To know more mitosis check the below link:
https://brainly.com/question/19058180
#SPJ1
Two nucleotides on the same strand form a __________ bond while two complimentary bases on opposite strands form ____________ bonds. An a-t base pairing forms _____ such bonds.
Two nucleotides on the same strand form a Phosphodiester bond while two complimentary bases on opposite strands form Hydrogen bonds. An a-t base pairing forms 2 such bonds.
The constituent components that make up DNA's double-helix structure are known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a base in it. The four various colors you see here stand for the four different bases that might be used. Between nucleotides, a unique kind of covalent link known as a phosphodiester bond occurs. The two strands of DNA are formed by these phosphodiester linkages.
Hydrogen bonds are the bonds that develop between base pairs. Thymine and adenine make two hydrogen bonds, and guanine and cytosine form three hydrogen bonds. Therefore, we have concluded that hydrogen bonds are the type of binding that develops between base pairs in DNA to hold the two strands of a double helix together.
To know more about Phosphodiester bond visit the link:
https://brainly.com/question/23660733?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
Which of the following best demonstrates light being transmitted? A) a person seeing themselves in a mirror B) a fish appearing to be in a different location then they really are from the surface of the water C) black cement heating up on a hot day D) looking out a window on a summer day
Answer:
a) a person seeing themselfs in a mirror
Explanation:
the process of blood clotting is: group of answer choices coagulation. hemolysis. dyscrasia. hematopoiesis.
The process of blood clotting is called coagulation.
What is blood clotting?
When blood's platelets, proteins, and cells adhere to one another, a blood clot forms. Your body creates a blood clot to stop the bleeding when you are injured. Your body often dissolves and eliminates the blood clot when the bleeding stops and healing has begun.
What is the process of blood coagulation?
The process through which blood transforms from a liquid to a gel and forms a blood clot is known as coagulation, often known as clotting. Hemostasis, the halting of blood loss from a damaged vessel, may ensue, followed by repair. Platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation as well as fibrin deposition and maturation are all components of the coagulation mechanism.
Hence the process of blood clotting is called coagulation.
To learn more about coagulation click on the link
https://brainly.com/question/1501224
#SPJ4
in an alpha helix,a.side chain residues point up and down the axis of the helix.b.the oxygen of the carbonyl carbon in a peptide bond points out toward the exterior of the helix.c.there are five residues per helical turn.d.there are usually many proline residues present.e.the helix is right-hande
In an alpha helix, the helix is right handed.
What is an alpha helix?
It is a rod like structure, where the inner section is a tightly coiled chain. The side chains extend in an outward direction in a helical array. In order to stabilize, the alpha helix takes advantage of the hydrogen bonding between the groups CO and NH of the main chain.
The alpha helix is most frequently used for interactions between DNA-protein interfaces that are sequence specific.
The alpha helix’s size is the same as the width of the major groove of DNA, which makes sure they fit tight together. At the same time, the side chains on the helix, which are protein, probe available base pairs.
Hence, the helix is right handed in an alpha helix.
Learn more about alpha helix here: https://brainly.com/question/28148039
#SPJ4
In a paragraph or two describe the different types of consumers, including the type of food each consumer eats and their position in the food chain.
Herbivores and carnivores are different types of consumers that eat plants and meat, respectively. The carnivore animals are located at higher levels in the food chain.
What is the ecology food chain?The food chain is a series of interconnected organisms in a given ecosystem for which energy flows between different trophic levels. In the food chain, herbivore animals are located only up from producers since they consume plants.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the ecology food chain is composed of different levels and herbivores represent the second trophic level because they eat plants (producers).
Learn more about the food chain here:
https://brainly.com/question/2179
#SPJ1
you decide to introduce a species of lizard to an island where they were not previously found. you decide to introduce 50 individuals. what effect would mutations definitely have on the lizard population? select only one answer choice. group of answer choices mutations will likely introduce new alleles to the population. mutations will likely increase average fitness in the population. mutations will likely decrease average fitness in the population. mutations will cause dramatic changes in allele frequencies.
