The four key inputs - Recovery Rate, Default Rate, Prepayment Risk, and Default Correlation are the major determinants of credit risk during an economic recession. They have a direct effect on the credit risk of a borrower or issuer.
Each key input has a different impact on credit risk during a recession. Below are their effects:
1. Recovery Rate - Recovery rate is the percentage of the amount that is expected to be recovered after default. A higher recovery rate will lower credit risk during a recession. A lower recovery rate will increase the credit risk.
2. Default Rate - Default rate is the percentage of borrowers that will default on their loans. A higher default rate increases credit risk during a recession.
3. Prepayment Risk - Prepayment risk is the risk that a borrower will pay off their debt early. It does not have a direct impact on credit risk during a recession.
4. Default Correlation - Default correlation measures the relationship between defaults on different loans. A higher default correlation increases credit risk during a recession.
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The next dividend payment by Hoffman, Inc., will be $2.50 per share. The dividends are anticipated to maintain a growth rate of 5.75 percent forever. Assume the stock currently sells for $48.60 per share.
a.
What is the dividend yield? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
b.What is the expected capital gains yield? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
a.Dividend yield%b.Capital gains yield%
a)The dividend yield is approximately 5.14%.
b)The expected capital gains yield is approximately 20.34%.
a. The dividend yield can be calculated by dividing the annual dividend per share by the current stock price and multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage. In this case:
Dividend Yield = (Dividend per share / Stock price) * 100
Given that the dividend per share is $2.50 and the stock price is $48.60:
Dividend Yield = ($2.50 / $48.60) * 100 ≈ 5.14%
Therefore, The dividend yield is approximately 5.14%.
b. The expected capital gains yield can be calculated as the difference between the expected future stock price and the current stock price, divided by the current stock price, and then multiplied by 100 to express it as a percentage. The expected future stock price can be estimated using the constant growth rate model for dividends.
Expected Capital Gains Yield = [(Expected Future Stock Price - Current Stock Price) / Current Stock Price] * 100
The constant growth rate model can be used to estimate the expected future stock price:
Expected Future Stock Price = Dividend per share / (Required Rate of Return - Dividend Growth Rate)
Given that the dividend per share is $2.50 and the dividend growth rate is 5.75%, we need the required rate of return to calculate the expected future stock price. Since the required rate of return is not provided, let's assume it to be 10% for illustration purposes.
Expected Future Stock Price = $2.50 / (0.10 - 0.0575) ≈ $58.48
Now we can calculate the capital gains yield:
Expected Capital Gains Yield = [($58.48 - $48.60) / $48.60] * 100 ≈ 20.34%
Therefore, the expected capital gains yield is approximately 20.34%.
The dividend yield for Hoffman, Inc. is approximately 5.14%, while the expected capital gains yield is approximately 20.34%.
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You are considering investing in a stock. You believe that the economy over the next year will be either in recession, will achieve average growth or will be a booming economy. The following table shows the probability of each state of the economy and the return on the stock given the state of the economy. What is the expected return on the stock?
Economy probability return
Recession 20% -6,5%
Average growth 45% 5.3%
Booming 35% 10.8%
a. 6.69% b. 4.87% c. 2.06% d. 4.41%
The expected return on the stock is approximately 4.87% based on the given probabilities and returns for each state of the economy (option b).
To calculate the expected return on the stock, we multiply the return for each state of the economy by its respective probability, and then sum them up.
- Return during recession: -6.5% * 20% = -1.3%
- Return during average growth: 5.3% * 45% = 2.385%
- Return during booming economy: 10.8% * 35% = 3.78%
Expected Return = -1.3% + 2.385% + 3.78% = 4.865%
Therefore, the expected return on the stock is approximately 4.87%. The correct answer is option b. 4.87%.
This represents the average return that can be expected based on the probabilities and returns associated with each state of the economy.
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Explain, with the aid of a graph, the impact of an increase in SA’s ability to receive
ultra-large vessels on the supply of transport.
(Note: Five marks for the graph and five marks for the explanation of the impact)
The graph would illustrate the relationship between SA's ability to receive ultra-large vessels and the supply of transport.
On the x-axis, we would have the increasing ability of SA to receive ultra-large vessels, ranging from low to high. On the y-axis, we would represent the supply of transport, measured in terms of quantity or capacity.
Initially, with a low ability to receive ultra-large vessels, the supply of transport would be limited. As the ability to receive such vessels increases, the supply of transport would also increase. This is because ultra-large vessels have higher carrying capacities, allowing for the transportation of larger volumes of goods and cargo.
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take an important confounder into account, you may: O Underestimate the effect of the exposure on the outcome Overestimate the effect of the exposure on the outcome Underestimate the risk of the outcome in the population Overestimate the risk of the outcome in the population O None of the above Question 32 1 pts You are an epidemiologist studying the impact of obesity (exposure) on risk of heart attack (outcome). Your work shows you that obesity raises blood pressure because the heart has to work harder to pump blood in larger bodies. Your work also shows you that the strain of high blood pressure on the heart increases the risk of heart attack in obese people. This information tells you that high blood pressure is a confounder in the relationship between obesity and heart attack. This information tells you that high blood pressure is an effect modifier of the relationship between obesity and heart attack. This information tells you that high blood pressure is a mediator in the relationship between obesity and heart attack. This information tells you that high blood pressure is causes obesity
If you take an important confounder into account , you may either underestimate or overestimate the effect of the exposure on the outcome. Hence, the correct option is: Underestimate the effect of the exposure on the outcome or overestimate the effect of the exposure on the outcome.
In the given scenario, the information tells us that high blood pressure is a confounder in the relationship between obesity and heart attack. Confounding occurs when an extraneous variable is associated with both the exposure and outcome. In this case, high blood pressure is a confounding variable because it is associated with both obesity and heart attack.
The confounding variable can either underestimate or overestimate the effect of the exposure on the outcome. Therefore, taking high blood pressure as a confounder into account, we must carefully analyze the data to correctly determine the impact of obesity on heart attacks.
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Procter and Gamble shares are valued at $61.00 with perpetual year-end dividends of 3.1639%. What dividend payment would a holder of 750 shares receive in perpetuity assuming the share price and dividend rate remain unchanged?
Procter and Gamble's shares are valued at $61.00 with perpetual year-end dividends of 3.1639%. A holder of 750 shares would receive a dividend payment of $23.73 in perpetuity if the share price and dividend rate remain unchanged.
To calculate the dividend payment that a holder of 750 shares would receive in perpetuity, we need to multiply the number of shares by the dividend rate.
