For converting 1 mole of glucose to lactate only 2 high energy phosphate (ATP) is required. There is 7 ATP are produced per mole of glucose in glycolysis aerobically but aerobic respiration pyruvate is converted to lactate by dehydrogenase at cost of 2 NADH.
Glucose gets rearranged during the starting molecules and two phosphate groups are attached to it. These phosphate groups make the modified sugar- now called fructose -1, 6- bis-phosphate unstable and allowing it to split in half and form two phosphate bearing three carbon sugars.
In the process of glycolysis the direct transfer of high energy phosphate from 1,3- diphosphoglyceric acid and phosphoenol pyruvate to adenine diphosphate which result in the formation of two ATP molecules.
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The sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds is the ________. primary structure tertiary structure secondary structure quaternary structure.
The sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds is the primary structure which is a linear sequence built by twenty one amino acids each having unique side chain.
The amino acids are small organic molecules consisting of central carbon atom linked to an amino group , a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and variable component. Within a protein, multiple amino acids linked together by peptide bond forming long chain. Peptide Bond are formed by a biochemical reaction extracting water molecules as it joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of neighboring amino acid.
The primary structure of protein drives the folding and intramolecular bonding of the linear amino acid chain, which ultimately determines the protein's three dimensional shape.
Hence, the correct answer will be option (a)
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Which electrical signal can allow for rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system?
Answer:
Which electrical signal can allow for rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system?
nerve action potential
In a _____ mutation, the change occurs during the dna replication that precedes meiosis.
In a germline mutation, the change occurs during the dna replication that precedes meiosis.
A gene change in a body's reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that becomes integrated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring. Germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Germline mutations are the cause of many diseases like, cystic fibrosis and cancer (eg, breast and ovarian cancer, melanoma). Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary genetic disorder that results in a thick, sticky buildup of mucus in the lungs, pancreas and other organs.
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The wings of a bat and an insect are __________ structures, meaning that they evolved from very different original structures-they are not descended from a common ancestor with wings.
The wings of bats and insects are analogous structures.
what is the analogous structure
analogous structure indicates structurally they are different but functionally they are the same.
In the case of bats and insects, the wing's structure originated from different structural origins, but they perform common functions like flying. means they are structurally different but functionally the same. that is called an analogous organ.
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How does biological catalysts operate? Discuss an example of a mechanism that can modulate the chemical reaction to go up or down depending on the prevailing conditions.
Enzymes, which are proteins that catalyst every chemical process that occurs in a live cell of any animal, are referred to as "biocatalysts."
Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical processes by lowering the activation energy but at a higher turnover rate than inorganic catalysts. Many biocatalysts function similarly to the one shown in the figure below. By momentarily connecting with the reactants, the biocatalyst combines them. As a result, the reactants can react with each other more readily and quickly as a result.
Conversion of glucose into ethyl alcohol is one such example. Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are produced when the enzyme zymase breaks down glucose.
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If a cell is placed in an isotonic medium, there will be no net movement of water. True or false?.
It is true.
What is isotonic medium?A solution that has the same amount of salt as cells and blood. In hospitalized patients, isotonic solutions are routinely utilized as intravenous fluids. When a cell is immersed in an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell, and the volume of the cell remains constant. Isotonic solutions include 0.9% normal saline and lactated ringers. A hypertonic solution is one that has a greater solute concentration than the solution across the semi-permeable barrier.The isotonic solution allows the cells to move water and nutrients in and out of the cells. This is necessary for the blood cells to perform their function of supplying oxygen and other nutrients to other parts of the body.To learn more about isotonic solutions from the given link
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The non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway produces substances that are intermediates of?
The non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway produces substances that are intermediates of glycolysis.
What is glycolysis?Glycolysis is the method of dividing glucose to produce energy. It generates two pyruvate particles, ATP, NADH, and water.
The process occurs in a cell's cytoplasm and therefore does not entail oxygen. It can be found in aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
Since it is utilized by nearly all organisms on Earth, it was most likely one of the first metabolic pathways to evolve.
The non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway generates glycolysis adducts.
Thus, the answer is glycolysis.
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Infections with legionella pneumophila are usually transmitted via aerosols from contaminated air conditioning systems, showers, and humidifiers. group of answer choices true false
It is absolutely true that infections with legionella pneumophila are usually transmitted via aerosols from contaminated air conditioning systems, showers, and humidifiers.
What are infectious organisms?These are organisms which causes diseases to plants and animals.