Mutations will cause dramatic changes in allele frequencies, this effect will be definitely visible.
Mutations are the changes in DNA sequence that occur during transmission of genetic material during reproduction. These changes are responsible for diversity in genetic sequence and hence formation of new alleles.
The effect of these alleles can be visible as phenotypes or difference in protein structures which may result in abnormality. Genetic drift is the change in frequency of allele randomly, due to mutation. It occurs through generations and is a mechanism of evolution. The phenomenon is common in small population and hence there will be dramatic change in allele frequencies.
Learn more about genetic drift -
https://brainly.com/question/1027688
#SPJ4
a mutation in the dna changes an adenine to a guanine. this adenine was the a in the aug of a start codon for a gene. what process or processes would this mutation impact?
Mutations must occur in cells that produce the next generation and affect the hereditary material in order to affect an organism's descendants.
Mutations can have an effect on an organism by altering its physical characteristics (or phenotype) or by altering the way DNA codes genetic information (genotype). When mutations occur, they can either terminate (kill) an organism or be partially lethal. Mutations can occur as a result of errors in DNA replication during cell division, mutagen exposure, or viral infection. Germline mutation(those that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed down to offspring, whereas somatic mutations (those that occur in body cells) cannot.
Learn more about DNA here:
https://brainly.com/question/264225
#SPJ4
Explain the role of living things in the nitrogen cycle.
- 7th grade science
The role of Living Organisms is to convert the dead and decaying matter to ammonia(NH₃) in the nitrogen cycle.
Plants require nitrogen to make proteins DNA, RNA, ATP, etc. The nitrogen cycle is a process in which plants convert nitrogen into nitrates. This can be done by volcanic action, lightning, industrial activity, and by some bacteria.
These bacteria are the living organisms that use the plant as a carbohydrate source of energy and shelter and in turn, the plant uses the nitrate the bacteria produces for nitrogen fixation. The nitrates are then converted into plant and animal proteins, DNA and RNA.
Learn to know more about Nitrification on
https://brainly.com/question/28195929
What is another term for undifferentiated cells?
A. epithelial cells
B. stem cells
C. muscle cells
D. nerve cells
griffith's experiment. why did an injection of both living iir cells and dead iiis cells kill the mice when each of those cells individually did nothing? 2 avery's experiment. why were no iiis cells found in the mixture containing deoxyribonuclease, but they were found in the mixtures containing ribonuclease or protease?
Detected in mixtures containing ribonuclease or protease. R strain or heat killed S strain in mouse deaths.
What carry out all cells?All cells contain the following four components: (1) a plasma membrane, an outer layer that separates the cell's interior out of its environment; (2) cytoplasm, an internal region that resembles jelly and contains other cellular components.
Identify the smallest cell.The parasitic bacterium Mycoplasma gallicepticum is believed to be the tiniest known organism capable of independent development and reproduction. It lives in the pulmonary, genital, and urine systems of primates. The cell type used in the investigation is called mycoplasma. Its diameter is 0.0001 mm.
To know more about Cells visit:
https://brainly.com/question/3142913
#SPJ4
in a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus d. plants with at least one allele d have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. a true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the f1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. the predicted outcome of the f2 is diagrammed in the punnett square shown in the figure below, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square. which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with dark leaves?
Boxes 1,2 and 3 correspond to plants with dark leaves
What is self pollination?
The movement of pollen from an anther of a flower to its stigma or, occasionally, to another bloom that is genetically identical (as of the same plant or clone)
The four processes that make up the most generic version of this process are pollination, germination, ovule penetration, and fertilization.
What is homozygous recessive genotypes?
