In contrast to bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes contain organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles.
What are archaea?The three realms of life are Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea. Unicellular organisms known as archaea can be found in a variety of settings, including harsh ones like hot springs, acidic ponds, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Due to their small size and straightforward cellular structure, they were initially thought to be bacteria when they were first found in the 1970s. However, due to genetic and metabolic distinctions, they were eventually identified as a distinct domain. The ability of archaea to survive in challenging environments is well recognised, and some species are even capable of methanogenesis, a process that generates methane gas as a metabolic byproduct.
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explain why there is no gene flow in reproductive isolation. determine why reproductive isolation is a prerequisite for speciation to occur.
Reproductive isolation is the inability of individuals in a population to reproduce offspring.
This can happen due to various factors such as geographic barriers, temporal isolation, behavioral differences, and genetic incompatibilities.
If two separate population are isolated in two particular geographic area, then visibly there will be no gene flow. That means that the genetic material of the two populations are not mixing up.
This then result in the formation of a hybrid or new species. This process is called speciation.
When the population migrates they may introduced to new genetic variations into a population. This can be one of the main reason for gene flow.
As they evolve as new species their morphological and genetic characters will be distinct.
So we can say reproductive isolation is essential for the formation of new species.
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a tube that carries air from the larynx to the lungs_____
a tube that carries air from the larynx to the lungs is called trachea.
What is trachea?The windpipe, sometimes referred to as the larynx or voice box, is joined to the bronchi of the lungs by an organ called the trachea, which is fashioned like a tube. Air can travel through it and into the lungs, making it a crucial component of the respiratory system. To give structural support and keep the trachea from collapsing during inhalation, the trachea is built up of cartilage rings. Cilia aid to capture and remove any foreign objects or mucus from the trachea's inner lining by covering it. When air moves across the vocal cords in the larynx, it is the trachea that causes sound to be produced.
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codes for repair, revision, and reconstruction procedures that are completed to correct an anomaly or injury to an anatomical structure are differentiated by:
Codes for repair, revision, and reconstruction procedures that are completed to correct an anomaly or injury to an anatomical structure are differentiated :
based on the extent and complexity of the procedure.
Repair codes are assigned to operations involving the repair of a defect or damage to a bodily component. These operations often include simple closures or tissue reattachment.
Revision codes are used for operations involving the correction of a previously conducted procedure that did not produce the expected outcomes. These operations are typically more involved than repair procedures, and they frequently need the use of specialist tools or techniques.
Reconstruction codes are used for operations involving the replacement or reconstruction of a bodily component that has been lost or is damaged beyond repair. They are the most complicated of the three, and they frequently necessitate the utilisation of sophisticated surgical methods as well as specific implants or prosthesis.
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What condition is a mushroom like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane?
Pendunculated polyps are tissue growths that resemble mushrooms and are attached to the mucous membrane of the colon by a long, thin stalk.
Polyps are microscopic, scaly, or mushroom-shaped growths that develop in the mucosa or right next to it. Inflammatory polyps, lymphoid polyps, and fibroepithelial polyps are only a few of the various varieties. The sore is known as a deep tissue injury when it's not an open wound present but the tissues underneath have been harmed (DTI). There might be a blood-filled blister or a region of skin that appears dark red or purple. Vesicles with a diameter more than 0.5 cm are called bullae. Bullae's thin walls make them prone to rupture. Bullae are large blisters that develop from second-degree burns.
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bacterial growth curves typically exhibit four distinct growth phases. what are the four growth phases and explain (one sentence for each phase) how well the bacteria grow in each phase.
Bacterial growth curves typically exhibit four distinct growth phases, four growth phases are lag phase, log phase, stationary phase and death phase.
The bacterial growth progresses in four phases namely – lag phase, log phase, stationary phase and death phase . The initial phase is the lag phase where bacteria are metabolically active but not dividing. The exponential or log phase is a time of exponential growth. In the stationary phase, growth reaches a plateau as the number of dying cells equals the number of dividing cells.
