In the given mRNA sequence there are 15 nucleotides. An amino acid encodes a triplet of three nucleotides. So, after the addition of the adenosine residue, the total number of nucleotides is 16. So, the mRNA sequence will code for five amino acids.
The three-letter nature of codons means that the four nucleotides found in the mRNA (A, U, G, and C) can produce a total of 64 different combinations. Of these 64 codons, 61 represent amino acids and the remaining three represent stop signals, which trigger the end of protein synthesis.
In the given mRNA sequence there are 15 nucleotides. An amino acid encodes a triplet of three nucleotides. So after adding the adenosine residue, the total number of nucleotides is 16. So the mRNA sequence will code for five amino acids.
The $n^{th}$ term of an A.P. is given by $a_n= a+(n-1)d$. To determine the 15th term of the given arithmetic sequence, we relate the given numbers to the general sequence of A.P. and using the n^{th}$ term formula, we find the 15th term in the sequence A.P. Dadaist.
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T or F Granular fertilizer plus postemergence herbicide products are more expensive than sprayable postemergence herbicide products per unit area treated given that the active ingredients are the same in both products.
True. Granular fertilizer plus postemergence herbicide products are more expensive than sprayable postemergence herbicide products per unit area treated given that the active ingredients are the same in both products.
Herbicides usually referred to as weedkillers, are chemicals used to manage undesirable plants or weeds. While nonselective herbicides can be used to clear waste ground, industrial and construction sites, railways, and railway embankments because they kill all plant material with which they come into contact.
Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Modern herbicides are frequently synthetic mimics of natural plant hormones that interfere with the growth of the target plants. Herbicides meant for organic cultivation are now referred to as organic.
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What is the one part of the nucleotide?.
The components of a nucleotide are a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), a phosphate group, and a base that contains nitrogen.
A molecule made up of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA) (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA).Ribose, a five-carbon sugar, and adenine, a nitrogenous base, are both components of adenosine phosphate nucleotides. The number of inorganic phosphate groups that are phosphorylated to the ribose, which can range from one to three, varies amongst these nucleotides.
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click and drag the terms on the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right describing how the ans controls organs without dual innervation.
- The SYMPATHETIC branch of the ANS is the only part of the ANS that innervates many blood vessels.
- The VASOMOTOR tone, or baseline level of vessel constriction, is maintained by the nerve fibers to control blood pressure.
- When blood pressure drops, sympathetic neurons activate, causing the smooth muscle CONTRACTION in the vessel to increase.
- As the vessel's diameter decreases, the pressure inside the vessel GOES UP. In contrast, if blood pressure rises, a reduction in sympathetic firing frequency will RELAX the smooth muscles and DILATE the lumen, lowering pressure.
Dual innervation is the instruction that an organ receives from both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Most of the organs in our body are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It is claimed that certain organs have "dual innervation." As an illustration, consider how the parasympathetic division aids in micturition and defecation while sympathetic input triggers the bladder and rectum sphincters, signaling the imminence of micturition and defecation, respectively. There are two innervations in the heart and lungs.
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Which terms accurately reflect the nature of replication of the chromosome in e. Coli?.
The terms "bidirectional and fixed point of initiation" accurately describe how the chromosome replicates in E. coli.
A single double-stranded DNA molecule can produce many identical DNA helices through the process of DNA replication. A strand from the original molecule plus a freshly generated strand make up each molecule. The DNA uncoils and separates before replication. A replication template called a replication fork is created. DNA polymerases add new nucleotide sequences in the 5′ to 3′ orientation once DNA primers attach to the DNA.
In the leading strand, this addition is continuous, whereas in the lagging strand, it is fragmented. After the DNA strands have finished elongating, they are examined for errors, repaired, and given telomere sequences at the ends.
Hence, bidirectional and fixed point of initiation" accurately describe how the chromosome replicates in E. coli.
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Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the.
Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the interphase lasts longer, occupying 90% to 95% of the lifetime of most cells.
What happens in interphase?In interphase, proteins and enzymes are created first to copy the cell's DNA, which is necessary for proper cell division, and then to permit mitosis, which is the process by which cells divide.
