Answers
1. The protons are found in the nucleus and carry a positive charge, neutrons are found in the nucleus and are neutral; the electrons are found in electron shells and carry a negative charge.
2. All atoms are electrically neutral meaning they have no charge. The number of protons and electrons are equal which cancels out the charge of each subatomic particle. The number of neutrons does not have to be the same as the number of protons.
Valence electrons are the outermost shell electrons.
The sodium molecule has one valence electron
Boron has three valence electrons.
The octet rule is the rule that states that atoms lose or gain electrons to have complete eight valence electrons.
What are valence electrons?Valence electrons are the electrons found in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom. They are involved in chemical bonding and determine the reactivity and chemical properties of an element. The number of valence electrons is equal to the group number (for main group elements) or the number of electrons needed to complete the octet (for transition metals).
A sodium atom (Na) has one valence electron since it is in Group 1 of the periodic table. Hence, in a sodium molecule, there is one valence electrons for the sodium molecule.
Boron (B) has five protons, which also corresponds to its atomic number. The atomic number of an element indicates the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom. Since boron is in Group 3 of the periodic table, it has three valence electrons.
The octet rule is a principle in chemistry that states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration similar to that of a noble gas.
Learn more about valence electrons at: https://brainly.com/question/371590
#SPJ1
Related Questions
Fimbrias and pili differ in that
Answers
Answer:
Explanation: true
Three patterns of population change
a. (A) Young children have a lower death rate in Country 1 than in the other countries.
b. (B) Young children have a higher death rate in Country 1 than in the other countries.
c. (C) More young children live in Country 3 than in the other countries.
d. (D) Fewer young children live in Country 2 than in the other countries.
Answers
Population change refers to the transformation that occurs in a population over time. The modifications that happen in a population are as a result of factors like births, deaths, migration, and others. Three patterns of population change are:a. (A) Young children have a lower death rate in Country 1 than in the other countries:
This pattern depicts a scenario whereby children are more likely to survive in Country 1 than the other countries. Such a pattern could occur due to improved healthcare facilities, which provide access to medical resources like vaccines, immunizations, and other health programs that help to maintain the health of young children. This pattern could also be a result of education, which emphasizes healthy living standards for the citizens of a country.
As a result, the population of young children in Country 1 is likely to increase. b. (B) Young children have a higher death rate in Country 1 than in the other countries: This pattern suggests a scenario whereby young children in Country 1 have a higher probability of dying than the other countries. This pattern could be a result of poor healthcare facilities, a lack of access to medical resources like vaccines, immunizations, and other health programs that help to maintain the health of young children.
As a result, the population of young children in Country 1 is likely to decrease. c. (C) More young children live in Country 3 than in the other countries: This pattern shows a scenario whereby Country 3 has more young children than the other countries. This pattern could be a result of the high birth rate in Country 3. Such a pattern could occur due to various factors like the cultural and religious beliefs of the people in Country 3.
As a result, the population of young children in Country 3 is likely to increase. d. (D) Fewer young children live in Country 2 than in the other countries: This pattern shows a scenario whereby Country 2 has fewer young children than the other countries. This pattern could be a result of the low birth rate in Country 2. Such a pattern could occur due to various factors like family planning, education, and other cultural beliefs. As a result, the population of young children in Country 2 is likely to decrease. The correct answer is A.
Know more about Population change here :
brainly.com/question/29885712
#SPJ8
My earth science performance exam is tomorrow (Regents,) and I had a question:
so when finding the eccentricity of an ellipse, do you round the number. For example, would .04373528 be .043 or .044. Also, would .199 become .200?
There is no earth science subject.
Answers
When finding the eccentricity of an ellipse, it is common to round the number to a certain degree of precision depending on the context or requirements of the problem.
The specific rounding rule may vary depending on the level of accuracy needed or the conventions followed in a particular field or application. In general, if the requirement is to round to three decimal places, then .04373528 would be rounded to .044, and .