The lag phase is generally thought to be a period during which the cells adjust to a new environment before the onset of exponential growth. Characterizing the lag phase in microbial growth curves has importance in food sciences, environmental sciences, bioremediation and in understanding basic cellular processes.
The stationary phase is a porous solid (e.g., glass, silica, or alumina) that is packed into a glass or metal tube or that constitutes the walls of an open-tube capillary. The mobile phase flows through the packed bed or column.
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________ results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system.
Extrinsic regulation results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system.
The primary function of Endocrine glands is to release the hormones in bloodstream. they help to control mood, growth and development metabolism and reproduction. Endocrine system also helps to regulates hormone that is released examples include pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
Body parts involved in the endocrine system are hypothalamus which is present lower central part of the brain that is linked with endocrine system and nervous system. In hypothalamus nerves make chemicals that control and also releases hormones secreted by pituitary gland.
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_____ results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system.
A) Self-regulation
B) Automatic regulation
C) Intrinsic regulation
D) Extrinsic regulation
E) Autoregulation
The correct answer is option E) Autoregulation. Autoregulation is an organism's capacity to keep its internal environment and physiological functions within a defined range despite changes in the environment.
It is accomplished by the neurological and endocrine systems' operations. Internal conditions including temperature, pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels are controlled through autoregulation.
Controlling physiological processes including heart rate, breathing, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation is how this is accomplished. While the endocrine system employs hormones to govern body functions, the nervous system uses electrical impulses to control muscles and hormones.
To maintain homeostasis, which is the body's capacity to maintain a steady internal environment in spite of external changes, autoregulation is crucial. The body needs autoregulation to perform at its best and to survive.
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a fossilized skull you unearthed has a carbon-14/carbon-12 ratio about that of the skulls of present-day animals. approximately how many years old is the fossilized skull?
The half-life of carbon-14 is too short to date fossils older than 50,000 years, hence the fossilised skull is too ancient to be determined by carbon dating.
The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 can be used to estimate the age of a fossil since carbon-14 is a radioactive element that decays with time. However, carbon-14 only works for dating anything up to 50,000 years old because of its comparatively short half-life of roughly 5,700 years. Therefore, a fossilised skull is probably younger than 50,000 years old if its carbon-14/carbon-12 ratio is the same as that of modern animals. To provide a more accurate age estimate, further dating techniques like potassium-argon dating or uranium-lead dating could be required.
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2 Siberian spruce trees do all of their growing during the summer, not during the winter. Suggest at least two explanations for this.
Because of the short days, extreme cold, and an abundance of snow in winter, trees are unable to complete all of their growth during this time. Growth is impossible during the winter since there is little to no water and little to no sunlight.
What adaptations do Siberian spruce trees have?The Pecia ovobata's conical form encourages snow to shed and reduces branch damage. The needles' narrowness reduces the surface area through which water could escape. They also have a thick, waterproof waxy coating. The needles are shielded from drying winds as a result.
Spruce commonly withers in hot, humid conditions despite being a native of cool, dry regions. Pick a planting location with full sun exposure, rich, wet soil, and good drainage. Once planted, spruce is tolerant of brief droughts. The short version is that evergreens don't have to be green all the time, but it's perfectly normal for them to lose leaves in the winter and early spring. Check that newly planted trees and shrubs have received the recommended upkeep if they appear ill after spring or in the middle of summer.
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what percent of newborns experience adverse effects due to in utero alcohol exposure?
Answer:
Studies interviewing women just after birth have found that between 25 and 35 percent of newborns were exposed to alcohol in utero (Gauthier et al.
The zygote is a single cell and human adult has about 100 trillion cells. Approximately how many divisions should the zygote undergo to form the adult, considering the fact that one cell division leads to the formation of two cells?
Answer: 47 Divisions
Explanation:
We developed from a single-celled zygote by the process of mitosis and meiosis. The cells continued to divide until you were a multicelled organism. It would take 47 divisions to become an organism with 100 trillion cells.
This figure is showing an example of:
A Mendelian trait
Natural selection
A dominant trait
A recessive trait
A continuous trait
The figure is showing an example of Natural selection.
