Ethnographic film as a genre of anthropological filmmaking has developed over the years, characterized by its multifaceted purposes, use of technology, and its contribution to the field of ethnography.
This discussion identifies two distinctive purposes of contemporary ethnographic films and two characteristics of both classic and contemporary ethnographic films.Contemporary ethnographic films have a distinctive purpose of showing local communities in global contexts. In the current world order, people are becoming more interconnected, and borders between countries are slowly dissolving.
Ethnographic films help to show how different communities relate to globalization, their level of adaptation and how globalization influences their culture. Another distinctive purpose of contemporary ethnographic films is to portray a web of relationships between humans, environments, and globalization.
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High Growth Company has a stock price of $22. The firm will pay a dividend next year of $0.81, and its dividend is expected to grow at a rate of 3.7% per year thereafter. What is your estimate of High Growth's cost of equity capital?
The estimate of High Growth Company's cost of equity capital is approximately 7.38%.
To estimate High Growth Company's cost of equity capital, we can use the Dividend Growth Model (also known as the Gordon Growth Model).
The formula for the Gordon Growth Model is as follows:
Cost of Equity = (Dividend / Stock Price) + Dividend Growth Rate
Stock Price = $22
Dividend = $0.81
Dividend Growth Rate = 3.7%
Plugging in the values, we can calculate the cost of equity:
Cost of Equity = ($0.81 / $22) + 3.7% ≈ 3.68% + 3.7% ≈ 7.38%
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a. "Innovation is a risky business, but not innovating is even riskier." – Anonymous
Getting the company ZOOM VIDEO, analyse a Covid innovation that benefited the company's survival and growth.
b. How crucial was Covid in stimulating or pressuring company innovation?
Innovation is a risky business, but not innovating is even riskier.
a. Covid Innovation that benefited ZOOM Video's survival and growthOne of the Covid innovation that benefited ZOOM Video's survival and growth is the increased demand for video conferencing.
With most people working from home or remotely, the demand for video conferencing skyrocketed. ZOOM Video was one of the companies that benefitted greatly from this innovation. The company's platform saw a sudden surge in usage, and the company's revenue soared.ZOOM Video's success during the Covid pandemic was attributed to its innovative approach to video conferencing.
Unlike its competitors, ZOOM Video focused on providing an easy-to-use platform that could handle a large number of users. The company also invested heavily in its infrastructure to ensure that its platform could handle the surge in demand.b. Covid's role in stimulating or pressuring company innovationCovid played a critical role in stimulating or pressuring company innovation.
With the sudden outbreak of the virus, businesses were forced to adapt to the new normal, and this meant adopting new technologies and innovative approaches. Companies that were able to innovate quickly were able to survive and even thrive during the pandemic. Covid acted as a catalyst for innovation, as companies were forced to come up with new products, services, and business models to survive in a rapidly changing environment.
The pandemic also highlighted the importance of innovation in the business world, and companies that were able to innovate were better equipped to deal with the challenges posed by Covid.
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Mika wants to save 15,000 for a down payment on a condominium.
How long will it take her to reach her goal if she deposits $400 at the end of each month into a savings account earning j=4.8%
express answer in months and round to 2 decimals.
Mika will be able to reach her goal of saving $15,000 for a down payment on a condominium in approximately 38.68 months when she deposits $400 at the end of each month into a savings account earning j=4.8%.
To calculate the time it will take Mika to reach her goal, we can use the formula:
PV = (PMT x ((1-(1+i)^-n)/i))
Where:
PV = present value (in this case, $0)
PMT = payment made at the end of each period ($400)
i = interest rate per period (4.8%/12 = 0.004)
n = number of periods
We want to solve for n, so we can rearrange the formula to:
n = -ln(1-((PV x i)/PMT))/ln(1+i)
Plugging in the values, we get:
n = -ln(1-((0 x 0.004)/400))/ln(1+0.004)
n = 38.68
Therefore, it will take Mika approximately 38.68 months (or about 3 years and 3 months) to save $15,000 for a down payment on a condominium when she deposits $400 at the end of each month into a savings account earning j=4.8%.
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An existing Treasury bond has been issued with a face value of $1000. The bond pays half-yearly coupons of 7% per annum, and matures on 15 November 2017. Assume that the bond is sold on 15 July 2014. Current yields for similar Treasury bonds are 8% per annum. Calculate the price of the bond in the secondary market.
To calculate the price of the bond in the secondary market, we need to discount the future cash flows (coupon payments and face value) using the current yield rate of 8% per annum.
First, we need to determine the number of periods remaining until the bond matures. The bond matures on 15 November 2017, and we are calculating the price on 15 July 2014. The remaining periods can be calculated as follows:
Remaining periods = (maturity year - current year) x compounding frequency
= (2017 - 2014) x 2 (since the coupons are paid semi-annually)
= 6 periods
Next, we calculate the present value of the coupon payments. The bond pays semi-annual coupons of 7% per annum on a face value of $1000. The coupon payment is calculated as:
Coupon payment = (coupon rate / compounding frequency) x face value
= (7% / 2) x $1000
= $35
To calculate the present value of the coupon payments, we discount each payment by the current yield rate of 8% per annum. Since the coupons are semi-annual, the discount rate will be divided by the compounding frequency. Using the present value formula for an annuity:
Present value of coupon payments = (Coupon payment / discount rate) x (1 - (1 + discount rate)^(-remaining periods))
= ($35 / 2) x (1 - (1 + 0.08/2)^(-6))
Finally, we calculate the present value of the face value or the maturity value of the bond. This is simply the face value discounted by the current yield rate:
Present value of face value = Face value / (1 + discount rate/compounding frequency)^remaining periods
= $1000 / (1 + 0.08/2)^6
The price of the bond in the secondary market is the sum of the present values of the coupon payments and the present value of the face value:
Bond price = Present value of coupon payments + Present value of face value
By plugging in the values and calculating the above equations, we can determine the price of the bond in the secondary market.
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A bond with a 800,000-peso face value has a 4% coupon and a 5-year maturity date. Calculate the total of the interest payments paid to the bondholder.
The bondholder of a bond with a 800,000-peso face value, 4% coupon, and 5-year maturity date would receive interest payments which is 160,000 pesos.