These procedures need a lot of cellular energy and must proceed smoothly, which necessitates patience and accuracy. Once cell division begins, the majority of cellular activity are paused, allowing the cell to successfully divide into two while disregarding other tasks.
Therefore, Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the interphase lasts longer, occupying 90% to 95% of the lifetime of most cells.
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When the next human influenza pandemic strikes, it will almost certainly involve which other group of animals?.
From previous influenza pandemics, it is expected that the host and carrier species will primarily come from the mammal and avian families of animals.
Which animals is influenza A contagious in?Influenza viruses can infect humans, pigs, birds, horses, cats, and dogs, among other animals. It spreads quickly among vulnerable animals and is contagious. Avian influenza A viruses are widespread. Typically, chickens and turkeys exhibit clinical signs.
The Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, which was brought on by the H1N1 virus and in which avian animals served as both hosts and carriers, began with wild waterfowl like ducks and geese. Additionally, the hosts and carriers of the SARS pandemic in 2003, which was brought on by the SARS-CoV-1 virus, were poultry animals, and the H1N1 pandemic in 2009, which was brought on by the MERS-CoV virus, were mammals like pigs. SARS-CoV-2, which was recently linked to the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, was thought to have originated in mammals, primarily bats.
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using currently accepted p/o ratios, what is the total atp potential yield from one acetyl-coa in the citric acid cycle?
There will be 10 ATP produced from one Acetyl-CoA in the Citric Acid Cycle with the current accept P/O ratios (1 NADH 2.5 ATP, 1 FADH2 1.5 ATP).
NADH = 3 x 2.5 ATP = 7.5 ATP
FADH2 = 1 x 1.5 ATP = 1.5 ATP
GTP = 1 ATP = 1
Total ATP = 10
The Krebs cycle, also known as the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle, is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix and involve the reduction of coenzymes to produce ATP for the electron transport chain and the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to create carbon dioxide. The acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidized to form two molecules of CO2, and one ATP is produced in the process, which consists of eight steps. Additionally produced are reduced high energy compounds NADH and FADH2. Each glucose molecule produces two molecules of acetyl-CoA, necessitating two cycles of the Krebs cycle, which result in the production of four CO2, six NADH, two FADH2, and two ATPs.
Hence, 10 ATP produced from one Acetyl-CoA in the Citric Acid cycle.
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for each of the following locations, tell whether nacl will enter the interstitial fluid, leave the interstitial fluid and enter the filtrate or blood, or not move (is impermeable to solutes).
NaCl will enter the interstitial fluid: Ascending limb of vasa recta and Ascending limb of nephron
NaCl will leave the interstitial fluid: Descending limb of vasa recta
No NaCl movement( impermeable to solute)": Descending limb of nephron
What is a nephron?Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle (glomerulus within Bowman's capsule), a proximal tubule (convoluted and straight components), an intermediate tubule (loop of Henle), a distal convoluted tubule, a connecting tubule, cortical, outer medullary, and inner medullary collecting ducts, among other structures.
The thin ascending limb is impermeable to water and ions, except for sodium and chloride, which cross by diffusion. In the thick ascending branch, sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl) ions are reabsorbed by active transport.
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The complete question is:
"For each of the following locations, tell whether nacl will enter the interstitial fluid, leave the interstitial fluid and enter the filtrate or blood, or not move (is impermeable to solutes).
NaCl will enter the interstitial fluid
NaCl will leave the interstitial fluid
No NaCl movement( impermeable to solute)"
If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include A) rings of cellulose-synthesizing B) rings of cellulose-synthesizing generations complexes and ability to synthesize sporopollenin complexes, chlorophylls a and b, and alternation of complexes, alternation of generations, and ability to synthesize C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing sporopollenin complexes, chlorophylls a and b, cell walls of cellulose, and D) rings of cellulose-synthesizing ability to synthesize sporopollenin Answer: A phobly helped early plants to successfully
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, the capacity to produce sporopollenin rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, and chlorophyll are among the shared derived traits of the kingdom.