The dividend rate of 3.1639% can be converted to a decimal by dividing it by 100: 3.1639% / 100 = 0.031639.
Next, we multiply the number of shares (750) by the dividend rate: 750 * 0.031639 = 23.72925.
Therefore, a holder of 750 shares would receive a dividend payment of $23.73 (rounded to two decimal places) in perpetuity if the share price and dividend rate remain unchanged.
The calculation assumes that the perpetual dividends are paid annually, and the share price and dividend rate remain constant over time. It's important to note that in reality, share prices and dividend rates can fluctuate based on various factors such as market conditions, company performance, and economic factors.
In conclusion, assuming no changes in share price and dividend rate, a holder of 750 shares of Procter and Gamble would receive a perpetuity dividend payment of $23.73 annually.
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tratosphere Wireless is examining its cash conversion cycle. The company expects its cost of goods sold, which equals 80 percent of sales, to be 360,000 this year. Stratosphere normally turns over inventory 20 times per year; accounts receivable is turned over 15 times per year, and the a ayatle tumover is 40 . Assume there are 360 days in a year. a. Calculate the cash conversion cycle. Round your answer to the nearest whole number. days b. Calculate the average balances in accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventory. Round your answers to the nearest dollar. Accounts receivable: $ Accounts payable: $ Inventory: $
The cash conversion cycle measures the time it takes for a company to convert its investments in inventory and other resources into cash flows from sales.
a. First, let's calculate the average age of inventory. The inventory turnover ratio is given as 20 times per year. Since there are 360 days in a year, we can divide 360 by 20 to find the average number of days it takes for inventory to turn over. This is 18 days. b. Next, let's calculate the average collection period for accounts receivable. The accounts receivable turnover ratio is given as 15 times per year. Again, dividing 360 by 15 gives us an average collection period of 24 days. c. Finally, let's calculate the average payment period for accounts payable. The accounts payable turnover ratio is given as 40 times per year. Dividing 360 by 40 gives us an average payment period of 9 days.
Now, to calculate the cash conversion cycle, we add the average age of inventory (18 days) to the average collection period for accounts receivable (24 days), and then subtract the average payment period for accounts payable (9 days). Cash Conversion Cycle = Average age of inventory + Average collection period for accounts receivable - Average payment period for accounts payable Cash Conversion Cycle = 18 days + 24 days - 9 days Cash Conversion Cycle = 33 days
So, the cash conversion cycle for Stratosphere Wireless is 33 days.
To calculate the average balances in accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventory, we can use the following formulas:
Average Accounts Receivable = (Cost of Goods Sold / Accounts Receivable Turnover) * 360 Average Accounts Payable = (Cost of Goods Sold / Accounts Payable Turnover) * 360 Average Inventory = (Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory Turnover) * 360
Plugging in the given values, we can calculate the average balances:
Average Accounts Receivable = (360,000 / 15) * 360 = $2,592,000
Average Accounts Payable = (360,000 / 40) * 360 = $324,000
Average Inventory = (360,000 / 20) * 360 = $648,000
Therefore, the average balances are:
Accounts Receivable: $2,592,000
Accounts Payable: $324,000
Inventory: $648,000
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which type of rocks are produced from deposition of particles
The type of rocks that are produced from the deposition of particles are called sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are formed through the accumulation and compaction of sediments, which are particles derived from the weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks. These sediments can include fragments of rocks, minerals, organic matter, and other debris that settle and accumulate in layers over time. With the pressure of overlying layers and the process of cementation, these sediments become compacted and solidified to form sedimentary rocks. Examples of sedimentary rocks include sandstone, limestone, shale, and conglomerate.
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Blue, Inc., receives its support from the following sources.
Governmental unit A for services rendered $18,000
General public for services rendered 25,000
Gross investment income 8,000
Contributions from individual disqualified persons 19,000
Which of the following statements is correct?
Blue is not a private foundation because it satisfies both the external support test and the internal support test.
Blue is a private foundation because it satisfies both the external support test and the internal support test.
.Blue is a private foundation because it satisfies the external support test and fails the internal support test.
The correct option is C. Blue, Inc. is a private foundation as it satisfies the external support test and fails the internal support test.
Blue, Inc. is an organization that receives support from several sources. From the information given, it's clear that the organization receives support from Governmental unit A, the general public, gross investment income, and individual disqualified persons. In terms of the foundation status of Blue, Inc., it's considered a private foundation due to the sources of support it receives. Blue, Inc. is considered a private foundation as it fails the internal support test and satisfies the external support test. Internal support is received from a select group of donors that includes managers, officers, and directors of the foundation. The external support test involves calculating the percentage of support received from donors that are not part of the select group of donors mentioned above. Therefore, the failure of the internal support test indicates that the support received from the select group of donors is too high, and as a result, the organization's sources of support are too limited.
Calculation steps: For the external support test calculation, the sum of government support, public support, and contributions from other donors not disqualified persons is divided by the sum of total support. In this case, External support test = ($18,000 + $25,000)/ ($18,000 + $25,000 + $8,000 + $19,000).
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With the government set maximum rent of $1,600, consumer surplus is
It is difficult to estimate the consumer surplus with a fixed maximum rent without knowing the equilibrium price of rent.
Consumer surplus is the difference between the amount that consumers are willing to pay for a product and the actual price that they pay. With the government set maximum rent of $1,600, consumer surplus will depend on the equilibrium price of rent and how much consumers are willing to pay for rent.
If the equilibrium price of rent is higher than the government set maximum rent of $1,600, consumers will experience a consumer surplus as they will be able to pay less than the equilibrium price. On the other hand, if the equilibrium price of rent is lower than the government set maximum rent of $1,600, the consumer surplus will be zero as consumers will have to pay the same or more than the equilibrium price.
Therefore, the consumer surplus with the government set maximum rent of $1,600 will depend on the equilibrium price of rent, which will vary depending on market factors such as supply and demand. In conclusion, it is difficult to estimate the consumer surplus with a fixed maximum rent without knowing the equilibrium price of rent.
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Describe the main areas of legislation relating to logistics and transport organisations
The main areas of legislation relating to logistics and transport organizations include transportation safety, environmental regulations, labor and employment laws, international trade and customs regulations, and contract and commercial laws.