Two recessive alleles are present in a homozygous recessive genotype. In the field of genetics, this is denoted by two identical lowercase letters, such as dd. This demonstrates that the genes passed down from each parent were recessive. DD is homozygous dominant having dark green leavesdd is homozygous recessive having light green leavesMaking a Punnett square of alleles-DD, ddDD, Dd
Dd, dd
Hence box 1 have homozygous dominant genotype, box 2 and 3 have heterozygous genotype and box 4 have homozygous recessive genotype
Therefore, Box 1, 2and 3 correspond to the plants having dark leaves
To learn more about genotype click on the link
https://brainly.com/question/902712
#SPJ4
imagine a set of twins who are identical but do not look exactly identical (some traits differ). the study of how factors other than dna have influenced their occurrence of specific traits is known as
Epigenetics is the study of how things other than DNA have affected how often certain traits occur.
The terms "genetics" and "epigenetics" mean?The study of heredity and the diversity in inherited traits is known as genetics. Epigenetics: Epigenetics is the study of inheritable alterations in organisms brought on by altered gene expression.
What exactly does the term "epigenetics" mean?The study of epigenetics focuses on how DNA-unchanged cells regulate gene activity. The word "epigenetic" refers to factors other than the genetic code. In Greek, "epi-" means on or above. Gene activation is regulated by changes to DNA's epigenetic state, which can occur during development.
To know more about Epigenetics visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/2670031
#SPJ4
mutation rate and mutation frequency match the description with either mutation frequency or mutation rate. 1. likelihood a gene is altered by a new mutation. (click to select) 2. number of new mutations in a given gene per cell generation. (click to select) 3. number of mutant genes divided by total number of genes within a population. (click to select) 4. affected by natural selection and genetic drift.
1. Likelihood a gene is altered by a new mutation. (mutation rate)
2. Number of new mutations in a given gene per cell generation. (mutation rate)
3. Number of mutant genes divided by total number of genes within a population. (mutation frequency)
4. Affected by natural selection and genetic drift. (mutation frequency)
What is the difference between mutation rate аnd mutation frequency?The mutаtion rаte is the number of mutаtions per cell division. Becаuse the cell populаtion is so lаrge, the number of cell divisions is аpproximаtely equаl to the number of cells in the populаtion (N). The vаlue of h cаn be determined by а fluctuаtion test.
The mutаtation frequency is simply the rаtio of mutаnts / totаl cells in the populаtion. This cаn be determined by simply plаting out аliquots of а culture аnd counting the number of mutаnts thаt аrise аnd the number of cells plаted. The mutаtion frequency is much eаsier to meаsure but mаy show lаrge fluctuаtions depending upon when the first mutаtion аppeаred in the populаtion.
For more information about the mutation rate refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/14925006
#SPJ4
Briefly
explain how the carbon
and oxygen cycles are
dependent on one another.
Explanation:
Oxygen cycle refers to the movement of oxygen through the atmosphere, biosphere and the lithosphere. T
the pathological condition of the myocardium that is reversible and caused by a lack of oxygen to the tissue is:
The pathological condition of the myocardium that is reversible and caused by a lack of oxygen to the tissue is angina.
Angina is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Blood carries oxygen, which the heart muscle needs to survive. When the heart muscle isn't getting enough oxygen, it causes a condition called ischemia.
Angina pain is often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness, or pain in the chest. It may feel like a heavy weight lying on the chest. Angina may be a new pain that needs to be checked by a health care provider or recurring pain that goes away with treatment.
Know more about ischemia here: https://brainly.com/question/6247921
#SPJ4
What is gravitation lensing and how does it cause arcs of light around galaxies
Gravitational lens can occur when a huge amount of matter, like a cluster of galaxies, creates a gravitational field that distorts the light from distant galaxies.
Gravitational lensing is a powerful tool that affects the clustering components in the universe by effecting gravitational field on light from background sources.
When the light from other galaxies passes by massive objects in the universe, the gravitational pull from these objects can distort or bend the light. The gravity of the massive focal point were galaxy is acting like a magnifying glass as it traps light and this effect called gravitational lensing.
To learn more about Gravitational lensing , here
brainly.com/question/7446310
#SPJ1
Because they lack well-defined and complex organ systems, we hypothesize that _____ diverged from all other animals early in the evolution of animals.
