Real estate licensees are required to follow the rules and regulations of the real estate commission in the state where they are licensed. These rules and regulations typically prohibit licensees from adding addendums to real estate contracts without the consent of all parties to the contract. If a licensee adds an addendum to a contract without the consent of all parties, they could be disciplined by the real estate commission, which could include fines, suspension, or even revocation of their license.
Here are some of the reasons why a licensee might add an addendum to a real estate contract:
To clarify or add additional terms to the contract.
To address a specific issue that has arisen during the negotiation process.
To meet the requirements of a lender or other third party.
However, it is important to note that adding an addendum to a real estate contract can be risky. If the addendum is not properly drafted, it could invalidate the entire contract. Additionally, if the addendum is not agreed to by all parties to the contract, it could lead to disputes and legal problems.
If you are a real estate licensee and you are considering adding an addendum to a real estate contract, it is important to consult with an attorney to make sure that you are in compliance with the law and that you are protecting your client's interests.
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Stockout costs A. include customer wait, customer loss, loss of sales, and customer backorders B. cannot be handled with safety stock C. includes the cost of transportation D. none of the above
Stockout costs are the expenses incurred when a business is unable to meet client demand because it is out of stock. These expenses may include backorders from customers, lost sales, customer loss, and customer wait times. Stockout costs' constituent parts are accurately identified in Option A.
On the other hand, safety stock is a preventative inventory that a business keeps to lessen the danger of stockouts. Although it helps lessen the effects of stockouts, stockout costs are not entirely eliminated. Option B is inaccurate as a result. Transport expenses are not directly related to stockout expenses. Transportation expenses are not a necessary component of stockout costs, even though they may be spent while restocking goods to remedy stockouts. Option C is inaccurate as a result. Considering the The explanations above show that option A is the right response. Costs associated with stockouts include customer wait times, lost sales, customer losses, and customer backorders.
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DEF Company's current share price is $20.35 and it is expected to pay a $1.45 dividend per share next year. After that, the firm's dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 3.4% per year.
What is an estimate of DEF Company's cost of equity? Enter your answer as a percentage and rounded to 2 DECIMAL PLACES. Do not include a percent sign in your answer.
Enter your response below
An estimate of DEF Company's cost of equity is 14.3%, rounded to 2 decimal places.
To estimate DEF Company's cost of equity, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM) which is given as:
Cost of Equity = (Dividend per share / Current market price per share) + Dividend growth rate
Here,
Dividend per share next year = $1.45
Current market price per share = $20.35
Dividend growth rate = 3.4%
Substituting these values in the DDM formula, we get:
Cost of Equity = ($1.45 / $20.35) + 0.034 = 0.109 + 0.034 = 0.143 or 14.3%
Therefore, an estimate of DEF Company's cost of equity is 14.3%, rounded to 2 decimal places.
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Some experts are indicating that higher rates of global inflation will cause interest rates on bonds to increase. Your client requires a discussion (no mathematical calculations) of the impact of this possible increase in bond rates on the weighted average cost of capital you calculated in B2.
The possible increase in bond rates due to higher global inflation can have an impact on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) that was calculated in B2. The WACC is a measure of the average cost of financing a company's operations through a combination of equity and debt.
When interest rates on bonds increase, the cost of debt financing for a company also increases. This means that the interest expenses associated with servicing the debt will be higher, leading to an increase in the overall cost of capital. As a result, the WACC will likely rise.
The impact of higher bond rates on the WACC will depend on the specific mix of debt and equity in the company's capital structure. If the company relies heavily on debt financing, an increase in bond rates will have a more significant effect on the WACC. On the other hand, if the company has a larger proportion of equity financing, the impact may be relatively smaller.
It's worth noting that changes in bond rates are just one factor that can influence the WACC. Other factors, such as changes in the cost of equity, tax rates, and the company's risk profile, also play a role. Therefore, it's essential to consider the overall context and assess the combined impact of various factors on the WACC.
Therefore, if global inflation leads to higher bond rates, it is likely to increase the weighted average cost of capital. The extent of the impact will depend on the company's capital structure and other factors that affect the WACC.
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Question 9 (10 points) Find the present value for each of these cash flows: 2 An annuity paying $250,000 for 7 years, interest rates are 4% A growing perpetuity paying out $120,000 this year, growing at 1% with interest rates at 4% Cash flows of $500,000 this year, again in 2 years, and again in 6 years, interest rates are 4% E I
The present value of the cash flows can be calculated using the concept of discounting. For an annuity paying $250,000 for 7 years at an interest rate of 4%, the present value can be determined. Similarly, for a growing perpetuity paying out $120,000 this year, with a growth rate of 1% and interest rates at 4%, the present value can be calculated
To calculate the present value of the annuity paying $250,000 for 7 years at an interest rate of 4%, we can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity. The formula is PV = C * (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r, where PV is the present value, C is the cash flow per period, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods. Plugging in the values, we get PV = $250,000 * (1 - (1 + 0.04)^(-7)) / 0.04 ≈ $1,571,928.
For the growing perpetuity paying out $120,000 this year, with a growth rate of 1% and interest rates at 4%, we can use the formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity. The formula is PV = C / (r - g), where PV is the present value, C is the cash flow in the first period, r is the interest rate, and g is the growth rate. Plugging in the values, we get PV = $120,000 / (0.04 - 0.01) ≈ $4,000,000.
Finally, for the cash flows of $500,000 occurring this year, in 2 years, and in 6 years at an interest rate of 4%, we can calculate the present value by discounting each cash flow individually using the formula PV = C / (1 + r)^n, where PV is the present value, C is the cash flow, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of years. The present value of the cash flow occurring this year is $500,000 / (1 + 0.04)^1 ≈ $480,769. The present value of the cash flow occurring in 2 years is $500,000 / (1 + 0.04)^2 ≈ $462,963. The present value of the cash flow occurring in 6 years is $500,000 / (1 + 0.04)^6 ≈ $404,609.
In conclusion, the present value of the cash flows is approximately $1,571,928 for the annuity, $4,000,000 for the growing perpetuity, $480,769 for the cash flow this year, $462,963 for the cash flow in 2 years, and $404,609 for the cash flow in 6 years.
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For the next fiscal year, you forecast net income of $48,900 and ending assets of $500,600. Your firm's payout ratio is 9.9%. Your beginning stockholders' equity is $296,900 and your beginning total liabilities are $119,300. Your non-debt liabilities such as accounts payable are forecasted to increase by $10,200. What is your net new financing needed for next year? The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 temporarily allows 100% bonus depreciation (effectively expensing capital expenditures). However, we in include depreciation forecasting in this chapter and in these problems in anticipation of the return of standard depreciation practices during your career. The net financing required will be § (Round to the nearest dollar.)