Logistics and transport organizations operate within a legal framework that encompasses various areas of legislation. These laws are designed to ensure safety, protect the environment, promote fair labor practices, facilitate international trade, and govern contractual relationships. Transportation safety regulations focus on vehicle and driver safety, while environmental regulations address the impact of transportation activities on the environment. Labor and employment laws protect the rights of employees, and international trade and customs regulations govern import/export processes. Contract and commercial laws establish the legal framework for agreements and transactions within the industry. Compliance with these legislations is essential for organizations to operate legally and avoid penalties and liabilities.
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Discuss the key factors that impact location decisions. As an example, if locating a facility in India, what location decisions would a fast-food chain have to consider as compared to the location decisions of a software company?
Location decision is a process of determining a suitable location for a business, which requires analyzing various factors that influence the decision. Some of the key factors that impact location decisions include accessibility, cost, availability of resources, demographics, government policies, infrastructure, competition, and market demand.
The location of a business plays a critical role in its success or failure. Therefore, businesses must carefully consider location decisions as they can impact their operations, customer base, and bottom line.A fast-food chain looking to locate a facility in India would have to consider several location decisions as compared to a software company. Fast-food chains would consider accessibility, demographics, competition, infrastructure, and government policies. The following are some of the main considerations:
Accessibility: Fast-food chains need to locate their facilities in high traffic areas that are easily accessible to customers. They also need to consider the proximity of their facilities to highways and other transportation routes.
Demographics: They also need to analyze the demographics of the location, such as the population size, age group, income levels, and lifestyle. For instance, fast-food chains would prefer to locate their facilities in areas with a high population density, a significant number of young people, and a high disposable income.Competition: They also need to consider the presence of competitors in the area. If there are several fast-food chains in the area, it may not be wise to locate a new facility in the same area.
Infrastructure: They need to assess the availability of utilities, such as water, electricity, and gas, and the quality of roads, telecommunications, and other infrastructure.India has a vast population, and the fast-food industry is booming; therefore, it's a good market for international fast-food chains to enter. However, the location decision must be made wisely.Software companies, on the other hand, have different location decisions compared to fast-food chains. They would consider factors such as the availability of skilled workers, access to capital, government policies, infrastructure, and the cost of living. For instance, software companies would prefer to locate in areas with high-tech infrastructure, such as Silicon Valley in California or Bangalore in India.
In conclusion, location decisions impact the success of a business. Companies should consider various factors when deciding on a location. Factors such as accessibility, cost, demographics, competition, government policies, infrastructure, and market demand should be taken into consideration.
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Consider a closed economy with a gross domestic product (Y) of 800, consumption expenditure (C) of 500, government expenditure (G) of 100 and tax revenues (T) of 190. The figures are in billions of dollars. Suppose the investment expenditure function is I = 300-50r, where r is the real interest rate expressed as a percentage. (Total marks = 12) a) State the equation between Y and the three components of expenditure. b) Calculate private saving (Sp), public saving (Sg), and national saving (S). c) Calculate investment (I). d) Calculate the equilibrium real interest rate and quantity of loanable funds. e) If the government ran a budget deficit of $30 billion in the next period, explain how this would affect the market for loanable funds. FCON 218
The equilibrium real interest rate is obtained by equating the saving and investment function. S = IS p + Sg = I110 + 90 = 300 - 50r200 = 50r r = 4%The quantity of loanable funds available for investment is given by I = 200.
Calculation of private saving (S p), public saving (Sg), and national saving (S)Private savings can be calculated by the equation S p = Y - T - C. Sp = 800 - 190 - 500 = $110 billion Public savings can be calculated as Sg = T - G. Sg = 190 - 100 = $90 billion The national savings can be calculated as S = S p + Sg. S = 110 + 90 = $200 billion. c) Calculation of investment (I)The given investment expenditure function is I = 300-50r where r is the real interest rate expressed as a percentage. Substituting r = 5 in the above function, we get I = 300 - 50(5) = $50 billion Therefore, the value of investment is $50 billion. d) Calculation of the equilibrium real interest rate and quantity of loanable funds The total amount of funds available for investment (loanable funds) is equal to S = I.
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Explain in your own words Differentiate between Ethical Issues in the Global Business Environment and Business Challenge in a Global Environment. Explain Government’s Regulatory Influences on Business! Provide several examples of Interaction of Business, Government, and the Public!
Ethical issues in the global business environment pertain to moral dilemmas and controversies that arise in the context of conducting business globally. On the other hand, business challenges in a global environment refer to the obstacles and difficulties faced by organizations when operating across borders. The government's regulatory influences on business involve the rules, laws, and policies implemented by governments to regulate business activities. The interaction of business, government, and the public occurs through various means, such as public policy formulation, regulatory compliance, public-private partnerships, and lobbying efforts.
Ethical issues in the global business environment revolve around questions of moral responsibility, fairness, and sustainability in international business practices. These issues can include labor rights violations, environmental pollution, bribery and corruption, supply chain ethics, and cultural sensitivity. Business challenges in a global environment, on the other hand, are the hurdles that organizations face when operating across different countries, such as cultural differences, legal and regulatory compliance, language barriers, market competition, and political instability.
The government's regulatory influences on business are manifested through laws and regulations that govern various aspects of business operations, such as labor laws, trade policies, taxation, intellectual property rights, environmental regulations, and consumer protection measures. Governments aim to create a fair and conducive business environment, ensure public welfare, and promote economic development through these regulations.
The interaction between business, government, and the public is multifaceted. For example, governments formulate public policies that impact business operations and social welfare. Businesses are required to comply with government regulations and policies, while also engaging in lobbying efforts to influence policy decisions. Public-private partnerships may be formed to address social or environmental issues collaboratively. The public, as consumers and stakeholders, influences businesses through purchasing decisions, public opinion, and activism, while governments are accountable to the public in shaping regulations and policies that reflect societal interests.
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Pet Food Company bonds pay an annual coupon rate of 7.02 percent. Coupon payments are paid semiannually. Bonds have 11 years to maturity and par value of $1,000. Compute the value of Pet Food Company bonds if the market interest rate on this type of bond is 11.60 percent.
Round the answer to two decimal places.
Your Answer:
Given data:-
Bond annual coupon rate = 7.02% Semi-annual coupon rate = 7.02%/2 = 3.51% Bond years to maturity = 11 years Par value of the bond = $1000 Market interest rate = 11.60%.
We can use the formula of the present value of a bond to compute the value of the Pet Food Company bonds.
