The amount of air he exhales is the vital capacity.
The respiratory system is the process of taking in oxygen and taking in carbon dioxide and using the energy that is in the body. Humans can do two ways of breathing, namely using chest breathing and abdominal breathing. Human respiratory organs consist of nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs.
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that a person can exhale after filling their lungs. The normal air volume in the lungs is up to 4500 cc. A person can be said to have a normal respiratory rate if he breathes 12-20 times per minute at rest and takes place continuously. So when a student inhales deeply and then exhales until the total amount he exhales is the vital capacity.
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What structure makes up the rungs of the DNA ladder?.
The rungs of the DNA ladder made of four types of nitrogenous bases which are A, T, G, C.
The rungs of the DNA ladder made of four types of nitrogenous bases.
These nitrogenous bases are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T).
Adenine and guanine are termed as purines whereas thymine and cytosine are termed as pyrimidines.
These nitrogen bases pair as A-T and C-G.
A-T with the help of two hydrogen bonds and G-C with the help of three Hydrogen bonds.
The structure of DNA is made of sides and rungs. The sides or the backbone of DNA consists of sugar molecules and a phosphate group.
The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions.
That's why they are always complementary to each other. The two strands are held together by a hydrogen bond that is present between the two complementary nitrogenous bases.
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Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms best describes this?A) incomplete dominanceB) multiple allelesC) pleiotropyD) epistasisE) codominance
Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. This is an example of pleiotropy in Option C.
What is pleiotropy?Pleiotropy is a condition where the gene has more than one effect on the physiology of the body, such as if one gene is mutated, it affects not only its particular function but also a variety of other physiologic functions of the body. An example is cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, etc. In cystic fibrosis, the mutated gene not only affects receptor function but also affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs.
Hence, cystic fibrosis is an example of pleiotropy in Option C.
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Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.
Hair cells receptive to changes in static equilibrium are found in this structure.
A)Olfactory epithelium
B)Macula
C)Taste buds
D)Crista ampullaris
Macula
Macula hair cells are receptive to changes in static equilibrium are found in this structure. Walls of saccule and utricle, vestibule's two bulb-shaped sacs, contain a sensory receptor known as a macula, hair-cells.
The major detector of changes in static equilibrium is the vestibule. The saccule and utricle, the vestibule's two bulb-shaped sacs, each have a sensory receptor termed a macula. Numerous receptor cells known as hair cells are found in the macula, and from these hair cells, numerous stereocilia (long microvilli) and a solitary kinocilium (a real cilium) extend into the otolithic membrane, a glycoprotein gel. Otoliths, which are calcium carbonate crystals that cover the otolithic membrane, give it more solidity and make it more receptive to changes in motion. The otolithic membrane moves up and down in the saccule or back and forth in the utricle in response to changes in linear motion. Gradient potentials are started when the otolithic membrane moves in a manner that is analogous to the stereocilia of the hair cells that are embedded there.
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mikkidee3458
02/19/2020
Biology
College
answered • expert verified
Determine the proportion of offspring phenotypes that would result when two merle dogs mate, if one dog is true-breeding for the long-coat trait and the other dog is true-breeding for the short-coat trait. a. 0
b. 1/16
c. 1/8
d. 3/16
e. 1/4
f. 3/8
g. 1/2
h. 3/4
1. double merle with short coat:1/4
2. double merle with long coat:0
3. merle with short coat:1/2
4. merle with long coat:0
5. solid with short coat:1/4
6. solid with long coat:0
The proportion of offspring phenotypes that would result when two merle dogs mate, if one dog is true-breeding for the long-coat trait and the other dog is true-breeding for the short-coat trait is LL x ll= Ll, Ll, Ll and Ll.
What is phenotype?Phenotype is defined as the set of recognized characteristics or traits of an organism. There mainly four types phenotypes. According to Mendelian traits the human phenotype is of polygenic trait.