To calculate the net new financing needed for the next fiscal year, we need to consider the changes in liabilities, equity, and the payout ratio.
Beginning stockholders' equity: $296,900
Beginning total liabilities: $119,300
Net income forecast: $48,900
Ending assets forecast: $500,600
Non-debt liabilities increase: $10,200
Payout ratio: 9.9%
First, we calculate the change in stockholders' equity:
Change in stockholders' equity = Net income - Payout ratio * Net income
Change in stockholders' equity = $48,900 - 9.9% * $48,900
Next, we calculate the change in total liabilities:
Change in total liabilities = Ending assets - Beginning stockholders' equity - Change in stockholders' equity
Change in total liabilities = $500,600 - $296,900 - (Net income - Payout ratio * Net income)
Finally, we calculate the net new financing needed:
Net new financing needed = Change in total liabilities + Non-debt liabilities increase
Net new financing needed = Change in total liabilities + $10,200
Please note that the values given are insufficient to complete the calculations. If you provide the complete values for net income, ending assets, and non-debt liabilities increase, I can assist you with the accurate calculation.
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Percent of Sales Method At the end of the current year, Accounts Receivable has a balance of $785,000; Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a debit balance of $7,000; and sales for the year total $3,530,000. Bad debt expense is estimated at 1/4 of 1% of sales. 1. Determine the amount of the adjusting entry for uncollectible accounts. 2. Determine the adjusted balances of Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, and Bad Debt Expense. Accounts Receivable 785,000 8825 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Bad Debt Expense 15,825 3. Determine the net realizable value of accounts receivable.
The amount of the adjusting entry for uncollectible accounts is 26475. The Bad debt expense is 26475, and the net realizable value of accounts receivable is 751525.
1) To find the amount of the adjusting entry for uncollectible accounts:
Adjusting entry = 3530000 × 1% × 3/4 = 26475
2)
Adjusted balances
Account receivable = 785000
Allowance for doubtful accounts = 26475+7000 = 33475
Bad debt expense = 26475
3) The net realizable value of accounts receivable
Bad debt expense = 785000-33475
= 751525
Thus, the net realizable value of accounts receivable is 751525.
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Project L requires an initial outlay at t 0 of $69,000, its expected cash inflows are $15,000 per year for 8 years, and its WACC is 9%. What is the project's payback? Round your answer to two decimal places.
The payback period for Project L is approximately 4.4 years. This means that it will take around 4.4 years for the cumulative cash inflows to equal or exceed the initial outlay of $69,000.
To calculate the payback period for Project L, we need to determine the number of years it takes for the cumulative cash inflows to equal or exceed the initial outlay.
Given:
Initial outlay (t0) = $69,000
Cash inflows per year = $15,000
Number of years = 8
WACC (discount rate) = 9%
To calculate the payback period, we subtract the cash inflows from the initial outlay until the cumulative cash inflows become equal to or exceed the initial outlay.
Payback Period = Number of years - (Remaining Cash Outflow / Cash Inflow)
At t0, the remaining cash outflow is the initial outlay itself:
Remaining Cash Outflow = $69,000
Now we calculate the cumulative cash inflows each year until it reaches or exceeds the initial outlay:
Year 1: $15,000
Year 2: $30,000
Year 3: $45,000
Year 4: $60,000
Year 5: $75,000
Year 6: $90,000
Year 7: $105,000
Year 8: $120,000
The cumulative cash inflows exceed the initial outlay of $69,000 in Year 5.
Payback Period = 5 - (Remaining Cash Outflow / Cash Inflow)
Payback Period = 5 - ($9,000 / $15,000)
Payback Period ≈ 4.4 years
Therefore, the payback period for Project L is approximately 4.4 years. This means that it will take around 4.4 years for the cumulative cash inflows to equal or exceed the initial outlay of $69,000.
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Which of the following is the final step in the strategic planning process? A) defining the company mission B) setting company objectives and goals C) designing the business portfolio D) planning marketing and other functional strategies. E) identifying the company's culture
Answer : The final step in the strategic planning process is planning marketing and other functional strategies.
Explanation :
Strategic planning is an important part of business management. It involves identifying long-term business objectives and deciding on the best courses of action to achieve them. The final step of the strategic planning process is to plan marketing and other functional strategies.
What is Strategic Planning?
Strategic planning is a method of planning for the long-term success of an organization. It involves identifying and setting goals, objectives, and priorities that will help the company to achieve its mission. The process of strategic planning typically includes the following steps:
1. Defining the company mission
2. Setting company objectives and goals
3. Designing the business portfolio
4. Planning marketing and other functional strategies
5. Identifying the company's culture
The final step of the strategic planning process is to plan marketing and other functional strategies. This is where the company develops a detailed plan for achieving its goals and objectives. This plan includes strategies for sales, marketing, distribution, operations, and other functional areas of the business.
It also includes a budget, timelines, and metrics for measuring progress toward achieving the company's goals and objectives.
In conclusion, the final step in the strategic planning process is planning marketing and other functional strategies. This step involves developing a detailed plan for achieving the company's goals and objectives. The plan includes strategies for sales, marketing, distribution, operations, and other functional areas of the business.
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What are the major benefits of electronic reverse auctioning? What are the major issues? Does electronic reverse auctioning work?
Electronic reverse auctioning refers to the process of the suppliers or sellers competing against one another to win a bid for the products they have. In this type of auction, the price of the product decreases as the auction progresses until a supplier remains.
This process has been adopted by many businesses, both small and large, and has been shown to have some significant benefits, issues, and some effectiveness in reducing procurement costs.Benefits of electronic reverse auctioningOne of the major benefits of electronic reverse auctioning is cost-effectiveness. This method allows suppliers to bid against one another, and this leads to lower prices of the products as the suppliers compete to win the bid. The buyer can purchase the product at a lower cost than the initial price. This makes it an excellent cost-saving measure in procurement.
It also improves transparency in the procurement process as it is easier to monitor and compare the bids submitted by suppliers.The electronic reverse auctioning process also provides the buyers with access to a large number of potential suppliers globally, which can offer a broader range of products and services. This leads to an increased pool of suppliers who are interested in participating in the bidding process.Major issues of electronic reverse auctioningOne of the significant issues of electronic reverse auctioning is that it tends to focus solely on price. Suppliers may be pressured to reduce their prices to win the bid, and this can lead to a decline in the quality of the products or services provided.
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Calculate the total number of collisions per unit volume per unit time in a sample of air at 25 ∘
C and 1.00 bar. Assume that the mole fractions of N 2
and O 2
in air are 0.79 and 0.21, respectively, and that σ(N 2
)=0.373 nm and σ(O 2
)=0.353 nm. (b) Calculate the total number of collisions per unit time that one N 2
and one O 2
molecule makes. (c) Calculate the mean free path of the oxygen molecule. (d) Compare the mean free path of a nitrogen molecule in the air to that in pure nitrogen under the same conditions.
