Hypothyroidism is a medical condition that arises when the thyroid gland is unable to produce enough hormones that are needed for proper body function. Hypothyroidism can be due to several reasons, including an autoimmune disorder such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, or the surgical removal of the thyroid gland.
TSH is short for thyroid-stimulating hormone, which is secreted by the pituitary gland. TSH is responsible for regulating the release of hormones from the thyroid gland, specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). TRH, or thyrotropin-releasing hormone, is a hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to produce TSH.
Therefore, both TSH and TRH play crucial roles in maintaining thyroid function. Changes in TSH and TRH secretion in a patient with hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency A patient with hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency would have lower levels of thyroid hormone, leading to a higher level of TSH in the bloodstream. This is because the pituitary gland senses the decreased levels of thyroid hormone and tries to compensate by secreting more TSH in order to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more hormones.
However, this increase in TSH is not always enough to overcome iodine deficiency and other factors that contribute to hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland itself may also be unable to produce hormones due to the lack of iodine.
As a result, TRH secretion may also increase as the hypothalamus tries to stimulate the pituitary gland to produce even more TSH.
Therefore, in a patient with hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency, you would expect to see an increase in both TSH and TRH secretion.
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multiple choice questions
which of the following antidiabetic medication reduce the blood
glucose level with a NON insulin -dependent mechanism
-Gliclazide
-Empagliflozin
-Metformin
-Exenatide
The antidiabetic medication which reduces the blood glucose level with a NON insulin-dependent mechanism is Empagliflozin.
What is Empagliflozin?
Empagliflozin is a non-insulin, orally active, and reversible SGLT2 inhibitor (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor). It functions by reducing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys and increasing urinary glucose excretion, resulting in decreased plasma glucose concentrations.
Empagliflozin was discovered and manufactured by Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly and was approved for use in the United States in August 2014 as an adjunct to diet and exercise for the management of type 2 diabetes in adults.
Metformin: This is an insulin sensitizing medication which is often used as first line therapy for patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Exenatide: This is an injectable incretin mimetic medication which is often used in the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Gliclazide: This medication is a sulphonylurea which works by stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas.
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High-quality patient-oriented healthcare delivery involves engaging and inspiring nurse role models and leaders to protect patients and improve their nursing profession's reputation. In light of the preceding, explain why nursing leadership is vital in a clinical environment ?
Nursing leadership is crucial in the clinical environment as it promotes high-quality patient care, fosters a positive work environment, and supports the professional development of nurses.
Nursing leadership is essential in a clinical environment because it inspires and engages nurse role models and leaders to safeguard patients and improve the profession's image. Leadership in nursing is important because it contributes to the maintenance of high-quality patient-oriented healthcare delivery. It is the obligation of nurse leaders to safeguard that healthcare professionals provide care that meets the requirements of their patients and their profession. As a result, it becomes vital to identify and address healthcare system problems, such as the inadequacy of resources, increased demand for services, and, more importantly, the importance of patient satisfaction.
A successful nursing leader creates a healthy work environment that encourages quality patient care, creates a safe and happy work environment, and advances the nursing profession's image. Additionally, nursing leaders must provide support for education and development in clinical practice to inspire nurses to give high-quality care. They should also provide continued support to the nursing staff to improve their performance in the workplace. It is important to address any ethical problems that arise in clinical settings in a supportive environment that promotes ethical standards. Leadership also has an important role in ensuring that there is a culture of collaboration, open communication, and respect between healthcare professionals and patients.
To sum up, nursing leadership is essential in a clinical environment because it contributes to the provision of high-quality patient-oriented healthcare delivery, inspires and engages nurse role models and leaders to safeguard patients and improve the profession's image, and ensures that healthcare professionals provide care that meets the requirements of their patients and their profession.
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If a disease X has a duration of 15 years and a low incidence (5 per 100,000 person-years). If another disease Y has a duration of 5 years and a low and low incidence (5 per 100,000 person years). If we compare disease X and Disease Y in the same population, we would expect:
a) Better cure
b) lower prevalence
c) higher prevalence
d) Higher incidence
e) shorter duration
If a disease X has a duration of 15 years and a low incidence (5 per 100,000 person-years). If another disease Y has a duration of 5 years and a low and low incidence (5 per 100,000 person years). If we compare disease X and Disease Y in the same population, we would expect: lower prevalence. The correct option is b.
Disease X has a duration of 15 years and a low incidence (5 per 100,000 person-years) while disease Y has a duration of 5 years and a low incidence (5 per 100,000 person-years).If we compare disease X and Disease Y in the same population, we would expect a lower prevalence. Prevalence means the proportion of a population who have a specific disease at a given point in time. Since the incidence rate of both diseases is the same, and the prevalence is dependent on the duration of the disease, we expect that disease Y with a shorter duration of 5 years will have a lower prevalence than disease X with a longer duration of 15 years.
Therefore, the correct option is B, lower prevalence.
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A client has an order for a clear liquid diet. The nurse is
assisting the client to complete a menu. Which item would be
appropriate for the client to order? Select all that apply.
pudding
broth
apple
When assisting a client with an order for a clear liquid diet, the nurse should provide appropriate menu options. The appropriate items for a clear liquid diet are broth and certain types of pudding. Apples are not appropriate for a clear liquid diet.
A clear liquid diet is a type of diet that is composed of clear fluids that can be easily digested and leaves no residue. The goal of a clear liquid diet is to provide hydration while resting the gastrointestinal tract. When a client has an order for a clear liquid diet, the nurse assisting the client with menu options should provide appropriate options for the client to order.
The following are appropriate items that a client can order for a clear liquid diet:
Broth: Broth is made by simmering meat, bones, or vegetables in water. It is an excellent option for clients on a clear liquid diet because it is clear, easily digestible, and provides hydration.
