Each time a new ATP is created, ATP synthase must process 5 protons.
Where is ATP synthase found and what does it do?ADP and phosphate are converted into ATP by the mitochondrial enzyme ATP synthase, which is located in the inner membrane. Protons are transported over a gradient created by electron transfer from the chemically positive to the negative side of the proton, which drives the flux of protons.How does photosynthesis's ATP synthase function?The light-driven production of ATP is catalyzed by the chloroplast ATP synthase, which is activated in the light and deactivated in the dark by redox-modulation via the thioredoxin system. This down-regulation is thought to be crucial for minimizing wasted ATP hydrolysis at night.What makes ATP synthase so crucial?All cellular functions are powered by ATP, which is constantly used by cells and required for production. About 100 ATP molecules can be produced by each ATP synthase every second.
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The interior of a neuron is more negative than the outside due to the presence in the interior of?
The interior of the neuron is negative than the outside due to the presence of protein and chloride ions.
In contrast to the positive charge in an extracellular matrix, neurons actually have a strong negative charge inside them. This is due to the abundant accumulation of anions (negatively charged ions).
These anions are large molecules which cannot leave through any channel. So, they simply stay put and give the cell a negative charge inside.
The commonly present anion is chloride ion which keeps the neuron resting membrane potential in -70mV. If the neuron needs to conduct electrical impulse, neuron will then reach +40mV action potential by opening many cation channels (for example, Na/k channel).
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The interior of the neuron is negative than the outside due to the presence of protein and chloride ions.
Why is a neuron charged even at resting state?At rest, a neuron is negatively charged. A typical neuron has -70 mV charge on it, i.e., it is 70 mV more negative on inside than outside.In a resting neuron, there is more K+ on the inside the cell than outside and more Na+ on the outside than inside.For each potassium ion present, there is an organic anion to balance it.Therefore organic anions like those of amino acids and proteins are in higher concentrations on the inside of cell than outside.Also the membranes are leaky for K+ as it can pass with the help of K+ channels causing positive charge to move outside the cell. However, the organic anions cannot move out resulting in more negative charge inside the cell.Learn more about neurons here:
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What did researchers discover about genetic mutations that cause lactase persistence?
It is found in a non coding regulatory region (a "switch") upstream of the lactase gene.
The primary carbohydrate in milk, lactose, is an important source of energy for most young mammals.
Lactase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose (or lactase-phlorizin-hydrolase, LPH). Since milk is a necessary part of young mammals' diets and since mammals cannot utilise lactose without this enzyme, lactase activity is crucial to the early development of most mammals.
Although the methods and evolutionary justifications for this downregulation are not well understood, lactase synthesis often falls once the weaning period is over. However, some people continue to produce lactase far into adulthood and can metabolize the lactose in fresh milk. This quality is known as LP (Lactase persistence).
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Why do you think the value of pk1 increases for alanine when it's part of an oligopeptide compared to free alanine?
The value of pk1 increases for Alanine when it's part of an oligopeptide compared to free Alanine due to decreased electrostatic interaction between the amino group and carboxylic group which lowers the strength of acidic group i.e. carboxylic group.
The amino acids are amphoteric in nature and have two or three pK values, depending on their side chains. pKa1 is the α-carboxyl group, pKa2 is the α-ammonium ion, pKa3 is the side chain group (if applicable).
Electrostatic interaction between the carboxylate anion and the protonated amino group of the Alanine zwitterion favorably affects the ionization of the carboxyl group. This favorable interaction decreases as the length of the poly-Ala increases, resulting in an increase in pK1.
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HELP HELP PLEASEEE!!!! ASAPPP Sherwin has been experiencing panic attacks when he leaves his home. Which biomedical treatment may be used to treat his condition?
Anti-psychotic medications
Anti-anxiety medications
Mood stabilizers
Anti-depressant medications
The correct answer is Anti-psychotic medications.
Anti-psychotic medicationsDrugs known as antipsychotics can lessen or eliminate psychotic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations (seeing or hearing something that is not there). The primary class of pharmaceuticals used to treat schizophrenia is known as antipsychotic medications, which were once classified as major tranquilizers and neuroleptics. The psychosis that can be brought on by bipolar disorder, depression, or Alzheimer's disease is also treated with them. Antipsychotics are also used to treat Tourette syndrome, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders by stabilizing moods, lowering anxiety, and reducing anxiety.
Antipsychotic medications can assist a person with acute psychosis calm down and make sense of their bewilderment within hours or days, but it may take them up to four or six weeks for them to fully take effect.
