The 2 community health problems faced by a population within my community are;
Chronic Disease Prevalence
Mental Health Issues
What is the essay on this based on the question?Multiple genes and other variables, such as stress, abuse, or a traumatic experience, interact to cause mental illness, which can impact or trigger an illness in someone who has a genetic propensity for it.
These are just a few examples of risky behaviors: tobacco use and proximity to smoke. Inadequate nutrition, including meals that are low in fruits and vegetables and high in salt and saturated fat.
All facets of our physical, psychological, emotional, and social welfare are included in our mental health. It also has an impact on how we handle stress, interact with others, and make deft judgments.
Causes mental health problems are;
childhood abuse, trauma.social isolation or loneliness.experiencing discriminationLearn more about health problems at;
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Task 1.
St. Paul's home caters for individuals with intellectual impairment. Mark who is 65 years old has an intellectual impairment as well as a visual impairment. Throughout these last few days, you have observed that Mark is finding it difficult to co-operate and integrate with the rest of the residents.
By reflecting on this case study, identify and analyse what are the effective approaches that you need to implement to help Mark integrate and engage more throughout his daily activities. (200 words)
St. Paul's Home is dedicated to providing services to people with intellectual impairments. Mark, a 65-year-old man with an intellectual and visual disability, is one of their patients.
Despite his disability, Mark is finding it difficult to cooperate and interact with other residents. In this situation, as a support worker at St. Paul's Home, there are some strategies that could be implemented to help Mark engage more effectively. The following are some suggestions:
Develop a relationship with Mark. A good relationship is essential in building trust and enabling support workers to identify what Mark likes, dislikes, his abilities and challenges.
Encourage Mark to participate in activities that he enjoys. Discovering Mark's interests will help him become more involved in activities.
Encourage positive social interaction. Social interaction is essential for residents in care homes to create a sense of belonging. The support worker must encourage and facilitate opportunities for Mark to interact with other residents to promote a sense of belonging and reduce feelings of isolation.
In conclusion, it is important to identify Mark's interests, develop a relationship with him, and create a supportive environment. Encouraging social interactions and positive feedback is also essential.
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disease Parkinson's Triad Multiple Sclerosis patho Bell's Palsy Levodopa with Carbidopa (Sinemet) ALS Tensilon Test Multiple Sclerosis MS, GBS, MG GBS Riluzole (Rilutek) respiratory distress Parkinson's Respiratory Myasthenia crisis Scanning MS, MG CN VII Infection, immobility, unrelated Constipation risk for aspiration baclofen Neuro Disorders Matching Cool Protein levels Demyelination a. b. c. Respiratory infection could cause an exacerbation of this disease Linked to URI or GI virus Nerve associated with Bell's Palsy Motor, sensory, cerebellar, emotional disturbances d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Bradykinesia, termor, rigidity Atropine should be handy for this Myasthenia Gravis test What happens to nerve fibers in MS Elimination dysfunction common in Parkinson's u. Med used for muscle spasms Unilateral facial numbness, loss of taste, tinnitus k. Biggest concern for GBS I. Type of speech associated with MS m. Maintains cognitive function as body | deteriorates n. GBS has elevation of this in CSF O. 2 disorders in which symptoms can worsen with pregnancy p. Associated with decreased dopamine q. Usually cause of death for MS r. 3 disorders possibly r/t autoimmune dysfunction S. recommended climate for MS t. System that should be monitored with GBS What do these disorders have in common? Parkinson's, GBS, MG, ALS V. slows the progression of ALS w. Demyelnation of nerve fibers X. Often first line therapy for Parkinson's
a. Demyelination - Demyelination refers to the damage or loss of the protective myelin sheath around nerve fibers. It is a key pathological feature seen in multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin in the central nervous system.
b. Bell's Palsy - Bell's Palsy is a condition characterized by the sudden onset of unilateral facial weakness or paralysis. It is thought to be caused by inflammation of the facial nerve (CN VII), which can result from viral infections, such as those affecting the upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal system.
c. Bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity - These are the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder. Bradykinesia refers to slowness of movement, tremor is the rhythmic shaking of body parts, and rigidity involves stiffness and resistance to movement.