Pudding: Pudding is a good option for clients on a clear liquid diet because it is a clear liquid, easily digestible, and provides some energy and nutrition. However, not all types of pudding are appropriate for a clear liquid diet, and it depends on the specific ingredients used.
Apple: Apples are not appropriate for a clear liquid diet because they are not a clear liquid, and they contain fiber and other nutrients that are difficult to digest.
Conclusion: In summary, when assisting a client with an order for a clear liquid diet, the nurse should provide appropriate menu options. The appropriate items for a clear liquid diet are broth and certain types of pudding. Apples are not appropriate for a clear liquid diet.
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1) Knowing that risk of falls are greater for some patient groups, "How Might We" improve, including educating patients and families about the risk of falls in an effort to reduce the total amount?
Things to Consider:
DEFINE THE PROBLEM: (i.e.: Generating and Conceptualizing)
DETERMINE THE SOLUTION: (i.e.: Moving through Conceptualizing to Optimizing)
IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION (i.e.: Moving through Optimizing to Implementing)
DEFINE THE PROBLEM:
The problem is the increased risk of falls among certain patient groups. Falls can lead to injuries, decreased mobility, and longer hospital stays. To address this, we need to improve patient and family education about the risk of falls and preventive measures.
DETERMINE THE SOLUTION:
Conduct a thorough assessment: Identify patient groups that are at a higher risk of falls, such as older adults, individuals with certain medical conditions, or those on specific medications. Assess their specific needs and challenges regarding fall prevention.Develop educational materials: Create clear, concise, and visually engaging educational materials that explain the risk factors and consequences of falls. Provide practical tips and strategies to reduce the risk, such as maintaining a clutter-free environment, using assistive devices, and engaging in appropriate physical activities.Engage healthcare providers: Collaborate with healthcare providers to reinforce fall prevention education during patient visits. Providers can incorporate fall risk assessments into routine care and discuss preventive measures with patients and their families.Involve families and caregivers: Educate family members and caregivers about the risk of falls and their role in prevention. Provide resources and training on assisting patients in fall prevention strategies, proper use of assistive devices, and recognizing early signs of fall risk.IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION:
Disseminate educational materials: Make the educational materials easily accessible to patients, families, and healthcare providers. Distribute printed materials in clinics, hospitals, and community centers. Utilize digital platforms, such as websites, patient portals, and mobile apps, to provide online access to educational resources.Conduct educational sessions: Organize workshops or group sessions to provide in-person education on fall prevention. These sessions can be conducted in healthcare settings, community centers, or senior centers. Consider including interactive elements, demonstrations, and Q&A sessions to enhance engagement.Integrate education into discharge planning: Incorporate fall prevention education into the discharge process for hospitalized patients. Ensure that patients and their families receive information about fall risks, prevention strategies, and available resources upon leaving the healthcare facility.Monitor and evaluate effectiveness: Continuously assess the impact of the education efforts by tracking fall rates and collecting feedback from patients, families, and healthcare providers. Adjust the educational materials and approaches based on the feedback received to improve their effectiveness.By following these steps, healthcare organizations can improve patient and family education about the risk of falls, empower individuals to take preventive measures, and ultimately reduce the total number of falls among at-risk patient groups.
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Many times cancer patients lose their hair and have other side effects from drugs. In the case of oncology patients, how do we determine what they need versus want? Discuss this in terms of how you think MARKET research would be helpful.
When it comes to determining the needs versus wants of oncology patients experiencing hair loss and other side effects from cancer drugs, market research can play a valuable role.
Understanding Patient Preferences: Market research can help identify the specific needs and preferences of oncology patients regarding hair loss and other side effects. It can involve surveys, focus groups, or interviews to gather information on patient experiences, desires, and concerns. By understanding their preferences, healthcare providers can tailor their services and interventions accordingly.
Assessing the Impact of Side Effects: Market research can provide insights into how different side effects impact patients' quality of life, self-esteem, and overall well-being. This understanding helps healthcare professionals prioritize interventions and develop strategies to address the most pressing needs.
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When discussing the benefits of skin-to-skin contact, what
information should the nurse include? Include rationale please and
thank you
Skin-to-skin contact provides numerous benefits for both the baby and the parent. It stabilizes the newborn's physiological processes, enhances the immune system, supports successful breastfeeding, and fosters attachment and bonding. These advantages make skin-to-skin contact a vital practice in the care of newborns, promoting their overall well-being and development.
When discussing the benefits of skin-to-skin contact, the nurse should provide comprehensive information to highlight its significance and rationale. Skin-to-skin contact, also known as kangaroo care, involves placing a newborn directly on the parent's bare chest. This practice has been shown to have numerous advantages for both the baby and the parent.
Firstly, skin-to-skin contact promotes the stabilization of the newborn's heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. The close physical contact with the parent's warm body helps regulate the baby's physiological processes, leading to improved cardiovascular stability. The baby's heart rate tends to become more regular, and respiratory distress may decrease. Additionally, the parent's body provides a natural source of warmth, helping to maintain the baby's body temperature within the normal range.
Secondly, skin-to-skin contact enhances the baby's immune system. The mother's skin contains beneficial bacteria that are transferred to the baby during this contact, helping to colonize the baby's skin and protect against harmful pathogens. Furthermore, skin-to-skin contact is often associated with initiating breastfeeding. The physical closeness and sensory stimulation experienced during skin-to-skin contact stimulate the release of hormones, such as oxytocin, that support breastfeeding. It can improve latch and suckling, promote milk production, and establish successful breastfeeding.
Another important benefit of skin-to-skin contact is the promotion of attachment between the parent and the baby. The physical and emotional connection formed through this intimate contact fosters a sense of trust and security. It promotes bonding and enhances the parent-infant relationship, which is crucial for the baby's emotional well-being and healthy development.