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The collection of axons that carries information between the central nervous system and the peripheral effectors is called the:__________
The active fraction of soil organic carbon largely accounts for which of the benefits of adding organic matter to soils?
Water-holding capacity, nutrient mineralization, biological activity, and water and air infiltration rates are the active fraction of soil organic carbon.
By enhancing the physical, chemical, and biological processes in the soil, organic matter contributes significantly to crop productivity and soil health. A soil's structure, water-holding capacity, nutrient mineralization, biological activity, and rates of air and water infiltration all benefit from higher amounts of organic matter.Increased tilth or soil structure is a result of higher soil organic carbon, which increases physical stability. This lowers the risk of erosion and nutrient leaching while increasing soil aeration (the amount of oxygen in the soil) and water drainage and retention. Although it only makes up 10 to 20 percent of the total organic matter in the soil, active organic matter is an essential component because it promotes microbial activity and releases nutrients into the soil.Learn more about soil organic carbon here brainly.com/question/21026038
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The __________ of pregnancy is called the anabolic phase because the mother is building up her stores of fat, nutrients, and glycogen.
The first half of pregnancy is called the anabolic phase because the mother is building up her stores of fat, nutrients, and glycogen.
What is anabolic phase?
Within 45 minutes after exercise, a crucial phase known as the anabolic phase begins. Muscle cells are very sensitive to insulin during this time, therefore it's important to consume the right nutrition if you want to increase your muscle endurance and strength.What is anabolic and catabolic process?
The creation of complex molecules from simpler ones is known as anabolism. These chemical processes call for energy. Complex molecules are broken down into smaller ones during catabolism. These processes produce energy.What is the primary growth stimulator of the fetus?
The main growth inducer for the fetus is insulin-like growth factor-1. A slowed fasting metabolism is a sign that the mother is in the catabolic phase of pregnancy.Learn more about anabolic phase
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Which pair is incorrectly matching polymer-monomer? nucleic acids - nucleotides proteins - amino acids lipids - monosaccharides carbohydrates – sugar
The pair that incorrectly matches polymer-monomer is lipids-monosaccharides (option C).
What is a monomer?A monomer is a small molecule which can be covalently bonded to other monomers to form a polymer.
A polymer, on the other hand, is a large molecule made up of a chain of many monomeric units, formed by chemically bonding together.
The following are the monomer-polymer combination we have in nature;
Carbohydrates - simple sugar/monosaccharideProtein - amino acidLipids - fatty acidNucleic acid - nucleotideTherefore, the pair that incorrectly matches polymer-monomer is lipids-monosaccharides.
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During the t wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are electrically ________ and functionally ________
During the t wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are electrically repolarizing and functionally relaxing.
The T Wave shows ventricular repolarization when the ventricles relax after contracting and depolarizing. The ST segment shows the period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization, which is the space (a flat or slightly upcurved line) between the S wave and the T wave.
Although absent or downward sloping ST segments may suggest myocardial ischemia, a raised ST segment is the typical sign of myocardial infarctions. The U wave, which denotes the repolarization of the Purkinje fibres, comes after the T wave.
Because it is a relatively little wave in relation to the others, it does not usually appear on an ECG.
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A scientist samples a population of butterflies and finds that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. If the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium, what should be the frequency of the homozygous individuals in this population?.
The frequency of the homozygous individuals in this population is 0.50
From the Hardy Weinberg Law of Population and Genetics,
We have
x²+2xy+y²=1 and
x+y=1
Given 2xy = 0.56
from here, y = 0.28/x, (the frequency of the recessive allele ) can be obtained
we need to find 'x'
recall, x+y = 1, x = 1-y
substituting this
y = 0.28/(1-y), which becomes,
y(1-y) = 0.28
y2-y+0.28 (quadratic equation)
Solving this to find 'y' gives two imaginary values of y
So, frequency of the homozygous individuals in this population is 0.50
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A. what is hard water? why is the presence of hard water often considered a negative thing? (3 points)
Hard water contains mineral ions basically the calcium and magnesium ions.
The presence of hard water often considered a negative thing as it is associated with a number of issues related to plumbing, water storage as well as cleaning and maintenance.
Hard water leads to clogged pipes due to the deposition of ions on the surface of water conducting pipes. This hindrance also degrades the quality of equipment used for water storage and heating e.g. geysers.
The hardness of water can either be temporary or permanent depending on the type of ions present in it. Temporary hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions whereas Permanent hard water contains anions like the sulfate ion.
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What is the attitude of bondholders toward risky projects if the firm is in financial distress?
The bondholders restrict high risks project if the firm is in financial distress.