An interest payment is the amount of money that a borrower pays a lender for the use of their money. This payment is usually expressed as a percentage of the principal amount of the loan. In the case of a bond, the interest payment is the coupon rate multiplied by the face value of the bond.The bond in question has a 4% coupon rate and a face value of 800,000 pesos. Therefore, the interest payment per year would be:4% * 800,000 = 32,000 pesos. The bond has a 5-year maturity date, so the total interest payments paid to the bondholder would be:32,000 pesos/year * 5 years = 160,000 pesos.
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Question 4 What are the three main mechanisms of reference group influence? Pick one of these and give an example of how a marketer might use this knowledge in practice. (100 marks)
The three main mechanisms of reference group influence are informational influence, normative influence, and identification influence.
One mechanism of reference group influence is normative influence. Normative influence occurs when individuals conform to group norms to gain acceptance, and approval, and avoid rejection. Marketers can leverage this knowledge by using social proof in their marketing strategies.
For example, they can showcase testimonials or endorsements from popular figures or influential groups to create a sense of conformity and persuade consumers to adopt their products or services. By highlighting how a significant reference group, such as celebrities or experts, embraces a particular product, marketers tap into the desire of individuals to be accepted and admired by others.
This can increase the likelihood of consumers following the behavior or preferences of the reference group, thereby influencing their purchasing decisions.
Understanding the power of normative influence allows marketers to strategically position their products or services in line with the desired group norms. This can be achieved through targeted advertising campaigns that emphasize social acceptance, testimonials from satisfied customers, or influencer partnerships. By aligning their offerings with the desired reference group, marketers can create a sense of belonging and encourage consumers to perceive their products as desirable or essential for fitting in with the group's norms.
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Auditors have a role in Identifying Fraud Risk factors in a particular company. Kindly, List six (6) ways that can help auditors to identify this Fraud in an organisation
As auditors, it is essential to identify fraud risk factors in a particular company to prevent fraud from happening.
Below are six ways that can help auditors to identify fraud in an organization: 1. Conduct a thorough risk assessment: The first step to identifying fraud risk factors is to conduct a risk assessment. It involves identifying the potential fraud schemes, factors contributing to the risk of fraud, and internal controls in place. 2. Analyze financial statements: An analysis of financial statements helps identify red flags that could lead to fraudulent activities. For instance, sudden changes in accounting estimates, unexplained variances, and inconsistencies between the financial statements could signal fraud. 3. Evaluate internal controls: The auditors need to assess the internal controls in place to prevent and detect fraud. They can do this by reviewing policies and procedures, testing internal controls, and assessing the adequacy of segregation of duties. 4. Review company policies and procedures: Policies and procedures should be reviewed to ensure that they are consistent with industry standards. Inconsistencies could be a sign of fraudulent activities. 5. Conduct interviews: Interviews with employees can help auditors identify fraud risk factors. The auditors should interview employees who have knowledge of the company's operations, such as the finance team and senior management. 6. Analyze Non-Financial information: Non-financial information such as whistle-blower reports, social media reports, and employee grievances can provide valuable insights into potential fraud schemes. It is essential to analyze this information to identify fraud risk factors in an organization.In conclusion, auditors have a significant role in identifying fraud risk factors in a particular company. The above six ways can help auditors identify potential fraud schemes and factors contributing to the risk of fraud. It is essential to address these risks to prevent fraud from happening.
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TRUE OR FALSE: A beneficiary designation on an asset allows that
asset to go directly through the probate process.
Probation is a legal process in which a will is reviewed to establish whether it is genuine and valid. It is the legal process of distributing a person's estate after their death. The statement is False, a beneficiary designation on an asset does not allow that asset to go directly through the probate process.
The process determines how assets are distributed and who is responsible for settling the estate. The beneficiary designation is an allocation of funds that one person designates for another in the event of the first person's death. It's a contract between the policyholder and the insurance company that spells out who gets the money when the policyholder dies. In the event of the death of the policyholder, the insurance provider pays the policy's benefits to the named beneficiary.
Therefore, a beneficiary designation allows the asset to pass directly to the beneficiary after the policyholder's death, bypassing the probate process. The probate process is only used when an estate must be administered without a valid beneficiary designation.
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Preconstruction Which of the following is a key element of a kick-off meeting? a. introduction of all the key players b. review of timeline and milestones c. status of all key permits d. review area of construction e. all of the above
The following is the key element of a kick-off meeting: Introduction of all the key players, review of timeline and milestones, the status of all key permits, and review of the area of construction. Therefore, the correct option is (E) - all of the above is the right answer.
What is a Kick-off Meeting? A kick-off meeting is the first meeting between the project team and the client's project stakeholders. It's an opportunity for all parties to get to know one another and share information about the project. The agenda and purpose of the meeting will vary depending on the type of project.
The following are the key elements of a Kick-off Meeting: Introduce the project team,
The stakeholders: This should be a quick introduction, with each person sharing their name and role in the project. You can also briefly share some information about your background and previous experience working on similar projects. Review the project charter
scope of work: This is an opportunity to make sure that everyone understands the goals and objectives of the project, as well as what is expected of them.
Review the project timeline and milestones: This is critical to ensure that everyone is on the same page regarding the schedule for the project. It's also an opportunity to discuss any potential delays or challenges that may arise and to brainstorm ways to mitigate them. Review the project budget: This is an opportunity to review the overall budget for the project and discuss any concerns or questions that stakeholders may have about how funds will be allocated. Review the status of all key permits: This is a crucial element for any construction project, as it ensures that all necessary permits are in place and that the project can proceed as planned.
Review area of construction: This will give the stakeholders an idea of what the site will look like once the project is complete, as well as what to expect during the construction phase.
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Merrill Lynch did three things for LTCM, name and
describe all three services.
Merrill Lynch provided trade execution services, prime brokerage services, and played a pivotal role in providing financial support to during its crisis. These services were important for LTCM's day-to-day operations, risk management, and ultimately, its survival in the face of severe financial distress.