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Higher education in nursing Pro and Cons( RN to BSN) use
examples and facts with APA citation.
Pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) as an RN offers benefits such as enhanced clinical competence, expanded career opportunities, and improved patient outcomes. However, it requires a significant time and financial commitment, may not result in immediate financial return, and could impact the nursing workforce shortage.
Higher education in nursing, specifically the transition from Registered Nurse (RN) to Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) programs, has become increasingly important in the nursing profession. Here are the pros and cons of pursuing a BSN as an RN:
Pros:1. Enhanced clinical competence: BSN programs provide in-depth knowledge and skills in areas such as critical thinking, research utilization, leadership, and community health. This additional education equips nurses with advanced clinical competence (American Association of Colleges of Nursing [AACN], 2021).
2. Expanded career opportunities: Many healthcare organizations and institutions now require or prefer nurses to have a BSN. A BSN can open doors to advanced practice roles, managerial positions, teaching opportunities, and research roles (AACN, 2021).
3. Improved patient outcomes: Research has shown a positive correlation between higher levels of nursing education and improved patient outcomes. A study by Aiken et al. (2014) found that a 10% increase in the proportion of BSN-prepared nurses was associated with a 10% decrease in the risk of patient mortality.
Cons:1. Time and financial commitment: Pursuing a BSN as an RN requires a significant time and financial investment. Balancing work, family, and education can be challenging, and some nurses may find it difficult to afford the tuition fees (AACN, 2021).
2. Limited immediate financial return: While a BSN can lead to increased career opportunities, it may not result in an immediate increase in salary. The financial benefits of a BSN degree often manifest over the long term as nurses progress in their careers (AACN, 2021).
3. Workforce shortage implications: Requiring nurses to obtain a BSN could exacerbate the current nursing workforce shortage. The Institute of Medicine (2010) emphasized the need for a diverse nursing workforce and recognized the value of associate degree and diploma-educated nurses in meeting the healthcare needs of the population.
In conclusion, pursuing a BSN as an RN offers several advantages such as enhanced clinical competence, expanded career opportunities, and improved patient outcomes. However, it is essential to consider the time and financial commitment required and the potential implications on the nursing workforce. Each nurse should carefully weigh the pros and cons and make an informed decision based on their personal and professional goals.
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A 65-year-old patient underwent left hip replacement surgery yesterday and is currently recovering on the surgical unit. The patient has an intravenous (IV) solution running in the left hand of D5 1/2NS at 75 mL/hr and has a left hip soft silicone dressing in place. Current vital signs include temperature 37°C (98.6°F), heart rate 88 beats/min, respiratory rate 18 breaths/min. Pain assessment is currently 8 on a 0-to-10 scale. The patient has a long history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The nurse documents the following assessment findings; select the assessment finding(s) that require follow-up by the nurse.
Group of answer choices
1.Has no history of chronic health problems except diabetes mellitus
2. Small amount of serosanguineous drainage present on surgical dressing
3.Reports left hip pain of 8 on a 0-to-10 pain intensity scale
4.Easily arousable
5.Heart rate = 88 beats/min
6.Blood pressure = 152/90 mm Hg
7.Current blood sugar is 140 mg/dL
The nurse should monitor the serosanguineous drainage on the surgical dressing for signs of infection, closely monitor the patient's elevated blood pressure for potential complications, and keep a watchful eye on the patient's blood sugar level to ensure it remains within a safe range given their history of diabetes.
The nurse must follow up on the following assessment findings given for a 65-year-old patient undergoing left hip replacement surgery who is recovering on the surgical unit: Small amount of serosanguineous drainage present on surgical dressing; Blood pressure = 152/90 mm Hg; and Current blood sugar is 140 mg/dL.
What is serosanguineous drainage?Serosanguineous is a fluid that is generally pink and watery in appearance, similar to blood-tinged fluid. Serous fluid is also clear and watery, similar to plasma, but is not as thick as blood. The presence of serosanguineous drainage on the surgical dressing is a cause for concern because it could indicate a wound infection. When the patient is in surgery, the incision wound should be monitored for any indication of wound infection.
Blood pressure = 152/90 mm Hg
Blood pressure readings that are higher than normal can indicate hypertension, which may lead to cardiovascular and renal disease. The nurse should closely monitor the patient's blood pressure readings to ensure that they remain within a safe range.
Current blood sugar is 140 mg/dL
The patient's long history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus puts them at risk for hyperglycemia or high blood sugar. The nurse should closely monitor the patient's blood sugar level to ensure that it remains within a safe range. The normal range for blood sugar levels in an adult is 80-140 mg/dL. A blood sugar level higher than this may indicate a need for additional insulin or medication to control the patient's blood sugar levels.
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The practical nurse (PN) is observing a client self-administer the morning dose of subcutaneous insulin. For which corrponent of the injection technique should the PN provide the cient with addibonal irformation?
A. Removes any air bubbles in syringe to ensure concect dosage
B. Injects into the same site selected for the previous dose
C. Injects air into the insuln vial to displace the dose
D. Uses a circular action when applying an alcohol pad to the site.
The Practical Nurse (PN) should provide the client with additional information regarding the component of injecting air into the insulin vial to displace the dose. The correct option is C.
When administering subcutaneous insulin, it is important for the client to understand the correct technique to ensure accurate dosage and safe administration. Let's examine each option to determine which component requires additional information:
A. Removes any air bubbles in syringe to ensure correct dosage: This component is crucial for accurate dosing. The PN should instruct the client to remove any air bubbles from the syringe before injecting the insulin to ensure the correct dosage is administered.
B. Injects into the same site selected for the previous dose: It is important to rotate injection sites to prevent tissue damage and lipodystrophy. The client should be informed to select a different site for each injection to promote healthy tissue absorption and prevent complications.