199 would be rounded to .199 (since it does not exceed .200). However, if the requirement is to round to two decimal places, then .04373528 would be rounded to .04, and .199 would be rounded to .20.
It's important to note that rounding should be done consistently and based on the specified rules or guidelines for the given problem or application.
Know more about eccentricity here :
https://brainly.com/question/28921987
#SPJ8
Choose the correct answer
Answers
D
Because selection is a process in which environmental influences determine which type of organism thrive better than other, regarded as a factor of evolution.
explain how a kidney machine works if you have a kidney failure
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
A kidney machine, also known as a hemodialysis machine, filters your blood through a dialyzer, which works like a kidney and filters out extra salt, waste, and fluid. The machine has built-in safety checks to ensure the process is safe and effective. A pump in the machine slowly draws out your blood, then sends it through the dialyzer. Your cleaned blood is sent back into your body through the second needle in your arm.
Hope this helps :) !!!
describe how impulse are transmitted across a synapse
Answers
A tiny electric message moves through a long part of a brain cell called the axon. When a message goes to the end of a nerve, it sends chemicals called neurotransmitters. These substances move through a tiny gap and attach to special parts of another nerve cell's outer covering.
What are the impulse?Messages called impulses are sent from one nerve cell to another through a connection called a synapse. This process is called synaptic transmission. Synapses are connections between nerve cells or between nerve cells and other cells, like muscles or glands.
The neuron sending the signal is called the presynaptic neuron. When a signal travels down a nerve cell, it causes little sacs called vesicles to release chemicals called neurotransmitters.
Read more about impulse here:
https://brainly.com/question/229647
#SPJ1
Question 19 (3 points)
ices a sign saying that flu shots are available in the pharmacy, Enrique says, "I got a flu shot last year. I don't need
another one. That shot made me immune to the flu forever."
Which statement is most useful for evaluating Enrique's statement?
Viruses remain essentially the same from year to year, but a vaccine wears off over
time.
Viruses constantly change and evolve, and the new shot will be effective against this year's viruses.
Viruses are nonliving, so vaccinations against them are especially powerful and long-lasting.
Viruses are nonliving, so vaccinations against them have little value.
Answers
The statement that is most useful for evaluating Enrique's statement is: "Viruses constantly change and evolve, and the new shot will be effective against this year's viruses."
This statement highlights the concept of viral evolution and the need for updated vaccines. Viruses, including the flu virus, have the ability to mutate and produce new strains over time. These changes can affect the effectiveness of previously received vaccines.
To maintain immunity against the evolving flu viruses, it is recommended to get annual flu shots that are specifically designed to target the prevalent strains of that particular year.
This statement challenges Enrique's belief that a single flu shot provides lifelong immunity and emphasizes the importance of receiving updated vaccinations to stay protected against the changing nature of the virus.
For more such answers on Virus
https://brainly.com/question/25236237
#SPJ8
All living organisms are made up of carbon. The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the atmosphere. According to the diagram, carbon is constantly being exchanged between the plants, animals, oceans and atmosphere. Which of the following provides the BEST explanation about the carbon cycle? A Carbon is removed from the ecosystem through decaying organisms. B Carbon is removed from the ecosystem through respiration. C Carbon enters the ecosystem through photosynthesis. D Carbon enters the ecosystem through respiration.
Answers
Answer:
[C] Carbon enters the ecosystem through photosynthesis.
Explanation:
In the carbon cycle, carbon is constantly moving and being recycled between different parts of the ecosystem, including the plants, animals, oceans, and atmosphere.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water to produce food (glucose) and oxygen. During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into organic compounds, including carbohydrates, which contain carbon. This is how carbon enters the ecosystem. Plants play a crucial role in the carbon cycle as they are the primary producers, meaning they can produce their own food through photosynthesis. By absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, plants remove carbon from the ecosystem, incorporating it into their tissues.