d. Atropine should be handy for this - Atropine is used to treat myasthenia gravis (MG) crisis. MG is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. In a crisis, where severe weakness of respiratory muscles occurs, atropine can help by temporarily improving muscle strength.
e. Nerve associated with Bell's Palsy - Bell's Palsy affects the facial nerve (CN VII), which controls the muscles of facial expression.
f. Motor, sensory, cerebellar, emotional disturbances - These represent the various types of neurological disturbances that can occur in multiple sclerosis (MS). Motor disturbances include weakness and difficulty with coordination, sensory disturbances involve altered sensations like numbness or tingling, cerebellar disturbances affect balance and coordination, and emotional disturbances may include mood swings and depression.
g. Elimination dysfunction common in Parkinson's - Parkinson's disease commonly leads to elimination dysfunction, including constipation and urinary retention. These symptoms are attributed to the motor and autonomic dysfunction associated with the condition.
h. Med used for muscle spasms - Baclofen is a medication commonly used to treat muscle spasms. It acts on the central nervous system to reduce muscle hyperactivity and promote relaxation.
i. Unilateral facial numbness, loss of taste, tinnitus - These are possible symptoms associated with Bell's Palsy. Facial numbness, loss of taste on the affected side, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears) can occur due to the involvement of the facial nerve.
j. Biggest concern for GBS - Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a neurological disorder characterized by the immune system attacking the peripheral nerves. The biggest concern in GBS is the potential development of respiratory distress or failure, as the paralysis can affect the muscles involved in breathing.
k. Type of speech associated with MS - Scanning speech is a type of speech pattern commonly associated with multiple sclerosis. It is characterized by a slow and deliberate manner of speaking with irregular pauses between words.
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Question 7)
Select a Code of Practice that relates to your field of study
or to the area where you are currently working.
Discuss why it is relevant to reviewing and improving own
practice.
LUE!! Question 7 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Select a Code of Practice that relates to your field of study or to the area where you are currently working Discuss why it is releva
The Ethical Guidelines for Trustworthy AI, developed by the European Commission's High-Level Expert Group on AI (AI HLEG), is a significant Code of Practice in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and language modeling.
It serves as a valuable resource for reviewing and improving one's own practice by providing a robust framework for ensuring ethical and responsible AI implementation.
This Code of Practice is particularly relevant due to the increasing impact of AI technologies on various aspects of society. It emphasizes key principles that guide the development and deployment of AI systems, including transparency, accountability, fairness, human oversight, and robustness. By adhering to these principles, practitioners can address the ethical challenges associated with AI and mitigate potential risks.
Reviewing and improving one's practice based on this Code of Practice involves several important steps. Firstly, it necessitates conducting regular ethical assessments of AI systems to evaluate their alignment with the stated principles. This entails critically examining the design, implementation, and potential impacts of AI technologies. Practitioners need to ensure transparency by providing clear information about the capabilities, limitations, and potential biases of AI systems.
Moreover, accountability is crucial, requiring practitioners to take responsibility for the decisions and actions of AI systems, including their social and environmental consequences. It is essential to address issues of fairness and non-discrimination by carefully examining the training data, algorithmic biases, and potential impacts on different user groups. This can be achieved through regular monitoring, auditing, and evaluating the performance of AI models.
Furthermore, the Code of Practice highlights the importance of human oversight and control over AI systems. It encourages practitioners to design AI technologies that augment human capabilities rather than replacing or unduly influencing human decision-making. By considering the socio-cultural context and involving diverse stakeholders, practitioners can ensure that AI systems respect human values and align with societal norms.
In terms of robustness, the Code of Practice emphasizes the need for secure and reliable AI systems. Practitioners should implement measures to detect and mitigate risks, including the potential for malicious use or unintended consequences. Continual improvement is essential, and practitioners are encouraged to engage in ongoing learning, collaborate with peers, and stay updated with the latest developments in AI ethics and best practices.
In conclusion, the Ethical Guidelines for Trustworthy AI provided by the AI HLEG serve as a relevant Code of Practice for those working in the field of AI and language modeling. Adhering to this Code of Practice enables practitioners to review and improve their own practice by ensuring the responsible, transparent, fair, and accountable use of AI technologies. By regularly assessing the ethical implications, addressing biases, and involving stakeholders, practitioners can enhance the trustworthiness and societal impact of their AI systems.