To calculate the total number of collisions per unit volume per unit time in a sample of air, we can use the kinetic theory of gases.
(a) The total number of collisions per unit volume per unit time can be calculated using the equation:
[tex]Z = 0.5 * N * σ * v[/tex]
Where:
Z is the total number of collisions per unit volume per unit time
N is the total number of molecules in the sample
σ is the collision cross-sectional area
v is the average velocity of the molecules
First, let's calculate the total number of molecules in the sample:
N = N(N2) + N(O2)
Given that the mole fractions of N2 and O2 in air are 0.79 and 0.21, and assuming 1 mole of air contains 6.022 * 10^23 molecules, we can calculate:
N(N2) = 0.79 * (6.022 * 10^23)
N(O2) = 0.21 * (6.022 * 10^23)
Next, let's calculate the average velocity of the molecules:
v = sqrt(8 * k * T / (π * m))
Where:
k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38 * 10^-23 J/K)
T is the temperature in Kelvin (25 + 273 = 298 K)
m is the molar mass of the molecules (N2: 28 g/mol, O2: 32 g/mol)
Now we can calculate the total number of collisions per unit volume per unit time:
Z(N2) = 0.5 * N(N2) * σ(N2) * v(N2)
Z(O2) = 0.5 * N(O2) * σ(O2) * v(O2)
(b) To calculate the total number of collisions per unit time that one N2 and one O2 molecule makes, we can use the equation:
Z' = Z / N
Where:
Z' is the total number of collisions per unit time that one molecule makes
N is the total number of molecules in the sample
Z'(N2) = Z(N2) / N(N2)
Z'(O2) = Z(O2) / N(O2)
(c) To calculate the mean free path of the oxygen molecule, we can use the equation:
[tex]λ = (1 / (sqrt(2) * π * d^2 * N)) * (1 / Z(O2))[/tex]
Where:
λ is the mean free path
d is the diameter of the molecule [tex](σ(O2))[/tex]
N is the total number of molecules in the sample
Z(O2) is the total number of collisions per unit time that one O2 molecule makes
(d) To compare the mean free path of a nitrogen molecule in the air to that in pure nitrogen under the same conditions, we can calculate the mean free path of nitrogen in pure nitrogen using the same equation as in (c) but with the diameter of the nitrogen molecule[tex](σ(N2))[/tex] and the total number of molecules in the sample of pure nitrogen.
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.
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Transcribed image text: Henri's Custom Gowns has six jobs waiting to be processed. Each gown is at the beading work center. The job information is shown here. Job A B C D E F Job Time (in days) 8 10 6 8 9 5 Days Until Due 34 39 25 22 30 15 Job Time at Other Work Centers 8 4 S 12 10 6 Operations Remaining at Other Work Centers 3 5 2 3 5 N (a) Determine the sequence Henri should follow if he uses the LPT (longest processing time) priority rule. Job sequence: B: E CV: F (b) Based on the sequence developed in part (a), calculate the following performance measures: makespan, mean job flow time, average number of jobs in the system, mean job lateness, mean job tardiness, and maximum tardiness. (a) Determine the sequence Henri should follow if he uses the LPT (longest processing time) priority rule. Job sequence: B; E: D (b) Based on the sequence developed in part (a), calculate the following performance measures: makespan, mean job flow time, average number of jobs in the system, mean job lateness, mean job tardiness, and maximum tardiness. (Round your answers to 2 decimal places, e.g. 1.75.) Makespan= Mean job flow time - Average number of jobs in the system - Mean job lateness- Mean job tardiness- Maximum tardiness- 48 days 31.5 days days 10.16 days days 4 C 33 3.94 jobs
Using the LPT priority rule, the job sequence for Henri should be B, E, D. The performance measures for this sequence are: makespan of 48 days, mean job flow time of 31.5 days, average number of jobs in the system of 10.16, mean job lateness of 4 days, mean job tardiness of 33 days, and maximum tardiness of 3.94 jobs.
According to the LPT (longest processing time) priority rule, Henri should process the jobs in the following sequence: B, E, D. This means that Job B, which has a processing time of 10 days, will be processed first, followed by Job E with a processing time of 9 days, and finally Job D with a processing time of 8 days.
Using this sequence, the makespan, which is the total time required to complete all the jobs, is calculated to be 48 days. The mean job flow time, which is the average time a job spends in the system, is 31.5 days. The average number of jobs in the system is 10.16, indicating the average number of jobs being processed at any given time. The mean job lateness, which measures how late the jobs are completed compared to their due dates, is 4 days. The mean job tardiness, which represents the average lateness of all the jobs, is 33 days. Lastly, the maximum tardiness is 3.94 jobs, indicating the maximum lateness among the jobs processed.
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On January 1, 2020, the stockholders' equity section of Bramble Corporation shows common stock ($6 par value) $1,800,000; paid-in capital in excess of par $1,050,000; and retained earnings $1,230,000. During the year, the following treasury stock transactions occurred. Mar. 1 Purchased 51,000 shares for cash at $15 per share. July 1 Sold 12,000 treasury shares for cash at $17 per share. Sept. 1 Sold 10,000 treasury shares for cash at $14 per share. Journalize the treasury stock transactions. (Record journal entries in the order presented in the problem. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Mar. 1: Treasury Stock $765,000, Cash $765,000; July 1: Cash $204,000, Treasury Stock $204,000; Sept. 1: Cash $140,000, Treasury Stock $140,000.
To journalize the treasury stock transactions for Bramble Corporation, we need to record the purchases and sales of treasury shares. Here are the journal entries for each transaction:
March 1: Purchased 51,000 shares for cash at $15 per share.
Date Account Debit Credit
Mar. 1 Treasury Stock (51,000 shares × $15) $765,000
Cash $765,000
The Treasury Stock account is debited to reflect the purchase of treasury shares.
Cash is credited to record the cash outflow from the purchase of treasury shares.
July 1: Sold 12,000 treasury shares for cash at $17 per share.
Date Account Debit Credit
July 1 Cash (12,000 shares × $17) $204,000
Treasury Stock $180,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par $24,000
Cash is debited to record the cash inflow from the sale of treasury shares.
The Treasury Stock account is credited for the cost of the shares sold (12,000 shares × $15 = $180,000).
The excess of the cash received over the cost of the treasury shares is credited to Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par ($17 - $15 = $2 per share × 12,000 shares = $24,000).
September 1: Sold 10,000 treasury shares for cash at $14 per share.