Once carbon is present in plants, it can be transferred to other organisms through various processes. Animals consume plants and obtain carbon by eating them. This allows carbon to move through the food chain, from plants to herbivores (plant-eating animals) and then to carnivores (meat-eating animals). When plants and animals respire, they release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, but overall, the carbon that enters the ecosystem through photosynthesis exceeds the amount released through respiration.
3. How is Acetyl-CoA prsluced during the acrobic oxidation of carbohydrates, and what happens to it? How is it produced during the aerobic oxidation of titty acids, and what happens to it
Answers
During the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, acetyl-CoA is produced through a series of metabolic reactions known as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. During the aerobic oxidation of fatty acids, acetyl-CoA is produced through a process called beta-oxidation.
Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where it undergoes further processing to produce acetyl-CoA. This conversion occurs through a process called pyruvate decarboxylation, where pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide molecule and combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is a key molecule in energy metabolism and serves as a precursor for the citric acid cycle.
During the aerobic oxidation of fatty acids, acetyl-CoA is produced through a process called beta-oxidation. Fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon units, which then combine with CoA to form acetyl-CoA. This process occurs in the mitochondria, where fatty acids are sequentially cleaved into acetyl-CoA molecules. The acetyl-CoA molecules can enter the citric acid cycle to generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation.
Once acetyl-CoA is produced, it enters the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. In this cycle, acetyl-CoA undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions, resulting in the production of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These energy-rich molecules are then utilized in the electron transport chain to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
know more about beta-oxidation here:
https://brainly.com/question/30975159
#SPJ8
A savings account is used to save money for use at a later date. The account owner, deposits money in the account when they have money that is not needed immediately, and they can withdraw money for use a sometime in the future. If the flow of energy through photosynthesis and respiration were compared to maintaining a savings account, which would be accurate? A Both photosynthesis and respiration are like making an energy deposit. B Both photosynthesis and respiration are like making an energy withdrawal. C Photosynthesis is like making an energy deposit, and respiration is like making an energy withdrawal. D Photosynthesis is like making an energy withdrawal, and respiration is like making an energy deposit.
Answers
A savings account is used to save money for use at a later date. The account owner deposits money in the account when they have money that is not needed immediately, and they can withdraw money for use sometime in the future.
If the flow of energy through photosynthesis and respiration were compared to maintaining a savings account, photosynthesis is like making an energy deposit and respiration is like making an energy withdrawal. Thus, the correct option is C.
Photosynthesis and respiration can be compared to maintaining a savings account. During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are like the money deposited into a savings account, while glucose and oxygen are like the money withdrawn from a savings account.
Respiration, on the other hand, is the process by which organisms release energy from food molecules. This process is the reverse of photosynthesis. During respiration, glucose and oxygen are used to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
The energy released during respiration can be compared to the money withdrawn from a savings account. Therefore, photosynthesis is like making an energy deposit, and respiration is like making an energy withdrawal.
For more such questions on savings account
https://brainly.com/question/30101466
#SPJ8
complete the data table to compare and contrast the different types of dominances.
Complete
incomplete
codominance
Answers
The dominances include:
Complete Dominance - expressed in the phenotype, recessive allele is present.Incomplete Dominance - not completely dominant over the recessive allele.Codominance - expressed in the phenotype, phenotype is a combination of the two.What are these dominances?Complete Dominance: The dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype, even if the recessive allele is present. For example, if a person has the genotype for brown eyes (BB) and their partner has the genotype for blue eyes (bb), their children will always have brown eyes (Bb).
Incomplete Dominance: The dominant allele is not completely dominant over the recessive allele, and the phenotype is a blend of the two. For example, if a person has the genotype for red flowers (RR) and their partner has the genotype for white flowers (rr), their children will have pink flowers (Rr).
Codominance: Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, and the phenotype is a combination of the two. For example, in humans, the MN blood type is determined by the codominant alleles I^M and I^N. People with the genotype I^M I^M have type M blood, people with the genotype I^N I^N have type N blood, and people with the genotype I^M I^N have type MN blood.