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auscultating a client heart sound the nurse hears a extra sound immediately after the second heart sound an audible S3 would be considered an expected finding in wich client?
wich client us to hqve an extra sound after
A) A 47-year-old client. B) A20-year-old client C) A client who has undergone valve replacement D) A chent who takes a beta-adrenergic blocker A nurse is preparing a client for scheduled transesophageal echocardiography. Which action should the nurse perfo A) Inform the client that the client will remain on bed rest following the procedure. B) Administer intravenous (IV) benzodiazepines and opioids. C) Inform the client that an access line will be initiated in the femoral artery. D) Instruct the client to drink 1 L of water before the test.
An audible S3 after the second heart sound would be considered an expected finding in a client who has undergone valve replacement (option C).
An S3 heart sound, commonly known as a third heart sound or "ventricular gallop," can be an expected finding in certain individuals, particularly those with specific cardiac conditions. The S3 sound occurs during the rapid filling phase of the ventricles and is typically associated with increased blood volume or fluid overload in the heart.
In the given options, a client who has undergone valve replacement (option C) is more likely to experience changes in heart sounds due to the surgery and altered cardiac dynamics. The replacement of heart valves can cause changes in blood flow patterns and the mechanical function of the heart, which may contribute to the presence of an audible S3.
The other options, such as a 47-year-old client (option A), a 20-year-old client (option B), or a client taking a beta-adrenergic blocker (option D), do not provide specific indications that would commonly result in the presence of an audible S3. However, it's important to note that individual variations and specific clinical circumstances may influence the presence or absence of certain heart sounds.
Regarding the preparation for a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) mentioned at the end of the question, it is unrelated to the presence of an audible S3 and would require a separate discussion to address its specific considerations and procedures. Therefore, the answer is C.
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1- If a standard loading dose of the medication for a patient weighting 70kg is 20mg, what will be the recommended dose of the same drug in the overweight 105kg patient?
A. 20
B. 50
C. 30
D. 10
2- A patient is being treated with a medication that is metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzyme group. He decides to start drinking grapefruit juice, which of the following effects can be caused by this dietary modification?
a. The first-pass loss of the drug increases
b. The volume of distribution of the drug increases.
c. The hepatic ciearance of the drugs increases.
d. The half-life of the drug increases.
e. The renal clearance of the drug decreases.
1. The recommended dose of the same drug for an overweight patient weighing 105kg would be higher than the standard dose.
Dosage calculations often take into account the patient's weight, among other factors, to ensure appropriate dosing. In this case, the overweight patient's dose would likely be higher than that of the 70kg patient. However, the specific recommended dose cannot be determined without additional information.
2. Drinking grapefruit juice can affect the metabolism of drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme group. The potential effect is an increase in the drug's concentration and prolongation of its effects, resulting in a longer half-life of the drug.
Grapefruit juice contains compounds that inhibit the activity of certain cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to decreased drug metabolism. This can result in higher drug concentrations in the body, increased duration of drug effects, and a longer half-life. It's important for patients to be aware of potential interactions between grapefruit juice and medications and to consult their healthcare provider for personalized advice. The effects mentioned in s a, b, c, and e are not typically associated with grapefruit juice consumption.
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black have always been and still is the largest minority
group
The statement "Blacks have always been and are still the largest minority group" is false because it does not accurately reflect the global demographic reality.
While the term "largest minority group" can vary in meaning depending on the context and geographic location, globally, people of African descent do not constitute the largest minority group.
The concept of minority groups can differ from one country or region to another, based on factors such as population composition, historical context, and legal definitions. However, when considering the global population, the largest minority group is not exclusively composed of people of African descent, the statement is false.
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----- The correct question is:
Blacks have always been and are still the largest minority group.