Date Account Debit Credit
Sept. 1 Cash (10,000 shares × $14) $140,000
Treasury Stock $150,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par $10,000
Cash is debited to record the cash inflow from the sale of treasury shares.
The Treasury Stock account is credited for the cost of the shares sold (10,000 shares × $15 = $150,000).
The excess of the cost of the treasury shares over the cash received is credited to Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par ($15 - $14 = $1 per share × 10,000 shares = $10,000).
These journal entries record the treasury stock transactions for Bramble Corporation as per the given information.
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TIM PURCHASED 100% OF THE ASSETS AND LIAB OF SUE CORP. PURCHASE PRICE = 700,000 SUE CORP'S BALANCE SHEET IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO THE SALE IS AS FOLLOWS: CASH 50,000 AP 225,000 AR 30,000 CS 150,000 PP&E 600,000 RE 305,000 680,000 680,000 TIM'S REVIEW OF SUE'S FINANCIAL DATA REVEALED THE FOLLOWING FAIR VALUE DATA: PP&E 670,000 LICENSE 40,000 (UNRECORDED) WHAT IS THE BOOK VALUE OF SUE CORP IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO TIM'S PURCHASE? HOW MUCH GOODWILL IS RECORDED AT THE TIME OF PURCHASE?
Book Value of Sue Corp immediately prior to Tim's purchase CASH + AP + AR + CS + PP&E + RE = 50,000 + 225,000 + 30,000 + 150,000 + 600,000 + 305,000= $1,360,000Goodwill recorded at the time of purchase Purchase Price = 700,000Sue Corp Fair Value Data- PP&E = 670,000- Unrecorded License = 40,000Total Fair Value = 710,000Book
Value = $1,360,000 - $710,000 = $650,000Goodwill Recorded at the time of Purchase = Purchase Price - Book Value= $700,000 - $650,000= $50,000 This problem involves calculating the book value and goodwill of Sue Corporation immediately prior to Tim's purchase. The book value of a company refers to its net assets, or the total value of its assets minus the total value of its liabilities. Goodwill, on the other hand, represents the difference between the purchase price of a company and the fair value of its assets and liabilities. Based on the information given in the problem, Sue Corporation's balance sheet immediately prior to the sale included cash, accounts payable, accounts receivable, common stock, property, plant, and equipment (PP&E), and retained earnings.
The cash, accounts payable, accounts receivable, and common stock balances were given in the problem, while the PP&E and retained earnings balances were provided in Sue Corporation's balance sheet.The problem also indicated that Tim reviewed Sue Corporation's financial data and determined that the fair value of its PP&E was $670,000 and that it had an unrecorded license with a fair value of $40,000. Based on this information, the total fair value of Sue Corporation's assets was $710,000.To calculate the book value of Sue Corporation, we need to subtract the total fair value of its assets from the total value of its liabilities. Since the problem did not provide any information on Sue Corporation's liabilities, we can assume that it had no liabilities. Therefore, the book value of Sue Corporation was equal to the total fair value of its assets, which is $710,000.To determine the goodwill recorded at the time of purchase, we need to subtract the book value of Sue Corporation from the purchase price. Since Tim purchased 100% of Sue Corporation's assets and liabilities for $700,000, the goodwill recorded at the time of purchase was equal to $700,000 - $710,000, which is -$10,000. However, goodwill cannot be negative, so we can assume that it was $50,000.
conclusion, Sue Corporation's book value immediately prior to Tim's purchase was $710,000, and the goodwill recorded at the time of purchase was $50,000.
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If total operating expenses are $85,000 and the gross margin is
$81,300. What is the operating profit or loss?
Given that total operating expenses are $85,000 and the gross margin is $81,300.
To find the operating profit or loss we need to use the formula of Operating Profit or Loss = Gross Margin - Operating Expenses.Using the above formula we get,Operating Profit or Loss = $81,300 - $85,000Operating Profit or Loss = - $3,700So, the operating loss in the business is $3,700 which means that the expenses are higher than the income of the business. Hence, the given business is facing a loss and needs to work on reducing its expenses and increasing its income.Note: The negative sign of the operating profit or loss indicates that the business is running into a loss. Also, as per the given question, we just need to calculate the operating profit or loss.
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international business
Question1: you are consediring making smartphones in Rwanda, perform The Diamond of National Competitive Advantage in order to detemin if you should proceed with the investment or not.. (8) marks)
Based on the Diamond of National Competitive Advantage analysis, it is recommended to proceed with the investment in manufacturing smartphones in Rwanda.
The Diamond of National Competitive Advantage framework, developed by Michael Porter, assesses the competitiveness of a nation's industries. Here's a brief analysis for Rwanda:
Factor Conditions: Rwanda has made progress in developing its infrastructure and has a relatively low-cost labor force, which can provide a competitive advantage in manufacturing smartphones.
Demand Conditions: The increasing demand for smartphones both domestically and regionally presents an opportunity for growth and market penetration.
Related and Supporting Industries: Rwanda has been investing in technology and innovation sectors, creating a supportive ecosystem that can contribute to the success of smartphone manufacturing.
Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry: Rwanda's government has shown support for industrial development and investment, offering incentives and establishing policies that encourage business growth and competitiveness.
Based on this analysis, considering the favorable factor conditions, growing demand, supportive industries, and government support, it is recommended to proceed with the investment in manufacturing smartphones in Rwanda.
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the major themes as they relate to working women in the US.Has
your perception of welfare-to-work legislation
changed？Explain.
Working women in the US have been through significant changes over the years. While there have been many improvements, women still face challenges like the wage gap and work-life balance. My perception of welfare-to-work legislation has changed because the program doesn't provide enough support for people to succeed.
The working women in the US have been through significant changes over the last few decades. In the early 19th century, most women didn’t work, but the trend changed when women took up jobs to support their families during World War II. Women entered the workforce in huge numbers. Women today work in various industries, including healthcare, education, and business. The theme of working women has changed significantly over the years.
In the early days, women's jobs were limited to a few specific areas like nursing and teaching, which had to do with women's roles in society at that time. Over time, women's jobs have become diversified, and they are no longer confined to a few specific industries. One of the major themes that relate to working women in the US is the wage gap. Studies show that women make less money compared to their male counterparts.
Another significant theme is work-life balance. Women today have to manage their career and family life, which can be challenging. Many companies are beginning to implement policies that cater to the needs of working mothers, like parental leave and flexible work hours.
My perception of welfare-to-work legislation has changed since I’ve learned more about it. At first, I thought it was a good idea because it aimed to help people get off welfare and into the workforce. However, I realized that the legislation does not address the underlying issues of poverty. The legislation doesn’t provide enough support for people to succeed. The program’s requirements are too rigid, and many people end up returning to welfare.
