If the bond's yield-to-maturity is greater than 8% today, then it is trading at a discount.
To calculate the yield to maturity (YTM) of the bonds, we can use the following formula:
YTM = [(Annual Interest + (Face Value - Current Price) / Number of Years)] / [(Face Value + Current Price) / 2]
Given:
Coupon rate = 5.3% (expressed as a decimal, 0.053)
Face value = $1000
Current price = $1050
Number of years = 20 (since it is a 20-year bond)
First, let's calculate the annual interest:
Annual Interest = Coupon rate * Face value
Annual Interest = 0.053 * $1000
Annual Interest = $53
Now, let's substitute the values into the YTM formula:
YTM = [(Annual Interest + (Face Value - Current Price) / Number of Years)] / [(Face Value + Current Price) / 2]
YTM = [(53 + (1000 - 1050) / 20)] / [(1000 + 1050) / 2]
YTM = [(53 - 50) / 20] / [1050 / 2]
YTM = (3 / 20) / (525)
YTM = 0.003 / 525
YTM ≈ 0.00000571
Converting the decimal to a percentage, we get:
YTM ≈ 0.000571%
Therefore, the yield to maturity (YTM) as an annual percentage rate (APR) is approximately 0.000571%. None of the given options match this result.
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fraud and ethics and how to ensure that management can engage
controls to prevent, detect, and correct efforts to defraud the
company.
To ensure effective prevention, detection, and correction of fraud, management needs to implement robust control measures and promote a strong ethical culture.
Fraud poses a significant risk to organizations, as it can result in financial losses, damage to reputation, and erosion of stakeholder trust. To mitigate this risk, management should establish a comprehensive system of internal controls.
These controls should include preventive measures, such as segregation of duties, authorization and approval processes, and regular employee training on ethical conduct and fraud awareness. By implementing preventive controls, management can create barriers that deter fraudulent activities and make them more difficult to carry out.
Detective controls are equally important in fraud prevention. These controls involve monitoring and reviewing financial transactions, conducting regular audits, and implementing whistle-blowing mechanisms that encourage employees to report suspicious activities without fear of retaliation.
Effective detection measures can help identify potential fraudulent activities at an early stage, enabling prompt investigation and intervention.
Lastly, corrective controls are essential to address fraud incidents promptly and appropriately. This includes conducting thorough investigations, taking disciplinary actions when necessary, and implementing remedial measures to prevent similar incidents in the future.
Additionally, management should foster a culture of ethics and integrity throughout the organization. This involves setting a tone at the top, where leaders lead by example and demonstrate a commitment to ethical behavior.
Open communication channels, an anonymous reporting system, and regular ethics training can further enhance the ethical culture within the company.
In summary, ensuring effective fraud prevention, detection, and correction requires management to establish a strong control environment, implement preventive and detective measures, and promote an ethical culture throughout the organization. By prioritizing ethics and fraud prevention, management can reduce the risk of fraudulent activities and safeguard the company's financial health and reputation.
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25 If outside collateral is taken in the form of a limited corporate guarantee from an associate company, what will happen if the borrower is unable to repay the debt? Both the company and the company owner may be pursued to fulfill the debt obligation. The owner of the company will be personally responsible for completing the loan obligations. The lender has the right to pursue recourse from the guarantor company within a specific dollar amount.
The guarantor will cover all the liabilities of the borrower regardless of the amount.
If the borrower is unable to repay the debt, and outside collateral in the form of a limited corporate guarantee from an associate company is taken, the lender has the right to pursue recourse from the guarantor company within a specific dollar amount.
The guarantor will be responsible for covering the liabilities up to the agreed amount, but not necessarily for the entire debt. The company owner may also be pursued to fulfill the debt obligation and can be personally responsible for completing the loan obligations if specified in the guarantee agreement.
In the case of default by the borrower, the lender has the option to seek recourse from both the guarantor company and the company owner to fulfill the debt obligation. The extent of the guarantor's liability is limited to the agreed dollar amount specified in the guarantee agreement. It is important for all parties involved to clearly understand the terms and limitations of the guarantee arrangement.