PV = C[1 - (1 + r/2)^-n] / (r/2) + FV / (1 + r/2)^n Where, PV is the present value C is the semi-annual coupon payment . FV is the face value or par value of the bond n is the number of coupon payments r is the semi-annual interest rate. The semi-annual coupon payment (C) can be calculated as follows:-
C = (Annual coupon rate × Par value) / number of coupon payments per year= (7.02% × $1000) / 2= $35.10 Hence, the semi-annual coupon payment is $35.10. The total number of coupon payments (n) is 11 years × 2 = 22. The semi-annual interest rate (r) is 11.60% / 2 = 5.80%. Now, let’s substitute these values into the formula and compute the present value of the bond. PV = C[1 - (1 + r/2)^-n] / (r/2) + FV / (1 + r/2)^n PV = 35.1[1 - (1 + 5.80%/2)^-22] / (5.80%/2) + $1000 / (1 + 5.80%/2)^22PV = $674.87 ( approx).
Therefore, the value of the Pet Food Company bond is $674.87 if the market interest rate on this type of bond is 11.60%.Hence, the answer is $674.87.
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The government is considering constructing a new urban freeway for $500 million. This would save 30 000 commuters 10 000 hours a day (10 minutes each way) for 200 days a year. Suppose that the road can be built in one year, commuters value their travel time savings at $20 per hour and the road has a life of 30 years after year 1 and a residual value estimated at cost at $500 million in year 32. There are no other costs or benefits. i) Would the road provide a net social benefit with a discount rate of 7 per cent? Now suppose that the government charges a road toll of $2.50 each way and that traffic falls to 20,000 commuters twice a day. ii) What would be the financial outcomes using a 7 per cent discount rate? iii) What would be the net social benefit if the remaining commuters had an average value of travel time of $25 per hour?
i) The road would provide a net social benefit. ii) the financial outcomes using a 7 per cent discount rate is -$462,451.30. iii) The net social benefit is -$490,665,100.41.
i) To determine whether the road provides a net social benefit, we need to calculate the present value of the benefits and compare it to the present value of the costs.
The benefits include time savings for commuters, while the costs involve the construction and maintenance of the road.
The time savings for commuters can be calculated as follows:
Time savings per day = 30,000 commuters * 10 minutes * 2 (round trip) = 600,000 minutes
Time savings per year = 600,000 minutes * 200 days = 120,000,000 minutes
Time savings per year in hours = 120,000,000 minutes / 60 = 2,000,000 hours
The present value of the time savings can be calculated using the discount rate of 7%:
PV of time savings = 2,000,000 hours * $20 / (1 + 0.07)^1 = $28,169,014.08
The present value of the costs is simply the construction cost of $500 million.
Since the present value of the benefits ($28,169,014.08) exceeds the present value of the costs ($500 million), the road would provide a net social benefit.
ii) If the government charges a toll of $2.50 each way and the traffic falls to 20,000 commuters twice a day, we need to calculate the new time savings and toll revenues.
New time savings per year = 20,000 commuters * 10 minutes * 2 (round trip) * 200 days = 80,000,000 minutes = 1,333,333.33 hours
New toll revenues per year = 20,000 commuters * $2.50 * 2 (round trip) * 200 days = $20 million
The present value of the new time savings can be calculated as follows:
PV of new time savings = 1,333,333.33 hours * $20 / (1 + 0.07)^1 = $18,756,959.91
The present value of the new toll revenues can be calculated as follows:
PV of toll revenues = $20 million / (1 + 0.07)^1 = $18,691,588.79
The present value of the costs remains the same at $500 million.
The net financial outcome can be calculated by subtracting the present value of costs from the sum of the present values of time savings and toll revenues:
Net financial outcome = ($18,756,959.91 + $18,691,588.79) - $500 million = -$462,451.30
iii) If the remaining commuters have an average value of travel time of $25 per hour, we need to adjust the calculations for time savings.
New time savings per year = 10,000 commuters * 10 minutes * 2 (round trip) * 200 days = 40,000,000 minutes = 666,666.67 hours
PV of new time savings = 666,666.67 hours * $25 / (1 + 0.07)^1 = $9,334,899.59
The net social benefit can be calculated by subtracting the present value of costs from the sum of the present values of time savings:
Net social benefit = $9,334,899.59 - $500 million = -$490,665,100.41
With an average value of travel time of $25 per hour, the net social benefit becomes negative, indicating that the road would result in a net social cost.
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Soap Makers International
Several years ago, Ingrid Krause wanted some international expertise and applied for a transfer to her company’s soap division, which is located south of Warsaw, Poland. The soap division manufactures hand soap for use in a large number of settings, from hospitals to luxury hotels. Ingrid was awarded the transfer to the soap division and was assigned to the accounting department. She is responsible for overseeing the costing and probability analysis of the various soaps and soap-making processes. During her tenure in the soap division, there were numerous changes in the number of soaps manufactured and the processes to make the different soaps. Consequently, Ingrid’s position required her to consider changes in the accounting processes to reflect the changes in the soap division’s business.
For several decades, the company’s soap-making process required a large labour force that manufactured and packaged the soap mainly by hand. Local economic changes meant that the labour force that the factory required was not as available as it had been in the past. As a result, the division was experiencing slower processing time, and more snap being rejected during inspections because of quality concerns. To address the issues related to the lack of labour availability, the division’s management decided three years ago that automation was the way to go. Consequently, over the last three years, the soap making processes have changed with the implementation of automation.
The automation of the soap making processes have allowed for a much larger variety of soap and packing, a reduced direct labour force and direct labour costs, and a higher level of traceability of costs to the various soaps because of technological improvements. Soaps made for industrial applications require different ingredients, less time in processing, less time in finishing, and less time in and cheaper packaging than do soaps for the hotel industry. The costs of materials and packaging are directly traceable to the various types of soaps through new software that uses bar codes and counters to trace material costs to the various soaps directly.
Ingrid feels that the current costing system should be revisited. The cost driver for allocation of the overhead costs (such as supervisory salaries and plant utilities) have always been direct labour hours cost. However, given the decline in the use of labour due to automation, Ingrid is questioning its suitability as a basis of allocation. Ingrid would like to explore activity based costing to allocate overhead costs.
Ingrid has gathered cost data for two representative soaps: one sold to hospitals and one sold to hotels. Further, Ingrid has gathered data from the automated system on the amount of time each type of soap spends in the three manufacturing processes: processing, finishing, and packaging. The soap is produced in large batches, consequently, the data are adjusted to reflect the average cost per 100g of soap. The data for type of soap for one month’s production are in Exhibit 1.
REQUIRED
Calculate the costs (of direct material, direct labour, and overhead) for each of the two representative types of soap using and ABC approach for the allocation of manufacturing costs.
