyadenylation. Pre-mRNA processing is made up of three main processes: 3′-end polyadenylation, splicing, and 5′-end capping. Which correctly lists the changes to eukaryotic pre-mRNA to form mRNA? A. cap added, introns excised, and poly T tail added, B. cap added, exons excised, and poly T tail added, C. cap added, introns excised, and poly A tail added, D. cap added, exons excised, and poly A tail added.
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When a cell needs to make a protein, special parts within the nucleus read the DNA and use that information to produce messages in the form of ___________
When a cell needs to make a protein, special parts within the nucleus read the DNA and use that information to produce messages in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA molecule carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes, which are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. The ribosomes use the information contained in the mRNA to build the protein molecule.
what is endocytosis called when liquids are taken in by the cell?
Pinocytosis is endocytosis called when liquids are taken in by the cell.
A specific type of endocytosis called pinocytosis includes the cell's ingestion of tiny droplets of fluid. The term "cell drinking" also applies to this procedure.
Pinocytosis is the process by which fluid droplets are encircled by tiny invaginations of the plasma membrane and then absorbed into the cell. Pinosomes are tiny vesicles created when the invaginations pinch off from the plasma membrane. After that, these pinosomes combine with lysosomes, which have enzymes that degrade the contents of both.
Pinocytosis is crucial for the delivery of materials including nutrients, ions, and tiny molecules into the cell. Additionally, it controls the fluid balance within the cell as well as the elimination of waste products.
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The ________ is the cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
The organelle in which photosynthesis occurs is called the chloroplast.
Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some other eukaryotic organisms, such as algae.
The primary function of chloroplasts is to carry out photosynthesis, a process by which light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of organic molecules, such as glucose. Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy that can be used to drive photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are unique organelles in that they have their own DNA and ribosomes, which allows them to carry out some of their own protein synthesis. This is thought to be a result of the endosymbiotic theory, which proposes that chloroplasts evolved from free-living photosynthetic bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells and eventually evolved into a symbiotic relationship with their host cell.
In summary, the chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis occurs, and it is a crucial component of plant and algal cells.
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studies done by buchner showed that ground-up yeast cells were able to convert sugar to alcohol. the components of the mixture that were responsible for this transformation were
Enzymes invertase, zymase and diastase were the particular enzymes in the combination that were responsible for this transformation, according to Buchner's investigations, which demonstrated that ground-up yeast cells were capable of converting sugar to alcohol.
Zymase and diastase further break down the sugar molecules into alcohol and carbon dioxide after invertase has converted them into smaller molecules.
The DNA molecules in the yeast cells make the enzymes, which are a sort of protein. Although the combination also contains lipids and carbs, neither are necessary for the transformation of sugar into alcohol.
While carbohydrates are essential for the creation of cell structure and membranes, lipids are primarily employed as an energy source.
Complete Question:
Studies done by Buchner showed that ground-up yeast cells were able to convert sugar to alcohol. The components of the mixture that were responsible for this transformation were
DNA molecules.
enzymes.
lipids.
carbohydrates.
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