True or False -----
Calculator The nurse is assessing a client who had an open cholecystectomy 36 hours ago The client's vital signs are as follows temperature, 99 8° F (37 7° C), pulse, 118, respirations, 28, blood pressure, 156/94 mm Hg, oxygen saturation, 94% The client is restless and has tremors Based on these findings, it would be essential for the nurse to οδοδ 02 03 04 inspect the client's incision for signs of infection assess the client's abdomen for signs of bleeding ask the client if they drink alcoholic beverages obtain a nasal cannula and administer prescribed oxygen
Based on the client's vital signs and symptoms, it would be essential for the nurse to obtain a nasal cannula and administer prescribed oxygen.
This is because the client is displaying signs of restlessness, tremors, and a slightly decreased oxygen saturation level, indicating potential respiratory distress
The client's vital signs reveal an elevated pulse rate, increased respirations, and slightly elevated blood pressure. These findings, along with restlessness and tremors, suggest the possibility of respiratory distress. The oxygen saturation level of 94% indicates a mild decrease in oxygen levels in the blood. Administering oxygen through a nasal cannula can help improve oxygenation and alleviate respiratory distress.
Inspecting the client's incision for signs of infection and assessing the abdomen for signs of bleeding may also be necessary but are not the priority in this situation. These actions should not be delayed, but addressing the client's respiratory distress takes precedence.
While alcohol consumption can affect vital signs and contribute to tremors, the nurse should prioritize addressing the immediate respiratory concerns before asking the client about their alcohol intake. However, assessing alcohol use should be part of the overall assessment process.
In summary, based on the client's vital signs and symptoms, administering prescribed oxygen through a nasal cannula is crucial to address the potential respiratory distress. The nurse should also continue with further assessments, such as inspecting the incision and assessing the abdomen, while considering the client's alcohol consumption as part of the overall evaluation.
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Which of the following foods is NOT considered a complete protein?
a. Pork b. Eggs c.Tofu d.Lentils
e. Cheese f.Fish
Lentils are NOT considered a complete protein. Lentils are a plant-based protein source and do not contain all the essential amino acids required by the body.
While they are a good source of protein, they lack sufficient amounts of one or more essential amino acids to be classified as a complete protein. On the other hand, animal-based protein sources such as pork, eggs, cheese, and fish are considered complete proteins as they provide all the essential amino acids in adequate amounts. Tofu, which is made from soybeans, is also a complete protein and is commonly consumed as a protein source by vegetarians and vegans.
It's important for individuals following a vegetarian or vegan diet to combine different plant-based protein sources to ensure they obtain all the essential amino acids their body needs for optimal health.
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Mr. Jacob rolled off of his low bed and onto the mat next to the bed during the night. When the nurse assessed him after the fall, she found no outward sign of injury, but he complained of pain in his right shoulder. X-ray revealed no fracture or dislocation. This was his only fall during the look-back period. What is the correct coding for J1900, Number of Falls Since Admission or Prior Assessment, in each injury level category: J1900A, No injury; J1900B, Injury (except major); and J1900C, Major Injury?
A = 1, B = 0, C = 0
A = 0, B = 1, C = 0
A = 0, B = 0, C = 1
A = 1, B = 1, C = 0
Based on the scenario provided, Mr. Jacob had an injury (shoulder pain) but it was not classified as a major injury. The correct coding is A = 0, B = 1, C = 0.
The correct coding for J1900, Number of Falls Since Admission or Prior Assessment, in each injury level category is as follows:
J1900A (No injury) should be coded as 0 because there was an injury reported (pain in the right shoulder).
J1900B (Injury, except major) should be coded as 1 because there was an injury reported, although it was not a major injury.
J1900C (Major Injury) should be coded as 0 because there was no major injury reported.
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Mark 44. A 42-year-old woman fasts for 24 hours for evaluation of possible pancreatic B-cell adenoma. Which of the following findings in blood drawn after the fast most likely indicates that a tumor is present in this patient? A) High serum C peptide concentration B) High serum glucagon concentration C) High serum growth hormone concentration D) Hyperglycemia E) Hypoglycemia
A 42-year-old woman fasts for 24 hours for evaluation of possible pancreatic B-cell adenoma. The tumor is present can be indicated by E) Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia is the blood test result that most strongly suggests the presence of a pancreatic B-cell adenoma. It represents a medical term for a situation where the blood glucose level is less than nearly 70 mg/dL. This condition is known as having blood sugar levels below normal. Tumors called pancreatic B-cell adenomas have the potential to overproduce insulin, which lowers blood sugar levels.