The phenotype of the mating between two Mertie dogs with true long-coat trait and true short-coat trait is heterozygous long-coat dogs will be produced all through passed will be 4:0
Thus, the proportion of offspring phenotypes that would result when two merle dogs mate, if one dog is true-breeding for the long-coat trait and the other dog is true-breeding for the short-coat trait is LL x ll= Ll, Ll, Ll and Ll.
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this cell is undergoing what phase of mitosis? anaphase prophase telophase methylene blue independent assortment onion phase
This cell is undergoing telophase as the cell is easily visible under with two cells. When the stage of meiosis is taking place the cell then it divides into two daughter cells with half of the chromosomes.
What is the other type of division found in meiosis ?Reductional division is the type of division that is present in meiosis that is the chromosomes number gets halved. In meiosis it is clearly evidently seen to view the 2 daughter cells.
The 4 phases of cell division are as following where :
1. Prophase – The chromosomes shorten, and thicken.
2. Metaphase – Chromosomes line up, in the middle of the cell.
3. Anaphase – Chromatids break apart at the centromere and move to opposite poles.
4.,Telophase – Two nuclei formed, after nuclear envelopes reform around each group of chromosomes.
Here the cell is given with the individual DNA, cell bodies and nucleus in each of the cells present.
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the circulatory system of mammals is arranged in two separate circuits, the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. in this double circulation system, blood is pumped through the heart twice. identify the route of blood transport in the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.
Blood is transported between the heart and the lungs via the pulmonary circuit and the body as a whole via the systemic circuit.
Why is the mammal circulatory system called a "double circulation"?Because blood circulates twice through the heart on each circuit, it is known as a double circulatory system. Deoxygenated blood is delivered to the lungs by the right pump, where it is given oxygen before being returned to the heart. All over the body, the newly oxygenated blood is circulated by the left pump.
Blood flow in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians is divided into two circuits: one travels through the body's rest of organs, including the brain, and back to the heart; the other travels through the lungs and back to the heart (systemic circulation).
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Compare the sources and total energy yield in terms of ATP per glucose in human cells in the presence versus the absence of O2.
aerobic respiration: glycolysis + Krebs + ETC = 2 +2 +32-34 = 36-38 ATP
anaerobic respiration: glycolysis + lactic acid/ alcoholic = 2 ATP + ethanol/lactic acid + CO2 (in alcoholic)
In the absence of oxygen, only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose produced by aerobic respiration.
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration, on the other hand, takes place in the absence of oxygen.Carbon dioxide and water are the end products of aerobic respiration, whereas alcohol is the end product of anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is much more energy efficient than anaerobic respiration. What are the examples of aerobic and anaerobic respiration?Examples include: In humans, animals, birds, and insects, when glucose breakdown occurs with use of oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration. Yeast, for example, are organisms that can live without oxygen in the air because they obtain energy through the process of anaerobic respiration.
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He advanced the cell theory with his conclusion that cells could only come from other cells.
Answer: The guy's name is Rudolf Virchow.
Explanation: Hope this helps!!!
FILL IN THE BLANK. similar to a mitochondrion, a(n)___contains an outer and inner membrane, with an intermembrane space between the two. unlike a mitochondrion, it also contains chlorophyll-containing membranes called membranes.
Similar to a mitochondrion, a(n) chloroplast contains an outer and inner membrane, with an intermembrane between the two. Unlike a mitochondrion, it also contains chlorophyll-containing membranes called ; thylakoid membranes.
Mitochondria are the cell's "powerhouses," breaking down fuel molecules and capturing energy through cellular respiration. Plants and algae contain chloroplasts. They are in charge of capturing light energy and converting it into sugars during photosynthesis.
The thylakoid membrane is the site of photosynthesis's light-dependent reactions, with photosynthetic pigments embedded directly in the membrane. It is an alternating pattern of dark and light bands 1 nanometre in width.
What exactly is the thylakoid membrane in chloroplast?
A chloroplast's thylakoid membranes are an internal system of interconnected membranes that carry out photosynthesis's light reactions. They are organized into stacked and unstacked regions known as grana and stroma thylakoids, which are differentially enriched in photosystem I and II complexes.