Infectious organisms are also called pathogens or pathogenic organisms
Some groups of infectious organisms are as follows:
Bacteria: A single celled organisms with cell walls but no nucleus or organelles.Fungi: An eukaryotic organism typically having chitin cell walls but no chlorophyll or plastids. Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.Virus: A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and often causes disease in the host organism.So therefore, it is absolutely true that infections with legionella pneumophila are usually transmitted via aerosols from contaminated air conditioning systems, showers, and humidifiers.
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The average cardiac output at rest is: ____.
a. 1000 ml/min
b. 2500 ml/min
c. 5000 ml/min
d. 10,000 ml/min
The correct option is (C) 5000 ml/min.
The average cardiac output at rest is 5000 ml/min.
What is cardiac output?The cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps out per minute.
The cardiac output is measured by the product of Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).
It is measured in liters /min.
The number of times the heart beats per min is termed heart rate.
The volume of blood pumped out from the left ventricle of the heart at each systolic cardiac contraction is termed heart rate.
The normal cardiac output is 5L/min (72 beats per min, 70ml stroke volume).
This may vary from male to female by only 10% – 20%.
Esophageal doppler, pulse contour analysis, pulmonary artery catheter etc. can be utilized to calculate cardiac output.
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X-gal is included in the growth medium on which cells transformed with bacterial plasmids are grown. The reason x-gal is included is to _______.
X-gal is included in the growth medium on which cells transformed with bacterial plasmids are grown. The reason x-gal is included is to identify bacteria that contain a recombinant plasmid.
What are cells?Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body is comprised of trillions of cells. They deliver structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into significance, and carry out technical functions.Cells are of two types: eukaryotic, which include a nucleus, and prokaryotic cells, which do not have a nucleus, but a nucleoid province is still present. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, while eukaryotes may be either single-celled or multicellular.They deliver structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into significance, and carry out technical functions. Cells also include the body's genetic material and can make duplicates of themselves. Cells have multiple parts, each with a separate function.To learn more about cells, refer to:
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A researcher has sequenced a gene that is present in two alleles. She has a mixture of both alleles and clones them into e. Coli using plasmids that contain the lacz gene. She is interested in one particular allele that is indicated in a disease. Using media containing x-gal, how can she select those colonies that have her allele of interest?.
She will need to sequence the plasmids of the white colonies before she can determine which allele it carries.
What are plasmids?A plasmid is a single-celled, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that differs from chromosomal DNA.Plasmids are naturally prevalent in bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Plasmid genes usually provide bacteria with genetic benefits such as antibiotic resistance.RNA plasmids are uncommon, and the vast majority of them are unknown.Examples include plants, fungi, and even animals. Some strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain linear RNA plasmids.Similar RNA plasmids have been identified in the mitochondria of different varieties of maize plants.Read more about plasmids here:
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DNA is too important to leave the nucleus, so it
sends a messenger outside the nucleus with the
instructions to create proteins.
Who does DNA send as a messenger?
A. mRNA
B. nucleolus
C. ribosomes
D. nuclear envelope
Answer:
A.) mRNA
Explanation:
A.) is correct. mRNA is a single strand of RNA that is equipped with modifications that allow it to safety travel outside the nucleus to the ribosomes.
B.) is incorrect. The nucleolus is an organelle inside of the nucleus responsible for housing ribosome biogenesis process.
C.) is incorrect. The ribosomes are structures outside of the nucleus that receive the mRNA and translate its code into amino acids. In turn, this creates new proteins.
D.) is incorrect. The nuclear envelope is the lipid bilayer membrane that separates the nuclear/genetic material from the cytoplasm.
In the early embryo what signals must occur together in the splanchnic mesoderm for cardiogenic mesoderm to be specified?
In the early embryo DKK, Crescent, Cerberus, FGF8, and BMP signals must occur together in the splanchnic mesoderm for cardiogenic mesoderm to be specified.
Through BMP and FGF signalling pathways, the underlying anterior endoderm specifies the cardiogenic mesoderm layer. The two cell groups are instructed by these signals to differentiate separately as they move anteriorly toward the gut tube.
The infolding of a surface layer known as the splanchnic (or ventral) mesoderm brings the two endocardial tubes together, where they merge. Recent research reveals that endogenous Wnt inhibitors such the Sfrp and DKK proteins are crucial in controlling the differentiation of cardiomyocytes.
Therefore, In the early embryo DKK, Crescent, Cerberus, FGF8, and BMP signals must occur together in the splanchnic mesoderm for cardiogenic mesoderm to be specified.