Insulin encourages total absorption of glucose by cells and lowers blood glucose levels. In the absence of a pancreatic B-cell adenoma, increased insulin synthesis can outweigh the effects of glucagon and cause hypoglycemia. Fasting generally causes the release of glucagon, which helps raise blood glucose levels.
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group of care workers are planning a social night out. Their manager is organising dinner at a local pub, and advises staff they are welcome to bring a friend or partner and to respond via email of their acceptance and if they will bring someone. A new employee, Tom, is keen to attend – it’s a great opportunity to be social and get to know his new colleagues in a more relaxed environment. He decides he will bring his partner of 5 years, Dave. Tom responds to the email invite his manager has sent out, saying in the body of the email that Dave will attend too. The next day, the date of the dinner changes due to ‘a number of staff being unable to attend’ . Tom accepts the new date. Two days later it changes again. He is unable to attend this time, Dave has his own work function and Tom always attends them. A couple of days later, Tom is in the lunch room telling a colleague about Dave’s work function and how much of a good time they had. Two staff get up and leave the kitchen during this chat. The colleague tells Tom it’s fantastic that Dave’s work is so accepting, and rolls their eyes in the direction of those who departed the room. Tom discovers that some people in the department were uncomfortable with the idea of Dave going to the dinner, and that the manager kept changing the dates with the hope that Tom would be busy, and that the rest of the staff could still come.
a) Identify the type of legislation and types of workplace procedures that have been breached and how
The breach in this scenario involves the violation of workplace discrimination legislation and breach of workplace procedures related to inclusivity and respect for diversity.
The legislation that has been breached in this scenario is likely related to workplace discrimination, such as anti-discrimination laws or equal opportunity legislation. By intentionally changing the dates of the dinner to exclude Tom's partner, Dave, and hoping that Tom would be unavailable, the manager and potentially other staff members have discriminated against Tom based on his sexual orientation or relationship status. This kind of exclusion and differential treatment based on personal characteristics is against the principles of workplace equality and fairness.
Additionally, workplace procedures related to inclusivity, diversity, and respect have been breached. Employers and managers have a responsibility to create a safe and inclusive work environment that respects the diversity of their employees. In this case, the manager failed to uphold these procedures by intentionally excluding Tom's partner and creating an uncomfortable situation for Tom. This behavior undermines the values of inclusivity and respect within the workplace.
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The wife of a 42-year-old man called the office stating that within the last hour her husband had a sudden onset of severe pain in his left side and back. He has also experienced nausea and vomiting. Questioning revealed the pain to be in the left flank area and quite severe. She also advised that the pain radiated down toward the pelvis and that he was experiencing pressure in the perineal area and the frequent urge to urinate. A renal calculus was suggested, and the patient's wife was advised to transport him to an emergency facility.
Vital signs were the following: temperature, 99.6° F; pulse, 96; respiration, 20; and blood pressure, 124/88 mm Hg. A urine specimen was obtained, and the dipstick indicated blood in the urine. The abdomen was slightly distended, the left flank area exhibited tenderness on palpation, and tenderness was noted over the bladder. A renal calculus was suggested. A kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) radiograph, an intravenous pyelogram (IVP), and an ultrasound of the kidneys were ordered. An intravenous (IV) line was started, and the patient was given 2 mg of morphine sulfate IV push.
The KUB revealed a suspicious area, 8 cm distal to the origin of the left ureter. The IVP confirmed the presence of a 3.5 mm calculus distal to the ureteral origin. The renal ultrasound indicated hydronephrosis of the left kidney. The patient was admitted for observation and for pain management.
1. What causes renal calculi to form?
2. Why would patients’ symptoms vary?
3. What would be the significant symptom or symptoms leading to the suspicion of renal calculi?
4. What is renal colic?
5. What would cause blood in the urine?
6. What is the cause of hydronephrosis?
7. Why would the patient be instructed to strain all urine?
8. What are the treatment options for the patient with renal calculi?
9. Why would IV morphine be given?
Kidney stones are small and may pass out of the urinary tract on their own. Stones that are larger than 2 cm in size may require medical intervention to break them into small pieces for removal.