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What is the scientific name of living fossil?.
Ginkgo biloba is the scientific name of living fossil.
An extant taxon that superficially resembles closely related species solely known from the fossil record is referred to as a living fossil. The fossil species must be old in relation to the beginning of the current clade in order to qualify as a living fossil. Living fossils frequently come from lineages with few species, but this is not necessary. Living fossils never belong to the same species as the distant relatives they superficially resemble because genetic drift would inevitably alter their chromosomal structure.
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the universality of dna as the genetic material shows descent from a common ancestor for all of life. this is an example of
The universality of DNA as genetic material indicates descent from a common ancestor for all life. This is an example of molecular biology.
What is molecular biology?Molecular biology is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of life at the molecular level. This includes the study of molecular interactions in living things and their influences, especially the interactions of various cell systems, including the interactions of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and the regulation of these interactions. This field overlaps with other fields of biology (and chemistry), especially genetics and biochemistry.
How does DNA prove descent from a common ancestor?These shared genes trace the ancestry they shared but not with bacteria. Because genes change over time, the more similar the DNA of two organisms, the younger their ancestor. Observations of anatomy, fossils, and embryonic development are all rooted in DNA.
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if a multifactorial trait shows a broad sense heritability of 0, which set of people will have the least similar phenotypes for this trait?
Natural selection is referred to by the term genetic variation. It claims that the variation from the fitness itself is used to calculate changes in biological fitness.
Typically, the genetic variance is combined with the phenotype variance. It is composed mostly of three components: additive, dominance, and epistatic variance.
As a result, it is erroneous to say that heritability has a broad meaning.
Understand the variation that a population still has.
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What kind of word is perplexity?.
The word "Perplexity" is an adjective.
Being perplexed refers to the emotion of being perplexed and annoyed by a situation. He started counting them, and as his confusion grew, he repeated the process. The perplexities of anything are those aspects of it that are complex and hard to comprehend.
Something that is confused is described by the term perplexing. You can find the new alphabet to be completely baffling until you become competent in Arabic. Perplexus, the Latin word for involved, complicated, or convoluted, is the origin of the English word puzzling.
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TRUE/FALSE. csf can travel through a continuous path from the left lateral ventricle to the central canal of the spinal cord.
From the fourth ventricle, a portion of the CSF flows down through the central canal. Most of the CSF escapes through the median foramen of Magendie and the two lateral openings of Luschka into the subarachnoid space (SAS).
Image result for TRUE/FALSE. The CSF can travel through a continuous path from the left lateral ventricle to the central canal of the spinal cord.
CSF flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through the foramen of Monro. From here it flows through the cerebral aqueduct of Silvio to the fourth ventricle and into the subarachnoid space through the openings of Magendie and Luschka
CSF flows over the surface of the brain and down the spinal cord while in the subarachnoid space. It exits the subarachnoid space through the arachnoid villi that lie along the superior sagittal venous sinus, intracranial venous sinuses, and around spinal nerve roots.
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What is independent assortment in meiosis and why is it important?.
Independent assortment leads to crossing over and the development of new genomic pairings in the organism. It is the easiest method for increasing human genetic diversity.
The genotypes of two or more different genes are individually selected into gametes by Mendel's principle of independent assortment. In other words, a gamete's acquisition of an allele for one genome does not alter the genotype for another gene.
The development of reproductive cells causes various genes to separately separate from one another, according to the Regulation of Independent Assortment.
When the body is producing gametes during the Metaphase I phase of Meiosis I, it has to do with how the homologous chromosome pairs line up in the cell.
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How do you clean a range hood filter naturally?.
Avoid using rough scouring tools, such as steel wool or billow pads, while cleaning a range hood filter since they might harm the coating.
How can a filthy vent hood filter be cleaned?Add oily filters to water: Your filthy exhaust fan filters should be submerged in the water. Make certain they are entirely covered. Give them a soak Give the filters 10 minutes to soak. After soaking, clean the filters with a soft brush to remove any residue.