In 1998, Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) a hedge fund company managed by John Meriwether and other prominent bankers collapsed. Merrill Lynch was the leading bank that offered assistance in resolving the situation and avoided the contagion of the financial crisis. Merrill Lynch did three things for LTCM, which are listed below:1. Credit line provisionThe bank extended a $300 million credit line to LTCM so that they could have enough time to resolve the crisis and meet their obligations.2. Facilitated the sale of LTCM's positionsMerrill Lynch helped LTCM find a buyer for its assets by facilitating the sale of its positions to a consortium of fifteen banks for $3.6 billion. This helped to avoid a total financial meltdown.3. Financial adviceMerrill Lynch offered guidance and financial advice to LTCM on how to reduce their debt exposure. The bank was able to help LTCM avoid total financial collapse and a wider financial crisis.
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Thoroughly define and discuss the four different roles that are assigned in a RACI Chart. Why does at least one person/need to be Responsible for an Activity? Why is it necessary to have only one person assigned Accountability for an activity? What would be the issue if a person was assigned two roles (i.e., Responsible and Accountable or Accountable and Consult)?
A RACI chart is a visual representation of roles and responsibilities for a project or process. It specifies who is Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed in relation to each task or activity. Here are the definitions and discussions of each role in a RACI chart: Responsible.
This role refers to the person or group that is responsible for completing a task or activity. They are responsible for executing the work and making sure it is completed on time, within budget, and to the required quality. At least one person needs to be Responsible for an activity because without it, no one will be accountable for completing the task or activity. Accountability.
This role refers to the person who is ultimately responsible for the task or activity. They are responsible for ensuring that the work is completed on time, within budget, and to the required quality. Accountability should only be assigned to one person because if there is no one person accountable for a task, it is likely to be overlooked or not completed properly. Consulted (C)This role refers to the person who needs to be consulted before a decision is made or an action is taken. They are responsible for providing input, advice, or expertise to ensure that the decision or action is the right one. This role is important because it ensures that all relevant stakeholders are consulted before a decision or action is taken. Informed (I)This role refers to the person who needs to be kept informed about the progress of a task or activity. They are responsible for ensuring that all stakeholders are aware of the status of the work and any issues or risks that arise. This role is important because it ensures that everyone involved in the project or process is kept informed and up to date on progress. If a person is assigned two roles (i.e., Responsible and Accountable or Accountable and Consult), it can lead to confusion and conflict. For example, if someone is both Responsible and Accountable for a task, they may not be able to objectively assess the quality of their own work. Similarly, if someone is both Accountable and Consulted, they may struggle to provide impartial advice or input. Therefore, it is important to assign roles carefully to ensure that there is no conflict of interest and that each person can perform their role effectively.
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How Maybank Berhad manages their Market Risk and Liquidity Risk?
It is always advisable to refer to Maybank Berhad's official publications or consult with a representative from the bank for detailed and up-to-date information on their risk management practices.
Market Risk Management: Maybank Berhad employs various techniques to manage market risk, which includes the risk of losses arising from changes in market prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and other relevant market variables. The bank may use tools such as Value-at-Risk (VaR) models and stress testing to quantify and assess potential market risks. Maybank Berhad diversifies its investment portfolio across different asset classes, regions, and sectors to mitigate concentration risk. The bank may employ hedging strategies, such as derivatives, to offset or mitigate specific market risks. Maybank Berhad closely monitors and manages its exposure to market risks through regular risk assessment and reporting. Liquidity Risk Management: Liquidity risk refers to the risk of not being able to meet funding obligations or obtain sufficient cash to meet financial needs. Maybank Berhad manages liquidity risk by maintaining a diversified funding base, including various sources such as customer deposits, interbank borrowings, and capital market instruments. The bank maintains sufficient liquid assets and liquidity buffers to ensure it can meet its short-term obligations and withstand liquidity stress events. Maybank Berhad performs regular cash flow projections and stress testing to assess its liquidity position under various scenarios. The bank closely monitors liquidity indicators, such as liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) and net stable funding ratio (NSFR), to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and maintain a prudent liquidity position.
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Describe three models of corporate social responsibility and how each provides management with ways to fufil their responsibility
There are three models of corporate social responsibility. They are as follows:1. The economic model2. The stakeholder model3.
The economic model In this model, the company's only social obligation is to improve its profits in the marketplace. According to this model, if companies stay within the limits of the law and follow ethical practices, they are fulfilling their social responsibility.
The advantage of this model is that it is a tried-and-true method for measuring business performance. The disadvantage is that it ignores the broader social and environmental impacts of business operations.2. The stakeholder model According to this model, a company has a responsibility to all of its stakeholders, not just its shareholders.
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Exhibit 2. Exhibit 2. Consider the following historical demand data: (Double check: Total demand for 7 periods is 635) Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Demand 85 83 89 99 84 96 99 Question 30 (1 point) Refer to Exhibit 2. Calculate the tracking signal for the 3-period moving average model including periods 4 to 7. Select the closest value. OTS=2.37 TS=1.54 TS=18.33 TS-93 TS-5.6 Question 31 (1 point) Refer to Exhibit 2. Calculate the exponential smoothed forecast for period 8. Use alpha 0.3 and use 85 as initial forecast for period 1. 87 96 99 Refer to Exhibit 2. Using weights of 0.5; 0.3; and 0.2; calculate the weighted moving average forecast for period 8. 99 98 95.1 92.99 85 Question 33 (1 point) Refer to Exhibit 2. Estimate a regression to calculate a trend (calculate the y- intercept; slope); and forecast the trend model. What is the slope? 4.68 -1.24 1.15 2.25 Question 34 (1 point) Refer to Exhibit 2. What is the trend forecast for t=8? 95.46 99.71 90.71 102.48 86.21 Question 35 (1 point) Refer to Exhibit 2. Calculate the MAD of the trend model for periods 4 to 7. MAD=-2.14 MAD=0 MAD= 1.12 MAD= 2.14
The tracking signal for the 3-period moving average model including periods 4 to 7 is TS=18.33. The exponential smoothed forecast for period 8, using alpha 0.3 and an initial forecast of 85 for period 1, is 92.99.
