How many o2 molecules are used in glycolysis?.

No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential is true about the absolute refractory period (Option D).

The absolute refractory period of a response to a stimulus refers to the interval of time in which the new action potential can not be reached independently of the presence of stimuli to trigger it.

This period (the absolute refractory period) is used to understand how stimuli send info during the response to the environment.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the absolute refractory period of a response to a stimulus is based on the time period required for the neuron cell to be able to respond to a new stimulus, which depends on the generation of a new action potential capable of activating a concomitant response.

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Answer:

DNA Viruses

Explanation:

Answer:

Transcription cannot occur in a nucleus in a prokaryotic cell.

Explanation:

This procedure includes removing specific exons and the introns that surround them from mRNA constructs before translation. Alternative 5' or 3' splicing: Exons can be joined at alternative 5' or 3' splice sites to facilitate alternative splicing.

The removal of specific sequences known as intervening sequences, or introns, or their "splicing out" is one of the processes in this processing, known as RNA splicing. Thus, the leftover sequences, referred to as exons, are what make up the final mRNA. These exons are linked to one another through the splicing procedure.

By combining various exons, a process known as alternative splicing produces various variations in the mRNA. Proteins are produced as isoforms via alternative splicing. Protein chemical and biological activity is altered as a result. Thus, more than one type of mRNA and more than one type of protein can be encoded by a single gene.

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There are 5 bases present in DNA and RNA combined. However, each have 4 bases of which 3 are common and one varies.

RNA, Ribonucleic Acid consists of 4 nucleobases which are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil. The are represented as A, G, C and U respectively. They form the backbone of RNA.  they are made up of alternating phosphate groups and ribose sugar.

DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid consists of 4 nucleobases which are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine. The are represented as A, G, C and T respectively.  These nucleotides are the fundamental bases of the genetic code of organisms. They form the backbone of DNA.

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A mutation might alter a property in a way that's even advantageous, such making it possible for an organism to more effectively adapt to its surroundings.

A point mutation is the most basic type of mutation. When one nucleotide base in a DNA sequence is swapped out for another, something happens. The production of the incorrect amino acid may result from the alteration. DNA is a flexible and dynamic molecule. As a result, due to a process known as mutation, the nucleotide sequences found therein are liable to alter. A particular mutation may prove harmless, beneficial, or even harmful depending on how it changes the genetic structure of an organism. The physiology of an affected organism can occasionally undergo drastic alterations as a result of a mutation. Naturally, it is first necessary to comprehend what mutations are and how they occur in order to better understand the various effects of mutations.

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At a specific genomic location, an allele is one of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases). For each genomic region with such variation, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent.

Deoxyribonucleic acid, generally known as DNA, is the full name for the polynucleotide chain-based compound that makes up most of an organism's genetic allele   material and is responsible for passing genetic information from one generation to the next. A pair of chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids and made up of different proteins and DNA, are found in the nucleus of each individual cell. Therefore, we can state that each chromosome has DNA and that each cell contains chromosomes. The alleles are different versions of a gene that are nearly identical to each other and have little to no different DNA. A gene is a structure made of DNA that is arranged on a chromosome.

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Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the pacific yew tree that disrupts microtubule formation in animal cells. When taxol is added to animal cells, cell division stops. Specifically, taxol must affect the fibres of the mitotic spindle.

Tаxol (generic nаme pаclitаxel) is one of the most importаnt аnticаncer drugs аvаilаble in the world. It is relаted to the destruction of microtubules. Tаxol stаbilizes microtubules аnd reduces their dynаmicity, promoting mitotic аrrest аnd cell deаth. Upon аssembly of the α/β-tubulin heterodimer, GTP bound to β-tubulin is hydrolyzed to GDP reаching а steаdy-stаte equilibrium between free tubulin dimers аnd microtubules. Due to this, the formаtion of mitotic spindle fibre formаtion gets аrrested аnd аs а result, the cell division come to а hold.

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The 4 elements that can affect gene expression: food plan, temperature, oxygen ranges, humidity, mild cycles, and the presence of mutagens can all impact which of an animal's genes are expressed, which ultimately impacts the animal's phenotype.

Gene goes with the flow is anticipated to be a decrease in species that have low dispersal or mobility, that arise in fragmented habitats, in which there are long distances among populations, and while there are small population sizes. control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells happens at epigenetic, transcriptional, publish-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational degrees.

Epigenetic processes, consisting of DNA methylation, histone change, and numerous RNA-mediated techniques, are ideal to persuade gene expression mainly at the level of transcription; however, different steps within the procedure (for instance, translation) may also be regulated epigenetically.