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection still reigns supreme in every discussion of evolution, and it is for this reason that the theory must be scrutinized; for it is not difficult to demonstrate that the term "natural selection" is a metaphor that carries many meanings, and sometimes different meanings to different men.
Darwin attempted two things in his magnificent work, The Origin of Species: first, to demonstrate that the data supporting evolution makes that explanation plausible. No such large amount of data had ever been assembled before, and it caused, as we all know, a revolution in our ways of thinking.
Darwin also assigned himself the challenge of demonstrating how evolution might have occurred. He mentioned the environment's influence, the consequences of use and disuse, and natural selection. His name is particularly associated with the last theory.
He invoked a well-known fact: no two people are exactly alike, and some of the variations they exhibit are hereditary. He contended that individuals who are most matched to their environment are more likely to survive and leave the most children.
As a result, their children should eventually replace the species' less well-adapted members via competition. This is the mechanism Darwin referred to as natural selection, and Spencer referred to as survival of the fittest.
In these broad strokes, there is nothing in the theory to which anyone is likely to object. But let us take a closer look at the argument.
We uncover disparities when we measure, weigh, or categorize any characteristic displayed by individuals in a group.
We realize that some of the differences are attributable to the diverse experiences that the individuals have had throughout their lives, i.e. to their environment, but we also recognize that some of the differences may be due to individuals having different ancestors—different germplasms.
Some recognizable examples will assist to cement this connection.
If we arrange the leaves of a tree by size, we discover a continuous sequence, although there are more leaves of middle size than extremes.
If many beans are sorted by weight and those between specific weights are placed in cylinders, the cylinders will appear when stacked according to the size of the beans.
An imaginary line drawn over the tops of the piles will yield a curve that conforms to the probability curve.
A similar arrangement may be obtained by arranging guys in lines based on their height.
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the collection of microorganisms that live on or on a human host in a mutually beneficial way is called the human ______.
The term "human Microbiome" refers to a group of microorganisms that cooperatively coexist on or in a human host.
What are the names of the microorganisms that exist on or in the human body?Abstract. Millions of minuscule living things, collectively referred to as the human microbiota, live inside the human body. Microbes known as bacteria are most commonly found in the gut, nose, and mouth.
What exactly is a microbiome?There are around 30 trillion human cells in every human body, but our microbiome is made up of an estimated 39 trillion microbial cells, including bacteria, viruses, and fungus that live on and inside of us.
The genes that these cells carry make up the human microbiome, which is made up of the 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells that each individual harbours, predominantly bacteria in the gut.
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se the following information to answer the question(s) below. Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals; thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics. In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure above, G. intestinalis constitutes a _____ group.
The evolutionary tree shown above shows that G. intestinalis belongs to a paraphyletic group.
How does a phylogenetic tree work and what does it mean?A phylogenetic tree depicts the relationship between several creatures by tracing the course of evolution from a shared ancestor to various descendants. The relationships between individuals within a population to the entire Earth's history of life can all be represented by trees.
What function does a phylogenetic tree serve?The use of phylogenetic trees to express theorized evolutionary relationships between enclosed groups of taxa (polyphyletic groups) that have been supported by similar characteristics known as increased presence is crucial for organizing knowledge about biodiversity.
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Stakeholders:
Who uses the citarum’s water? For what?
• What types of people and how many rely on water from this river? What
do they use its water for?
This refers to a river, located in West Java Indonesia. It is the world's most polluted river. The river stretches for 300 kilometres and provides crucial water supply for local livelihoods. Along the riverbed, however, are also located 2000 industrial facilities, mostly from the textile industry.
The Citarum River is the main source of water for millions of people in West Java, Indonesia. The water is used for various purposes, including irrigation for rice fields, industrial activities, and domestic use. The river also supports fisheries and provides a habitat for various aquatic species. However, due to pollution and mismanagement, the water quality has deteriorated, and its use has become a significant health and environmental concern.
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Life as we know it cannot flourish on the moon but it might be possible for it to survive. What life form on Earth might survive on the moon?
bacterial endospores
Bacterial endospores is life form on Earth might survive on the moon. Bacterial endospores are simplified forms of the bacteria, consisting of the DNA genome, some small amount of cytoplasm, and a specialized coating that confers resistance to heat, radiation, and other harsh external conditions.