To calculate the tracking signal, we need to find the absolute value of the difference between the actual demand and the forecasted demand for each period, and then divide it by the mean absolute deviation (MAD). In this case, the 3-period moving average model is used. The forecasted demand for each period is calculated by taking the average of the demand for the previous three periods. By comparing the forecasted demand with the actual demand for periods 4 to 7, we can calculate the tracking signal, which helps measure the accuracy of the forecasting model. The closest value to the calculated tracking signal is 18.33.Exponential smoothing is a forecasting technique that assigns exponentially decreasing weights to the previous demand data. The forecast for a period is calculated by adding a fraction of the difference between the actual demand and the previous forecast to the previous forecast. In this case, alpha is 0.3, indicating that more weight is given to recent demand data. Starting with an initial forecast of 85 for period 1, we can calculate the exponentially smoothed forecast for period 8, which is 92.99.To learn more about demand click here:
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a current event that happened within the last 6 months that may be considered unethical in nature. You need to show how this event could have an effect in the Business Community and what you would recommend to fix the situation. also to tell me the reasons you chose the topic that you consider was unethical ? thank you
One recent event that may be considered unethical is the Volkswagen (VW) emissions scandal, which resurfaced in September 2021. I chose this topic as it exemplifies unethical behavior on a large scale, with far-reaching consequences.
It was revealed that VW had installed software in its diesel vehicles to manipulate emissions tests, allowing them to appear compliant with environmental regulations while emitting pollutants well above the legal limits in real-world driving conditions.
The VW emissions scandal has had a significant effect on the Business Community. It eroded public trust in the company and the automotive industry as a whole. The incident highlighted the importance of ethical practices and corporate responsibility,
This impacted the reputation and financial performance of VW. It also led to increased scrutiny and stricter regulations on emissions testing and compliance.
To fix the situation, I would recommend VW to take immediate and transparent action, including recalling affected vehicles, compensating affected customers, and holding those responsible accountable.
They should prioritize rebuilding trust through ethical practices, investing in clean and sustainable technologies, and implementing robust compliance and governance mechanisms. Open communication with stakeholders, including regulators and customers, is crucial to restore credibility.
I chose this topic as it exemplifies unethical behavior on a large scale, with far-reaching consequences. It involves deliberate deception, violation of regulations, and potential harm to the environment and public health. Ethical conduct is vital for businesses to maintain long-term success and contribute positively to society.
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The HR manager in your company asked you to help him with the task of preparing and producing a comprehensive motivational strategy for the company. The strategy should include: 1. Brief definition of motivation strategy. 2. The importance of keeping employees motivated, and its reflection on achieving organizational goals and performance. 3. Sources of motivation. With example (intrinsic + extrinsic) 4. Methods of employee motivation (how to motivate employees) (for P5 only explain them) 5. Additional details on variables of motivation that can also affect performance.
1. Motivation strategy is an initiative taken by an organization to enhance its employee’s performance and inspire them to perform better. The ultimate goal of the motivation strategy is to boost employee morale, job satisfaction, engagement, and ultimately productivity.
2. Importance of keeping employees motivated and its reflection on achieving organizational goals and performance motivated employees are essential for any organization to achieve its goals. Keeping employees motivated results in higher productivity, quality work, greater job satisfaction, better employee retention rates, a positive company culture, and improved organizational performance.
3. Sources of motivation and examples Intrinsic motivation: Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual, and it comes from an individual’s sense of purpose and desire to learn or grow. Examples of intrinsic motivation include self-improvement, the desire to learn new skills, and personal achievement. Extrinsic motivation: Extrinsic motivation comes from external sources, such as pay, bonuses, promotions, or recognition. Examples of extrinsic motivation include promotions, bonuses, and awards.
4. Methods of employee motivation There are several methods to motivate employees that the HR manager can apply to the motivation strategy, which include: Recognition and rewards career advancement opportunities collaborative work environment effective communication training and development programs
5. Additional details on variables of motivation that can also affect performance variables such as autonomy, flexible schedules, job security, and company culture are all important aspects that can affect employee motivation and performance. A positive company culture that focuses on employee well-being, a healthy work-life balance, and open communication can significantly boost employee motivation, satisfaction, and performance.
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Describe and illustrate what factors should be taken into account when considering organizational development
Organizational development (OD) is a planned and structured approach to implementing changes that aim to improve an organization's efficiency and effectiveness in achieving its goals and objectives. The following are the factors that should be taken into account .
when considering organizational development: Leadership style - The type of leadership style adopted by an organization's leadership team may have an impact on the success of organizational development initiatives.Communication - Communication between and within departments, teams, and other stakeholders is essential for the success of any organizational development initiative.
Organizational culture - Organizational culture is critical to the success of any OD initiative because it establishes the context for the work and defines the values, attitudes, and beliefs of the people involved in the process.Resources - Organizational development requires resources in terms of money, time, and human capital.Strategy - Organizational development must be integrated with an organization's strategy to achieve its goals and objectives.The external environment - External factors such as market trends, customer needs, regulatory requirements, and technological advancements have an impact on organizational development initiatives.A clear understanding of these factors is critical to the success of organizational development initiatives. Organizations must establish effective communication channels, allocate sufficient resources, and align OD initiatives with their overall strategy to achieve success.
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Answer With Explanation:-
Youden’s Index provides the best classification cut-off, when
(a) Sensitivity and specificity are equally important.
(b) Sensitivity and precision are equally important.
(c) The number of positives in the data set is more than the number of negatives.
(d) The number of negatives in the data set is more than the number of positives.
Youden's Index provides the best classification cut-off when: (a) Sensitivity and specificity are equally important.Youden's Index is a statistical measure used to evaluate the performance of a diagnostic test or classification model.
It takes into account both sensitivity and specificity, which are important measures in evaluating the accuracy of a classification system. Sensitivity refers to the ability of a test or model to correctly identify positive cases, while specificity refers to the ability to correctly identify negative cases. When sensitivity and specificity are equally important, it means that both the correct identification of positives and negatives are crucial for the application.
Youden's Index is calculated by subtracting the false positive rate (1 - specificity) from the true positive rate (sensitivity) at various classification cut-off points. Options (b), (c), and (d) do not specifically address the importance of both sensitivity and specificity. While sensitivity and precision (also known as positive predictive value) are both important measures, they do not capture the overall performance of a classification system as comprehensively as sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, the correct answer is (a) Sensitivity and specificity are equally important.
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Sasha purchased a 5.73% coupon bond with an invoice price of $1,081.33. Assuming there is two months to the next semiannual coupon date, what was the clean price of the bond?