Companies under financial distress find difficult to secure the exchange of finances. Bondholders restrict their orders. The customers cut back on orders and suppliers tend to change their terms and conditions of delivery which in a way declines the market value of firm upto a large extent.
Possible consequences of financial distress can be:
Loss of jobsLoss of belongingsHealth insuranceStruggle to complete basic needsRetirement accountsFactors influencing Financial Distress:
Cash flowDepreciation of assetsInterest ratioPayout ratio
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if a population overshoots its ___ it may have a population crash
which book is good for class 9 for preparation of neet ?
Answer:
all books is need because we need it
How can reverse transcriptase inhibitors slow the replication of dna? give an example that lay persons without this knowledge could understand, and why they need to know it.
Preventing reverse transcriptase activity is a tactic in the fight against contagious infections like HIV. Drugs can be created that specifically target and inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme, essentially freeing your DNA polymerase to carry out its function.
What are reverse transcriptase?AZT and DDI are two of the more well-known medications among them. AZT stands for azidothymidine in the acronym. This medication traps the invasive reverse transcriptases and causes them to stop copying RNA into DNA. When that occurs, the HIV virus is unable to multiply, and your immune system can more readily get rid of these infections from your body. Because it is so specialized in combating reverse transcriptase, AZT has been referred to as a magic bullet.
The fact that your body periodically uses reverse transcriptase-like processes for normal functioning makes it far from perfect, and the fact that HIV can swiftly adapt so that it is no longer deceived by AZT make it less than ideal. Because of this, a combination of many reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as AZT and DDI, is frequently required for an effective HIV treatment.
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Testosterone is an example of:_________.
a) an androgen.
b) an estrogen.
c) a progestin.
d) melatonin
Testosterone is an example of an androgen.
Testosterone belongs to a class of male hormones called androgens, which are sometimes called steroids or anabolic steroids. IN men, testosterone is mainly produced in the testes. In women's bodies, testosterone is produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands, fat cells, and skin cells.
Testosterone products come in different forms, including gels, injectable solutions, patches, pills and pellets implanted under the skin. Once a patient starts testosterone therapy, the patient usually undergoes lifelong treatment. Testosterone is an anabolic steroid that occurs naturally in the human body. “Anabolic” means to build up or promote growth.
Hence, A is the correct option
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The left cerebellum shows _____ activity, and the right cerebellum shows _____ activity when an individual is learning a mirror-reading task.
The left cerebellum shows decreased activity, and the right cerebellum shows increased activity when an individual is learning a mirror-reading task.
Body parts are moved by several regions of the cerebrum. While the right side of the brain directs movement on the left side of the body, the left side of the body is directed by the right side of the brain. The right hemisphere manages the left side of the body, while the left hemisphere manages the right.
The left hemisphere, for instance, has been found to be better at creating associations in memory, selective attention, and positive emotions. Contrarily, research has found that the right hemisphere performs better in terms of pitch perception, arousal, and negative emotions.
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Among ethnic groups in the united states, _____ have high death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer.
Among ethnic groups in the united states, African Americans have high death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer.
Reasons include:
Shortage of black male doctors having a public health impact.Heart disease develops earlier and deaths from heart disease are higher in blacks, due in part to risk factors such as high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes.African American women being more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage of disease, when treatment is less likely to be successful, be diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer, a biologically aggressive form of breast cancer.To learn more about Ethnic group cancers ,here
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A human starts as ______ cell(s) and by the time they are an adult, they have ______ cell(s).
Study the effect of fertilizer on tomato plants containing same amount of soils. different watering solutions. varying amounts of fertilizer. what is dependent variable
The growth of the tomato plant is a dependent variable.
What is a dependent variable?A dependent variable is a variable whose value depends on other parameters and which is experimentally tested.
In this case, the effect of fertilizer on the growth of the tomato plant is tested. The plants are grown under the same amount of soil, but they have different watering solutions and different amounts of varying fertilizers. This will ultimately affect the growth of the tomato plant. Plants with a good watering system and good fertilizers will grow better as compared to those who will not get a good watering system and fertilizers.
Hence, the growth of the tomato plant is dependent on all other variables.
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Which shows the correct order of processes for fungi to reproduce sexually? a fungus that is genetically identical to the parent fungus is produced, a spore forms, and hyphae exchange genetic material. a spore forms, a genetically unique fungus is produced, and hyphae exchange genetic material. hyphae exchange genetic material, a spore forms, and the spore grows into a genetically unique fungus. a spore forms, hyphae exchange genetic material, and a fungus that is genetically identical to the parent fungus grows.
The right order for the fungi to reproduce sexually is:
hyphae exchange genetic material, a spore forms, and the spore grows into a genetically unique fungus.