Endospores are vegetative forms of bacteria that are dormant, incapable of reproducing, and enzyme-inactive. The phrase "sporulating bacteria" is more commonly used to describe endospore-producing bacteria. The majority of sporulating bacteria are Gram positive bacteria that belong to the Firmicute phylum. These bacteria that produce endospores are Bacillus and Clostridium species. A bacterium's condensed form is an endospore. It consists of a core that only has what is absolutely necessary to start bacterial growth. A strong, multiple-layered coating that is very impermeable surrounds the core. By reducing the bacterium to a dehydrated, cryptobiotic, and highly defensive state that confers resistance to numerous environmental circumstances, endospores protect the bacterium from hazardous environmental conditions.
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The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping. A) plants. B) parasites. C) asexual organisms. D) animals that migrate. E) sympatric populations.
The biological species concept is considered to be inadequate for grouping in certain cases, such as: plants, parasites, asexual organisms., animals that migrate and sympatric populations.
Options A, B , C , D and E are all correct
What are biological species?A biological species is described as a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.
The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping in plants because the concept does not fully account for the diversity of reproduction mechanisms in plants which includes asexual reproduction and hybridization.
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contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens is called?
Ciliary muscles contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens .
Iris is located in front of the eye's lens. To allow light to enter the eye, the little black dot in the centre of the pupil, known as the iris, expands and contracts. The lens collects light that comes from the iris and concentrates it so that it creates images that are clear and sharp on the retina. It is possible to replace a cataract patient's clouded natural lens with a clear artificial lens once the clouded lens has been removed.
Ciliary muscles are responsible for shaping the eye's lens. Our eyes' lenses must adapt in form to allow us to focus on objects that are farther or closer away. The ciliary muscles flatten the lens to concentrate on objects when they are more than 20 feet distant. The ciliary muscles of the eye bend and thicken the lens as things get closer, focusing on those items. Because the lens loses its suppleness with ageing, people have trouble seeing up close objects as they get older.
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classify the words or phrases as descriptions or examples of fibrous proteins, globular proteins, or both.
Collagen: Fibrous protein Collagen is a fibrous protein found in connective tissues throughout the body. It is the most abundant protein in mammals and has a triple helix structure.
Collagen provides strength and structure to tendons, ligaments, and skin, and it is also found in bones, blood vessels, and the gut. It is responsible for the elasticity and resilience of the skin, and it helps to form the scaffolding that maintains the shape of organs and other tissues. Myoglobin: Globular protein Myoglobin is a globular protein found in muscle tissue. It is responsible for storing and releasing oxygen and is required for the aerobic metabolism of muscle cells. It binds and transports oxygen from the lungs to the muscle, and it also helps regulate the acidity of the muscle cells. Myoglobin is made up of an iron-containing heme group and a protein component, and its structure allows it to bind oxygen and store it for later use.
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bird banding stations band birds with different color bands, in different orders, so that they can identify each individual bird. one bird might have the band green over blue, while another has the band yellow over orange. what type of variable is bird band?
Given, one bird's band could be green over blue, while another's band could be yellow over orange. This type of variable is called Categorical - Nominal.
Little metal rings called "bird bands" have a number pattern engraved on them that can be used to identify particular birds. The bands have several sizes, from a tiny hummingbird band to an eagle band that is "size 9". The ankle and foot joints cannot be covered by a band that rotates around the bird's leg, similar to a bracelet.
There are numerous methods for capturing birds, but at Powdermill we frequently employ mist nets or potter traps. In a number of ecosystems, fine mesh nets called mist nets are strung between poles. They stand about 8 feet tall and 12 meters long.
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Complete Question is:
Bird banding stations band birds with different color bands, in different orders, so that they can identify each individual bird. One bird might have the band green over blue, while another has the band yellow over orange. What type of variable is bird band?