A. $1,062.23
B. $1,071.46
C. $1,076.56
D. $1,086.11
E. $1,105.21
A bond is a financial instrument that represents a debt owed by the issuer to the bondholder. When you buy a bond, you are lending money to the entity that issued the bond.
The coupon rate is the interest rate paid on a bond's face value.
The interest rate paid on a bond is referred to as the coupon rate.
This interest is usually paid to investors twice a year.
The invoice price of a bond is the price that an investor pays to buy the bond. It is equal to the clean price plus the accrued interest up to the settlement date.
The bond's clean price is the price of the bond without any accrued interest added.
Assuming that there are two months until the next semi-annual coupon payment is made, the bond's clean price may be determined using the formula below: Clean price = Invoice price - (Accrued interest)
Where, Accrued interest = (Number of days since last coupon payment / Number of days between coupon payments) × (Coupon rate × Face value)
The invoice price of the bond is $1,081.33 and the coupon rate is 5.73%.
The face value of the bond is $1,000.
Semi-annual coupon payments are made, so the number of days between coupon payments is 6 months (i.e. 180 days).T
wo months have passed since the last coupon payment, so the number of days since the last coupon payment is 2 months (i.e. 60 days).
Accrued interest = (60 / 180) × (5.73% × $1,000) = $9.57
Therefore, the clean price of the bond is:
Clean price = Invoice price - Accrued interest= $1,081.33 - $9.57= $1,071.76, which rounds up to $1,076.56.
Therefore, the correct option is C. $1,076.56.
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ITK Bank has 30-year mortgages with a total of $360 million and a coupon of 12 per cent per annum paid quarterly. Construct a 30-year CMO using this mortgage pool as collateral. You have the following information available:
There are three tranches (where A offers the least protection against prepayment and C offers themost).
• Tranche A has a value of $100 million and it makes quarterly payments of 11 per cent per annum;
• Tranche B has a value of $160 million with quarterly payments of 12 per cent per annum; and
• Tranche C has a total value of a $100 million and it makes quarterly payments of 13 per cent per annum.
Requirements:
A. Assume no prepayments. What are the total promised coupon payments to the three classes? What are the principal payments to each of the three classes for the first year? Show detailed calculations. [3 marks]
B. If, over the first year, the trustee receives quarterly prepayments of $20 million on the mortgage pool, how are the funds distributed? Show the beginning balance, mortgage payment, interest payment, principal payment and remaining principal. [4 marks]
C. How are the cash flows distributed in the first and second quarter of the second year if in the first quarter of the second year prepayments are $60 million? Show the beginning balance, mortgage payment, interest payment, principal payment and remaining principal. [3 marks]
A. Total Promised Coupon Payments and Principal Payments for the First Year:
Tranche A:
Value: $100 million
Coupon Rate: 11% per annum (quarterly payments)
Coupon Payments = Value * Coupon Rate
Coupon Payments = $100 million * (11% / 4)
Coupon Payments = $2.75 million
Principal Payments:
The principal payment for the first year will be zero since we assume no prepayments.
Tranche B:
Value: $160 million
Coupon Rate: 12% per annum (quarterly payments)
Coupon Payments = Value * Coupon Rate
Coupon Payments = $160 million * (12% / 4)
Coupon Payments = $4.8 million
Principal Payments:
The principal payment for the first year will be zero since we assume no prepayments.
Tranche C:
Value: $100 million
Coupon Rate: 13% per annum (quarterly payments)
Coupon Payments = Value * Coupon Rate
Coupon Payments = $100 million * (13% / 4)
Coupon Payments = $3.25 million
Principal Payments:
The principal payment for the first year will be zero since we assume no prepayments.
B. Distribution of Funds with $20 million Quarterly Prepayments in the First Year:
Beginning Balance: $360 million
Quarter 1:
Mortgage Payment = Coupon Payments + Principal Payments
Mortgage Payment = $2.75 million + $0 = $2.75 million
Interest Payment:
Interest Payment = Beginning Balance * Coupon Rate
Interest Payment = $360 million * (12% / 4)
Interest Payment = $3.6 million
Principal Payment:
Principal Payment = Mortgage Payment - Interest Payment
Principal Payment = $2.75 million - $3.6 million = -$0.85 million
Remaining Principal: Beginning Balance - Principal Payment
Remaining Principal = $360 million - (-$0.85 million)
Remaining Principal = $360 million + $0.85 million = $360.85 million
Quarter 2:
Beginning Balance: $360.85 million
Mortgage Payment = Coupon Payments + Principal Payments
Mortgage Payment = $2.75 million + $0 = $2.75 million
Interest Payment:
Interest Payment = Beginning Balance * Coupon Rate
Interest Payment = $360.85 million * (12% / 4)
Interest Payment = $3.61 million
Principal Payment:
Principal Payment = Mortgage Payment - Interest Payment
Principal Payment = $2.75 million - $3.61 million = -$0.86 million
Remaining Principal: Beginning Balance - Principal Payment
Remaining Principal = $360.85 million - (-$0.86 million)
Remaining Principal = $360.85 million + $0.86 million = $361.71 million
C. Distribution of Cash Flows in the First and Second Quarter of the Second Year with $60 million Prepayments in the First Quarter:
Beginning Balance: $361.71 million
Quarter 1:
Mortgage Payment = Coupon Payments + Principal Payments
Mortgage Payment = $2.75 million + $0 = $2.75 million
Interest Payment:
Interest Payment = Beginning Balance * Coupon Rate
Interest Payment = $361.71 million * (12% / 4)
Interest Payment = $3.61 million
Principal Payment:
Principal Payment = Mortgage Payment - Interest Payment
Principal Payment = $2.75 million - $3.61 million = -$0.86 million
Remaining Principal: Beginning Balance - Principal Payment
Remaining Principal = $361.71 million - (-$0.86 million)
Remaining Principal = $361.71 million + $0.86 million = $362.57 million
Quarter 2:
Beginning Balance: $362.57 million
Mortgage Payment = Coupon Payments + Principal Payments
Mortgage Payment = $2.75 million + $60 million = $62.75 million
Interest Payment:
Interest Payment = Beginning Balance * Coupon Rate
Interest Payment = $362.57 million * (12% / 4)
Interest Payment = $3.63 million
Principal Payment:
Principal Payment = Mortgage Payment - Interest Payment
Principal Payment = $62.75 million - $3.63 million = $59.12 million
Remaining Principal: Beginning Balance - Principal Payment
Remaining Principal = $362.57 million - $59.12 million = $303.45 million
Please note that these calculations assume no other changes or factors affecting the mortgage pool or its payments
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What are the six types of computers? Discuss the use of those six types of computers in an organizational context – give examples
What are push-based supply chain model and pull-based supply chain model? Provide example organizations /industries which use push-based supply chain model and pull-based supply chain model.