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Answer:

23 chromosomes (46 total)

Explanation:

During Interphase, the DNA is copied. Hence, there are 2 copies of one chromosome. This means that there are now 46 pairs of chromosome in the parent cell.

However, during cytokinesis, the cell divides itself into two, meaning that each daughter cell are left with 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes.

Thanks.

Definition(s):

Mitosis: The usual method of cell division, characterized typically by the resolving of the chromatin of the nucleus into a threadlike form, which condenses into chromosomes, each of which separates longitudinally  into two parts, one part of each chromosome being retained in each of two new cells resulting from the original cell.

Cytokinesis: The division of the cell cytoplasm that usually follow mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus.

Chromosomes: Any of several threadlike bodies, consisting of chromatin, that carry the genes in a linear order: the human species has 23 pairs, designated 1 to 22 in order of decreasing size and X and Y for the female and male sex chromosomes respectively.

Daughter cell: A cell produced by reproductive division of a cell during mitosis or meiosis.

Parent cell: A cell that is the source of other cells, such as a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells, or a stem cell that is a progenitor of other cells or is the first in a line of developing cell, is called a parent cell. It is sometimes also called the mother cell.

Thanks,
Eddie

The process of evolution is how organisms change over time in response to their environment.

The phrase "theory of evolution by natural selection," put out by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the nineteenth century, is more commonly known as the theory of evolution.

According to the principle of natural selection, organisms breed more young than they can withstand in their surroundings. Those who are more physically capable of surviving, maturing, and reproducing. On the other hand, those who lack this fitness either do not live long enough to reproduce or have fewer offspring than their counterparts. Because the "fittest" organisms—those best adapted to their environment—are the ones that reproduce most successfully and are most likely to pass on their traits to the next generation, natural selection is sometimes summed up as "survival of the fittest."

Hence, evolution shows how organism adapt according to surroundings.

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Proprioreceptors are responsible to create the sensation awareness of our body.

A sensory receptor found in the subcutaneous tissues that may detect motion (or movement) and position of the body by responding to an internal stimulation.

One would be able to feel how a body part moved and where it was in relation to other body parts. Even while wearing a blindfold, a person could still be able to feel the arm over their head or use their finger to touch their nose. The body's proprioceptors are to blame for this. Sensory receptors called proprioceptors are found in the subcutaneous tissues. Through a stimulation created within the body, they are able to detect motion (or movement) and position of the body. When a bodily part moves or changes position in relation to the rest of the body, they communicate that information to the brain. The neuromuscular spindle, the Golgi tendon organ, the joint kinesthetic receptor, and the vestibular apparatus are a few examples of proprioceptors.

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Evolution consists of changes in the heritable traits of a population of organisms as successive generations replace each other. It is populations of organisms that evolve, not individual organisms.

In population genetics, evolution is defined as a change in the frequency of alleles (versions of a gene) in a population over time. Evolution is the process by which populations of organisms change over generations. Genetic variations underlie these changes.

In general terms, biological evolution is the process of change by which new species develop from pre-existing species over time; In genetic terms, evolution can be defined as any change in the frequency of alleles in populations of organisms from generation to generation.

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Answer:

mitosis

Explanation:

this is what happens in most cells ( including human cells) for growth and to replenish dead cells etc...

The trauma of witnessing Jamie and Black Jack Randall's (Tobias Menzies) duel caused Claire to deliver her child too soon, and she nearly died in the hospital after losing her baby.

Claire tragically lost her child after going into premature labor while racing to stop Jaime from dueling Captain Jack Randall. Claire was devastated when the nurse was rushed to L'Hôpital des Anges and her baby was stillborn.

Claire knew she would have miscarried whether Jamie pursued BJR or not; she had experienced bleeding in the weeks leading up to it, as well as a nagging pain in her back on her way to Bois de Bologne. She did not place blame on herself for the miscarriage. While it's easy to love Claire and Jamie when they're in love, it's quite another to see Balfe's character reveal she "hated" Jamie for the events leading up to their first daughter's tragic miscarriage.

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5 ways to prevent the spread of germs.

Nose, mouth, or eyes to arms to others:

hands to meals: ...

food to palms to food: ...

infected baby to palms to different children:

Animals to humans

Handwashing. preserving our arms clean is one of the maximum crucial steps we are able to take to keep away from getting ill and spreading germs to others. it's pleasant to scrub your hands with soap and easy jogging water for 20 seconds.