Can the dishwasher be used to clean range hood filters?Your range hood baffle filters may be cleaned most quickly and simply by putting them in the dishwasher. Put them in the bottom rack and wash a typical load as usual. Avoid using harsh cleansers, please
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how does the termination of transcription occur for eukaryotes? what sequence and enzyme(s) are involved? what gets added after this termination?
A reaction connected to RNA 3′-end processing leads to the termination of transcription. The majority of eukaryotic mRNA precursors undergo site-specific cleavage in the 3′-untranslated region, and the upstream cleavage product is then polyadenylated.
RNA polymerase won't stop unless it receives instructions to do so. Once the polymerase transcribes a DNA sequence known as a terminator, the process of halting transcription, also known as termination, takes place.
Bacteria use two main types of termination mechanisms: Rho-dependent and Rho-independent.
A Rho factor-binding site is present in the RNA during Rho-dependent termination. In order to reach RNA polymerase, Rho factor attaches to this region and begins to "climb" the transcript.
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sphingomyelins are sphingolipids found in cell membranes and the myelin sheaths of nerve cells. sphingomyelins are composed of a sphingosine molecule, a fatty acid, and phosphorylcholine, the structures of which are shown. complete both parts of this question: drawing the sphingomyelin and selecting the types of bonds that are formed
The formation of phosphodiester and amide bonds is done.
Sphingomyelin is mostly found on cell membranes, lipoproteins (particularly LDL), and other lipid-rich tissue structures. Sphingomyelin is critical for maintaining cell membrane structure, particularly the cell membrane's micro-control function (such as membrane invagination).
Sphingolipids are a type of lipid with a backbone made up of sphingoid bases, which are a group of aliphatic amino alcohols that include sphingosine. Because of their enigmatic nature, they were named after the mythological sphinx after being discovered in brain extracts in the 1870s.
Cerebrosides and gangliosides are two examples. Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids that are found in the membranes of neurons and muscle cells. The cerebroside is sphingosine-based.
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organisms with large genomes, inversions are more likely to be tolerated if the breakpoints occur in: group of answer choices reciprocal translocations. closed reading frames. coding dna.
The inversion are tolerated if the breakdown occurs in non coding DNA ( inron)
DNA has 2 strands - codon ( exon) and non coding strands (intron)
codon is which constitutes to code for amino acids which build up the protein.
Dna constitutes 99 % of non coding strand of DNA.
inversion of DNA means the DNA is cut, inverted and then rejoined by a site specific recombinase.
The non coding do not encode for the amino acid which makes the protein and hence has no role in coding the protein synthesis.
inversion of DNA is tolerated because if the breakdown occurs in the non coding parts , they eventually do not take part in protein synthesis.
some non coding DNA strands are transcribed to non coding RNA molecule.
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FILL IN THE BLANK sensitivity testing can be used as a presumptive identification of some species of Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, and Clostridium
A presumptive identification of several species of Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, and Clostridium can be made through BLANK sensitivity testing. Antimicrobial.
Quiz: Which techniques can be used to identify viral pathogens?Numerous cellular as well as viral pathogens are frequently identified using both immunologic and biochemical methods. Quick approaches for growing infectious pathogens include immunological testing.
What are the three identification techniques that are useful for identifying bacteria?Genotypic, proteotypic, and phenotypic analysis are the three techniques used to identify microorganisms. Proteotypic approaches study the expressed ribosomal proteins, whereas genomic identification examines the sequences in the rRNA regions of bacteria and fungi.
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a single bacterium divides through the process of and begins a new population. all the offspring bacteria have identical dna. (which means no genetic diversity)
Through the process of binary fission, a single bacterium divides and creates a new population. The DNA of every bacteria offspring is the same. (This entails a lack of genetic diversity).
What is the process of an organism dividing by severing itself known as?binary fission, also known as asexual body division into two new bodies, When an organism divides into two parts (cytokinesis) through binary fission, it duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), with each new organism receiving one copy of the latter.