Why does the cell surface membrane produce cellulose?Each plant cell's exterior is where the cellulose is deposited. Because it is a water-insoluble polymer with a rigid linear structure, it cannot be created inside of cells.
What is the mechanism of cellulose synthase?The cellulose synthase complex (CSC), a sizable membrane-bound complex that moves through the plane of the plasma membrane as it creates a cellulose microfibril, is responsible for producing cellulose at the plasma membrane in plants.
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relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include: group of answer choices larger brain reduced number of teeth enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands smaller eye orbits
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include enlarged olfactory bulbs and enlarged scent glands.
Who are prosimians?Prosimians are primates that include all living and extinct strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorisoids, and adapiforms), as well as haplorhine tarsiers and their extinct relatives, the omomyiforms, i.e. all primates other than simians. They are thought to have more "primitive" (ancestral or plesiomorphic) characteristics than simians (monkeys, apes, and humans). Simians emerged as a sister group to the haplorhine tarsiers within the Prosimians and thus cladistically belong to this group. Simians are thus more closely related to tarsiers than to lemurs. Strepsirrhines split about 20 million years before the tarsier-simian split. However, because simians are traditionally excluded, prosimians are paraphyletic.
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The predominant mechanism driving cellular differentiation is the difference in gene _____.
The predominant mechanism driving cellular differentiation is the difference in gene expression.
The process of cell predominant mechanism differentiation involves the specialisation of cells. In multicellular organisms, not every cell is the same and performs a particular function to aid the body in maintaining homeostasis, or a constant state of internal conditions. Numerous cell types combine to create the tissues and organs that keep the body alive. There are more than 200 distinct cell types in humans. However, the DNA, or genetic material, found in every cell in a person's body is identical. How are 200 different cell kinds conceivable, then? The solution involves managing gene expression, which is the process of deciding which genes, or regions of DNA, are turned on or off.
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the descending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to water so water diffuses out of the descending limb into the interstitial fluid. what happens to this water?
The descending portion of the loop of Henle is extremely permeable to water and is less permeable to ions, therefore water is easily reabsorbed here and solutes are not easily reabsorbed.
As the nephron plunges into the medulla in the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water passively diffuses out of the filtrate. This concentrates the solutes in the filtrate. As the filtrate enters the ascending limb of Henle's loop, the tube becomes impermeable to water and ions are pumped into the interstitium. The descending limb is permeable to water, but has low sodium permeability. As the filtrate travels down the descending branch, the water leaves by osmosis due to the salty environment towards the pith.
The descending limb is permeable to water, but has low sodium permeability. As the filtrate travels down the descending branch, the water leaves by osmosis due to the salty environment towards the pith.
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arrange the following events in the order in which they occur during gene expression. begin with the first event to occur at the top of the list.
During gene expression DNA is transcribed into mRNA and mRNA is translated into protein, which is the last step of gene expression.
What is gene expression?1. In the nucleus, the mRNA transcript is created.
2. The ribosome is bound by the mRNA transcript.
3. The appropriate amino acid is brought to the ribosome by the tRNA anticodon binding to its complementary codon.
4. As the mRNA is read and more amino acids are taken in by the tRNAs, a polypeptide is created.
5. The mRNA and ribosomal subunits separate after termination.
Therefore, gene expression starts from DNA and end with protien synthesis.
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1. which innate host components initiate an inflammatory response to microbes? (select all that apply)
Mast Cells initiate an inflammatory response to microbes.
These cells are found in mucous membranes and connective tissue. They contain chemicals such as histamine, heparin, cytokines, and growth factors. Mast cells are considered vital for healing the wound and protection from the pathogen.
Mast cells are activated to create an inflammatory cascade. They release cytokines and granules that contain chemicals that create the cascade.
Mast cells are also vital for the immune system to respond to bacteria and parasites and they help control other types of immune responses.
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what is the final topology of a protein in the er that is synthesized with an n-terminal signal sequence and one stop-transfer anchor sequence?