Infectious illnesses are caused by microscopic germs (which include bacteria or viruses) that get into the body and purpose trouble. some — but not all — infectious diseases spread at once from one individual to any other. Infectious diseases that unfold from character to man or woman are said to be contagious.

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Haploid gametes with homologous chromosomes have balanced genetic makeup.

Definition. A cell of an organism is said to be haploid if it only has one set of chromosomes. Diploic organisms are those that reproduce sexually (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). In humans, only the sperm and egg cells are haploid.

Haploid refers to a cell containing one set of chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in gametes, which are also known as egg or sperm cells, is also referred to as haploid. Human gametes are haploid cells with 23 chromosomes, one of which is found in each of the chromosome pairs found in diplod cells.

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Humans naturally have a propensity for violent behaviour. Conflicts tend to occur frequently because of this predisposition.

Humans naturally have a propensity for violent behaviour. Conflicts and destruction are a constant feature of human society, and this inclination explains why.

According to a sustainable marketing approach, the essential connection between people and nature is the constant exchange and transformation of resources, as well as the assistance that both nature and people give to one another: Although we live in a world with non-renewable resources, we have a tendency to consume as if there is an endless supply of resources.

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Answer:

D

Explanation:

They both show that violent instincts can emerge when people are away from the influence of civilization.

got right on the test

The correct answer is option D, the Olecranon fossa.

The olecranon fossa is a deep triangular pit located on the back of the humerus, above the trochlea.

The coronoid fossa, which is placed superior to the trochlea and receives the coronoid process of the ulna, and the radial fossa, which receives the head of the radius, are both located superior to the capitulum on the anterior side of the condyle.

The capitellum, which forms the "ball" of the pivoting ball-and-socket portion of the elbow joint, is crucial to the elbow's ability to pivot. This area of the humerus rarely fractures. They are thought to be the cause of 6% of distal humerus fractures and 1% of elbow fractures.

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The aortic arches perform heart-like functions. The five pairs of aortic arches are in charge of supplying the dorsal and ventral blood arteries with blood.

The earthworm's frontal blood arteries are in charge of delivering blood there. The "brain" of an earthworm. The neural system of an earthworm is basic. A ventral nerve cord that runs the entire length of the body is attached to the cerebral ganglia. Since each segment is linked to this cord, earthworms are able to move and react to various stimuli, including light, touch, chemicals, vibrations, and more. Worms have an anus at the back of the body where they excrete solid waste, and they have nephridiopores all over the body where they excrete liquid waste.

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Tertiary consumers produces less biomass but result in higher biomagnification.

Compared to primary consumers, tertiary consumers spend less energy. Organisms that eat secondary consumers are considered as tertiary consumers. Primary consumers are herbivores that devour plants. Consider insects. Secondary consumers are small carnivores that eat other animals, often herbivores. Consider frogs. Tertiary consumers are large carnivores that eat other animals, particularly secondary consumers. Consider birds. Bugs, frogs, and birds(First-tier consumers) The secondary market (Tertiary consumers).

The higher an animal is on the food chain (such as third-party consumers like seals), the higher the concentration of DDT in their bodies as a result of a process called biomagnification.

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Given that the woman is the carrier, the fatal gene must be located on the X chromosome. In other words, there is a 50% chance that the offspring will carry the lethal gene. Due to the 2:1 ratio, there are 3 male children and 6 female children.

The cell division error known as nondisjunction frequently causes down syndrome. Instead of the usual two copies of chromosome 21, an embryo with nondisjunction has three copies.

a gene that, under certain circumstances (like homozygous ones), may stop an organism's development or result in the death of its germ cells. additionally known as a lethal factor, lethal mutant, or lethal mutation.

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When used to diagnose, plan therapy for, and assess a variety of illnesses ,issues, in both adults and children, CT scans may offer extensive information. Additionally, exploratory surgery might not be necessary given the comprehensive pictures produced by CT scans.

In general, a CT scan provides the benefit of a quick study period (15 to 20 minutes) with excellent picture quality. However CT scans, drawbacks include the requirement for radiation exposure,issues and the majority of the time, the use of a contrast material (dye), which may make it inappropriate for people with severe renal issues.

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Biological contamination is defined as the contamination of food caused by microorganisms.

The microorganisms which cause contamination are called contaminants. The different types of contaminants are bacteria, fungi, parasite and virus. These are transferred to food through various sources such as people, raw food, pest and refuse.

Bacteria are single celled organisms which have a rigid cell wall. They cause spoilage and consuming food affected by them causes illness. Bacteria produces spores that help them survive in high temperature areas. They are difficult to multiply.