Since the genome of bacterial cells is made up of a single circular DNA chromosome, cell division is made easier. Because there is no nucleus or a large number of chromosomes, mitosis is not required. Binary fission refers to this method of cell division.
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1. If the actual cell is 5μm in length and the magnification is
x100, what is the image size?
The calculated image size of the cell is 500 μm under the 100X magnification when the given actual size is 5 μm.
What is the relation between magnification and image size?A lens's optical feature known as magnification specifies how sharply it is focused. Specifically, the ratio of an object's actual size to the picture that a microscope lens captures is what we refer to as optical magnification.
The following equation relates the magnification, image size and actual size:
Magnification = image size / actual size
Or
Image size of the cell = magnification × actual size of the cell
Now, on putting the given values in the above equation, we get:
Image size = 100 × 5
Image size = 500 μm
Thus, the image size of the cell is found to be 500 μm.
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you are selecting a prophylactic antibiotic to be administered prior to an abdominal surgery. gram negatives and anerobes must be covered. which generations of cephalosporin will be the best to use?
Foxitin (Mefoxin) - a 2nd generation cephalosporin generations of cephalosporin will be the best to use.
What do you mean by Cephalosporin?
The cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium.
Examples of cephalosporins include: Ancef and Kefazol (cefazolin) Ceclor and Cefaclor (cefaclor) Cefdinir.
The four generations are :
First Generation: cefazolin, cefalexin.Second Generation: cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefuroxime.Third generation: cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone.Fourth generation: cefepime, cefozopran, cefpirome.To know more about Cephalosporin from the given link
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which of the following is not a functional characteristic of leukocytes? which of the following is not a functional characteristic of leukocytes? amoeboid motion erythropoiesis diapedesis positive chemotaxis
The bloodstream has the greatest number of cells. amoebic movement a favourable chemotaxis diapedesis leukocytosis. leukocytosis. which leukocyte kills bacteria via phagocytosis
What are positive chemotaxis and diapedesis?A mechanism known as diapedesis allows white blood cells to enter and exit blood arteries. a successful chemotaxis. Additionally, through a process known as positive chemotaxis, WBCs can detect areas of tissue injury and infection in the body by reacting to specific chemicals that diffuse from the injured cells.
What comes first in the process of hemostasis?Hemostasis starts with the following first step: the vascular spasm What comes after the first in the Hemostasis process? The following constitutes the second stage of hemostasis: -Platelet Plug Platelets expand, cling to collogen, and draw in other platelets during the formation process.
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a homozygous dominant dog with brown fur is crossed with a heterozygous dog with brown fur. what are the percentages of the possible genotypes?
If a homozygous dominant dog with brown fur is crossed with a heterozygous dog with brown fur, then the percentage of possible genotypes is 50% pure dominant and 50% heterozygous
How to find out?
First, we have to group them for easy identification.
BB = Homozogous dominant
Bb = Heterozygous
Then the two are crossed to become:
BB x Bb
Then obtained:
B B
B BB BB
b Bb Bb
From the results of the crosses above, it can be seen that the genotype percentages obtained were 50% BB and 50% Bb.
Therefore, the result of crossing a heterozygous brown-haired dog with a brown-haired homozygous dominant dog, the percentage of possible genotypes is 50% pure dominant and 50% heterozygous.
From these results, it can also be seen that the percentage of phenotypes obtained is 100% brown.
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Which of the following is NOT used as a criterion to define a prokaryotic species? a. phylogenetic relatedness b. that members of different species cannot interbreed c. the average nucleotide identity (ANI) of orthologs 95% d. DNA hybridization 70%e. SSU rRNA similarity 97%
The criterion NOT used to define a prokaryotic species is that members of different species cannot interbreed.
What is a prokaryotic species?A prokaryotic species is that species which is a single celled organism and does not possess nucleus or other membranes.
Example of a prokaryotic species is Amoeba.