EXHIBIT 1 – COSTS FOR ONE MONTH’S PRODUCTION OF SOAP
Cost Components
Total
Costs Per 100 g of soap
Industrial Soap (Hospital)
Luxury Soap (Hotel)
Direct Materials
$4.000,000
$0.40
$0.80
Packaging
$2,000,000
$0.10
$0.60
Direct Labour
$750,000
$0.14
$0.15
Manufacturing
$5,000,000
Processing
$2,500,000
Finishing
$1,500,000
Packaging
$1,000,000
EXHIBIT 2 – TIME REQUIRED FOR ONE MONTH’S PRODUCTION OF SOAP
Time Components
Total
Time per 100 g of soap
Industrial Soap (Hospital)
Luxury Soap (Hotel)
Processing
750,000 seconds
0.2 second
0.4 second
Finishing
300,000 seconds
0.03 second
0.4 second
Packaging
100,000 seconds
0.006 second
0.5 second
Using the activity-based costing (ABC) approach, the costs for each type of soap can be calculated by allocating the manufacturing costs based on the time required for each manufacturing process.
Ingrid Krause, an accountant at Soap Makers International's soap division, is considering implementing activity-based costing (ABC) to allocate overhead costs. The division recently underwent automation in its soap-making processes, resulting in changes in production, labor force, and cost traceability. Ingrid believes that the current costing system, which allocates overhead costs based on direct labor hours, may no longer be appropriate due to decreased labor usage. She has collected cost and time data for two representative soaps: one for hospitals and one for hotels. The costs per 100g of soap and the time required for each manufacturing process are provided in Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 2, respectively.
To calculate the costs for each soap using the ABC approach, the overhead costs need to be allocated based on cost drivers related to the activities performed. In this case, the time required for each manufacturing process can serve as a suitable cost driver. By multiplying the time per 100g of soap for each process by the total manufacturing overhead cost, the overhead costs can be allocated proportionally to the soap types. The direct material and direct labor costs can be allocated directly based on the costs per 100g provided in Exhibit 1. Using this approach, the total costs for each soap can be determined, considering the costs of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead allocated based on the ABC approach.
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businessaccountingaccounting questions and answersmidnight sun apparel company uses normal costing, and manufacturing overhead is applied to work-in-process on the basis of machine hours. on january 1 of the current year, there were no balances in work-in-process or finished-goods inventories. the following estimates were included in the current year’s budget.
Question: Midnight Sun Apparel Company Uses Normal Costing, And Manufacturing Overhead Is Applied To Work-In-Process On The Basis Of Machine Hours. On January 1 Of The Current Year, There Were No Balances In Work-In-Process Or Finished-Goods Inventories. The Following Estimates Were Included In The Current Year’s Budget.
Midnight Sun Apparel Company uses normal costing, and manufacturing overhead is applied to work-in-process on the basis of machine hours. On January 1 of the current year, there were no balances in work-in-process or finished-goods inventories. The following estimates were included in the current year’s budget.
Total budgeted manufacturing overhead $ 282,000
Total budgeted machine hours 47,000
During January, the firm began the following production jobs:
A79: 1,000 machine hours
N08: 2,500 machine hours
P82: 500 machine hours
Prepare a journal entry to prorate the balance calculated in requirement 3 (Underapplied overhead = $2000) among the Work-in-Process Inventory, Finished-Goods Inventory, and Cost of Goods Sold accounts. (Do not round intermediate calculations. If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field.)
To prorate the underapplied overhead of $2,000 among the Work-in-Process Inventory, Finished-Goods Inventory, and Cost of Goods Sold accounts, you would make the following journal entry:You would record the following journal item to allocate the $2,000 underapplied overhead across the cost of goods sold, finished goods inventory, and work-in-progress inventory:
Debit Work-in-Process Inventory: $666.67
Debit Finished-Goods Inventory: $1,333.33
Debit Cost of Goods Sold: $0.00
Credit Manufacturing Overhead: $2,000.00
Based on the proportional amount of machine hours for each manufacturing work, this item distributes the underapplied overhead.
This entry distributes the underapplied overhead based on the relative proportion of machine hours for each production job.
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Service is one of three categories of supply chain performance measurement. Which of the following metrics belong to the service category? A. Stockouts - Order fulfillment or service rate B. Variance from Target Inventory Level C. Unit distribution and transportation costs D. Responsiveness - Speed to change
Therefore, the metrics A (Stockouts - Order fulfillment or service rate) and D (Responsiveness - Speed to change) belong to the service category of supply chain performance measurement.
The metrics that belong to the service category of supply chain performance measurement are:
A. Stockouts - Order fulfillment or service rate: This metric measures the ability of the supply chain to fulfill customer orders without stockouts. It reflects the level of service provided to customers.
D. Responsiveness - Speed to change: This metric measures how quickly the supply chain can respond to changes in customer demands or market conditions. It focuses on the agility and flexibility of the supply chain to adapt and meet customer needs promptly.
B. Variance from Target Inventory Level and C. Unit distribution and transportation costs belong to other categories such as cost and efficiency measurement in the supply chain.
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A 4-year, 4.7 percent Euroyen bond sells at par. A comparable risk 4-year, 5.2 percent yen/dollar dual currency bond pays $1008.26 at maturity. It sells for ¥113,000. What is the implied USD/JPY exchange rate at maturity? (XXX.XX) Hint: The dual-currency bond pays 5.2 percent interest on a notional value of ¥100,000, whereas the par value of the bond is not necessarily equivalent to ¥100,000
The 4-year, 4.7% Euro yen bond sells at par. Also, a comparable risk 4-year, 5.2% yen/dollar dual-currency bond pays $1008.26 at maturity and sells for ¥113,000, the implied USD/JPY exchange rate at maturity will be ¥110.70/$1.
As, the total amount paid by dual-currency bond at maturity :¥100,000*1.052 = $1,052.
The value of $1 in Yen, using the exchange rate implied in the dual-currency bond.
The value of $1 in yen at the start of the bond:¥113,000 / $1,052 = ¥107.33.
Therefore, at the start of the bond, the exchange rate is ¥107.33/$1. As the bond matures, it will be paid at the exchange rate at the time of maturity.
We know that the dual-currency bond pays $1,052, which is equivalent to:¥1,052 / ¥100,000 = 0.01052The Euro yen bond is paying 4.7% annually.
The dollar side of the dual-currency bond is paying $1,052 at the end of four years.