C. Injects air into the insulin vial to displace the dose: This component requires additional information. The client should not inject air into the insulin vial to displace the dose. Instead, they should withdraw the required amount of insulin directly without introducing air into the vial. Injecting air can cause inaccurate dosage measurement and compromise the integrity of the insulin vial.
D. Uses a circular action when applying an alcohol pad to the site: This component involves site preparation before injection. While the use of an alcohol pad to clean the injection site is important for maintaining cleanliness, a circular action is not necessary. The client should be instructed to use a single, gentle swipe in one direction to clean the site adequately.
In summary, the component of injecting air into the insulin vial to displace the dose requires additional information for the client. The PN should emphasize that the client should not inject air into the vial and instead directly withdraw the required amount of insulin. This ensures accurate dosage measurement and maintains the integrity of the insulin. Option C is the correct one.
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A tube feeding formula contains 10 grams of protein per 100mL of
the formula. If the patient needs 150mg of protein per day, how
much tube feeding formula should he get every day (in mL/day)?
Given, A tube feeding formula contains 10 grams of protein per 100mL of the formula.
The patient needs 150mg of protein per day.
Converting 150mg to grams, we get 150/1000 = 0.15 g of protein per day.
To find the amount of tube feeding formula the patient needs every day (in mL/day), we can use the following formula:
Amount of tube feeding formula per day =
(Amount of protein per day / Protein content per 100 mL) x 100Substituting the values,
Amount of tube feeding formula per day = (0.15 / 10) x 100 = 1.5 mL/day
Therefore, the patient needs to get 1.5 mL of tube feeding formula every day to receive 150mg of protein.
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How do healthcare providers keep you safe from being harmed by
the effects of healthcare services?
Discuss what providers could do better to keep you safe?
Healthcare providers ensure patient safety by implementing various measures such as following evidence-based guidelines, practicing effective communication, employing quality improvement initiatives, utilizing technology, and promoting patient engagement.
1. Evidence-Based Guidelines: Healthcare providers adhere to evidence-based guidelines and best practices to deliver safe and effective care. These guidelines are developed through rigorous research and provide standardized protocols for diagnosis, treatment, and patient management.
2. Effective Communication: Providers prioritize clear and effective communication among healthcare teams, patients, and their families. This includes accurate and timely exchange of information, proper documentation, and involving patients in decision-making processes.
3. Quality Improvement Initiatives: Healthcare organizations continuously monitor and improve their systems and processes to enhance patient safety. This involves analyzing adverse events, implementing corrective measures, and fostering a culture of continuous learning and improvement.
4. Utilizing Technology: Healthcare providers utilize technology, such as electronic health records (EHRs) and computerized physician order entry (CPOE), to reduce medication errors, enhance communication, and improve care coordination. Technology can also support automated reminders, alerts, and clinical decision support systems.
5. Promoting Patient Engagement: Providers engage patients as active participants in their healthcare by involving them in shared decision-making, educating them about their conditions and treatments, and encouraging their feedback and involvement in their care plans.
Providers can further enhance patient safety by:
- Emphasizing and promoting a culture of safety within healthcare organizations.
- Enhancing interdisciplinary collaboration and teamwork among healthcare professionals.
- Prioritizing ongoing training and education for healthcare providers to stay updated on the latest advancements and best practices.
- Implementing robust medication reconciliation processes to prevent medication errors.
- Encouraging open reporting and learning from errors or near-miss events.
- Ensuring appropriate staffing levels to prevent provider fatigue and burnout, which can compromise patient safety.
By continuously striving to improve in these areas and addressing any gaps or challenges, healthcare providers can enhance patient safety and deliver high-quality care.
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Which of the following is NOT considered a vital statistic? cause-specific death rate fetal death rate infant mortality rate drug-usage rate
Drug-usage rate is NOT considered a vital statistic. The correct option is D.
Vital statistics are statistical measures that provide information about key events in human populations, such as births, deaths, and marriages. These statistics are important for understanding population health and guiding public health interventions. Let's examine each option to identify the one that is not considered a vital statistic:
1. Cause-specific death rate: This is a vital statistic that measures the number of deaths attributed to specific causes in a given population. It provides insights into the leading causes of death and helps prioritize public health efforts.
2. Fetal death rate: Also known as stillbirth rate, this vital statistic measures the number of fetal deaths (deaths of unborn babies after 20 weeks of gestation) per 1,000 live births. It provides information about the health of pregnancies and the potential risks to fetal well-being.
3. Infant mortality rate: This is a vital statistic that measures the number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births. It serves as a crucial indicator of the overall health and well-being of infants and reflects the quality of prenatal care, neonatal care, and access to healthcare services.
4. Drug-usage rate: While drug usage rates provide valuable information about substance abuse and drug trends within a population, they are not considered vital statistics. Drug usage rates are typically derived from surveys and are used to monitor patterns of drug consumption, inform policy decisions, and guide prevention and treatment strategies.
In summary, drug-usage rate is not considered a vital statistic, whereas cause-specific death rate, fetal death rate, and infant mortality rate are all vital statistics that provide important insights into population health and well-being. Option D is the correct one.
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Asymmetry of information in health care may cause Group of answer choices
Provider (supplier) induced demand
Lower health care costs
Increased quality
Increased access
Asymmetry of information in health care may cause Provider (supplier) induced demand.
Asymmetric information refers to a scenario in which one party has more information than the other. An important characteristic of health care markets is the high degree of asymmetric information, in which providers have generally much more information than patients about the quality of the services offered. This situation arises in healthcare when a doctor knows more about a patient's medical condition than the patient does. Patients do not have enough medical information to assess the quality and effectiveness of their healthcare services. The asymmetry of information in healthcare may cause provider-induced demand. A situation where a doctor provides unnecessary medical treatments or procedures to a patient to gain financial gain, instead of focusing on the patient's actual health care needs.