Select one:
a. Categorical - Nominal
b. Categorical - Ordinal
c. Numeric - Continuous
d. Numeric - Discrete
niacin is multiple choice question. necessary for the formation of the collagen matrix of bone. a coenzyme in metabolic reactions that yield energy from food. an electrolyte that helps to maintain fluid balance in the cells. an antioxidant that protects cell membranes from damage by free radicals.
Niacin is a coenzyme in metabolic reactions that yield energy from food. So option b. is the correct answer. Niacin is a B vitamin that's produced and utilized by your body to turn food into energy.
Niacin (vitamin B-3) is usually part of a daily multivitamin, but most people get sufficient niacin from the food they consume. Foods rich in niacin comprise yeast, milk, meat, tortillas, and cereal grains. It enables you to keep your nervous system and skin healthy. The key function of niacin in your body is to synthesize the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which are implicated in over 400 biochemical reactions in your body - primarily affiliated with obtaining energy from the food you consume.
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Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration.
Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and
producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP.
Cellular respiration is a process that both consumers and producers engage in to produce energy for their metabolic processes in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Cellular respirationCells release energy through a process called cellular respiration, which breaks down organic molecules like glucose to power cellular functions including growth, movement, and reproduction.Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of consumers, like animals, to break down the organic molecules they eat, including proteins, lipids, and carbs, into smaller molecules that can be utilized to produce ATP. The animal's body temperature, mobility, and other activities are maintained by using this energy to drive cellular operations.Along with photosynthesis, cellular respiration also takes place in the cells of producers like plants.Although photosynthesis is the main way that plants make energy, it does not meet all of their needs; as a result, they also need to engage in cellular respiration in order to manufacture ATP for their cellular functions.Therefore, cellular respiration is a crucial activity in the functioning of living creatures and is carried out by both consumers and producers as a necessary way to generate energy and carry out their metabolic activities.learn more about cellular respiration here
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if you are busy all day and do not have time to eat, the hormone that will be released by your pancreas is __________.
If you are busy all day and do not have time to eat, the hormone that will be released by your pancreas is glucagon .
In general the Exocrine function is to release enzymes through the pancreatic duct to the intestines to digest food. Important function of endocrine glands is to release hormones that helps insulin and glucagon to released directly into the blood.
Hence , the posterior lobe produces two hormones, vasopressin and oxytocin. Hormones like vasopressin and oxytocin when released inside the hypothalamus they sends messages to the pituitary gland through nerve cells. Vasopressin is also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
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What's the Connection? Identify as many relationships as you can from among the items listed below. For EACH relationship, show WHAT you would connect together (X -> Y) and WHY they are connected.
Use AlL ten items: clam, corn, cow, fossil bone, fossil shell, grass, human bone, milk, soil, water
Clam -> Fossil shell: Clams can become fossilized over time, and their shells can be preserved as fossils.
Corn -> Grass: Corn is a type of grain that is derived from a type of grass called maize.
What are other connections?Cow -> Milk: Cows are mammals that produce milk, which is a source of nutrition for their offspring and for humans.
Fossil bone -> Fossil shell: Fossil bones and fossil shells are both types of preserved remains of ancient organisms that can provide insights into the history of life on Earth.
Grass -> Soil: Grasses help to anchor soil in place, prevent erosion, and contribute organic matter to the soil as they decompose.
Human bone -> Milk: Milk is a source of calcium, which is an important mineral for building and maintaining healthy bones.
Milk -> Cow: Cows are domesticated animals that are raised specifically for the purpose of producing milk for human consumption.
Soil -> Water: Soil helps to regulate the movement and quality of water by absorbing, filtering, and storing it.
Water -> Clam: Clams are aquatic organisms that live in water and filter it to obtain nutrients and oxygen.
Water -> Corn: Corn requires water to grow and develop, and it is often irrigated in areas with limited rainfall.
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explain why the whole population of seeds in one bag may not have responded to the dose in the same manner.
Genetic variation: Seeds from the same species of plant may differ in how they react to external stimuli like a dose of a particular drug due to genetic variance.