What is fungus?Any member of the eukaryotic group of organisms, which also includes the more well-known mushrooms and microbes like yeast and mold, is referred to as a fungus.Some of the examples for Fungi are rusts, yeasts, molds, stinkhorns, truffles, mushroomsWhere can you find fungi?Fungi can be incredibly sophisticated multicellular organisms or single-celled critters. They can be found in almost any location, but the majority of them prefer to dwell on land, primarily in soil or on plant matter, as opposed to the sea or fresh water.Reproduction in Fungus:Most fungi have sexual and asexual reproduction abilities.This enables them to adapt to environmental changes. When the environment is stable, they can spread swiftly through asexual reproduction.Asexual reproduction in fungi:fragmentation Hyphae fragments can sprout new colonies. A fungal mycelium fragments as it splits into pieces, with each piece developing into a new mycelium.buddingMost yeasts and some filamentous fungi engage in budding, which is an additional asexual reproduction strategy. This process results in the development of a bud, whose cytoplasm is continuous with that of the parent cell, on the surface of either the yeast cell or the hypha.producing spores.The majority of fungi reproduce by producing spores, which can endure harsh conditions including extreme cold and a lack of water. Depending on the species and environmental factors, asexual and sexual meiotic spores can both be formed during mitosis. A diploid and haploid stage coexist in the majority of fungi's life cycles.Sexual reproduction in fungi:Plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis are the three successive steps of sexual reproduction in fungi.
Plasmogamy:Plasmogamy unites two compatible haploid nuclei by joining two protoplasts, or the contents of two cells.
Karyogamy: These haploid nuclei fuse together during karyogamy to form a diploid nucleus (i.e., a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). The zygote is the name for the cell created during karyogamy. In the majority of fungus, the sole diploid cell throughout the whole life cycle is the zygote.Meiosis:Meiosis (reduced division) starts the haploid phase, which generates the gametes, and restores the haploid amount of chromosomes. With the exception of the zygote, all structures in the bulk of fungi are haploid. At the time of zygote formation, nuclear fusion occurs, and meiosis immediately follows.To learn more about sexual reproduction of Fungi visit:
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What are the three general rules for genes that follow a mendelian pattern of inheritance?
X-linked, autosomal dominant, and recessive are the three general rules for genes that follow a mendelian pattern of inheritance
When two alleles of a single gene, one of which may be entirely dominant over the other, are present, simple (or Mendelian) inheritance refers to the transmission of features that are governed by that gene. Whether simple features are governed by genes on autosomes or by genes on sex chromosomes determines the pattern of inheritance.The laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment are among Mendel's laws of inheritance. According to the law of segregation, each person has two alleles, but only one of them is passed on to the next generation.Three basic principles define mendelian inheritance: Genes are passed down from generation to generation unchanged, with the exception of exceptional cases; each gene follows Mendel's law.Learn more about the mendelian pattern of inheritance here https://brainly.com/question/12147497
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The arrangement of homeotic genes along chromosomes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals corresponds to the expression pattern of the genes along the __________ axis of the developing embryo
The arrangement of homeotic genes along chromosomes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals corresponds to the expression pattern of the genes along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo.
What are homeotic genes?Homeotic genes are a group of body pattern forming genes which control the development along the anterior- posterior axis of the developing embryo.These encode transcription factors which control and specify the genes involved in body patterning. These provide identity to the segments during embryo formation.Genes located in the 5’ end act on posterior side whereas the genes on 3’ end act on anterior region.Homeotic genes are evolutionary conserved and control body specification, patterning and differentiation.The loss of function of any of the gene changes the body pattern and affects the development.Learn more about homeotic genes here:
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Austin and Marissa hypothesize that coneflower stomata use feedback loops to respond to moisture levels by opening when there is moisture present, and closing when there is no moisture present. Which BEST describes the setup they should use to support their hypothesis?
A
Austin and Marissa should observe the number of closed stomata on one leaf, mist the leaf with water, wait one hour, and count the total number of stomata.
B
Austin and Marissa should observe the number of stomata on one leaf, mist the leaf with water, wait one hour, and count the number of stomata that have grown.
C
Austin and Marissa should observe the number of open stomata on one leaf, mist the leaf with water, wait one hour, and count the number of open stomata again.
D
Austin and Marissa should observe the number of stomata on one leaf, mist the leaf with water, wait one hour, and count the number of stomata that have disappeared.
Austin and Marissa should observe the number of open stomata on one leaf, mist the leaf with water, wait one hour, and count the number of open stomata again.
In the epidermis of tree leaves and needles, there are cell structures called stomata that play a role in the exchange of water and carbon dioxide between plants and the atmosphere.