Hence option a is correct .
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Which additional symptoms should the nurse ask about? (Select all that apply. One, some, or all options may be correct.)
Select all that apply
Nausea
Clay-colored stool.
Decreased attention span.
Stridor.
Itching
The additional symptoms the nurse should ask about are:
Nausea.
Clay-colored stool.
Decreased attention span.
Itching.
Stridor.
Explanation: Nausea is a feeling of queasiness that may occur with or without vomiting. Nausea and vomiting can be a sign of a variety of health conditions, including food poisoning, stress, and infections.
Clay-colored stool, also known as pale or grey stool, is a sign of liver dysfunction, which may be caused by a variety of factors, including hepatitis, cancer, or cirrhosis. Decreased attention span may be caused by a variety of factors, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress, and depression. Itching is a symptom of a variety of conditions, including allergies, eczema, and insect bites.
Stridor is a high-pitched wheezing sound that is made during breathing, and is often a sign of respiratory distress.
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Case Study # 2 Case Study Timothy, a rew nurse, begins his shift receiving the hand-off report and then organizes his day. Each of the following scenarios occurs during his morning care. Determine how he can best use clinical judgment to navigate each situation. 1. When taking a patient's oral temperature, Timothy notices a glass of ice water within the patient's reach. 2. Timothy takes a patient's blood pressure and it is significantly higher than the previous reading.
Timothy, a new nurse, begins his shift by receiving the hand-off report and then organizing his day. Timothy can use clinical judgment to navigate each situation as follows:
1. When taking a patient's oral temperature, Timothy notices a glass of ice water within the patient's reach:
When taking a patient's oral temperature, Timothy notices a glass of ice water within the patient's reach.
Timothy needs to understand that taking an oral temperature after drinking cold water can result in lower temperature readings.
If Timothy takes a temperature reading, he may get an inaccurate temperature reading and then need to take a repeat temperature after the patient has not had anything to drink for 15 minutes.
2. Timothy takes a patient's blood pressure and it is significantly higher than the previous reading:
When Timothy takes a patient's blood pressure, and it is higher than the previous reading, he must take note of this. Timothy should check the reading with another blood pressure cuff.
Timothy should also assess the patient for pain, anxiety, or any other factors that could cause the elevated blood pressure reading.
Timothy should notify the patient's doctor and inform him or her of the change in readings.
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Reflect on the various types of nursing leadership styles (Autocratic, Democratic Style, Laissez-Faire Style, Transformational Nursing Leadership, Servant Nursing Leadership, Transactional Nursing Leadership) and identify one of your preferred nursing leadership styles and why ?
Nursing leadership is critical to the success of any healthcare organization. There are several nursing leadership styles, including autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, transformational, servant, and transactional nursing leadership. Let's discuss these styles in more detail and identify one preferred nursing leadership style.
Autocratic nursing leadership style is characterized by a leader who makes decisions without involving others. The leader has absolute control over the team, and there is no room for discussion. It is an authoritarian style of leadership that is effective in emergency situations or when quick decisions need to be made.
Democratic nursing leadership style is the opposite of autocratic leadership. The leader involves the team members in decision-making processes, and everyone has a say in what happens. This approach fosters creativity and innovation, and it helps the team to work cohesively toward a common goal.
Laissez-faire nursing leadership style is a hands-off approach where the leader gives the team members a lot of freedom and autonomy. The team members have to decide on their own, and the leader only intervenes when necessary.
Transformational nursing leadership style is all about inspiring the team to achieve their goals. The leader motivates the team members to do their best and encourages them to go above and beyond the call of duty.
Servant nursing leadership style that focuses on serving others. The leader is committed to helping the team members grow and develop, and the needs of the team are always put first.
Transactional nursing leadership style is characterized by a leader who rewards good behavior and punishes bad behavior. The leader sets clear expectations and goals and provides rewards and incentives to encourage good behavior.
Preferred nursing leadership style
Democratic nursing leadership is my preferred nursing leadership style. I believe that involving the team members in decision-making processes leads to better decision-making, increased job satisfaction, and better teamwork. It also fosters creativity and innovation, which is critical in the healthcare field. Overall, democratic leadership helps to create a more positive and collaborative work environment.
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John, a 72-year-old grandfather, had been smoking heavily for 24 years and had a persistent cough. A biopsy of his lung tissue revealed considerable amounts of carbon particles. How could this happen considering the natural cleaning mechanism of the respiratory system? What is the cause of his persistent cough?
The natural cleaning mechanism of the respiratory system is made up of a mucociliary escalator, which removes debris from the airways.
However, in the case of John, a 72-year-old grandfather who had been smoking heavily for 24 years and had a persistent cough, this mechanism has failed to function properly.
John's persistent cough is caused by an accumulation of tar and other harmful chemicals found in cigarette smoke.
The carbon particles, which were found in his lung tissue biopsy, were caused by his body's inability to expel the particulate matter from the smoke, which resulted in the particles becoming embedded in his lung tissue.
As a result, John's respiratory system has become clogged with tar and other harmful chemicals, making it difficult for him to breathe and causing him to cough persistently.
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ORDER: Decadron 4 mg po, bid.
LABEL: Decadron 0.5 mg tablets. (Client presents a properly labeled pill bottle.)
The client states that they cannot get to the pharmacy for the next 72 hours and asks you if
they have enough medication? How many tablets does the client need?
the answer is 48 tablets but i dont understand how they got it and im confused
The client needs 48 tablets to last them for the next 72 hours, based on the prescription for Decadron 4 mg tablets taken twice daily.
To determine the number of tablets the client needs, we need to calculate the total number of tablets required for a 72-hour period.
Given that the prescription is for Decadron 4 mg tablets to be taken twice daily, we need to consider the strength of the tablets and the dosing frequency.