1. What causes renal calculi to form? Renal calculi are formed due to dehydration, low urine output, or an abnormal balance of minerals and salts. Calcium, uric acid, oxalate, and phosphate are the most common substances that form renal calculi in the urinary tract. Kidney stones are small and may pass out of the urinary tract on their own. Stones that are larger than 2 cm in size may require medical intervention to break them into small pieces for removal.
2. Why would patients’ symptoms vary? Patients' symptoms may vary depending on the size of the stone and the position of the stone within the urinary tract. A small stone may cause mild discomfort or pain, whereas a larger stone may cause severe pain and discomfort. The severity of pain is due to the obstruction of urine flow and the dilation of the ureter. Additionally, the location of the stone may also affect the symptoms. If the stone is located in the upper part of the ureter, it may cause severe back pain, and if the stone is located in the lower part of the ureter, it may cause testicular pain.
3. What would be the significant symptom or symptoms leading to the suspicion of renal calculi? The significant symptom or symptoms leading to the suspicion of renal calculi include sudden onset of pain, usually in the back or flank, which may radiate towards the groin. The pain is described as intense and may be associated with nausea, vomiting, and hematuria (blood in the urine).
4. What is renal colic? Renal colic is a severe pain caused by a kidney stone that obstructs the ureter. It is characterized by intense pain in the flank or lower back that radiates towards the groin. The pain comes in waves and may last for several hours or days.
5. What would cause blood in the urine? Blood in the urine is caused by the damage or irritation of the urinary tract. In the case of renal calculi, blood in the urine is due to the irritation of the ureter as the stone passes through.
6. What is the cause of hydronephrosis? Hydronephrosis is the swelling of the kidney due to the accumulation of urine. It is caused by the obstruction of the ureter, which prevents urine from flowing out of the kidney. In the case of renal calculi, hydronephrosis is caused by the obstruction of the ureter by the stone.
7. Why would the patient be instructed to strain all urine? The patient is instructed to strain all urine to collect any stones that may pass out of the urinary tract. The stones are then analyzed to determine the composition of the stone and guide treatment.
8. What are the treatment options for the patient with renal calculi? The treatment options for patients with renal calculi include:Passing the stone: Small stones may pass out of the urinary tract on their own. Medications: Medications can be used to relieve pain and facilitate the passage of stones. Surgical intervention: Stones that are larger than 2 cm in size may require surgical intervention to remove them. Lithotripsy: Lithotripsy is a non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break stones into small pieces that can be passed out of the urinary tract.
9. Why would IV morphine be given? IV morphine is given to relieve severe pain associated with renal colic. The pain associated with renal colic is intense and may require potent analgesics such as morphine for pain relief.
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Cases of pregnancy-induced hypertension were identified from ICD-9 codes. Four separate case groups were created based on these codes: eclampsia (ICD-9 code 642.6, n = 154), severe preeclampsia (ICD-9 code 642.5, n = 1,180), mild preeclampsia (ICD-9 code 642.4, n = 5,468), and gesta- tional hypertension (ICD-9 code 642.3, n = 8,943). All cases identified during the study period were included. Controls (n = 47,237) were defined as women who did not have any of the above diagnoses. Controls were randomly sampled from each year of the study and were frequency matched to the cases by year of birth. There were 215,897 total possible controls from which this sample was drawn.
What type of study design is this? State your reason
The study design that is involved in this experiment is the case-control study design.
A case-control study design is an observational study that involves identifying and comparing the qualities of patients who have a specific illness or health issue with those who do not.
The characteristics of both cases and controls are measured and compared. It is important to mention that the case-control study is a retrospective study, which means that the study participants are selected based on previous exposure or outcome. Researchers identify the presence of disease (case) and match it with controls (patients who do not have the disease) in case-control studies. In the given passage, cases of pregnancy-induced hypertension were identified based on ICD-9 codes.
Four separate case groups were created, and controls were defined as women who did not have any of the above diagnoses. Therefore, it is a case-control study design.
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