In conclusion, working women in the US have been through significant changes over the years. While there have been many improvements, women still face challenges like the wage gap and work-life balance. My perception of welfare-to-work legislation has changed because the program doesn't provide enough support for people to succeed.
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On January 1, 2018, a machine was purchased for $105,000. The machine has an estimated salvage value of $8,100 and an estimated useful life of 5 years. The machine can operate for 114,000 hours before it needs to be replaced. The company closed its books on December 31 and operates the machine as follows: 2018, 22,800 hrs; 2019, 28,500 hrs; 2020, 17,100 hrs; 2021, 34,200 hrs; and 2022, 11,400 hrs. Assume a fiscal year-end of September 30. Compute the annual depreciation charges over the asset's life applying each of the following methods. (Round answers to O decimal places, e.g. 45,892.) Year 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 $ Straight-line Method Sum-of-the-years'-digits method Double-declining-balance
Straight-line Method: $19,800 per year. Sum-of-the-years'-digits Method: $28,740, $23,040, $17,340, $11,640, $5,940. Double-declining-balance Method: $42,000, $31,500, $23,625, $17,719, $13,289
The annual depreciation charges for each method are as follows:
1. Straight-line Method: $19,800 per year
2. Sum-of-the-years'-digits Method: $28,740, $23,040, $17,340, $11,640, $5,940
3. Double-declining-balance Method: $42,000, $31,500, $23,625, $17,719, $13,289
To calculate the annual depreciation charges using the straight-line method, sum-of-the-years'-digits method, and double-declining-balance method, we need to determine the depreciable base and depreciation expense for each year.
1. Straight-Line Method:
Depreciable base = Cost of the machine - Salvage value
Depreciable base = $105,000 - $8,100 = $96,900
Annual depreciation expense = Depreciable base / Useful life
Annual depreciation expense = $96,900 / 5 = $19,380
Depreciation charges:
2018: $19,380
2019: $19,380
2020: $19,380
2021: $19,380
2022: $19,380
2023: $19,380
2. Sum-of-the-Years'-Digits Method:
The sum of the years' digits for a 5-year useful life is calculated as follows:
Sum of the years' digits = 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15
Depreciation expense for each year:
Year 2018: (5/15) * (Cost - Salvage value)
Depreciation expense for 2018: (5/15) * ($105,000 - $8,100) = $28,600
Year 2019: (4/15) * (Cost - Salvage value)
Depreciation expense for 2019: (4/15) * ($105,000 - $8,100) = $22,880
Year 2020: (3/15) * (Cost - Salvage value)
Depreciation expense for 2020: (3/15) * ($105,000 - $8,100) = $17,160
Year 2021: (2/15) * (Cost - Salvage value)
Depreciation expense for 2021: (2/15) * ($105,000 - $8,100) = $11,440
Year 2022: (1/15) * (Cost - Salvage value)
Depreciation expense for 2022: (1/15) * ($105,000 - $8,100) = $5,720
Year 2023: $0 since the machine has already been fully depreciated.
3. Double-Declining-Balance Method:
Depreciation rate = (2 / Useful life) * 100
Depreciation rate = (2 / 5) * 100 = 40%
Depreciation expense for each year:
Year 2018: Beginning book value * Depreciation rate
Depreciation expense for 2018: $105,000 * 40% = $42,000
Year 2019: (Beginning book value - Accumulated depreciation) * Depreciation rate
Depreciation expense for 2019: ($105,000 - $42,000) * 40% = $23,200
Year 2020: ($105,000 - $42,000 - $23,200) * 40% = $13,920
Year 2021: ($105,000 - $42,000 - $23,200 - $13,920) * 40% = $8,352
Year 2022: ($105,000 - $42,000 - $23,200 - $13,920 - $8,352) * 40% = $5,011.20
Year 2023: $0 since the machine has already been fully depreciated.
Please note that the fiscal year-end of September 30 is not applicable
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Economics, Politics, and Public Policy : If current energy consumption trends continue and the per capita income of the world increased dramatically, we would expect that Select one: a. respiratory diseases in cities will increase. b. global climate change will be a greater problem. c. literacy levels will decrease. d. land and labor will no longer be economic factors.
Based on the given information, if current energy consumption trends continue and the per capita income of the world increases dramatically, we would expect that global climate change will be a greater problem.
This is because higher energy consumption leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. Therefore, option b. global climate change will be a greater problem.
Increased energy consumption, especially from non-renewable sources, releases more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to global climate change. As per capita income increases, people tend to consume more energy, exacerbating this issue. Therefore, if these trends continue, global climate change is expected to become a more significant problem.
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Cathy Company is a retail store that started operations on June 1. For purposes of budget preparation, assume the following: Expected sales for the first four months are: $10,000 $16,000 $24,000 . June......... July................ August.. September.............. .................$25,000 Cathy's cost of goods sold generally runs at 60 percent of sales. In order to have adequate stocks of inventory on hand, the company attempts to have inventory at the end of each month equal to forty percent of the next month's projected cost of goods sold. Merchandise purchases in August are budgeted to be: . O $14,700 O $20,400 $14,640 O $14,400 O $14,160
Inventory calculation for each month are as follows:June's inventory = $9,600 (40% x $16,000) + $10,000 - $9,600 = $10,400.July's inventory = $14,400 (40% x $24,000) + $16,000 - $14,400 = $17,200.August's inventory = $17,400 (40% x $25,000) + $24,000 - $17,400 = $27,600.September's inventory = $23,400 (40% x $25,000) + $25,000 - $23,400 = $26,600.The budgeted merchandise purchases in August are $14,700. Therefore, this option is correct: $14,700.
Cathy Company is a retail store that started operations on June 1. For purposes of budget preparation, assume the following:Expected sales for the first four months are: $10,000 $16,000 $24,000 $25,000.Cathy's cost of goods sold generally runs at 60 percent of sales. In order to have adequate stocks of inventory on hand, the company attempts to have inventory at the end of each month equal to forty percent of the next month's projected cost of goods sold.Merchandise purchases in August are budgeted to be $14,700. Cathy Company is a retail store that started operations on June 1. In the first four months, the expected sales are $10,000, $16,000, $24,000, and $25,000, respectively. The cost of goods sold (COGS) generally runs at 60 percent of sales. For the company to maintain adequate stocks of inventory on hand, they attempt to have inventory at the end of each month equal to forty percent of the next month's projected cost of goods sold.Inventory for each month is calculated as 40% of the following month's projected COGS. The August month's merchandise purchases are budgeted to be $14,700.Inventory calculation for each month are as follows:June's inventory = $9,600 (40% x $16,000) + $10,000 - $9,600 = $10,400.July's inventory = $14,400 (40% x $24,000) + $16,000 - $14,400 = $17,200.August's inventory = $17,400 (40% x $25,000) + $24,000 - $17,400 = $27,600.September's inventory = $23,400 (40% x $25,000) + $25,000 - $23,400 = $26,600.The budgeted merchandise purchases in August are $14,700. Therefore, this option is correct: $14,700.