Find out more on dominances here: https://brainly.com/question/810479
#SPJ1
Complete question:
complete the data table to compare and contrast the different types of dominances.
Complete
incomplete
codominance
Typesdescriptionexamplewhere do land plants get the water that they use in photosynesis
Answers
Answer:
Land plants get the water they use in photosynthesis from the soil through their roots.
Land plants obtain water for photosynthesis from the soil, which is absorbed through their roots and transported to the leaves through the xylem.
Land plants obtain water for photosynthesis primarily from the soil. The process involves a series of steps that enable water uptake and transportation within the plant. First, plant roots, equipped with root hairs, extend into the soil and absorb water through osmosis. This occurs because the concentration of dissolved substances, such as minerals, in the root cells is higher than that in the surrounding soil.
Water moves from the roots to the xylem, which is a specialized tissue responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant. This upward movement is facilitated by a combination of root pressure, capillary action, and most importantly, transpiration. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from the plant's leaves through small openings called stomata. As water evaporates from the leaf surfaces, it creates a negative pressure gradient that pulls water up through the xylem from the roots.
Once water reaches the leaves, it is utilized during photosynthesis. The water molecules are split during the light-dependent reactions, releasing oxygen as a byproduct and providing electrons for the production of ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).
In summary, land plants rely on their roots to absorb water from the soil, which is subsequently transported through the xylem to the leaves where it is utilized in the process of photosynthesis.
Know more about xylem here:
https://brainly.com/question/14197052
#SPJ8
Match each organ with the germ layer from which it is formed.
Answers
The organ with the germ layer is formed Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm.
Matching organs with the germ layer from which they are formed:
1. Ectoderm:
Skin (including the epidermis and nervous system): The ectoderm is the outermost germ layer and gives rise to the epidermis, which is the outer layer of the skin. It also gives rise to the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The ectoderm is responsible for the formation of structures such as hair, nails, sweat glands, tooth enamel, the lens of the eye, and the inner ear.
2. Mesoderm:
Bones: The mesoderm is the middle germ layer and gives rise to the skeletal system, including bones and cartilage.Muscles: The mesoderm also forms the muscular system, including smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles.Connective tissue: Connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and adipose tissue are derived from the mesoderm.Kidneys: The kidneys, along with the urinary system, develop from the mesoderm.Reproductive organs: The reproductive organs, including the gonads, develop from the mesoderm.Blood vessels: The mesoderm forms the cardiovascular system, including blood vessels, the heart, and blood cells.Spleen: The mesoderm also gives rise to the spleen, a part of the immune system.3. Endoderm:
The lining of the digestive tract: The endoderm is the innermost germ layer and gives rise to the epithelial lining of the digestive tract, including the stomach, intestines, and liver.The lining of the respiratory tract: The endoderm also forms the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract, including the lungs.Pancreas: The endoderm gives rise to the pancreas, which plays a key role in digestion and blood sugar regulation.Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland, involved in hormone production and metabolism, develops from the endoderm.Bladder: The lining of the urinary bladder is derived from the endoderm.Tonsils: The endoderm contributes to the development of the tonsils, which are part of the immune system.Thymus: The endoderm also forms the thymus, an organ involved in immune cell maturation.know more about Ectoderm here:
https://brainly.com/question/20704353
#SPJ8
Reviewing the additional information and images will help you answer this question.
When can diseases, starvation, and overcrowding impact the human population the MOST?
A. Population levels have no impact on the spread of disease, overcrowding, and starvation.
B. when the population is very close together and is over carrying capacity
C. when the population is sparse, very spread out, and under carrying capacity
Answers
Diseases, starvation, and overcrowding have the most significant impact on the human population when it is very close together and exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment. This underscores the importance of sustainable population management, infrastructure development, and equitable distribution of resources to mitigate the negative consequences on human well-being.
The correct answer is option B.