Therefore, we can equate the values of the two bonds as follows:
Par value of Euro yen Bond * (1 + 4.7%)^4 = ¥100,000 * 0.01052 * X where X is the implied exchange rate at maturity.
Plugging in the numbers:¥100,000 * (1 + 0.047)^4 = ¥100,000 * 0.01052 * XX = ¥110.70/$1The implied exchange rate at maturity is ¥110.70/$1.
Hence, the answer is 110.70.
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A company looking to improve its management of receivables would do which of the following? OA give risky customers extra time to pay. B. allow customers to determine when payments are due. OC. have customers provide references from banks or suppliers. OD. only check the financial health of customers when they make their first purchase.
The correct option for improving receivables management would be:
OC. Have customers provide references from banks or suppliers.
Having customers provide references from banks or suppliers can help the company assess the creditworthiness and financial stability of the customers before extending credit terms. This can reduce the risk of default or late payments and improve overall receivables management.
The other options mentioned (OA, B, OD) would not be effective strategies for improving receivables management:
A. Giving risky customers extra time to pay would increase the likelihood of late payments or default, and it would not be an effective approach to managing receivables.
B. Allowing customers to determine when payments are due would result in a lack of control over the timing of payments, potentially leading to delays or inconsistencies in cash flow.
D. Only checking the financial health of customers when they make their first purchase would neglect the ongoing assessment of creditworthiness, which is important for managing receivables effectively.
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In order to truly understand the ethics required for accountants and to be an ethical accounting professional, what must you keep in mind? Select an answer: Ethical standards are static and unchanging
In order to truly understand the ethics required for accountants and to be an ethical accounting professional, you must keep in mind that ethical standards evolve over time (option 3).
Ethics in accounting is the study of proper business behavior and the ethical principles that regulate accounting. In recent years, many of the largest accounting scandals have made it apparent that professionals in this field have a significant impact on the overall well-being of society.
Financial statements prepared by accountants provide critical information to investors, creditors, and stakeholders, among others, in making investment, credit, and business decisions. Accountants must be trustworthy and ethical, with a solid moral compass guiding their actions.
Accountants are expected to maintain a high degree of professionalism in all aspects of their work, including maintaining confidential information and upholding fiduciary duties. As ethics standards evolve, accountants are also required to stay up to date with the latest regulations, standards, and best practices in the industry.
The accounting profession is continually evolving, with new ethical challenges arising in an ever-changing business environment. Therefore, it is critical to staying informed about developments in the profession and embracing ethical practices that reflect these changes.
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The full question is given below:
In order to truly understand the ethics required for accountants and to be an ethical accounting professional what must you keep in mind? Select an answer:
Ethical standards are static and unchanging Ethical standards are not related to behaviors Ethical standards evolve over time4. Direct Claims and Complaints
In business, a message written to right a wrong is called a claim. Straightforward claims are those where the receiver is expected to readily agree with your message. These claims require a direct approach. To be an effective business communicator, you should familiarize yourself with the best practices for making direct claims and voicing complaints.
What should you include in the opening of a direct claim message?
A clear statement of the problem
An explanation of the problem followed by a threat
A justification of your request
When a customer has a legitimate claim, the customer can expect a ______________
positive?
neutral?
defensive?
response from the company.
Read the scenario, and then answer the following question.
Dmitri is preparing a direct claim message. His bank account has been incorrectly debited a duplicate charge of $132.45 for a pair of hockey skates. He needs to contact the retail store immediately and have the duplicate amount refunded.
Which would be the best closing for Dmitri’s message?
Please authorize a credit refund immediately, and send an electronic confirmation of the transaction to the address below. I am enjoying my new skates and look forward to shopping at your store again.
I hope that something like this never happens to you. Your organization is completely unprofessional. I will never shop there again.
I expect that the money will appear in my account. I will track it daily and inform you if there is any problem. My lawyer is on retainer and would be happy to contact you if you fail to comply with my request.
Social media experts suggest that you use other means of communicating claims or complaints before turning to social media. Messages received through other channels are more likely to be addressed by the business, and social media presents a higher risk of your message getting into the wrong hands or becoming a legal issue. However, if you do use social media to convey a complaint or review, you should adhere to some basic guidelines.
Which tips should you follow when posting a complaint or review online? Check all that apply.
Offset criticism with positives.
Do not include suggestions or negative comments in positive reviews.
Make your comment clean, polite, and to the point.
Ignore a business’s offer to discuss your post.
Refuse payment for positive comments.
In the opening of a direct claim message, you should include a clear statement of the problem. This helps to immediately communicate the issue to the receiver. A justification of your request can also be included, but it is not necessary in the opening.
For Dmitri's message, the best closing would be: "Please authorize a credit refund immediately, and send an electronic confirmation of the transaction to the address below. I am enjoying my new skates and look forward to shopping at your store again." This closing is polite and clear, expressing the desired resolution while maintaining a positive tone.
When posting a complaint or review online, you should follow these tips:
- Offset criticism with positives. This helps to provide a balanced perspective.
- Make your comment clean, polite, and to the point. This ensures that your message is respectful and easy to understand.
- Do not include suggestions or negative comments in positive reviews. This helps to keep your feedback focused and separate from positive experiences.
- Ignore a business's offer to discuss your post. Engaging in discussions about your post may not be productive.
- Refuse payment for positive comments. It is important to maintain honesty and integrity in your reviews and not accept payment for positive feedback.
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1.The customary means by which a company staffs its offices is called its staffing policy. Staffing policy is greatly influenced by the extent of a firm’s international involvement. What are the three main approaches to the staffing of international business operations?
i. Ethnocentric staffing
ii. Polycentric staffing
iii. Geocentric staffing
iv. Regiocentric staffing
A.
I, III, AND IV
B.
I, II, AND IV
C.
II, III, AND IV
D.
I, II, AND III
2. The process of identifying and attracting a qualified pool of applicants for vacant positions is called recruitment. Companies can recruit internally from among their current employees or look to external sources. When recruiting employees, from where can companies attract qualified applicants?
i. Current employees
ii. Recent college graduates
iii. Local managerial talent
iv. Non-managerial workers
A.
All of mentioned
B.
I, II, AND III
C.
III AND IV
D.
I AND III
3. Which is the correct answer for elements to consider when formulating production strategies?
A.
Capacity planning - Helps a company to produce enough output to satisfy market demand.
B.
Process planning– Deciding the spatial arrangement of production processes within facilities and it depends on the type of production process a company employs.
C.
Facilities location planning - Deciding how a company will create its product and is usually determined by whether a firm uses a low-cost or differentiation strategy.