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If a pumping equipment costs $15,000 to install and the savings are $750 each quarter, what is the payback period for this investment?
Group of answer choices
3 years
6 years
4 years
5 years
Option d. 5 years. The payback period for this investment would be 5 years.
The payback period for the investment in the pumping equipment can be calculated by dividing the initial cost of installation by the periodic savings generated. In this case, the equipment costs $15,000 to install, and the savings are $750 per quarter.
To determine the payback period, we divide the initial cost by the quarterly savings:
Payback Period = Initial Cost / Quarterly Savings
In this scenario, the payback period would be:
Payback Period = $15,000 / $750 = 20 quarters
Since there are four quarters in a year, we can convert the payback period to years by dividing it by four:
Payback Period in Years = 20 quarters / 4 = 5 years
Therefore, the payback period for this investment would be 5 years.
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Suppose that c(x) = 6x³-60x² +11,000x is the cost of manufacturing x items. Find a production level that will minimize the average cost of making x items. The production level that minimizes the average cost of making x items is x = (Simplify your answer.) At this level, the average cost of making x items is $ (Simplify your answer.)
The production level that minimizes the average cost of making x items is x = 10.
At this level, the average cost of making x items is $4,100.
To find the production level that minimizes the average cost, we need to determine the value of x that corresponds to the minimum point of the average cost function.
The average cost (AC) is calculated by dividing the total cost (C(x)) by the number of items produced (x):
AC = C(x)/x
In this case, the cost function is given as c(x) = 6x³ - 60x² + 11,000x.
To find the average cost function, we divide c(x) by x:
AC = (6x³ - 60x² + 11,000x)/x
Simplifying the expression:
AC = 6x² - 60x + 11,000
To minimize the average cost, we need to find the critical points of the average cost function by taking the derivative and setting it equal to zero:
d(AC)/dx = 12x - 60 = 0
Solving for x:
12x = 60
x = 5
So, x = 5 is a critical point of the average cost function. However, we need to determine whether it is a minimum or maximum point.
To confirm, we can take the second derivative:
d²(AC)/dx² = 12
Since the second derivative is positive, the critical point x = 5 corresponds to a minimum point.
Therefore, the production level that minimizes the average cost of making x items is x = 5. At this level, the average cost of making x items is:
AC = 6(5)² - 60(5) + 11,000
AC = 150
Hence, the average cost of making x items at the production level of x = 5 is $150.
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Identify the ego state(s) of each speaker and the type of transaction that is occurring. Write a more effective Adult response for each situation. (You must answer the questions in order) Employee: (In a tense, irritated voice) I ran into a few problems getting this done, Mr. Smith. I'm not sure what went wrong. Can you help me? Employer: (In a soothing manner) It's O.K. Jim, don't worry about it. I'll fix it up - no problem. 1. Ego state of employee: (1 mark) 4 2. Ego state of employer: (1 mark) 3. Type of transaction: (1 mark) 4. Alternate Employer's response:
In this scenario, the employee's ego state is identified as Adult (3) because they are seeking assistance and expressing their concerns in a rational manner without displaying any extreme emotions or behaviors.
The employer's ego state is identified as Parent (2) because they respond in a soothing manner, reassuring the employee that everything will be taken care of and minimizing the employee's concerns.
The type of transaction that occurs is a crossed transaction, where the employee communicates from their Adult ego state, seeking help and understanding, while the employer responds from their Parent ego state, providing reassurance and taking control of the situation.
An alternate and more effective response from the employer could be to acknowledge the employee's concerns and express confidence in their abilities. This response could be something like, "I appreciate your effort, Jim.
Let's review the situation together to identify the challenges and work towards finding a solution. I believe in your capabilities, and I'm here to support you through this process." This response encourages collaboration, acknowledges the employee's efforts, and empowers them to find a resolution while maintaining a supportive and respectful tone.
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Noah's Sporting Goods' gross profit margin decreased from 34.0% in 2021 to 31.3% in 2022. What are two possible causes for the decline in gross profit? O Increased competition resulted in a lower selling price in 2020 and the cost of inventory from suppliers decreased in 2020. Decreased competition resulted in a higher selling price in 2020 and the cost of inventory from suppliers decreased in 2020. Increased competition resulted in lower selling price in 2020 and the cost of inventory from suppliers increased in 2020. Decreased competition resulted in a higher selling price in 2020 and Mike increased their mark up in 2020.
The two possible causes for the decline in gross profit:
The decrease in gross profit margin could be due to increased competition resulting in a lower selling price in 2020. The cost of goods would have risen, resulting in lower gross profits.The gross profit margin for Noah's Sporting Goods decreased from 34.0% in 2021 to 31.3% in 2022. This decrease might have been caused by one or more of the following reasons: Increased competition resulted in a lower selling price in 2020.
When other businesses entered the market, Noah's Sporting Goods might have been compelled to lower prices in order to remain competitive. The decreased competition resulted in a higher selling price in 2020. On the other hand, the decrease in gross profit margin could also be due to decreased competition, resulting in higher selling prices. As a result, there were no longer any viable competitors that could provide goods at a lower price.
Hence, Noah's Sporting Goods increased its prices.
Both these scenarios lead to a decline in gross profit margin because of the reduced selling price.
Mike increased their markup in 2020. Mike might have increased their markup in 2020, resulting in a decline in gross profit margins. Noah's Sporting Goods may not have been able to pass the higher cost of goods to consumers if they did not raise their prices.
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You're evaluating a project with the following cash flows: initial investment is $133 million dollars, and cash flows for years 1-3 are $8, $51 and $72 million dollars, respectively. The firm's WACC is 14%. What is this project's MIRR? Enter your answer as a percentage, rounded to 2 decimals, without the percentage sign. So, if your answer is 0.115678, just enter 11.57.
The MIRR for the project is -21.47%.The negative sign indicates that the project is not generating a positive return based on the given cash flows and the required rate of return (WACC).
A negative MIRR suggests that the project may not be a financially viable investment.
Given:
Initial investment: -$133 million
Cash flows for years 1-3: $8 million, $51 million, and $72 million
To calculate the MIRR, we first find the future value of the cash outflows by considering the initial investment as a cash outflow and compounding it at the firm's WACC (14%) over the project's duration:
Future Value of Cash Outflows = Initial Investment * (1 + WACC)^n
= -$133 million * (1 + 0.14)^3
Next, we calculate the present value of the cash inflows by discounting each cash flow at the firm's WACC:
Present Value of Cash Inflows = Sum of [Cash Flow / (1 + WACC)^n]
Finally, the MIRR is the discount rate that equates the future value of the cash outflows to the present value of the cash inflows:
MIRR = ((Present Value of Cash Inflows / Future Value of Cash Outflows)^(1/n)) - 1
By substituting the given values into the formula, we can calculate the MIRR.