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Enteric bacteria most useful in the routine monitoring of microbial pollution are gram-negative rods called?
E-coli bacteria which most useful in the routine monitoring of microbial pollution are gram negative rods and this is common indicator organism of water contamination.
It is important to identify enteric bacteria which is one of the major causes of diarrhea disease is bacteria and that detection of pathogenic bacteria is a global key to the prevention and identification of food borne diseases and enteric infections like diarrhea.
The extent of water contamination can be measured using these indicator organisms. This fecal coli-form group has been used as the most common indicator of general wastewater contamination because they are abundant and easy to identify.
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According to the bell-magendie law, ______________________ exit from the ventral horns of the spinal cord, and sensory information enters the __________________________
According to the bell magendie law, " the ventral spinal roots transmit motor impulses and the posterior roots sensory impulses,which establish a major landmark in the history of neuroscience."
The nature and physiology of the phenomena were described independently by sir charles bell , he is British anatomical scientist and french physiologist francois magendie after that Johannes peter muller confirmed it.
The ventral roots preganglionic sympathetic fibers of the atomic nervous system exit the spiral cord with ventral roots T1 through L2. It consist predominately of efferent somatic motor fibers. There are also 31 pairs of spinal nerves and roots. Eight pairs of cervical nerves exit the cervical cord at each vertebral level.
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n a jungle habitat, there lives a species of snake, called Species A. The carrying capacity of the jungle allows 5000 of Species A. After their habitat was destroyed, a second species of snakes, Species B, arrives in the jungle. After a few years, the population of Species A has dropped to 0, and the population of Species B has become 5000. What can you determine from this data?
A. They occupy separate niches, but are still competing for some resources.
B. They occupy completely different niches and are not competing.
C. You cannot determine anything from this data.
D. They occupy the same niche and are competing fully for all resources.
Reset Selection
Based on the carrying capacity of the habitat and the changes that occurred in number of the two snake species, correct option is They occupy the same niche and are competing fully for all resources; option D
What is carrying capacity of a habitat?The carrying capacity of a habitat is the maximum number of species the available resources in that habitat can sustain.
The data given of the species of snakes, Species A and Species B, indicate that they are both present in the habitat after a change occurs in the habitat.
Since the population of Species A became zero after Species B was introduced in the habitat, they occupy the same niche and are competing fully for all resources.
In conclusion, the competition between the species of snakes is responsible for the decline in Species A.
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The pronunciation of the anatomic structure that conducts impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information is:_________
The pronunciation of the anatomic structure that conducts impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information is the spinal cord.
The spinal cord is a lengthy band of tissue that resembles a tube. It ties your brain and lowers it back together. Your spinal cord relays nerve messages back and forth from your brain to your body. You can experience feelings and move your body thanks to these nerve transmissions. The protection of the spinal cord, nerve roots, and many internal organs are the spine's three primary tasks. To keep your body upright, give it balance and structural support. Enable fluid movement. The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is additionally protected by three layers known as the meninges (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater). The spinal column, which consists of 33 bones known as vertebrae, houses the spinal cord.Learn more about the spinal cord here brainly.com/question/16014308
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If two organisms were locked in an antagonistic coevolutionary relationship, which one would win?
If two organisms were locked in an antagonistic co-evolutionary relationship the one who's generation time is shorter. It is the relation between males and females where sexual morphology changes over the time to counteract the opposite sex traits to achieve the maximum reproductive success.
Co-evolution does not necessarily require the presence of antagonism. The characteristics within group of unrelated species may converge to allow individual species to exploit valuable resources or increase protection.
Co-evolution is a reciprocal evolutionary change in set of interesting populations over the time resulting from the interaction between those population.There are some examples of co-evolution such as herbivores and plants and the relation between herbivores species and the plants that they consume.
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the graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis of a plant varies with light intensity. interpret the graph and justify statement.
The graph shows that the rate of photosynthesis increases with increased light intensity, other conditions being constant.
Photosynthesis and light intensityFrom the graph, the rate of photosynthesis increases with an increase in light intensity.
At low light intensity, the photosynthesis rate increases with an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide and level off at some point.
With medium light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis is about twice that of low light intensity under the same concentration of carbon dioxide. It also gradually levels off when the concentration of carbon dioxide reached a particular point.
The same trend applies to high light intensity. The rate of photosynthesis increased accordingly, much more than low and medium-intensity light.
Both light and carbon dioxide concentration can limit the rate of photosynthesis. When both factors are abundant, photosynthesis can be limited by other factors such as water, nutrient, etc.