The final topology of proteins in the ER synthesized with an N-terminal signal sequence and a one-stop-transfer anchor sequence is an N-terminus in the ER lumen, two transmembrane domains, and a C-terminus in the ER lumen.
The topological sequence is the insertion of an integral protein into the ER membrane. The topological sequence given is N Terminus in ER lumen, two transmembrane domains, and C-terminus in ER lumen.
N-terminus in the ER lumen, one transmembrane domain, and C-terminus in the cytosol because a protein synthesized with an N-terminal signal sequence and one stop-transfer anchor sequence will have an N-terminus in the ER region. Because the N-terminal signal sequence is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum.
The one-stop transfer anchor sequence generates only one transmembrane domain. The C-terminus is in the cytosol because the conformation of the protein changes after moving to the ER. Therefore, the C-terminus will be in the cytosol.
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Which describes an african butterfly species that exists in two strikingly different color patterns?.
Disruptive Selection describes an African butterfly species that exists in two strikingly different color patterns.
What do you mean by Disruptive Selection ?
Disruptive selection is a process in which both the extreme traits are favored. It is a mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values.It can be seen in various insects for example : Industrial melanism of Biston betularia is an example of disruptive natural selection.It is important because it has the potential to generate high level of variation in a population that it leads to the evolution of new species even including ecological dimorphism.Hence, the above case of an African Butterfly represents Disruptive Selection method.
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if oxygen concentration is higher in the interstitial fluid than in the cytosol, which direction will oxygen move via simple diffusion?
The O2 molecules cross the membrane to the cytosol side of the membrane in response to an increase in O2 concentration.
It is well known that at equilibrium, the rates of forward and backward reactions are equal.
As a result, it means that at equilibrium, the concentration of reactants and products is equal.
Therefore, the rate of formation of is equal to the rate of formation of in the given reaction.
Additionally, no specie participating in the reaction's concentration will change or grow at equilibrium.
Additionally, and will both have equal concentrations.
As a result, we can draw the conclusion that it is untrue that when the photosynthetic reaction reaches equilibrium, the concentration of will start to decrease.
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calcitriol causes increases in blood calcium levels by three established mechanisms that are listed below. identify the bodily response that is not related to blood calcitriol and blood calcium homeostasis.
Calcitriol causes increases in blood calcium levels by Increased muscle cell calcium uptake.
The effect of calcitriol on the calcium-transporting proteins known as calbindin-D proteins on cells in the gastrointestinal tract increases calcium absorption from the stomach into the body. The body can only grow its calcium reserves in this way.
The troponin-tropomyosin complex immediately reverts to its initial form, blocking the actin-binding sites, when calcium ions enter the muscle cell. This is accomplished by using ATP energy.
In individuals with damaged kidneys or parathyroid glands, calcium deficiency and bone disease can be treated and prevented using calcitriol.
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an organ or tissue might better resist damage from hypoperfusion if the
An organ or tissue may be better able to resist damage from hypoperfusion if the temperature of the body is considerably less than 98.6°F (37.0°C).
WHat is hypoperfusion?Hypoperfusion refers to the condition in which there is a reduced amount of blood flow through an organ or tissue.
Another name for hypoperfusion is shock. In hypoperfusion, there is usually a constriction of blood flow through an organ in the body such as the brain. When hypoperfusion occurs in the brain, the reduced blood flow leads to fainting or prolonged unconsciousness.
Some causes for hypoperfusion include the following:
low blood pressure,heart failure,loss of blood volumeSome symptoms of hypoperfusion include the following:
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What does Hamlet do after killing Polonius?.
Hamlet draws his sword and thrusts it thru the tapestry, Polonius. while Hamlet lifts the wall hanging and discovers Polonius' body, he tells the frame that he had believed he turned into stabbing the King. He then turns his interest to Gertrude.
In the dying of Polonius, Hamlet has committed the very crime which he become searching to ; the son of a father murdered has himself a father. Retribution will name up towards him a son, at whose arms he'll meet his destiny.