First, we need to determine the total daily dose: 4 mg/tablet × 2 tablets/day = 8 mg/day.
Next, we calculate the total dosage for the 72-hour period: 8 mg/day × 3 days = 24 mg.
Since the available tablets are Decadron 0.5 mg tablets, we divide the total dosage required by the tablet strength: 24 mg ÷ 0.5 mg/tablet = 48 tablets.
Therefore, the client needs 48 tablets to last them for the next 72 hours.
It's important to consider the dosage strength and dosing frequency when calculating the total number of tablets required to ensure the client has an adequate supply of medication. Proper understanding of prescription instructions and accurate calculations help ensure patient safety and adherence to the prescribed treatment plan.
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The nurse is assessing a patient who is reporting dyspnea. The nurse auscultates the patient's chest and hears wheezing, throughout the lung fields. What might this indicate about this patient?
a. Pneumothorax
b. Atelectasis
c. Bronchoconstriction
d. Pneumonia
The presence of wheezing throughout the lung fields indicates bronchoconstriction in the patient reporting dyspnea.
Dyspnea is a sensation of running out of the air and of not being able to breathe fast enough or deeply enough. It results from multiple interactions of signals and receptors in the CNS, peripheral receptors chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors in the upper airway, lungs, and chest wall. cause are Shortness of breath — known medically as dyspnea — is often described as an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger, difficulty breathing, breathlessness or a feeling of suffocation.
Treatments required :
Bronchodilators to open airways.
Steroids to reduce swelling.
Pain medications.
Hence correct option is c.
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The charge nurse is observing the following client situations. It would require intervention if a 01. client with hepatitis B (HBV) is eating food brought into the facility by a visitor 02 visitor is sitting on the side of the bed of a client with acute pancreatitis | 03. staff member is entering the room of a client with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis wearing a protective gown and gloves family member of a client with mycoplasma pneumonia leaves the door to the client's room open
As a charge nurse, the following client situations would require intervention:The client with hepatitis B (HBV) eating food brought into the facility by a visitor.
The visitor sitting on the side of the bed of a client with acute pancreatitis. A staff member entering the room of a client with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis wearing protective gown and gloves. The family member of a client with Mycoplasma pneumonia leaving the door to the client's room open.
Explanation:
1. The client with hepatitis B (HBV) eating food brought into the facility by a visitor
It requires intervention if a client with hepatitis B (HBV) eats food brought into the facility by a visitor. The visitor may have brought contaminated food that could spread HBV. It is recommended that only hospital-provided food is given to patients with HBV.
2. The visitor sitting on the side of the bed of a client with acute pancreatitis
It requires intervention if a visitor is sitting on the side of the bed of a client with acute pancreatitis. There is a risk of transferring germs from the visitor's clothing to the patient.
3. A staff member entering the room of a client with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis wearing protective gown and gloves
It does not require any intervention as it is standard practice for a staff member to wear protective gown and gloves when entering the room of a client with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.
4. The family member of a client with Mycoplasma pneumonia leaving the door to the client's room open
It requires intervention if a family member of a client with Mycoplasma pneumonia leaves the door to the client's room open. It can increase the risk of spreading the disease to others.
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your patient has been in a car accident they present with the following, high pulse rate, feek woozy, abd tenderness and brusing in the lower abdomen. what term is used to describe the color if their skin?
The term that is used to describe the color of the skin of a patient that has been in a car accident, presents with a high pulse rate, feels woozy, has abdominal tenderness, and bruising in the lower abdomen is pallor.
What is pallor?
Pallor refers to a pale or white appearance of the skin due to reduced blood flow.
It is frequently seen in people who are anemic or have low blood pressure or hypovolemia. When the skin loses its healthy color due to insufficient oxygenation, the patient's health and oxygenation are in jeopardy.The patient's symptoms of high pulse rate, wooziness, abdominal tenderness, and bruising in the lower abdomen may indicate internal bleeding, which might result in hypovolemia, leading to reduced blood flow and, as a result, pallor in the skin. It is essential to take the patient to a hospital for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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Definition/Etiology for Cataracts (please send
references used) please list Clinical Manifestations as
well.
Cataracts are a common eye condition characterized by the clouding of the lens, resulting in blurred vision and potential vision loss.
Cataracts refer to the clouding of the lens in the eye, which is responsible for focusing light onto the retina. The lens is normally clear, but with cataracts, it becomes opaque or cloudy, hindering the passage of light and resulting in blurred vision. Cataracts can occur in one or both eyes and develop gradually over time.
The most common cause of cataracts is aging, as the proteins in the lens break down and clump together, leading to clouding. Other risk factors include long-term exposure to sunlight, certain medical conditions (such as diabetes), eye injuries, smoking, and the use of certain medications like corticosteroids. In some cases, cataracts may be present at birth or develop during childhood due to genetic factors, infections, or trauma to the eye.
Clinical manifestations of cataracts include blurry or hazy vision, increased sensitivity to glare, difficulty seeing in low light conditions, double vision in one eye, fading or yellowing of colors, and frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescriptions. As cataracts progress, they can significantly impair vision, making it difficult to carry out everyday activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces.
The cataracts and their clinical manifestations by consulting reputable sources such as the American Academy of Ophthalmology (www.aao.org) or the National Eye Institute (www.nei.nih.gov).
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A 50-year-old patient has been admitted to the cardiac unit with pericarditis.
• Using the nursing process as a framework for care for the patient with pericarditis, what are the key assessments and interventions that need to be completed?
• What are common clinical manifestations of streptococcal pharyngitis that the nurse needs to assess in this patient?
Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, which is the fibrous sac surrounding the heart.