D.
Facilities layout planning – It is best when production is placed in an optimal location so that it achieves location economies.
4.
What are the functions of the foreign exchange market?
i. To convert one currency into another for individuals, companies, and governments.
ii. Used as a hedging device to insure against adverse changes in exchange rates
iii. Used to earn a profit from currency arbitrage or other interest paying security in different markets.
iv. Used to speculate about a change in the value of a currency and thereby earn a profit.
A.
All of mentioned
B.
I, III, AND IV
C.
I, II AND III
D.
II, III, AND IV
1. The three main approaches to the staffing of international business operations are Ethnocentric staffing, Polycentric staffing, and Geocentric staffing. These three approaches are described below:i. Ethnocentric staffing: It is a staffing approach that involves staffing all key management positions in an international business with parent-country nationals.
This approach is used when there is a lack of qualified local personnel or when the company wants to maintain control over its subsidiaries. ii. Polycentric staffing: It is a staffing approach that involves hiring host-country nationals to manage subsidiaries while the parent company's top management positions are filled by parent-country nationals. This approach is used when a company wants to show that it is committed to the host country.iii. Geocentric staffing: It is a staffing approach that involves hiring the best-qualified individuals from anywhere in the world, regardless of their nationality.
This approach is used when a company needs to balance the need for global integration with the need for local responsiveness. iv. Regiocentric staffing is not one of the main approaches to staffing international business operations. Therefore, the correct option is (D) i.e. I, II, AND III.2. When recruiting employees, companies can attract qualified applicants from various sources such as current employees, recent college graduates, local managerial talent, non-managerial workers, and more. Therefore, the correct option is (A) i.e. All of the mentioned.3.
The elements to consider when formulating production strategies are as follows:i. Capacity planning - Helps a company to produce enough output to satisfy market demand. ii. Process planning – Deciding the spatial arrangement of production processes within facilities and it depends on the type of production process a company employs.iii. Facilities layout planning – It is best when production is placed in an optimal location so that it achieves location economies. Therefore, the correct option is (D) i.e. Facilities layout planning – It is best when production is placed in an optimal location so that it achieves location economies.4.
The foreign exchange market performs several functions, including converting one currency into another, using it as a hedging device to insure against adverse changes in exchange rates, earning a profit from currency arbitrage or other interest-paying securities in different markets, and speculating about a change in the value of a currency to earn a profit. Therefore, the correct option is (A) i.e. All of the mentioned.
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What process would you design to align compensation practices in a newly-formed, 16-hospital health care system?
A compensation practice is a crucial factor in creating a competitive compensation plan that works in favor of the organization's objectives and goals. It also ensures that the organization can retain the most skilled employees, reduce employee turnover, and boost employee productivity.
To design a compensation system that aligns with the health care system's goals and objectives, the following steps need to be followed:
Analyze the organization's needs and objectives: To start, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the health care system's needs, objectives, and goals. The newly-formed health care system needs to have a clear understanding of its overall goals and objectives, including the healthcare organization's short-term and long-term needs and how it can align with compensation practices. This analysis will inform the creation of a compensation strategy.
Design the compensation system: The compensation system needs to be designed to align with the health care system's objectives and goals. The system should cover all employees, including executive and non-executive staff, and it should be fair and consistent for all employees. There should be a clear job description for all positions in the health care system to ensure that employees are adequately compensated. The compensation strategy should include both monetary and non-monetary benefits.
Evaluate and adjust the compensation system: The compensation system should be evaluated regularly to ensure that it is aligned with the health care system's objectives and goals. Adjustments should be made if necessary, and feedback should be sought from employees to ensure that they are satisfied with the compensation plan. The compensation strategy should be aligned with industry standards and reflect competitive pay practices that attract and retain the best talent in the health care system.
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Suppose France needs 5 units of labor to produce 1 unit of cheese (C), and 3 units of labor to produce 2 units of wine (W). Spain needs 6 units of labor to produce 1 unit of cheese, and 4 units of labor to produce 5 units of wine. Assume the marginal productivities of labor are constant in each country. Assume both countries have populations of 45 million.
France has a Cobb-Douglas utility function of U(C,W)=C.4W.6,making its MUc=.4(W/C).6 and MUw=.6(C/W).4.
Spain has a Cobb-Douglas utility function of U(C,W)=C.6W.4,making its MUc=.6(W/C).4 and MUw=.4(C/W).6.
Throughout the problem, treat Cheese as the good on the X-axis. To make your notation easier, your numbers should be in millions of units when necessary. That is, if the answer to a question is "5 million units," then write down just "5." Finally, to facilitate grading, ANSWER IN ORDER AND CIRCLE YOUR ANSWERS.
France has a comparative advantage in producing Cheese, while Spain has a comparative advantage in producing Wine.
Comparative advantage is when a country can produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another country. In this case, France has a comparative advantage in producing Cheese, as it requires fewer units of labor to produce one unit of Cheese than Spain does. In contrast, Spain has a comparative advantage in producing Wine, as it requires fewer units of labor to produce one unit of Wine than France does.
Both countries have populations of 45 million, and the marginal productivities of labor are constant in each country. Additionally, France has a Cobb-Douglas utility function of U(C, W) = C.4W.6,
while Spain has a Cobb-Douglas utility function of U(C, W) = C.6W.4.
The marginal utility of Cheese (MUc) and the marginal utility of Wine (MUw) can be calculated from these utility functions. Finally, treating Cheese as the good on the X-axis, France has a comparative advantage in producing Cheese, while Spain has a comparative advantage in producing Wine.
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Read Mini-case at the end of Chapter 6: Walt Disney Company Corporate Strategy and answer the following questions.
1. What is economies of scope? How does it work at Disney to lower its overall costs?
2. What corporate diversification strategy is being pursued by Disney? What evidence do you have to support your position?
3. Given its diversification approach, what are some things that Disney can do to further deal with the trend toward cord-cutting and competition from other companies such as Netflix, Amazon, etc.?
1. Economies of scope at Disney are achieved through cross-promotion and shared resources, leading to cost savings.
2. Disney is pursuing a related diversification strategy, evident from its acquisitions of Pixar, Marvel, and Lucasfilm.
3. To deal with cord-cutting and competition, Disney can invest in streaming platforms, embrace digital transformation, and focus on original content.