Because they lack well-defined and complex organ systems, we hypothesize that poriferans diverged from all other animals early in the evolution of animals.
It is very likely that the Porifera, the most ancient animal group, originated in the Precambrian because they have an early branch on the animal phylogenetic tree. The common word for poriferans is sponge. Sponge evolution diverged from the development of other metazoans during an early branching event. This might be one of the causes for their lack of a distinct and intricate organ system.
Poriferans don't have mouths, instead they drink water through tiny pores in their outer walls. Spicules, the animals' tough support structure, were previously one of the main ways to identify sponges.
To know more about profierans, refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/28256540
#SPJ4
What occurs inside of a cell while it is performing the process of respiration? (1 Point)
The negative charge inside of the cell is used to increase the concentration chemicals inside of the cell
Sugar is broken down to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules that are used for energy
Light reactive chemicals combine carbon dioxide (Co2) and water to form glucose molecules that are stored as
food[object Object]. Incorrect answer
The cell membrane forms around air bubbles to create a vacuole that is used to separate the oxygen from the
rest of the air
Sugar is broken down to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules that are used for energy occurs inside of a cell while it is performing the process of respiration
In the cellular respiration glucose and oxygen react to form ATP and water and carbon dioxide are released as byproduct and the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration are glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis take place in the cytosol and the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix and all living organism need energy to carry out daily life process and respiration is considered to be the key process during which several reaction take place and sugar is broken down inside the cell
Know more about cell
https://brainly.com/question/11526732
#SPJ1
two parts of your brain that are critical to regulating circadian rhythm are the hypothalamus and the group of answer choices pineal body. amygdala. cerebellum. brain stem.
Two parts of your brain that are critical to regulating circadian rhythm are the hypothalamus and the Pineal body.
Your hypothalamus, a structure deep in your brain, acts as your body's clever control coordinating middle. Its principal function is to hold your body in a solid kingdom known as homeostasis. It does its job through immediately influencing your autonomic frightened device or through handling hormones.
The function of the hypothalamus is to maintain your body's internal stability, which is called homeostasis. To try this, the hypothalamus facilitates stimulate or inhibit many of your frame's key tactics, such as:
* Heart rate
* Blood strain.
Hypothalamus performs a critical role in many vital functions, along with:
1) Releasing hormones.
2) Maintaining daily physiological cycles.
3) Controlling urge for food.
4) Managing sexual behavior.
Learn more about Hypothalamus here:-https://brainly.com/question/11352172
#SPJ4
Which process is a characteristic of all living things and is responsible for differences within a population?
Reproduction is the biological process characteristic of all living things and it is responsible for differences within a population (Option c).
What is reproduction?Reproduction is a biological process that an organism has in order to perpetuate its genes over generations, which may include different phenomena in order to increase the variation that acts as the primary source for natural selection.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that reproduction is the process that includes differences in order to enhance the adaptive abilities in the species by the mechanism of natural selection in nature.
Learn more about reproduction here:
https://brainly.com/question/26302020
#SPJ1
describe the human life cycle, using the words mitosis, meiosis, sperm, egg, zygote, and fertilization.
Human life is the biological process that starts when a human egg is fertilized by a human sperm and continues as a living organism. It refers to a human person and is the biological development of the species Homo sapiens.
What is Mitosis?
A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells during the process of mitosis (cell division). One cell divides once into two identical cells during mitosis. It is mostly used for cell growth and replacement during times of stress. There are five distinct stages of mitosis:
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.
What is Meiosis?
In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis is a kind of cell division that results in a reduction in the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm). Body (or somatic) cells in humans are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
What is sperm?
A sperm is a cell which is produced in the sex organs of a male animal and can enter a female animal's egg and fertilize it.
What is egg?
Eggs are formed through the process of meiosis. Each egg is haploid, it contains a single copy of each chromosome with the sex chromosome always an X chromosome.
What is zygote?
The fusion of both the male and female gamete results into a zygote. It is the first cell formed leading to a human life. Zygote is unicellular
What is fertilization?