At Ophelia's subsequent appearance, after her father's demise, she has long gone mad, due to what the opposite characters interpret as grief for her father. She talks in riddles and rhymes and sings some "mad" and bawdy songs about the demise and a maiden losing her. She exits after bidding each person a "right night".
The interpretation that satisfactory suits the proof exceptional is that Hamlet became laid low with an acute depressive illness, with a few obsessional functions. He could not make a firm remedy to act. In Shakespeare's time, there was no concept of acute depressive illness, even though depression became widely known.
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If transcription and translation were not coupled in bacteria, what type of regulation would be affected?.
Gene regulation by attenuation would not happen if transcription and translation were not coupled in bacteria.
Attenuation is a proposed mechanism of control in some bacterial operons which results in premature termination of transcription . Attenuation is a mechanism that also reduces the expression of the trp operon in high tryptophan condition.
On the other hand if the nuclear membrane is absent , the physical separation the chromosomal DNA from the cytosolic environment can results in the notion that transcription and translation are temporally coupled in bacteria and archaea.
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which of the following are members of the hamstring group? group of answer choices adductor longus and adductor magnus gluteus maximus and rectus femoris biceps femoris and rectus femoris biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and gastrocnemius
The biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus are members of the hamstring group.
What is the definition of hamstring?In human anatomy, the hamstring is one of three hamstring muscles located between the hip and knee (from inside to outside: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris). The hamstrings are an area that is prone to injury.
The general criteria for all hamstring muscles are:
The muscle should come from the ischial tuberosity. Muscles should be used at the knee joint, tibia, or fibula.The muscle is innervated by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve.The muscles are involved in knee flexion and hip extension.To know more about hamstring, visit:
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What are the 3 reactants in the photosynthesis process?.
The 3 reactants in the photosynthesis process are
Carbon dioxideWater SunlightPlants require energy to carry out the functions that keep them alive, just like all other living organisms. They eat to obtain this energy. Humans and the majority of other animals are heterotrophs, which means that humans must eat other species such as plants, animals, or a combination of both, in order to survive. However, because they are autotrophs, plants produce their own food. Photosynthesis is the process through which plants use sunlight to change water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
Hence, In plants carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight forms carbohydrates.
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starting with a signal reaching the distal end of the presyntatic axon, indicate correct order of events that occur during transmission at hte cholinergic excitatory synapse
1. opening of calcium gates in synaptic knob as nerve signal arrives
2. exocytosis of ACh; diffusion across synaptic cleft
3. binding of ACh to recptors on postsynaptic neuron
4. opening of sodium gates on post-synaptic membrane allowing influx of sodium
5. depolarization of postsynatpic plasma membrane
An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the likelihood of an action potential occurring in a post-synaptic cell. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travel, and each neuron often makes numerous connections with other cells. A cholinergic synapse uses AcH as its neurotransmitter. They are found in postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers, autonomic preganglionic fibers, preganglionic fibers of the adrenal medulla, somatomotor nerves of skeletal muscle, and sweat gland fibers. Cholinergic synapses are present almost everywhere in the human central nervous system. Their high density in the thalamus, striatum, limbic system, and neocortex suggests that cholinergic transmission is likely important for memory, learning, attention, and other higher brain functions.
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Multicellular organisms generally utilize more complex gene regulation than unicellular organisms via mechanisms that include?.
Multicellular organisms generally utilize more complex gene regulation than unicellular organisms via mechanisms that include transcriptional repression and epigenetic modification.
What do you mean by transcriptional repression?RNA polymerase can't normally bind to promoters after being bound by proteins known as transcriptional repressors. Although many promoters have this repression mechanism, there is an expanding number of repressors that prevent transcription start in various ways. A DNA-binding repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribes the genes into messenger RNA. The mRNA is bound by an RNA-binding repressor, which stops the mRNA from being translated into protein. Repression is the term used to describe this suppression of expression.