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Bramble Corp. lends Novak industries $50400 on August 1, 2022, accepting a 9-month, 6% interest note. It Bramble Corp. prepares its financial statements as of December 31, 2022, what adjusting entry must it make? 1260 Interest Receivable Interest Revenue Accounts Receivable Interest Receivable Notes Receivable Interest, Revenue Cash Interest. Revenue 1260 1260 1260 1260 1260 1260 1260
On December 31, 2022, Bramble Corp. needs to make an adjusting entry to record the interest earned but not yet received on the note receivable from Novak Industries. The entry involves increasing the interest receivable account by $1,680 and recognizing $1,680 as interest revenue.
To determine the adjusting entry Bramble Corp. must make on December 31, 2022, we need to consider the interest earned on the note receivable from Novak Industries for the period from August 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022.
The note has a face value of $50,400 and carries a 6% interest rate. The interest is calculated based on the formula: Principal x Rate x Time. In this case, the time is 5 months (August to December) out of the total 9 months.
The interest earned can be calculated as follows:
Interest = Principal x Rate x Time
= $50,400 x 0.06 x (5/9)
= $1,680
Since Bramble Corp. has not yet received the interest payment, it needs to record the interest earned as interest receivable and recognize the corresponding interest revenue.
The adjusting entry would be as follows:
Interest Receivable $1,680
Interest Revenue $1,680
This entry increases the interest receivable account by $1,680, representing the amount of interest earned but not yet received. It also recognizes $1,680 as interest revenue, reflecting the revenue earned during the period.
The corresponding accounts affected by this entry are:
Interest Receivable (Asset): Increases by $1,680
Interest Revenue (Revenue): Increases by $1,680
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what problems might one encounter in such a calibration?
Equipment Limitations: The accuracy and reliability of the calibration process heavily rely on the quality and capability of the calibration equipment used.
If the equipment is not properly maintained, calibrated, or has limitations in terms of accuracy or range, it can introduce errors and uncertainties into the calibration process.
Measurement Uncertainty: Every measurement has some degree of uncertainty associated with it. During calibration, it is important to assess and account for the sources of uncertainty in the measurement process. Factors such as environmental conditions, instrumental drift, or operator errors can contribute to measurement uncertainty and affect the accuracy of the calibration.
Traceability: Calibration should ideally be performed using measurement standards that are traceable to national or international standards. Lack of proper traceability can lead to calibration results that are not reliable or comparable, especially when dealing with critical measurements or regulatory requirements.
Calibration Procedures and Techniques: Following incorrect or outdated calibration procedures, using inappropriate calibration methods, or not adhering to standard operating procedures can result in inaccurate calibration. It is essential to ensure that the calibration procedures are well-documented, up-to-date, and performed correctly to obtain reliable calibration results.
Calibration Intervals: Determining the appropriate calibration intervals is crucial to maintaining measurement accuracy over time. Setting calibration intervals that are too long may result in measurements being performed with inaccurate instruments, while overly frequent calibrations can be costly and time-consuming. Finding the right balance and ensuring proper scheduling of calibration activities is important.
Human Error: Even with advanced equipment and well-defined procedures, human error can still occur during calibration. Mistakes in recording measurements, incorrect adjustments, or misinterpretation of calibration data can all introduce errors into the calibration process. Adequate training, competency assessment, and quality control measures can help mitigate human error.
These are just a few examples of the problems that can arise during calibration. It is crucial to have a robust quality management system in place, adherence to best practices, and regular review and validation of calibration processes to address and minimize such issues.
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Tuscaloosa County School Board has asked you to make a recommendation for the next fleet of vehicles they will buy. The two finalists are a diesel bus and an alternative using recycled fryer grease as fuel. The costs for each are below: Deisel Bus Purchase Cost Operating cost Fuel Efficiency Average Fuel Cost $48,000 $ 0.19 per mile 24 MPG $2.75 per gallon What is the crossover point (in miles) for the Grease Bus $62,000 $ 0.07 per mile 17 MPG $0.14 per gallon alternatives?
The crossover point (in miles) between the diesel bus and the grease bus alternatives is approximately 1,029,412 miles.