Viruses are microscopic pathogens which are smaller than bacteria which can multiply in living cells. They cannot reproduce on their own and hence require a host for the same. Parasites are organisms which live and feed on a host. In most cases it is a one way relationship where at the end the host dies.

Fungi are biological contaminants which are found naturally. They can be small single celled organisms or multicellular organisms.  Examples are mould and yeast.

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These enzymes, known as RuvAB, catalyse branch migration, which pairs two homologous DNA strands. Due to the DNA helicase activity of RuvAB, a crossover branch will migrate in a way that will prolong the DNA heteroduplex.

In multicellular animals, DNA recombinases are frequently utilized to modify genome structure and regulate gene expression. These bacterial- and fungal-derived enzymes (bacteriophages) catalyse DNA exchange events between short (30–40 nucleotide) target site sequences that are unique to each recombinase. Excision/insertion, inversion, translocation, and cassette exchange are four fundamental functional modules that are made possible by these events and have been utilized singly or in combination to control the expression of many different genes.

Hence, recombinase is enzyme brings up recombination of DNA.

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Use of city water has increased, and the annual rainfall has been unusually low. Option D is correct.

Both society and nature rely on water resources. To maintain our health, we require a consistent, clean supply of drinking water. Water is also necessary for agriculture, the development of energy, navigation, leisure, and manufacturing. Many of these applications impose stress on water resources, and climate change is expected to make matters worse. Climate change is projected to result in decreased water supplies and increased water demand in many locations. It would be difficult for water managers to balance the requirements of expanding communities, fragile ecosystems, farmers, ranchers, energy producers, and manufacturers at the same time. In other places, runoff, flooding, and sea level rise will be more of an issue than water scarcity. These consequences may lower water quality and harm infrastructure.

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Increased [NAD+] inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)

Increased [NADH] activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)

Coenzyme A inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)

Acetyl-co A activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)

ADP inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, PDK, is an enzyme that acts to inhibit the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme by phosphorylating it using ATP. Its mechanism of action is catalyzing the phosphorylation of a specific Ser residue in the E1 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, rendering it inactive. By inhibiting the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, PDK will decrease the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-coA and CO₂ in mitochondria and increase the conversion of pyruvate to lactate in the cytosol.

Since the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is activated by an increase in the concentration of one or more of ADP, NAD+, or CoA-SH, its inhibitor, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, is inhibited by ADP, NAD+, CoA-SH, and pyruvate. However, the PDK is activated by the increased concentration of ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA.

Increased [NAD+] inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)

Increased [NADH] activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)

Coenzyme A inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)

Acetyl-co A activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)

ADP inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)

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A Neurospora mutant that was defective in the ability to convert citrulline to arginine (the last step in arginine biosynthesis) would be able to grow on minimal medium  supplemented with arginine.

A genus of Ascomycete fungi is called Neurospora. The name of the genus, which means "nerve spore," alludes to the distinctive striations that mimic axons on the spores. The best-known member of this genus is the standard model organism in biology, Neurospora crassa.

The amino acid with the formula CN(CH2)3CHCO2H is arginine. A guanidino group is attached to a typical amino acid framework in the molecule. The carboxylic acid is deprotonated and the amino and guanidino groups are both protonated at physiological pH, forming a cation.

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Despite their various shapes, all cells share certain components. The cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and DNA are among these components.

A membrane surrounds a cell and has receptors on its surface. The nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex are all small structures found inside a cell.

The cell membrane surrounds the cell and regulates the substances that enter and exit the cell. The nucleus is a structure inside the cell that houses the nucleolus as well as the majority of the cell's DNA. The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm. It works by separating cells from one another as well as the cell from its surroundings.

The living substance of the cell is referred to as protoplasm. Protoplasm refers to the entire contents of a living cell.

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The outer surface of the f0 subunit of atp synthase must be hydrophobic to be embedded in the membrane.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced by the enzyme ATP synthase during the process of cellular respiration. The primary source of energy used by cells is ATP.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) are used by ATP synthase in the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which is the process by which enzymes oxidize nutrients to produce ATP. All life forms contain ATP synthase, which is responsible for all cellular activities.

About 100 ATP molecules can be produced by each ATP synthase every second. Eukaryotes, which include plants, animals, and fungi, have mitochondria, which primarily serve as ATP generators.

Therefore, The outer surface of the f0 subunit of atp synthase must be hydrophobic to be embedded in the membrane.

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