A single cell is created during fertilization when a man's sperm and a woman's egg come together. It's one of the initial steps to becoming pregnant.
Therefore, the process begins from mitosis to fertilization and leading to a new human life
To learn more about human life click on the link
https://brainly.com/question/24793479
#SPJ4
Which statement forms part of cell theory
Explanation:
There are three principles of cell theory
all organisms are composed of one or more cellsThe cell is the basic unit of structure and organizationcells arise from pre-existing cellswhich molecule or reaction supplies the energy for polymerization of nucleotides in the process of transcription? atp only the phosphate bonds in the nucleotide triphosphates that serve as substrates the energy released when hydrogen bonds are broken as the dna molecule is unwound the interaction between rna polymerase and the promoter
The phosphate bonds in the nucleotide triphosphate substrates supply the energy needed for the polymerization of nucleotides during transcription.
comprises the polymerization of nucleotides to produce water molecules and phosphodiester bonds. Nucleotides are frequently found in the final structure, which resembles the core of an RNA molecule.
Long, unbranched polymers of nucleotides are known as nucleic acids. Pentose, a nitrogen base, as well as a phosphate group make up each nucleotide monomer.
Despite the fact that an enzyme is a part of the polymerization process, the overall reaction is really only an esterification between an alcohol and a phosphoric acid. The alcohol group is on the 3 end of the sugar, and the phosphorus acid group is on the 5 end of the nucleotide's next-reacting nucleotide.
Learn more about nucleotides polymerization at
https://brainly.com/question/20666891?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
Please help me please.
I have a F
Answer: The last one "Cells copy once and divide twice making two cells."
Explanation:
Answer: A process where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Cells copy one and divide one making 2 cells
Explanation:
The division of a cell occurs once in mitosis but twice in meiosis.
two different bacterial species with doubling times of 2 h and 4 h are growing in a batch nutrient-rich medium with their maximum growth rate. the initial concentrations are the same. a. what would be the ratio of x1/x2 after 10 h of batch growth? b. how long should the batch growth of the mixed cultures last in order to obtain x1/x2
The ratio of x1/x2 after 10 h of batch growth would be 2:1. The batch growth of the mixed cultures should last for 20 h in order to obtain x1/x2.
We calculate this using,
a) Rate
N= N0ekt
For each bacteria we have to find out K so first bacteria with doubling time 2 hour
Assume there were 100 bacterias then after 2 hours there will be 200 bacterias
so N = 200 , N0=100 and t=2 hours
200 = 100*ek*2
200/100 = e^2K
e^2K = 2
Taking ln on both sides
2K = ln 2
K = ln2/2
=0.34657
The equation for bacteria X1
N0= Ne0.346t
For bacteria X2 K= ln2/4 ( because only difference here is the doubling time) =0.17328
So the equation for X2
N0= Ne0.173t
a) X1/X2 after 10 hours so t = 10
Ne0.346t / Ne
0.173t=e0.346t / e0.173t
= e0.346*10 / e0.173*10
= 31.817 / 5.64
=5.6413
b) X1 / X2= 10
e0.346t / e0.173t =10
Taking ln on both sides
ln ( e0.346t / e0.173t )= ln 10
ln e0.346t- ln e0.173t = ln 10
0.346t- 0.173t = 2.302
t ( 0.346- 0.173 ) = 2.302
t = 2.302/ ( 0.346 - 0.173)
=13.306
So the time is 13.306 hours
Learn more about Mixed culture at : https://brainly.com/question/21512552
#SPJ4
The equalizing temperature changes in response to changes in external forces of the boundary conditions of climate. What is this about?.
Climate sensitivity is about equalizing temperature changes in response to changes in external forces of the boundary conditions of climate.
The increase in global temperature that results from doubling the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere above pre-industrial levels is commonly used to describe climate sensitivity. When doubling, carbon dioxide would be at about 520 parts per million (ppm), up from about 260 ppm before the industrial era. When compared to levels in the atmosphere prior to humanity beginning to burn copious amounts of fossil fuels in the 1800s, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are multiplied by two to define climate sensitivity.