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What adaptive immune responses, if any, could one expect to function in a human born without a thymus?
Adaptive immune response is an immunity response that occurs after exposure to a foreign substance .
The thymus gland a primary lymphoid organ is an important part of immune system as T cells develop in the thymus. The cells of the adaptive immune system are lymphocytes B cells and T cells. As adaptive immune system depends on T cell and innate immune system, one cannot function properly and constantly get sick from bacteria or viruses infection, if born without it.
Removal of the thymus at later stages of life has no significant effect on immunity because enough T-cells are generated during fetal stage, i.e. before birth.
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E. coli is a species of bacteria that causes many different infections in humans. certain e. coli strains have developed resistance to antibiotics, making infections with these strains difficult to treat. how do bacteria such as e. coli, which reproduce asexually, gain new traits such as antibiotic resistance?
By mutating their DNA in response to environmental conditions to gain beneficial traits, reproduce asexually, gain new traits such as antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria denotes the bacteria's incapacity to be treated by an antibiotic, which means the antibiotic's effectiveness against the bacteria is either abolished or diminished.What environmental factors could cause DNA to mutate?
If mistakes are made and not fixed right away. Additionally, exposure to environmental elements including smoking, sunshine, and radiation can result in mutations.
Which type of mutation depend on the condition of the environment?
Somatic mutagenesis
Therefore, a large portion of an organism may have the same mutation. These kinds of mutations, which can result in diseases like cancer, are typically brought on by environmental factors like ultraviolet radiation or any exposure to certain dangerous substances.What is a mutation that is beneficial?
A type of mutation known as a beneficial mutation affects an organism in a favorable way. These mutations are uncommon but important.Learn more about mutation
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The inability of lateral inhibition to explain White's illusion suggests that some contrast effects are based in the retina. the cortex. the optic nerve. the cornea.
The inability of lateral inhibition to explain White's illusion suggests that some contrast effects are based in the cortex.
What is white's illusion?The perceptual phenomenon known as "White's illusion" occurs when two equiluminant gray patches are superimposed on a square-wave grating in black and white and appear to be of different luminosities.A test patch placed on the grating's dark stripe appears lighter than one placed on the stripe with light color.White's illusion is an optical illusion highlighting the fact that the same target luminance can elicit various perceptions of brightness in differentWhite's illusion is a brightness illusion when specific stripes of a black and white grating is partially replaced by a gray rectangle.According to Novick, the Munker-White illusion is the cause of this distorted impression. Fundamentally, Novick claimed that the illusion is effective because "our acuity for shape is better than our acuity for color, which means that we see the shapes with more detail and the colors with less detail."Learn more about White's illusion here:
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Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as __________ on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane
Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as antigens/antibodies on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.
You can determine what type of blood you have by blood typing. Blood typing ensures that you can safely give blood and receive blood transfusions. Additionally, it checks to see if the Rh factor, which is found on the surface of red blood cells, is present.The four primary blood types are:
Type A Type B Type ABType OBlood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Blood group AB – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies
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What is the expected outcome on regional precipitation as a result of global warming?
A Final statement or concluding statement
Mid-latitude dry zones will get drier while tropically wet parts will get wetter. Even in locations where the total amount of precipitation is expected to decrease, heavy precipitation events will probably occur more frequently. Depending on the location, heavy downpours, which currently happen around once every 20 years, are predicted to happen twice as frequently to five times more frequently by the year 2100.
Why precipitation is affected by global warming?Precipitation intensity and frequency can be impacted by climate change. Oceans that are warmer cause more water to evaporate into the atmosphere. More severe precipitation, such as heavier rain and snowstorms, can result from more moisture-laden air moving over land or converging into a storm system.
1 Crop loss, soil erosion, and an increase in flood danger owing to heavy rainfall (see the River Flooding indicator) are all possible results of heavy precipitation, which can then result in accidents, drownings, and other flooding-related health effects.
2 Additionally, because pollutants left on the land wash into water bodies during precipitation, runoff can harm water quality.
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The surgical removal of the membrane that lines the interior of a joint is known as a?
The surgical removal of the membrane that lines the interior of a joint is known as Joint Synovectomy.
The surgical removal of the synovial membrane, the tissue that lines the joint capsule, is known as a joint synovectomy.
The body's synovium surrounds the joints and creates synovial fluid to lubricate the joint and promote easy mobility.