The impact of diseases, starvation, and overcrowding on the human population can vary depending on the population dynamics and environmental factors. Considering the options provided:
A. Population levels have no impact on the spread of disease, overcrowding, and starvation.
This statement is false. Population levels indeed play a crucial role in the spread of diseases, overcrowding, and starvation. As the population increases, there is a greater potential for the transmission of infectious diseases due to increased interactions between individuals. Overcrowding in urban areas or densely populated regions can lead to inadequate sanitation, limited access to resources, and increased vulnerability to disease outbreaks.
B. When the population is very close together and is over carrying capacity.
This option correctly highlights that diseases, starvation, and overcrowding can have the most significant impact when the population is very close together and exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment. When the population surpasses the available resources and infrastructure, the strain on healthcare systems, food production, and living conditions intensifies. This can lead to the rapid spread of diseases, increased competition for limited resources, malnutrition, and overall deterioration of living standards.
C. When the population is sparse, very spread out, and under carrying capacity.
This option is incorrect. When the population is sparse, spread out, and under the carrying capacity of the environment, the impact of diseases, starvation, and overcrowding is generally less severe. With ample resources available per individual, the risks associated with overcrowding and scarcity of resources are minimized.
For more such information on: population
https://brainly.com/question/29885712
#SPJ8
state the general name for plants that live in and are adapted for dry conditions
Answers
Why is NAD+ so important if the cell takes the anaerobic pathway, so glycolysis to fermentation? Does the atp made in glycolysis depend on the NAD+ conversion to NADH in the first step? I am confused on why NAD+ is so important to atp production
Answers
Answer:
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is indeed crucial for ATP production, even in anaerobic pathways such as glycolysis followed by fermentation. Allow me to explain the significance of NAD+ and its role in ATP production.
During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. The conversion of NAD+ to NADH occurs during the oxidation of certain molecules, including glucose, in the pathway. This conversion is essential because NADH carries high-energy electrons that can be used in subsequent steps to generate more ATP.
In aerobic respiration, NADH is further utilized in the electron transport chain (ETC) within the mitochondria. The ETC transfers electrons from NADH to oxygen, generating a significant amount of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. However, in anaerobic conditions where oxygen is limited, like during fermentation, the ETC cannot function.
Here's where NAD+ becomes critical. In order to keep glycolysis running and continue generating ATP, the NADH produced during glycolysis must be converted back to NAD+. This allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP, even without the presence of oxygen. Without a mechanism to regenerate NAD+, glycolysis would halt due to a lack of NAD+, leading to a severe reduction in ATP production.
Fermentation pathways differ depending on the organism, but they all involve the regeneration of NAD+. For example, in lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted into lactate, which involves the transfer of electrons from NADH to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+. Similarly, in alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is converted into ethanol, again regenerating NAD+.
In summary, NAD+ is essential in anaerobic ATP production because it serves as a coenzyme that accepts electrons and facilitates the conversion of NADH back to NAD+. By regenerating NAD+, cells can sustain glycolysis and continue producing ATP, even in the absence of oxygen.
A family released their pet fish family into a local pond. The fish had no known local population. The impact of the fish on the ecosystem is not yet known. Which term would best define the fish added to the pond? invasive species introduced species native species symbiotic species
Answers
Answer: The term that would best define the fish added to the pond is INTRODUCED SPECIES. These species may be harmful to native species.
Explanation:
Introduced species are exotic species which has arrived there by human activity, which may be harmful to native species.
Introduced species may even be harmful to the entire ecosystem because they can break the delicate equilibrium of the ecosystem.
Introduced species may compete with native species for limited resources (e.g., water resources, foods, habitat, etc).
Answer:
7
Explanation:
What time period did the ediacaran fauna exist
Answers
The Ediacaran fauna existed during the Ediacaran Period, which spanned from approximately 635 million years ago to 541 million years ago.
This period is the final geological time period of the Neoproterozoic Era and precedes the Cambrian Period. The Ediacaran fauna refers to a diverse group of complex, soft-bodied organisms that lived in marine environments.