Climate sensitivity can be assessed using observed ocean heat absorption, observed temperature rise, and modeled or real-world radiative forcing. To determine climate sensitivity, the data are connected using a straightforward energy balance model.
Learn to know more about Climate change on
https://brainly.com/question/1789619
#SPJ4
Marine science
Crest is to high, as trough is to
a. low
b. fast
c. time
d. shallow
The option (A) is correct. Crest is to high, as trough is to low.
What do you mean by crest and trough?The highest surface part of a wave is called the crest, and the lowest part is the trough. The vertical distance between the crest and the trough is the wave height.
Moreover, a crest is a point on the wave where the displacement of the medium is at a maximum. A point on the wave is a trough if the displacement of the medium at that point is at a minimum.
Therefore, while a transverse wave has an alternating pattern of crests and troughs, a longitudinal wave has an alternating pattern of compressions and rarefactions. As discussed above, the wavelength of a wave is the length of one complete cycle of a wave.
Learn more about crest and trough:
https://brainly.com/question/9795342
#SPJ1
How can fossils tell scientist about the past?
Answer: Fossils can tell scientists about the past by showing how the skeleton is structured so they can get an idea about what they ate, their limitations, and sometimes even how they acted or mated.
Explanation:
which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? dehydration metabolism anabolism (anabolic pathways) catabolism (catabolic pathways)
Term that describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones is : Catabolic pathway.
What are catabolic pathways?Catabolic pathways involves breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones and releases energy. Energy stored in the bonds of complex molecules like glucose and fats is also released in catabolic pathways.
Catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller units. Catabolism is the breaking-down aspect of metabolism and whereas anabolism is the building-up aspect.
Some of the examples of the catabolic processes include glycolysis, citric acid cycle and breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino acids as substrates for gluconeogenesis.
To know more about catabolic pathway, refer
https://brainly.com/question/13613727
#SPJ4
calculate the binding energy per nucleon of an al-27 nucleus given the following masses: : 26.981541 amu; : 1.007838 amu; : 1.008665 amu.
The Binding Energy per Nucleon is 8.33 MeV with the given information. Electron= 26.981541 amu, Proton = 1.007825 amu, Neutron = 1.008665 amu
The Binding Energy per Nucleon is determined by dividing the total Binding Energy of the nucleus by the total number of nucleons. Mathematically,
Binding energy per Nucleon= Binding Energy/ Total number of nucleons
E=mc²
Step 1: Calculate mass defect (Δm)
The following information is provided in the question:
Mass of proton = mp = 1.007825 amu
Number of protons in Al-27 = 13
So, the mass of total protons = mp = 13.101725 amu
Mass of neutron = mn = 1.008665 amu
Number of neutrons in Al-27 = 14
So, the mass of total neutrons = mn= 14.121310 amu
Atomic mass of Al-27 = A = 26.981541 amu
Thus, the mass defect can be calculated as,
The mass defect (Δm) is defined as the difference between the combined mass of nucleons and the atomic mass of the given element, i.e.
Δm=mp+mn−A
Δm= 0.241492 amu
Total binding energy (E) = 931.5 MeV/amu
binding energy, E= 0.241494 amu* 931.5 MeV/amu
=224.95 MeV
Step 3: Calculate Binding Energy per Nucleon
We have the following values:
Total binding energy, E = 224.95 MeV
Total number of nucleons in Al-27 = (no. of n + no. of p) = 27
Thus,
Binding Energy per Nucleon= Binding Energy/Total number of nucleons
=224.95 MeV/27
= 8.33 MeV
The complete question is:
Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of an Al-27 nucleus given the following masses:
Electron= 26.981541 amu
Proton = 1.007825 amu
Neutron = 1.008665 amu
To learn more about binding energy per nucleon please click on the given link: https://brainly.com/question/28305588
#SPJ4