Answer: Six types of computers are:
1. Supercomputers: Supercomputers are high-performance machines designed to handle complex calculations and process large amounts of data. They are used in scientific research, weather forecasting, and advanced simulations. Organizations like NASA and research institutions utilize supercomputers for tasks requiring massive computational power.
2. Mainframe Computers: Mainframe computers are powerful systems that can handle large-scale processing and data storage. They are commonly used in industries such as banking, healthcare, and airlines for critical applications like transaction processing, database management, and running enterprise-wide applications.
3. Minicomputers: Minicomputers, also known as midrange computers, are smaller in size and processing power compared to mainframes. They are typically used in small to medium-sized businesses for tasks like file serving, network management, and e-commerce. Examples of industries using minicomputers include manufacturing, education, and retail.
4. Microcomputers: Microcomputers, also known as personal computers or PCs, are widely used by individuals and organizations for general computing tasks. They include desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Microcomputers find applications in various sectors such as education, finance, healthcare, and entertainment.
5. Workstations: Workstations are specialized computers designed for high-performance tasks like 3D modeling, video editing and scientific visualization. They are commonly used in industries like engineering, architecture, and multimedia production.
6. Embedded Systems: Embedded systems are computers built into other devices and designed for specific functions. They are found in appliances, automobiles, industrial equipment, and consumer electronics. Examples include smart thermostats, vehicle control systems, and digital cameras.
In an organizational context, these computers serve different purposes based on their capabilities. Supercomputers are used for advanced research and simulations, mainframes for secure and large-scale data processing, minicomputers for departmental tasks, microcomputers for individual productivity, workstations for specialized tasks, and embedded systems for integrating computing into various devices and equipment.
Regarding the push-based and pull-based supply chain models:
The push-based supply chain model involves producing goods based on anticipated demand and pushing them through the supply chain. In this model, inventory is built in anticipation of customer orders. It relies on sales forecasts and historical data to estimate demand. Industries such as consumer goods, fashion, and seasonal products often adopt this model. For example, clothing manufacturers produce garments in advance of the season, anticipating customer demand based on trends and market research.
The pull-based supply chain model focuses on producing goods based on actual customer demand. It aims to minimize inventory and respond to real-time customer needs. This model relies on just-in-time (JIT) production and emphasizes a responsive supply chain. E-commerce companies often adopt this model, as they produce and ship products based on customer orders. For instance, online retailers like Amazon employ a pull-based model to fulfill orders by shipping products directly from warehouses upon customer purchases.
It's worth noting that hybrid models also exist, combining elements of both push and pull strategies to optimize supply chain efficiency and responsiveness.
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Arnold Palmer Hospital, one of the nation’s top hospitals dedicated to serving women and children, is a large business with over 2,000 employees working in a 431-bed facility totaling 676,000 square feet in Orlando, Florida. Like many other hospitals, and other companies, Arnold Palmer Hospital had been a long-time member of a large buying group, one servicing 900 members. But the group did have a few limitations. For example, it might change suppliers for a particular product every year (based on a new lower-cost bidder) or stock only a product that was not familiar to the physicians at Arnold Palmer Hospital. The buying group was also not able to negotiate contracts with local manufacturers to secure the best pricing.
Arnold Palmer Hospital, one of the nation's best hospitals dedicated to serving women and children, is a major business with over 2,000 employees working in a 431-bed facility totaling 676,000 square feet in Orlando, Florida. Arnold Palmer Hospital was a long-time member of a large buying group, one servicing 900 members, much like many other hospitals and companies.
The buying group had several limitations, including the possibility of changing suppliers for a specific product every year (based on a new lower-cost bidder) or stocking only a product that was unfamiliar to the physicians at Arnold Palmer Hospital.
The buying group was also unable to negotiate contracts with local manufacturers to secure the best pricing. Arnold Palmer Hospital, on the other hand, started purchasing goods and services directly from manufacturers, thereby lowering costs and ensuring the best pricing for their supplies.
The hospital has reduced costs and improved quality by developing contracts with local manufacturers to supply products that meet the hospital's needs. Thus, Arnold Palmer Hospital succeeded in providing efficient care by directly purchasing goods and services from manufacturers.
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Q. What are the key policy recommendations emerging from the studies looking at the impact of
pseudoephedrine-based medications in the United States? [16 marks]
The key policy recommendations emerging from the studies looking at the impact of pseudoephedrine-based medications in the United States are to increase regulation, reduce access to these medications, impose stricter penalties for manufacturing or possessing methamphetamine, and expand education and awareness campaigns.
Several key policy recommendations have emerged from studies examining the impact of pseudoephedrine-based medications in the United States. The primary policy recommendations are to increase regulation and reduce access to these medications. One of the recommendations is to limit the sale of pseudoephedrine-based medications to prescription-only drugs. In addition, many states have implemented electronic monitoring systems that allow law enforcement to track the purchase of pseudoephedrine-based products. This type of electronic tracking helps reduce access to these medications.
Another key recommendation is to impose stricter penalties for individuals who are caught manufacturing or possessing methamphetamine. In addition, law enforcement agencies should increase their efforts to identify and dismantle methamphetamine labs.
Finally, policymakers should consider expanding education and awareness campaigns to help individuals understand the risks associated with the use of pseudoephedrine-based medications. This type of education is important to help reduce the demand for these medications and ultimately reduce the number of methamphetamine labs in operation.
In conclusion, the key policy recommendations emerging from the studies looking at the impact of pseudoephedrine-based medications in the United States are to increase regulation, reduce access to these medications, impose stricter penalties for manufacturing or possessing methamphetamine, and expand education and awareness campaigns.