They are characterized by unique body plans and structures, some of which have no modern counterparts. The Ediacaran Period is significant because it represents a time when multicellular life forms were evolving and diversifying, laying the groundwork for the explosion of life that occurred during the subsequent Cambrian Period.
For more such answers on Ediacaran fauna
https://brainly.com/question/15127208
#SPJ8
A plant was placed in water containing black dye. After 24 hours the plant was removed and sections were taken from the root and the stem. Which diagram shows the results? root root C stem stem root (2) stem stem
Answers
A plant was placed in water containing black dye. After 24 hours the
plant was removed and sections were taken from the root and the
stem. In the root, cambium part will get stained and in the stem, cortex will be stained from dye.
option D is correct.
What is cambium and cortex in plant root and stem?The xylem and phloem tissues' layer of continuously dividing cells, known as the cambium, is what causes the secondary growth of stems and roots.
In a plant, the cortex is the outermost layer of the root or stem that is situated under the epidermis but external to the vascular bundles.
The conduction (uptake) of water in a plant stem takes place through the xylem.
Learn more about vascular bundles. at:
https://brainly.com/question/27743087
#SPJ1
brainly.com/question/9882176
#SPJ1
do not write gibberish answer alll questions properly and asap
describe three major structural or functional similarities between frogs and humans
Describe three major structural or functional differences between frogs and humans
for grade 10s
Answers
a. Three major structural or functional similarities between frogs and humans are Vertebrate Anatomy, Nervous System, and Circulatory System.
b. Three major structural or functional differences between frogs and humans are Reproductive System, Respiratory System, and Skeletal System.
a. Three major structural or functional similarities between frogs and humans are:
Vertebrate Anatomy: Both frogs and humans belong to the vertebrate group, which means they have a similar basic body plan. They both possess a backbone (vertebral column) that provides support and protection for the spinal cord. Nervous System: Frogs and humans have a complex nervous system that allows them to perceive and respond to their environment. Both species have a central nervous system consisting of a brain and a spinal cord. They also have peripheral nerves that transmit signals between the central nervous system and other parts of the body.Circulatory System: Frogs and humans have a closed circulatory system, meaning their blood is contained within blood vessels. They possess a heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body tissues and deoxygenated blood to the lungs (in frogs) or lungs and other respiratory organs (in humans) for oxygen exchange.
b. Three major structural or functional differences between frogs and humans are:
Reproductive System: Frogs have external fertilization and lay eggs, which develop into aquatic tadpoles before transforming into adult frogs. In contrast, humans have internal fertilization and give birth to live young after a gestation period. Humans have complex reproductive organs specialized for internal fertilization and the nourishment and development of the fetus, whereas frogs have simpler reproductive structures adapted for external fertilization in water.Respiratory System: Frogs primarily respire through their skin, which allows them to absorb oxygen directly from the environment. They also have lungs, but their reliance on cutaneous respiration sets them apart from humans. Humans, on the other hand, rely predominantly on the lungs for respiration, where oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide.Skeletal System: While frogs and humans both have a skeletal system for support and protection, there are notable differences in their bone structure. Frogs have a more simplified skeletal structure with fewer bones compared to humans. Humans, on the other hand, have a complex skeletal system with a distinct skull, spine, ribcage, and limb bones that enable upright posture, fine motor skills, and a wide range of movements.
know more about Nervous System here:
https://brainly.com/question/2114466
#SPJ8
Which of the following bonds will be most difficult to break? C–O/ c-c/ c-n/c-s
Answers
Among the following bonds, the bond that is the most difficult to break is C-C bond. Carbon-carbon bonds are the strongest of all single bonds among carbon, so the answer is C-C bond.
A chemical bond is a physical phenomenon that keeps atoms and molecules together. The atoms of a molecule are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds include ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds, among others. Ionic bonds are formed when oppositely charged ions are attracted to one another. In contrast, covalent bonds form when two atoms share electrons, and hydrogen bonds are a special type of dipole-dipole interaction.
For more such questions on bonds
https://brainly.com/question/29282058
#SPJ8