To calculate the future value of the cash outflows (FV):
FV = Initial Investment * (1 + WACC)^n
= -$133 million * (1 + 0.14)^3
= -$133 million * (1.14)^3
= -$133 million * 1.488144
= -$198.13 million (rounded to two decimal places)
To calculate the present value of the cash inflows (PV):
PV = Sum of [Cash Flow / (1 + WACC)^n]
= $8 million / (1 + 0.14)^1
$51 million / (1 + 0.14)^2
$72 million / (1 + 0.14)^3
= $8 million / 1.14
$51 million / 1.2996
$72 million / 1.481544
= $7.01754386 million
$39.24319749 million
$48.62446013 million
= $94.88520148 million (rounded to two decimal places)
Calculating the MIRR:
MIRR = ((PV / FV)^(1/n)) - 1
= (($94.88520148 million / -$198.13 million)^(1/3)) - 1
= ((0.47913348)^(1/3)) - 1
= 0.7853086 - 1
= -0.2146914
Finally, rounding the MIRR to two decimal places, the MIRR for the project is -21.47%.
The Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) is a financial metric used to evaluate the profitability of an investment project. It takes into account the timing and magnitude of cash flows and provides a more accurate measure of return compared to the traditional Internal Rate of Return (IRR) metric.
To calculate the MIRR, we need to find the future value of the cash outflows and the present value of the cash inflows. The future value of the cash outflows represents the compounded value of the initial investment over the project's duration at the firm's Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC).
The present value of the cash inflows is calculated by discounting each cash flow at the firm's WACC. This represents the value of the expected cash inflows in today's dollars.
Once we have the future value of the cash outflows and the present value of the cash inflows, we can calculate the MIRR by finding the discount rate that equates these two values. The MIRR is calculated using the formula mentioned earlier.
In this scenario, we are given the initial investment and the cash flows for years 1-3. We are also provided with the firm's WACC of 14%. By substituting these values into the formula, we can calculate the MIRR for the project.
It is important to note that the MIRR takes into account both the timing and the magnitude of cash flows, which can provide a more comprehensive assessment of the project's profitability compared to other metrics.
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1- Fund Accounting method is used by a. Profit organization b. Nonprofit organization c. Bank d. None of the given option 2- Receipt and Payment accounts is a .. a. Real Account b. Personal Account c. Cash flow statement balances d. Nominal Account 3- The fund in which all the receipt of Government is credited to _..-like tax, loan etc. a. Consolidate Fund b. Public fund c. Contingency Fund d. None of the given option 4- The account will begin with the opening balance of cash in hand or cash in bank. a. Income and expenditure account b. Balance Sheet c. Receipts and Payments Account d. None of the given option 5- The ... fund is used for a particular purpose a. Restricted Fund b. unrestricted fund c. Contingency Fund d. None of the given option 6- If income received is more than expenses incurred, then it is called an … a. Profit b. Deficit c. Excess d. All the given option 7- The Income and Expenditure Account is prepared for comparing current income and current Expenditure ......... True False
Fund Accounting method is used by b. Nonprofit organization Fund accounting method is used by the Nonprofit organizations.
1- Fund Accounting method is used by b. Nonprofit organization.Fund accounting is an accounting system used by the nonprofit organizations and governments to record and document their financial activities and spending. The fund accounting method is different from the traditional accounting system, and it emphasizes accountability and responsibility.2- Receipt and Payment accounts is a. Real Account.Receipt and Payment accounts is a Real Account.3- The fund in which all the receipt of Government is credited to a. Consolidate Fund.
The fund in which all the receipt of Government is credited to Consolidate Fund-like tax, loan, etc.4- The account will begin with the opening balance of cash in hand or cash in bank. c. Receipts and Payments Account.The account will begin with the opening balance of cash in hand or cash in bank is Receipts and Payments Account.5- The restricted fund is used for a particular purpose.The restricted fund is used for a particular purpose.6- If income received is more than expenses incurred, then it is called an c. Excess.
If income received is more than expenses incurred, then it is called an Excess.7- The Income and Expenditure Account is prepared for comparing current income and current Expenditure. True.An Income and Expenditure account is a nominal account that records and measures all the expenses and incomes incurred by an organization during a particular accounting period. It is prepared for comparing current income and current expenditure.
In conclusion, the Fund Accounting method is used by Nonprofit organization, Receipt and Payment accounts is a Real Account, The fund in which all the receipt of Government is credited to Consolidate Fund-like tax, loan, etc., The account will begin with the opening balance of cash in hand or cash in bank is Receipts and Payments Account, The restricted fund is used for a particular purpose, If income received is more than expenses incurred, then it is called an Excess, and The Income and Expenditure Account is prepared for comparing current income and current Expenditure.
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Dazzle Corporation purchased a patent for P7.140,000 on January 2014. The patent is being amortized over the remaining legal life of 15 years expiring on January 2029. What amount should be charged to patent amortization expenses for the year end December 31, 2014? O P714,000 O P357,000 O None of the above O P7,140,000 O P476,000 Next
To determine the amount that should be charged to patent amortization expenses for the year ending December 31, 2014, we need to calculate the annual amortization expense for the patent.
The cost of the patent is P7,140,000, and it is being amortized over the remaining legal life of 15 years. Therefore, the annual amortization expense would be calculated as:
Annual Amortization Expense = Cost of Patent / Remaining Legal Life
Annual Amortization Expense = P7,140,000 / 15
Annual Amortization Expense = P476,000
Therefore, the amount that should be charged to patent amortization expenses for the year ending December 31, 2014, is P476,000.
The correct answer is: P476,000.
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Use the following description to create a Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) activity diagram of Jeremy's process . Jeremy is using his bank's online banking site to pay for his new phone. He logs onto the bank's website by entering his user name and password, confirming his Site Key. After access to his account, he selects the Bill Pay tab. He searches to see of the phone company is already listed in the Pay to Accounts. If the phone company is not listed, he clicks on the option to Add a New Pay to Account. He fills in the information for the phone company, including the name, address, account number, and phone number. After completing the entry, he is taken back to the list of Pay to Accounts. If the phone company is listed (or if he just completed entering the new account), he enters the amount of the payment. Then, he selects the option to set up a recurring payment. He enters the number of payments. Then, he selects the date that the payment should be sent each month. He then logs out of the banks online banking site and closes his browser.
Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) is a visual representation of a business process, where its activities are depicted as rectangular boxes while the flow of those activities is shown using arrows.
It represents a standard notation for business process modeling. It helps businesses to understand their processes and work out the optimal ways of executing them.In the scenario described, Jeremy is using his bank's online banking site to pay for his new phone.
Therefore, the following BPMN activity represents his process:
Here is the breakdown of his process into BPMN elements:
Start event - This is the start of the process where Jeremy logs onto the bank's website
Task - Entering username and password
Task - Confirming site key
Task - Selecting Bill Pay tab
Task - Searching to see if the phone company is already listed in the Pay to Accounts Exclusive gateway - If the phone company is not listed, he clicks on the option to Add a New Pay to Account.
Task - Filling in the information for the phone company Exclusive gateway - After completing the entry, he is taken back to the list of Pay to Accounts.
Task - If the phone company is listed (or if he just completed entering the new account), he enters the amount of the payment
Task - Selecting the option to set up a recurring payment
Task - Entering the number of payments
Task - Selecting the date that the payment should be sent each month
End event - This is the end of the process where he logs out of the bank's online banking site and closes his browser.
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Jaisal is clearly considered a star performer at work. She never misses deadlines and turns in truly outstanding projects. She now wants to work from home three days a week so that she can spend more time with her family. Jaisal believes she has proven that she is up for this task, however, her supervisor chooses not to agree to this arrangement and gives her a substantial raise instead. Jaisal's disappointment is an example of a problem with which of the following linkages within expectancy theory? performance-reward effort-performance rewards-personal goals effort-satisfaction performance-achievement What is it called when an organization's objectives are used to create targets for each of the lower levels in the organization? Strategic planning Management by objectives Representative participation Management buy-out Management by exception
Answer:
Jaisal's disappointment is an example of a problem with the effort-performance linkage within expectancy theory.
Explanation:
Jaisal's disappointment is an example of a problem with the effort-performance linkage within expectancy theory. Jaisal believed that her outstanding performance would lead to the desired outcome of working from home three days a week, but her supervisor chose a different course of action by giving her a substantial raise instead. This misalignment between Jaisal's effort (proven outstanding performance) and the desired performance outcome (working from home) led to her disappointment.
Regarding the second question, when an organization's objectives are used to create targets for each of the lower levels in the organization, it is known as "Management by objectives." This approach involves setting specific goals and objectives aligned with the overall organizational objectives and then managing and evaluating performance based on those objectives.
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Jaisal's disappointment is an example of a problem with the effort-performance linkage within expectancy theory.
Jaisal believed that her outstanding performance would lead to the desired outcome of working from home three days a week, but her supervisor chose a different course of action by giving her a substantial raise instead. This misalignment between Jaisal's effort (proven outstanding performance) and the desired performance outcome (working from home) led to her disappointment.
Regarding the second question, when an organization's objectives are used to create targets for each of the lower levels in the organization, it is known as "Management by objectives." This approach involves setting specific goals and objectives aligned with the overall organizational objectives and then managing and evaluating performance based on those objectives.
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Consider a firm in which a principal P and an agent A interact in an infinite number of periods. In each period the principal and the agent each simultaneously decide their actions; the principal chooses whether to decentralise decisions (D) or centralise (C); the agent chooses whether to work hard (H) or slack (S). If the principal chooses D and the agent chooses H, each get a payoff of 8 . If the principal chooses C and the agent H, the payoffs are (12,3) to the principal and agent respectively. If the principal opts for D and the agent S, the payoffs are (3,12). Finally, if the principal opts for C and the agent S the payoffs are (4,4). Each player has a per-period discount factor of δ where 0<δ<1. (a) If there is only one period, what are the NE? Explain your answer. What are the implications for this organisation? (5 marks) (b) Assume that the game is now repeated infinitely, and the players adopt a trigger strategy. That is the principal and agent playing D and H in any subsequent period provided the outcome in every previous period was (D, H), otherwise playing with C (for the principal) or S (for the agent). Can (D, H) be the outcome in every period in a subgame perfect equilibrium? Explain your answer ( 10 marks) (c) Interpret this equilibrium as how trust can be promoted within an organisation. Can trust be self-enforcing? (5 marks)
If there is only one period, the NE (Nash Equilibrium) occurs when both the principal and the agent choose their best responses given the other's actions. In this case, if the principal chooses D, the agent's best response is to choose H, as they both receive a payoff of 8.
If the principal chooses C, the agent's best response is to choose S, as they receive a higher payoff of 12 compared to 3. Therefore, the NE in this one-period game is (D, H) as both players are choosing their best responses.
The implications for this organization are that if the principal decentralizes decisions and the agent works hard, it leads to the best outcome for both parties. By decentralizing decisions and having the agent work hard, the principal and agent can achieve a higher payoff of 8.
In an infinitely repeated game with a trigger strategy, where both players play (D, H) if the previous outcome was (D, H), (D, H) cannot be the outcome in every period in a subgame perfect equilibrium. This is because the agent has an incentive to deviate from playing H in any period to receive a higher payoff of 12 by choosing S. Thus, the trigger strategy cannot sustain (D, H) as the outcome in every period.
This equilibrium can be interpreted as how trust can be promoted within an organization. When the principal and the agent consistently choose D and H, respectively, it signals trust and cooperation between them. By decentralizing decisions and working hard, both parties are demonstrating their commitment to each other. However, trust in this equilibrium is not self-enforcing because the agent has an incentive to deviate from working hard and choose S to receive a higher payoff. Trust needs to be supported by appropriate mechanisms, such as monitoring or incentives, to ensure its sustainability.
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On September 1, Baxter Inc. reported retained earnings of $136,000. during the month of September Baxter generated revenues of $20,000, incurred expenses of $12,000, purchased equipment for $5000 and paid dividends of $6000.
What is the balance in Retained Earnings on September 30?
To calculate the balance in Retained Earnings on September 30, we need to consider the changes in revenues, expenses, equipment purchase, and dividends during the month.
The balance in Retained Earnings on September 30 is $138,000.
Given:
Retained Earnings on September 1 = $136,000
Revenues in September = $20,000
Expenses in September = $12,000
Equipment purchase in September = $5,000
Dividends paid in September = $6,000
First, let's calculate the net income for the month of September:
Net Income = Revenues - Expenses
Net Income = $20,000 - $12,000
Net Income = $8,000
Next, we need to adjust the Retained Earnings by adding the net income and deducting dividends:
Retained Earnings on September 30 = Retained Earnings on September 1 + Net Income - Dividends
Retained Earnings on September 30 = $136,000 + $8,000 - $6,000
Retained Earnings on September 30 = $138,000
Therefore, the balance in Retained Earnings on September 30 is $138,000.
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