The use of the nursing process as a framework for care for the patient with pericarditis requires completing the following key assessments and interventions:
Assessments: Assess vital signs regularly. Obtain a detailed history and conduct a physical examination of the patient. This involves a thorough review of the patient's medical history, with particular attention given to recent events or illnesses.
Observe the patient for symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and other symptoms related to the heart.
Auscultate heart sounds for any changes in rhythm or rate.
Perform an electrocardiogram (ECG) to detect any changes in electrical activity within the heart. The nurse should also conduct laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cardiac enzyme tests.
Interventions: Manage the patient's symptoms by reducing inflammation, pain, and fever as per physician orders. Administer medications as prescribed by the physician. These may include antibiotics, antivirals, or other medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, or corticosteroids.
Administer oxygen as required. Monitor fluid balance and ensure adequate hydration. Monitor the patient's response to treatment, including their vital signs and symptoms. The nurse should also monitor for any adverse effects of medications.
Common clinical manifestations of streptococcal pharyngitis that the nurse needs to assess in this patient include:
Abdominal pain Chest pain Sore throat Swollen tonsils or lymph nodes Fatigue Rash on the skin or mucous membranes Joint pain or swelling Fever and chills Nausea and vomiting Headache Difficulty in swallowing A productive cough is not a typical symptom of streptococcal pharyngitis;
it is usually indicative of a viral infection such as the flu or a common cold.
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Reflect on the 4 tenets of nursing practice (person/client, environment, health, nursing) and describe what they mean to you in your clinical practice while identifying one nursing theory that most resonates with your philosophy of nursing.
This theory defines nursing as assisting clients to achieve or maintain a level of independence in activities of daily living, recognizing the interrelatedness of physiological, psychological, and social components of human functioning. The nurse's role in this theory is to provide care in a way that meets the client's needs while promoting independence and the ability to care for themselves.
The four tenets of nursing practice that reflect the nursing profession include person/client, environment, health, and nursing. They're central concepts to help nurses provide quality care to clients. Person/client
The person is defined as an individual with intrinsic worth and unique characteristics. Every client has unique attributes, preferences, and life experiences that affect their health and illness experiences. The nurse establishes a therapeutic relationship with the client to provide care that considers their cultural, spiritual, and ethical values and beliefs. Environment The environment is a crucial aspect of nursing practice, and it encompasses all of the physical, emotional, and social factors that influence a client's health. The environment includes the social, economic, and political aspects of a client's life.
For example, a nurse providing care in an urban area may address specific environmental hazards such as pollution and a high level of crime. Health Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Nurses must assist clients to maintain, regain, or achieve optimal health outcomes through health promotion, prevention, and management of disease. They also have to help clients adjust to chronic illness and maintain their quality of life.
Nursing Nursing involves the promotion, optimization, and protection of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. Nurses apply a range of knowledge and skills to provide care that is respectful, ethical, and evidence-based. The nursing process guides nursing interventions and care. One nursing theory that most resonates with my philosophy of nursing is Virginia Henderson's Theory of Nursing.
This theory defines nursing as assisting clients to achieve or maintain a level of independence in activities of daily living, recognizing the interrelatedness of physiological, psychological, and social components of human functioning. The nurse's role in this theory is to provide care in a way that meets the client's needs while promoting independence and the ability to care for themselves.
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If a patient has a cardiac output of 5.2L/min, blood pressure of 130/90 with a pulse of 80, what is his stroke volume? 416 ml 0.065ml 58ml 65ml none of the above
Calculate the cardiac output given the following data: EDV=150ml, ESV=70ml, blood pressure=150/85mmHg, and pulse=80. 5.6L/min 12L/min 6.8L/min 6.4L/min
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate Cardiac Output = 80 mL × 80/min Cardiac Output = 6.4 L/min Therefore, the cardiac output is 6.4 L/min. Answer: 6.4L/min
The stroke volume of a patient who has a cardiac output of 5.2 L/min, blood pressure of 130/90, and a pulse of 80 can be calculated using the following formula:
Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output ÷ Heart Rate Stroke Volume = 5.2 L/min ÷ 80/min Stroke Volume = 0.065 L/min x 1000 mL/L Stroke Volume = 65 mL/min
Therefore, the stroke volume of the patient is 65 mL/min. The cardiac output of a person can be calculated using the following formula:
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
Now, let's calculate the cardiac output given the following data: EDV=150 ml, ESV=70 ml, blood pressure=150/85mmHg, and pulse=80.Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate The formula of stroke volume is:
Stroke Volume = End-Diastolic Volume - End-Systolic Volume Stroke Volume = 150 mL - 70 mL Stroke Volume = 80 mL
Therefore, Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate Cardiac Output = 80 mL × 80/min Cardiac Output = 6.4 L/min Therefore, the cardiac output is 6.4 L/min. Answer: 6.4L/min
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Suppose a person had exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). In 2-3 sentences, answer the following questions: - Would macromolecules get broken down? - Name at least 2 symptoms a person would have, based on your knowledge of digestion.
If a person had exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), macromolecules would not get broken down properly.
Macromolecules would not get broken down into smaller molecules that the body could absorb and use.
As a result, a person with EPI may have symptoms such as diarrhea, greasy and smelly stools, weight loss, abdominal pain, and bloating.
The inability to digest fats and proteins are two of the symptoms that an individual with EPI may have based on the knowledge of digestion. The feces of such an individual would have an oily and foul-smelling appearance as the nutrients from the food they ingest will pass through the intestines undigested.
Additionally, the person may experience weight loss, abdominal pain, and bloating.
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A nurse is administering a loop diuretic for treatment of hypervolemila. What lab(s) would be a priority to monitor related to this medication?
a. Iron levels
b. Sodium and potassium
c. BUN and Creatinine
d. Hemoglobin and hematocrit
When administering a loop diuretic for the treatment of hypervolemia, the priority lab(s) to monitor related to this medication would be sodium and potassium levels and BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine levels.