What is epigenetic modification?The epigenetic modifications to DNA change its physical composition. DNA methylation is one type of epigenetic alteration that results from the addition of a methyl group, sometimes known as a "chemical cap," to a portion of the DNA molecule. This alteration stops some genes from being produced. Histone modification is another illustration. Epigenetic alterations to DNA control whether or not genes are activated. These alterations are attached to DNA and do not alter the order in which the DNA building blocks are arranged.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that multicellular organisms generally utilize more complex gene regulation than unicellular organisms via mechanisms that include transcriptional repression and epigenetic modification.
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when gene expression is upregulated by chromatin remodeling, what type of chemical modification is necessary?
The type of chemical modifications required for chromatin remodeling is histone acetylation
The double-stranded DNA that forms eukaryotic chromosomes are packaged into nucleosome organizations where the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 form the core histone octamers in which the DNA is wrapped. The high degree of histone organization and packaging makes it impossible for DNA to bind to transcription factors and RNA polymerase, reducing transcription.
Nuclear histones have terminal or tail ends that are enriched with positively charged amino acid residues such as lysine or arginine ensuring tight packing with the negatively charged phosphate backbone of the DNA.
Accumulation of acetylated histones during chromatin restructuring in certain chromosomal regions leads to acetylation and thereby charge neutralization in the histone tails. This leads to a looser packing of the nucleosome structure. DNA is available for binding to transcription factors such as transcription factors and RNA polymerase, which sit on promoters and can initiate transcription - thereby regulating gene expression. Therefore the type of chemical modification required is a histone acetylation
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Glands that secrete their products into surrounding tissue fluids are classified as ______ glands, whereas glands that secrete onto a membrane surface are classified as _____ glands.
endocrine; exocrine
Exocrine glands are those that secrete into the fluids surrounding the tissue they are located in, whereas endocrine glands secrete onto membrane surfaces.
What is Endocrine gland:
The bloodstream or membrane surfaces are directly injected with substances by endocrine glands. There is no duct system for the glands.
The thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands are a few examples.
What is Exocrine gland:
Exocrine glands release their materials into an epithelial duct system.
Salivary glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands are a few examples of exocrine glands.
As a result, glands that secrete into the tissue fluids around them are referred to as exocrine glands, whereas those that secrete onto a membrane surface are referred to as endocrine glands.
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What are the RNA pairs?.
The bases of DNA and RNA are also joined by chemical bonds and follow precise base pairing principles. Adenine (A) partners with uracil (U) in DNA/RNA base pairing, and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).
Contrary to DNA, which has two strands, RNA is only one strand, yet it may still generate complementary base pairs. A single strand of RNA may base-pair with complementary portions inside of it, causing the molecule to fold in on itself and take on a complex, three-dimensional structure.
The base pairs of RNA. An adenine-thymine base pair and a guanine-cytosine base pair's intricate molecular structures are displayed. Both the main groove edge and the minor groove edge include labels identifying the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. Each base pair has a distinct pattern of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors (AU, UA, GC, and CG).
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What are the 7 steps of translation and transcription?.
7 steps of translation and transcription are initiation, promoter escape, elongation, termination, 5' capping, polyadenylation, and splicing.
The process by which cells use the genetic information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) to make proteins. mRNA is made by copying DNA, and the information it contains tells the cell how to combine amino acids to form proteins.
Transcription in genomics is the process of making RNA copies of a gene's DNA sequence. This copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene's protein information encoded in DNA.
Transcription is the process of copying (transcribed) the DNA sequence of a gene into an RNA molecule. Transcription is a key step in using information from genes to make proteins.
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The bonds or interactions that hold together adjacent nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of dna are blank.
Covalent bonds are the interactions that bind neighboring nucleotides together in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA.
These bonds link the 3'OH group of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate of another.
Hydrogen bonds are the contact or link that holds together complementary nucleotides from opposing strands of DNA.
The complementary bases of the two opposing strands combine to generate these connections. Tyrosine and adenosine combine to produce two hydrogen bonds. With guanine, cytosine creates three hydrogen bonds.
Van der Waals forces are the bindings or interactions between stacked nucleotide units that aid in holding the DNA molecule together.
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