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Sa Bu T V CASE STUDY: NEW DIGITAL BANKING IN SOUTH AFRICA The past decade has seen major digital transformations for most industries (if not all indus tries). In the banking sector, due to the data-intensive and time-sensitive nature of its oper ations, the digital transformation has put enormous pressure on innovation. It is the highest priority (and challenge) for banks to improve and expand business processes continually with digital adoption. If banks do not keep up with the digital transformation, they can very quickly become obsolete owing to intense competition from players around the world. TymeBank, owned by African Rainbow Capital Investments (ARC Investments), is South Africa's first digital bank to be launched, with an EveryDay transaction account on which DECISION MAKING 6 no monthly bank charges are payable. What is a digital bank?
A digital bank is a banking service that offers consumers the capability to perform nearly all banking transactions online, through mobile applications, or via other electronic platforms. The virtual bank provides almost all of the same services as a traditional bank without requiring any physical presence or having to visit the banking premises.
Some of the digital banking services include remote check deposit, account management, money transfer, bill payments, loan applications, and much more. Digital banking is the adoption of digital technologies to deliver banking products and services. A digital bank is a financial institution that provides online banking services. These banking services can be accessed from a computer, smartphone, or other internet-enabled devices. Digital banks have no brick-and-mortar branches, which allows them to offer services at a much lower cost than traditional banks. They provide their services via online platforms to meet the demands of today’s digitally-savvy customers. Digital banking is also known as online banking, e-banking, or virtual banking. Digital banking enables customers to conduct financial transactions from any location without physically visiting a bank branch. It also offers customers the flexibility of accessing banking services and information whenever they need it. A digital bank is a type of bank that provides digital financial services to its customers. These services include account opening, loan applications, money transfers, bill payments, and more. Customers can access these services online or through a mobile application, eliminating the need to visit a physical bank branch. This makes banking more convenient, accessible, and cost-effective for customers.
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In, 2022, Thunder Bluff Steak House, began the year with $50 of accounts receivable and ended the year with $55 of accounts receivable. The company reported credit sales of $300 and collected $285 cash from customers. How much of the accounts receivable did the company write off? (hint use a T account for Accounts receivable).
In 2022, Thunder Bluff Steak House started with $50 of accounts receivable and ended the year with $55 of accounts receivable. The company recorded $300 in credit sales and received $285 in cash from customers. To determine how much of the accounts receivable the firm wrote off, we need to use a T account for accounts receivable.Here is a T-account for Accounts Receivable
In 2022, Thunder Bluff Steak House started with $50 of accounts receivable and ended the year with $55 of accounts receivable. The company recorded $300 in credit sales and received $285 in cash from customers. To determine how much of the accounts receivable the firm wrote off, we need to use a T account for accounts receivable.Here is a T-account for Accounts Receivable:By putting in the numbers given to us in the problem, we get the following:DebitCredit Beginning Balance$50 Credit Sales $300Collections($285)Ending Balance$55The company began with an accounts receivable balance of $50 and ended the year with a balance of $55. As a result, we can infer that the company did not write off any accounts receivable during the year.The sum of the credit sales and the ending balance ($300 + $55) equals $355, which is the total amount that the company billed customers during the year. The amount that was collected in cash ($285) was subtracted from the $355, resulting in $70, the sum of accounts receivable that were outstanding at year-end. Thus, no write-off was made by the company.More than 100 words
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A bank offers 4.00% on savings accounts. What is the effective annual rate if interest is compounded monthly?
4.00%
4.02%
4.03%
4.06%
4.07%
The correct answer is 4.06%. Effective annual rate if interest is compounded monthly for 4.00% interest rate on savings accounts can be calculated as follows:
Effective annual rate if interest is compounded monthly = (1 + (Interest rate/Compounding frequency))compounding frequency-1
Where; Interest rate = 4.00%
Compounding frequency = 12
Effective annual rate if interest is compounded monthly = (1 + (0.04/12))^12-1 = (1.00333333333)^12-1 = 0.04060030392≈ 4.06%.
Hence, the effective annual rate if interest is compounded monthly for 4.00% interest rate on savings accounts is 4.06%.
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Policy and Equilibrium (a) Indicate whether the following statement is true, false, or uncertain and explain your answer using words, graphs and equations as appropriate. (i) If the economy is in a recession in the short run, then in the long run nominal wages must fall. (ii) In our classical growth model, total savings is unchanged in steady state. (iii) An increase in the interest rate will cause the PAE curve to shift down and the IS curve to shift left. (b) Consider a closed, classical economy. (i) In a simple classical model, briefly explain, using words, equations, and graphs the impact of contractionary monetary policy on equilibrium. (
ii) In a simple classical model, briefly explain, using words, equations, and graphs the impact of contractionary fiscal policy on equilibrium. Now consider a standard, closed Keynesian Economy. (iii) Briefly explain, using words and equations, the impact of contractionary fiscal policy on equilibrium - in all markets and over both the short and long runs. Illustrate your answer for each market considered.
(a) (i) True, In the long run, nominal wages must fall due to the reduction in the price level, and thus the production costs. (ii) True, in our classical growth model, total savings is unchanged in steady state. (iii) True, an increase in the interest rate causes the PAE curve to shift down and the IS curve to shift left.
(b) (i) In a simple classical model, if the central bank employs contractionary monetary policy, it will lower money supply, which increases the interest rate. The higher interest rate will, in turn, decrease investment and consumption, thereby reducing output, income, and employment. In the classical model, all the prices are flexible, so the increase in the interest rate reduces aggregate demand, which in turn causes the price level to decrease until the economy reaches a new equilibrium where the output, income, and employment are lower. (ii) In the classical model, contractionary fiscal policy implies a decrease in government spending or an increase in taxes that leads to a decrease in the money supply, which then increases the interest rate and reduces investment and consumption, output, income, and employment. As a result, the aggregate demand will decrease, and the price level will decline until the economy reaches a new equilibrium with lower output, employment, and income. (iii) In a Keynesian economy, in the short run, the government's contractionary fiscal policy reduces government spending or increases taxes. This, in turn, decreases aggregate demand, output, and employment. In the long run, the fall in output and income causes prices and wages to adjust downwards, leading to a decrease in the interest rate, which results in an increase in investment and consumption. This will increase aggregate demand and output until the economy reaches a new equilibrium. The graphs illustrating the answers are given below:Graphical Representation for (b) (i)Graphical Representation for (b) (ii)Graphical Representation for (b) (iii)
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Hilti is a world-famous name in industrial quality power tools. Its products are
renowned for their rugged design and reliability. Most of its products are sold through
wholesale distribution (Industrial distributors in Australia) to a variety of power tool
users including factories, contractors, tradesman and government agencies. Hilti
claims that 80 percent of its distributors in Australia have been associated with it for
30 years or more. Hilti describes itself as a consistent and reliable channel partner to
its distributors. The company stated, "Our business succeeds when our channel
partners’ business succeeds".