What is interbreed?Interbreed refers to the breeding between two different races.
like: cross a horse and a donkey to get a new breed as Mule. Aslo breeding between different species of same genus.
Hence, the criterion NOT used to define a prokaryotic species is that members of different species cannot interbreed.
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In figure below take into account the speed of the top surface of the tank and show that the speed of fluid leaving the opening at the bottom is where h = y2 - y1 , and A1 and A2 are the areas of the opening and the top surface, respectively. Assume A1 << A2 so that flow remains nearly steady.
When the channel narrows, a pressure difference occurs. Since pressure times area equals force, the fluid is subjected to a net force as a result of the pressure difference.
The fluid's kinetic energy is increased by the net work completed. Therefore, whether or not the fluid is contained in a tube, the pressure will decrease in a fluid that is moving quickly. There are several typical instances of pressure loss in fluids moving quickly. A region of lower pressure is created inside the shower by the fast-moving water and air stream, while normal atmospheric pressure is created on the other side. The mid-1800s saw the first evidence of this phenomenon when it was discovered that trains traveling in opposite directions leaned alarmingly in the direction of one another.
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A non-native organism that is released into a new ecosystem, such as kudzu in the southeastern united states is called a.
Answer: An invasive species is a non-native organism that is released into a new ecosystem.
When electrons move through the chain reaction of Photosystem I, H+ (hydrogen ions from water) are pumped from the _________ into the _____________.
In light-dependent reactions, water molecules provide electrons to the electron chain, and release oxygen and hydrogen ions. The terms in the blank spaces are 1)_thylakoid lumen_. 2) _ stroma_.
What is the sequence of events in light-dependent reactions?Two stages are part of the photosynthetic process. One of them includes light-dependent reactions, and the other involves light-independent reactions.
Light-dependent reactions occur in the chloroplastic thylakoidal membrane. It is an electron flow that depends on light energy. It is known as the noncyclic pathway.
The products of these reactions are ATP and NADPH (used during light-independent reactions) and oxygen release.
The sequence of events is the followings,
1) Light energy reaches the pigment molecules -chlorophyll- in Photosystem II.
2) Chlorophyll absorbs light, and electrons provided by water molecules get to a higher energy level.
3) Electron flow along the chain begins when the excited electrons go through from Photosystem II to a less energetic level in photosystem I.
4) The empty space left by electrons in photosystem II is refilled with new electrons provided by the water molecules.
5) Luminous energy makes electrons move from photosystem I to another electron acceptor, from where they get transported again and used to produce NADPH molecules.
6) The empty space left by electrons in photosystem I is refilled with new electrons coming from photosystem II.
7) When the water molecule breaks down, hydrogen ions remain in the thylakoid lumen, from where they are pumped to the stroma by the ATP synthase.
8) The released energy is used to produce ATP molecules.
9) Hydrogen ions go back from the stroma to the thylakoid compartment.
Following this framework, we can fill in the blanks,
When electrons move through the chain reaction of Photosystem I, H+ (hydrogen ions from water) are pumped from the _thylakoid lumen_ into the _ stroma_.
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Which conclusion is supported by the graph The graph demonstrates the quantitative variation for skin pigmentation?.
More than half of the population has the central skin pigmentation. The lightest and the darkest skin pigmentations are equally common in the population.
Skin, hair, and eye pigmentation differs between and among human populations. Many candidate gene and numerous genome-wide association studies have sought to identify the genes and alleles responsible for this variation (GWAS). Up until now, the majority of GWAS for pigmentary features have relied on categorical scales and subjective phenotypes.
However, the color of the skin, hair, and eyes varies constantly. Here, we aim to identify the genetic basis of the quantitative variance in these qualities and to characterize it objectively and properly. Reflectance or digital spectroscopy were used to evaluate the skin, hair, and eye colors of Europeans from Ireland, Poland, Italy, and Portugal. 176 women participated in a GWAS across 313,763 SNP sites for the three quantitative pigmentation traits.
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