Should you sow every seed in the packet?It is not necessary to plant all of the seeds in a packet if only a few plants are required. Frequently, extra seed can be stored for a future planting. It is ideal to keep seed in a closed container at room temperature, dry, and cool.
Why is it vital to sample seeds?It guarantees the veracity of seed labelling information and advertising. Additionally, it encourages uniformity in state laws and fair competition in the seed industry. Crop stand, yield, and total value are all dependent on seed quality.
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Why cartilage repairs slowly after adolescence?
Due to its avascularity and less ordered microarchitecture than bone, cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that differs from bone in a number of ways.
The chondrocytes are dispersed and fixedly positioned within a matrix that is held together by collagen and elastic fibres. Due to the lack of innervation, diffusion is the only way for nutrients to reach the cartilage. It recovers quite slowly as a result of this. Chondrocytes, chondroitin sulphate, the ground material, and perichondrium, the fibrous sheath, are the three main cell types in cartilage.
The process of chondrogenesis is used to create cartilage from the mesoderm germ layer. The cells that secrete the majority of the extracellular matrix's constituents are chondroblasts, which are formed when mesenchyme undergoes differentiation. In order for cartilage to form, aggrecan and type II collagen are the most crucial of these elements.
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coral polyps build a _____________ case around themselves.
Coral polyps build a calyx case around themselves. Calyx is the defensive cup on which the coral polyp sits. It is made of calcium carbonate.
The skeletons of stony corals are secreted by the downward part of the polyp. This method yields a cup or calyx, in which the poly sits. The walls enclosing the cup are named the theca, and the floor is called the basal plate. Calcium carbonate is secreted by reef-building polyps and builds a protective cup named a calyx within which the polyps sit. When polyps are physically emphasized, they contract into their calyx so that practically no portion is uncovered above their skeleton.
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The process of producing glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called:
a. glycolysis.
b. gluconeogenesis.
c. glycogenolysis.
d. lipolysis.
The process of producing glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called gluconeogenesis.
What are the steps in the gluconeogenesis.?Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that involves the conversion of non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, lactate, and glycerol, into glucose. The main steps in gluconeogenesis are:
Pyruvate carboxylation: Pyruvate, an end product of glycolysis, is converted to oxaloacetate by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase.
Conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate: Oxaloacetate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by a series of reactions that involve the enzymes PEP carboxykinase and enolase.
Conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.
Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose: Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase.
These steps require energy input in the form of ATP and other cofactors, and they occur mainly in the liver and kidneys.
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What type of blood vessel is built to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system? A) muscular artery B) metarterioles E) conducting correct C) arterioles F) all are correct D) veins G) none
The type of blood vessel built to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system is the A) muscular artery.
What is cardiovascular system?The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is the organ system that is responsible for circulating blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body. It consists of the Blood, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and heart. The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues and organs through a network of blood vessels. The cardiovascular system also helps remove waste products from the body, including carbon dioxide, through the process of circulation.
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The primers play three roles in a PCR reaction. Select all of the answers that are correct. They denature the double-stranded DNA They serve as the templates onto which the new complementary strands are made. They determine what region of the genome will get amplified. They determine the size of the resulting PCR product. They provide a double-stranded region for Taq to initiate synthesis They are the monomers that are polymerized by Taq to make the new complementary strands
Primers serve three purposes in the PCR reaction. The second, fourth, and fifth choices are appropriate in this case since they show the three functions that primers perform in a PCR reaction.
It is known that primers are brief RNA or DNA strands (typically 18–24 nucleotide bases long). They are not monomers, at all. The synthesis of primers is carried out by primase rather than taq polymerase. The first option is incorrect.
Since the size of the PCR products generated in a reaction heavily depends on the primer design, the second option is the best.
The third approach is incorrect since primer does not serve as a temple and taq polymerase does not initiate synthesis from primer. A DNA strand serves as the template in a PCR process. Because primer offers free -3'OH, which taq polymerase uses to start synthesis.
The fourth option is the best one. Without primer, Taq polymerase cannot start adding nucleotides. The target chromosomal area that will be amplified by the PCR reaction can be specified by the primer, which makes the fifth option accurate.
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