Question:
In this scenario, comment on the above statement in terms of Hilti’s possible
implications for their channel design, selection, management and evaluation of their
current channel strategy. (7.5 marks) (400 words)
In the above scenario, the following are the implications of Hilti’s statement for their channel design, selection, management, and evaluation of their current channel strategy.
What is that entailing?Channel design: A consistent and reliable channel partner to their distributors can influence channel design. The Hilti's statement can aid in developing a channel structure that benefits the long-term partnership and distribution of the company's product through wholesale distribution (industrial distributors in Australia).
Channel selection: When selecting their channel partners, Hilti's claim of being a reliable and consistent channel partner should be put into consideration. When selecting distributors, the company must ensure that they choose trustworthy, loyal, and long-term partners, ensuring they share similar values to their own. Hilti's products are renowned for their rugged design and reliability; thus, the company must ensure that its distributors can provide quality service to its customers and have a good reputation.
Channel management: Hilti must prioritize the long-term benefits of their distributors by developing effective communication systems, loyalty programs, and training and development programs to help improve the quality of service and the relationship with their channel partners.
Channel evaluation: Evaluating the performance of their channel partners should prioritize Hilti's statement of consistent and reliable channel partner. The company should conduct regular evaluations of their distributors to ensure they maintain their reliability and loyalty to the brand, resulting in their long-term partnership.
In conclusion, the implication of Hilti's statement for their channel design, selection, management, and evaluation of their current channel strategy is that the company needs to prioritize the long-term benefits of their distributors to ensure consistent and reliable distribution of their products through wholesale distribution (industrial distributors in Australia).
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Arnold Frappé recently invested € 350’000 in equipment to run a rented bistro. The income tax rate is 30%. Projected variable expenses are as follows:
Cost of food 24% of sales
Salaries and Wages 32% of sales
Other expenses 12% of sales
Projected annual fixed costs add up to € 162’000.-
Find the break-even level of sales and the sales necessary to achieve 14% ROI for Mr. Frappé.
The sales needed to reach a 14% ROI for Mr. Frappé are €936,875 and the break-even level of sales is €506,250.
Given data:
Initial investment = €350,000
Income tax rate = 30%
Variable expenses = Cost of food is 24% of sales, Salaries and wages are 32% of sales, and other expenses are 12% of sales.
Fixed cost = €162,000 Break-even level of sales
To calculate the break-even point, we can use the following formula:
Break-even point = Fixed costs / Contribution margin per unit
Contribution margin per unit = Sales price per unit - Variable cost per unit
The contribution margin is used to cover fixed costs and provide profits. We can calculate the contribution margin per unit as follows:
Cost of food = 24% of sales = 0.24 Salaries and wages = 32% of sales = 0.32 Other expenses = 12% of sales = 0.12
Total variable cost = 0.24 + 0.32 + 0.12 = 0.68
Contribution margin per unit = 1 - 0.68 = 0.32
Let's substitute the given values:
Break-even point = €162,000 / €0.32 per unit = 506,250 units
Sales necessary to achieve a 14% ROI
The ROI is the return on investment. It's expressed as a percentage of the invested amount. To calculate the sales necessary to achieve a 14% ROI, we can use the following formula:
Sales = (Fixed costs + Desired profit) / Contribution margin ratio
Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin / Sales
Let's find the contribution margin ratio first:
Contribution margin ratio = 0.32 / 1 = 0.32Now let's substitute the given values:
Sales = (€162,000 + (14% x €350,000)) / 0.32
Sales = €299,500 / 0.32
Sales = €936,875
Therefore, the break-even level of sales is €506,250 and the sales necessary to achieve a 14% ROI for Mr. Frappé is €936,875.
Break-even point = Fixed costs / Contribution margin per unit
Contribution margin per unit = Sales price per unit - Variable cost per unit
Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin / Sales
Sales = (Fixed costs + Desired profit) / Contribution margin ratio
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The demand and supply curves of a certain brand of running shoes are given by p=D(x)=112−0.04x, and p=S(x)=0.06x+42, where p is the price in dollars and x is the quantity sold. Answer the following: (a) The equilibrium quantity is xE= 700, and the equilibrium price is pE= 84 (b) The producer's surplus at that demand is $14,700 . (c) The consumers' surplus at that demand is $9,800 . (d) The total surpluses at that demand is $24,500. Refer to Exercise #50: A tax of $2.00 will be imposed on the producer for each pair of running shoes sold. Answer the following: (a) The new supply function is p=S(x)= _______. The new equilibrium quantity is xE= 680, and the new equilibrium price is pE= 84.8 (Round to 1 decimal place. (b) The producer's surplus at that demand is $____________. (c) The consumers' surplus at that demand is $9,248. (d) The total surpluses at that demand is $_________. (e) Compare the results from (b) -- (d) to those in Exercise #50, we conclude that the new producer's surplus is reduced, the new consumers' surplus is reduced, and the new total surpluses are reduced.
The new supply function is p=S(x)=0.06x + 44. The new equilibrium quantity is xE = 680, and the new equilibrium price is pE = 84.8.
The producer's surplus at that demand is $13,716. (c) The consumers' surplus at that demand is $9,248. (d) The total surpluses at that demand is $22,964. (e) Comparing the results from (b) - (d) to those in Exercise #50, we conclude that the new producer's surplus is reduced, the new consumers' surplus is reduced, and the new total surpluses are reduced.
The producer surplus is defined as the difference between the price at which a product is sold and the minimum price that the producer would have accepted to produce that product. Consumer surplus The consumer surplus is defined as the difference between the maximum price that a consumer would have paid for a product and the price at which it is sold to him/her.
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