The correct answer is option B and C.
Loop diuretics, such as furosemide or bumetanide, work by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending loop of Henle in the kidneys. This leads to increased excretion of sodium, chloride, and water, resulting in diuresis and reduction of fluid volume. However, loop diuretics can also cause electrolyte imbalances, particularly hypokalemia (low potassium levels) and hyponatremia (low sodium levels). These imbalances can have significant consequences for the patient, including cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and impaired renal function. Therefore, monitoring sodium and potassium levels is crucial to detect and manage these electrolyte imbalances promptly.
Additionally, loop diuretics can affect renal function by increasing urine output. This can lead to a decrease in renal perfusion and subsequent elevation of BUN and creatinine levels. Monitoring BUN and creatinine provides important information about kidney function and helps identify any potential renal impairment or acute kidney injury that may occur as a result of loop diuretic use.
In summary, when administering a loop diuretic for hypervolemia, it is essential to prioritize monitoring sodium and potassium levels, as well as BUN and creatinine levels. These labs allow healthcare professionals to assess and manage electrolyte imbalances and monitor renal function, ensuring the safe and effective use of loop diuretics in the treatment of hypervolemia.
Therefore, among the given options the correct answer is option B and c.
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Petitioner Wyeth manufactures the anti-nausea drug, Phenergan. After a clinician injected respondent Levine with Phenergan by the "IV-push" method, whereby a drug is injected directly into a patient's vein, the drug entered Levine's artery, she developed gangrene, and doctors amputated her forearm. Levine brought a state-law damages action, alleging that Wyeth had failed to provide an adequate warning about the significant risks of administering Phenergan by the IV-push method. The Vermont jury determined that Levine's injury would not have occurred if Phenergan's label included an adequate warning, and it awarded damages for her pain and suffering, substantial medical expenses, and loss of her livelihood as a professional musician. Phenergan's labeling had been approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The decision in the case of Wyeth v. Levine is that it's a landmark case decided by the United States Supreme Court on March 4, 2009, which held that the United States Food and Drug Administration's approval of a drug does not preempt state law claims for damages caused by that drug. This decision in the case of Wyeth v. Levine is significant as it upholds the concept that a state-law damages claim against a pharmaceutical manufacturer is not preempted by the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
Explanation: The Supreme Court's decision in Wyeth v. Levine stated that a state law claim against a pharmaceutical company is not preempted by the FDA's approval of a drug. It means that the pharmaceutical company can still be held liable for damages resulting from the use of a drug. This decision is significant as it clarifies that the FDA's approval of a drug does not necessarily shield a pharmaceutical company from liability for damages caused by that drug. It upholds the principle that state law claims are a viable means for people to seek redress for injuries caused by pharmaceutical products.
Petitioner Wyeth manufactures the anti-nausea drug, Phenergan. After a clinician injected respondent Levine with Phenergan by the "IV-push" method, whereby a drug is injected directly into a patient's vein, the drug entered Levine's artery, she developed gangrene, and doctors amputated her forearm. Levine brought a state-law damages action, alleging that Wyeth had failed to provide an adequate warning about the significant risks of administering Phenergan by the IV-push method.
The Vermont jury determined that Levine's injury would not have occurred if Phenergan's label included an adequate warning, and it awarded damages for her pain and suffering, substantial medical expenses, and loss of her livelihood as a professional musician. Phenergan's labeling had been approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Conclusion: The decision in the case of Wyeth v. Levine is significant as it clarifies that state law claims are a viable means for people to seek redress for injuries caused by pharmaceutical products. It upholds the principle that the FDA's approval of a drug does not necessarily shield a pharmaceutical company from liability for damages caused by that drug.
This decision means that a pharmaceutical company can still be held liable for damages resulting from the use of a drug, even if it has been approved by the FDA.
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Donna has depression and was prescribed an SSRI by her doctor. What will this drug do inside of her brain?
Prevent serotonin in the synapse from being moved back into the neuron.
Trigger increased production of serotonin in the nucleus of the neuron.
Strengthen the effect of a serotonin by mimicking it at the receptor site.
Block effects of serotonin by binding to receptors without activating them.
An SSRI will A. prevent serotonin in the synapse from being moved back into the neuron.
SSRIs, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are a class of antidepressant drugs commonly prescribed for individuals with depression. When Donna takes an SSRI, the drug works by preventing the reuptake of serotonin in the synapse, the small gap between neurons in the brain.
Normally, after serotonin is released from one neuron, it binds to receptors on the neighboring neuron and transmits signals related to mood regulation. However, in depression, there can be a deficiency of serotonin or impaired signaling. SSRIs inhibit the reuptake process, allowing serotonin to remain in the synapse for a longer duration. This increases the concentration of serotonin available to bind to receptors and enhances neurotransmission.
By blocking the reuptake, SSRIs effectively increase serotonin levels in the synapse, which helps to regulate mood and emotions. Over time, this prolonged presence of serotonin can lead to adaptive changes in the brain, promoting neuroplasticity and potentially alleviating depressive symptoms.
It's important to note that while this is a simplified explanation of how SSRIs work, the exact mechanisms of antidepressant action are complex and not fully understood. Additionally, individual responses to SSRIs may vary, and it's crucial for Donna to work closely with her healthcare provider to monitor the effects of the medication and adjust the dosage if needed. Therefore, Option a is correct.
Donna has depression and was prescribed an SSRI by her doctor. What will this drug do inside of her brain?
A. Prevent serotonin in the synapse from being moved back into the neuron.
B. Trigger increased production of serotonin in the nucleus of the neuron.
C. Strengthen the effect of a serotonin by mimicking it at the receptor site.
D. Block effects of serotonin by binding to receptors without activating them.
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