The joint disease causes the synovium to inflame (synovitis) and overproduce synovial fluid, which contains an enzyme that can eat away at the cartilage on the joint surface, causing bone-on-bone on bone joint discomfort.
When you have a painful, disabling joint issue that does not improve with non-surgical treatments including rest, drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroid injections, and physical therapy, your surgeon will typically advise joint synovectomy.
Hence, the surgical removal of the membrane that lines the interior of a joint is known as Joint Synovectomy.
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The rounded superior portion of the uterus that lies between the uterine tubes is called the?
The rounded top portion of the uterus that is situated in-between the uterine tubes is known as the fundus.
A brief explanation of the uterus:
The uterus is the most important hormonally sensitive organ of the female reproductive system in humans and most other animals. The upper region of the uterus, which is above where the fallopian tubes are, is referred to as the "fundus." The region between the corpus and the cervix is known as the isthmus, and it is narrow and situated near the intersection of the internal os of the cervix and the uterine artery.
What does uterine fundus actually mean?
a hollow sphere's area that is opposite or farthest from the organ's opening. Depending on the organ, the fundus might be located at either the top or bottom of a site. The fundus of a uterus, for instance, refers to the upper part of the uterus that lies opposite the cervix.
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What is the reason cyanobacteria and bacteria do not reproduce by mitosis?
a. they are not organisms.
b. they do not contain cells.
c. they only contain one chromosome.
d. they have more than one chromosome.
Cyanobacteria and bacteria do not reproduce by mitosis because they only contain one chromosome.
Why is mitosis not possible in cyanobacteria and bacteria?Mitosis involves the equational division of vegetative cells.
During mitosis, sister chromatids separate and migrate to the opposite poles with the same cytoplasm. The cytoplasm eventually divides by cytokinesis to produce two independent daughter cells that are not only genetically similar to each other, but also to their parent.
Cyanobacteria and bacteria have just a single chromosome in their genome. Thus, it is impossible for this chromosome to separate, migrate to the opposite poles. and produce 2 daughter cells.
Both organisms are living and reproduce by other means such as binary fission, conjugation, etc.
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Which of these species would be most in danger of becoming extinct if one of their food sources became unavailable?
Answer:
Due to their being no options (possibly just an incomplete question), I will just give an answer. So for panda bears, if their food sources became unavailable, they would most likely be in danger of becoming extinct.
But one thing is, pandas do have the ability to survive with bamboo.
But since bamboo comprises 99 percent of their food, although they also consume other plants and even meat, I highly doubt they could (whose make the remaining 1 percent ).
Because the gene T1R1 mutated some 4 million years ago, causing them to lose the ability to taste umami, giant pandas have come to rely significantly on bamboo (which is what makes meat tasty for omnivores and carnivores). The availability of bamboo trunks at the time coincided with their purported food source becoming increasingly limited, thus pandas became used to them and began to rely significantly on them, as they do now.
Thank you,
Eddie
Which component of the electrocardiogram represents the duration of ventricular contraction?
QRS complex refers to the combination of the Q, R, and S waves, and indicates ventricular depolarization and contraction (ventricular systole).
Ventricular rate can be calculated by determining the time interval between QRS complexes. The duration of the QRS complex is normally 0.06 to 0.10 seconds. This relatively short duration indicates that ventricular depolarization normally occurs very rapidly.
P QRS and T waves in electrocardiogram signifies the P wave in an ECG complex indicates atrial depolarization. The QRS is responsible for ventricular depolarization and the T wave is ventricular repolarization.
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Coniferous forests evolved due to earth’s continents assuming their modern configuration. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
True, Coniferous forests evolved due to earth’s continents assuming their modern configuration.
What are Conifers?
Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae.The great majority are trees, though a few are shrubs. Examples include cedars, Douglas-firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauri, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews.The evolution of the Coniferous forests:
The earliest conifers appear in the fossil record during the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), over 300 million years ago.The most primitive conifers belong to the paraphyletic assemblage of "Wallachian conifers", which were small trees, and probably originated in dry upland habitats. The range of conifers expanded during the Early Permian (Cisuralian) to lowlands due to increasing aridity. Wallachian conifers were gradually replaced by more advanced voltzialean or "transition" conifers. Conifers were largely unaffected by the Permian–Triassic extinction event and were dominant land plants of the Mesozoic era. Modern groups of conifers emerged from the Voltziales during the Late Permian through Jurassic. Conifers underwent a major decline in the Late Cretaceous corresponding to the explosive adaptive radiation of flowering plants.To learn more about Conifers: https://brainly.com/question/831270
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