1. Economies of scope refer to cost savings or efficiencies that result from the production of multiple products or services within the same company. At Disney, economies of scope are achieved through cross-promotion and shared resources. By leveraging its diverse portfolio of entertainment properties, Disney can lower its overall costs in the following ways:
Cross-promotion: Disney can promote its various brands, movies, and TV shows through its different platforms, such as theme parks, television networks, and merchandise. This cross-promotion increases the exposure and popularity of its offerings, leading to higher revenues and cost savings in marketing and advertising expenses.
2. Disney is pursuing a related diversification strategy, where it expands into businesses that are related or complement its core entertainment and media operations. Evidence supporting this strategy includes:
Acquisition of Pixar Animation Studios: This acquisition expanded Disney's capabilities in animated film production, complementing its existing animation division and strengthening its position in the family entertainment market.
Acquisition of Marvel Entertainment: By acquiring Marvel, Disney diversified into the superhero genre, leveraging the popularity of Marvel characters and expanding its audience base.
Acquisition of Lucasfilm: The acquisition of Lucasfilm provided Disney with the iconic Star Wars franchise, broadening its portfolio of intellectual properties and enhancing its presence in the science fiction genre.
3. Invest in Streaming Platforms: Disney has already launched its streaming service, Disney+, to directly compete with platforms like Netflix. It can continue to invest in and enhance its streaming offerings, providing exclusive content and leveraging its vast library of entertainment properties.
Embrace Digital Transformation: Disney can further embrace digital technologies and expand its digital distribution channels to reach a wider audience. This includes expanding its presence on social media platforms, investing in personalized and targeted marketing strategies, and leveraging data analytics to understand consumer preferences better.
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Lakers Industries purchased a machine from Clippers Corporation on October 1, 2021. In payment for the $146,000 purchase, Lakers issued a one-year installment note to be paid in equal monthly payments at the end of each month. The payments include interest at the rate of 18%. Monthly installment payments are closest to: (FV of $1, PV of $1, FVA of $1, PVA of $1, FVAD of $1 and PVAD of $1) (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided.)
Multiple Choice
$26,280.
$13,385.
$12,167.
$14,497
We can utilise the Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity (PVA) component from the provided tables to determine the monthly installment payments. We must determine the monthly payments given the $146,000 purchase price, the 18% interest rate, and the one-year term of the installment note.
The present value of equal monthly payments over a certain period is determined using the PVA factor. The PVA factor in this situation can be used to determine the equal monthly payments necessary to pay back the $146,000 loan over the course of a year. The presented tables show the PVA factor to be roughly 0.86208 for a one-year term at an interest rate of 18%. The monthly installment payment is calculated using a PVA factor divided by the loan amount: Monthly installment payment: $169,495 ($146,000 x 0.86208). Therefore, $13,385 is the option that comes closest to the monthly installment payment.
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Loan Details Payment Monthly (Beginning-of-month) (PMT) Effective Annual Rate Monthly interest rate (RATE) Months to Pay Off Loan (NPER) 36
Amount of Loan from Bank (PV) $5,000.00
Recreate the above in excel. You seek to borrow $5,000 from a friend. You promise to repay the loan in 36 monthly repayments commencing today. If the effective annual interest (EAR) rate is 19.8% what is the amount of the monthly repayment? (answer do not include $ sign; show cents eg 100.00) Answer:
The amount of the monthly repayment for a $5,000 loan repaid over 36 months with a 19.8% effective annual interest rate is $176.07.
To calculate the amount of the monthly repayment, we can use the Excel function PMT, which calculates the payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.
In Excel, you can input the following values in separate cells:
Loan Details:
PV (Present Value): $5,000.00
RATE (Monthly interest rate): 19.8% / 12 (since it's a monthly rate) = 1.65%
NPER (Months to Pay Off Loan): 36
To calculate the monthly repayment, you can use the PMT function in Excel:
=PMT(RATE, NPER, PV)
=PMT(1.65%, 36, -$5,000.00)
The negative sign before the loan amount indicates that it is a cash outflow (repayment). This formula will give you the monthly repayment amount.
Using this formula, the monthly repayment amount comes out to be $176.07.
To repay the loan of $5,000 over 36 monthly repayments, commencing today, with an effective annual interest rate of 19.8%, the amount of the monthly repayment would be $176.07.
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Read Case 25: Procter & Gamble and use the following discussion prompts to complete the case analysis.
Create a thread to start:
Assess leadership at Procter and Gamble. What were the major organizational changes leadership made at P&G, and what challenges does the current leadership face now? What intangible resources does P&G have that can be used to enact strategies? What competitive strategy do these resources best support now? Please post your discussion and comment on two of your peers. You will be able to see other posts only when you have posted yours
Case analysis of Procter & Gamble (P&G)The paper aims to discuss the Procter & Gamble (P&G) case analysis by focusing on the organizational changes, leadership, intangible resources, and competitive strategies. Procter & Gamble (P&G) is an American multinational consumer goods corporation founded in 1837 with headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It manufactures various products like health care, beauty, and grooming products.
The organization has gone through significant organizational changes in terms of leadership, organizational culture, and growth. It is essential to evaluate the leadership, organizational changes, and the challenges of current leadership at P&G. Leadership at Procter and Gamble P&G is known for its outstanding leadership that has led to its success.
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Sell or Process Further: Radar has 40,000 units of partially finished product Q. Processing costs to date are $30,000. The 40,000 unfinished units can be sold as is, for $50,000 or they can be processed further to produce finished products X,Y, and Z. Processing the units further will cost an additional $80,000 and will yield total revenues of $150,000. Radar must decide whether the added revenues from selling finished products X,Y, and Z, exceed the costs of finishing them. Provide recommendations to Radar
The advice to Radar would be to continue with processing the gadgets further to supply finished merchandise X, Y, and Z, as it will result in higher net blessings.
Based on the given records, Radar has alternatives: selling the partially finished product as is or processing it in addition to providing finished products X, Y, and Z.
To make a choice, we need to evaluate the financial outcomes of every alternative.
Selling the in-part completed product:
Revenue: $50,000
Cost: $30,000 (processing prices to date)
Net Benefit: $20,000
Processing the devices similarly:
Revenue: $150,000
Cost: $30,000 (processing prices up to now) + $80,000 (additional processing expenses)
Net Benefit: $150,000 - $110,000 = $40,000
Comparing the net advantages, we are able to see that processing the gadgets similarly yields a better benefit of $40,000 in comparison to promoting them as is with a benefit of $20,000.
Therefore, the advice to Radar would be to continue with processing the gadgets in addition to supplying finished merchandise X, Y, and Z, as it will bring about higher net blessings.
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