Stomata, the tiny pores on the outside of leaves and stalks, control how gases enter and exit leaves and therefore, how plants as a whole function. On all periods, ranging from minutes to millennia, they adjust to regional and global changes.
Guard cells are a pair of specialized epidermal cells that make up stomata. By adjusting the size of the stomatal pore, stomata govern water loss and the exchange of gases between the plant and its surroundings.
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When iron-deficiency anemia is present, aerobic capacity declines and subsequently increases with iron supplementation.
a. true
b. false
Judging and evaluating advertisements requires critical thinking because _______. a. advertisements can contain confusing, misleading information b. all advertisements contain false information c. advertisers always want to convince consumers to buy unnecessary items d. truth in advertising laws ensure the accuracy of information in advertisements please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Judging and evaluating advertisements requires critical thinking because advertisements can contain confusing, misleading information.
How can advertisements be misleading?Advertising is considered deceptive under consumer law if it contains false, misleading, or deceptive material that is likely to persuade the typical consumer to behave in a way they might not have otherwise. Advertising may also be deemed deceptive if it omits crucial details that the typical consumer would require to make an informed choice. Manufacturers, distributors, and retailers may make false statements to consumers directly or through catalogs, websites, commercials, and other media.
Examples of misleading advertisements:
Misrepresentation of how the product or service is delivered, such as when free delivery is claimed yet there is really a price or payment for delivery.Any part of the advertising is misrepresented, such as when the company is falsely claimed to be a member of a trade association.Even if the information in the advertisement is accurate, it nevertheless gives the viewer a false image of the good or service.Learn more about misleading advertisements here:
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A
Judging and evaluating advertisements requires critical thinking because advertisements can contain confusing, misleading information, i just took the test
Where do most of the nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor pathways arise from?
Most of the nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor pathways arise from the inter-mediolateral horns of the gray matter of spinal cord.
What is sympathetic nervous system ?The autonomic system is up two types such as the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Both subsystem work antagonistically but in an integrated manner.
Sympathetic system is highly essential for preparing our body during emergencies for 3 F responses such as fight, fright and flight.
During this response, sympathetic system activates complex pathways for faster breathing, increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Hence, the inter-mediolateral horns of the gray matter of spinal cord is correct answer.
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8. What is one of the functions of the integumentary system, which includes skin and hair?
A. Provide important minerals to the body
B. Prevent passive transport
C. Regulate body temperature
D. Fight infection
Regulate body temperature is one of the functions of the integumentary system.
What is the functions of the integumentary system?The main function of the integumentary system is that it serve as a barrier between the internal body and outside environment such as bacteria, pollution, and Ultra Violet rays from the sun. It also helps maintain body fluids, remove waste products, and regulate our body temperature which leads to homeostasis or equilibrium state in our body.
So we can conclude that regulate body temperature is one of the functions of the integumentary system.
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In a hardy-weinberg population, 16% of individuals display the homozygous recessive phenotype. What proportion of the population will be heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele?.
The proportion of the population will be heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele is 0.48.
What is Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Hardy-Weinberg principle says that the allele frequencies in a population are stable and is constant from generation to generation. The gene pool (total genes and their alleles in a population) remains a constant. This is called genetic equilibrium. Sum total of all the allelic frequencies is 1.Individual frequencies, for example, can be named p, q, etc. In a diploid, p and q represent the frequency of allele A and allele a.The frequency of AA individuals in a population is simply p². This is simply stated in other ways, i.e., the probability that an allele A with a frequency of p appear on both the chromosomes of a diploid individual is simply the product of the probabilities, i.e., p².Similarly. that of aa is q² and of Aa 2pq.Hence, p²+2pq+q²=1, is a binomial expansion of (p+q)².By given data;
[tex]q2=16[/tex]
[tex]q2=\frac{16}{100}=0.16[/tex]
[tex]q=0.4[/tex]
[tex]p=1-0.4=0.6[/tex]
[tex]2pq=2(0.6)(0.4)=0.48\\[/tex]
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When two genes are very close to each other on the same chromosome, they tend to:______.
When two genes are very close to each other on the same chromosome, they tend to:
transmitted as a unit
What is chromosome?The thread-like components known as chromosomes are found in the nucleus of both animal and plant cells. Protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid make up each chromosome (DNA). DNA is passed down from parents to children and contains the precise instructions that give each kind of living thing its individuality.
The Greek words for color (chroma) and body are where the word "chromosome" originates (soma). Because chromosomes are cell structures or entities that are intensely stained by several vivid research dyes, scientists gave them this moniker.
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