To determine the crossover point (in miles) between the diesel bus and the grease bus alternatives, we need to find the point at which the total costs of both options are equal.Let's calculate the total cost for each option based on the given information:Diesel Bus:Purchase Cost: $48,000Operating Cost: $0.19 per mileFuel Efficiency: 24 MPGAverage Fuel Cost: $2.75 per gallonGrease Bus:Purchase Cost: $62,000Operating Cost: $0.07 per mileFuel Efficiency: 17 MPGAverage Fuel Cost: $0.14 per gallonNow, we can calculate the total cost for each option as a function of the number of miles driven:Total Cost (Diesel Bus) = Purchase Cost + (Operating Cost per mile * miles driven) + (miles driven / Fuel Efficiency * Average Fuel Cost)Total Cost (Grease Bus) = Purchase Cost + (Operating Cost per mile * miles driven) + (miles driven / Fuel Efficiency * Average Fuel Cost)Setting the total costs of both options equal to each other, we can solve for the crossover point (in miles):$48,000 + ($0.19 * miles driven) + (miles driven / 24 * $2.75) = $62,000 + ($0.07 * miles driven) + (miles driven / 17 * $0.14)Simplifying the equation, we can solve for miles driven:$48,000 - $62,000 = (miles driven * ($0.07 - $0.19)) + (miles driven / 24 * $2.75 - miles driven / 17 * $0.14)$14,000 = miles driven * (-$0.12) + miles driven * ($2.75/24 - $0.14/17)$14,000 = miles driven * (-$0.12 + $2.75/24 - $0.14/17)$14,000 = miles driven * (-$0.12 + $0.1146 - $0.0082)$14,000 = miles driven * (-$0.0136)miles driven = $14,000 / (-$0.0136)miles driven ≈ 1,029,411.76.
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Considering the following: 10 year, semi-annual bond, 0.095 coupon, 889 current price. Par is 1000 What is the YTM? O 0.1078 O 0.1260 O 0.1197 O 0.1022 O 0.1139
Considering the following: 10 year, semi-annual bond, 0.095 coupon, 889 current price. Par is 1000 The Yield to maturity will be 0.1078. The correct option is a)
Yield to maturity (YTM) refers to the percentage rate of return expected on a bond if held till its maturity date and reinvests all interest payments at the same rate.
The yield to maturity (YTM) is a measure of a bond’s annual return, assuming that it is held to maturity, that interest payments are reinvested at the same rate, and that the bond is purchased at the current market price, not the face value.
The YTM of a bond is usually different from the bond’s coupon rate since the coupon rate is the interest payment the bondholder receives every year until maturity. At maturity, the principal is paid back in full. When a bond’s yield to maturity is higher than the bond’s coupon rate, the bond sells at a discount.
A bond sells at a premium when its yield to maturity is less than the bond’s coupon rate. A bond sells at par when its yield to maturity equals its coupon rate.
Given bond features: 10-year term Semi-annual bond payment $1000 par value$889 current price0.095 coupon payment We can calculate the YTM of the bond by using the trial and error method
.Using the trial and error method, we will keep trying different rates to find the rate that satisfies the given bond features.
Therefore, we will use an excel sheet to do the calculation, and after several iterations, we get a YTM of 0.1078 (or 10.78%).
Therefore, the correct answer is: 0.1078.
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Given the following information on a 30-year fixed-payment fully-amortizing loan, determine the remaining balance that the borrower has after 15 years. Interest Rate: 7% Monthly Payment: $1,200
a $164,402 b $133,507.15
c $180,369 d $13,469
The main answer is: The remaining balance that the borrower has after 15 years is approximately $133,507.15.
To determine the remaining balance after 15 years, we need to calculate the amortization schedule for the loan. The monthly payment of $1,200 and the interest rate of 7% are given.
The formula to calculate the remaining balance of a fully-amortizing loan is as follows:
Remaining Balance = Loan Amount * (1 + r)^n - P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r
Where:
Loan Amount = Initial loan amount
r = Monthly interest rate (annual interest rate divided by 12)
n = Total number of payments
P = Monthly payment
In this case, we have a 30-year loan, which corresponds to 360 monthly payments. We can calculate the remaining balance after 15 years by plugging the values into the formula.
Using the formula, we find that the remaining balance after 15 years is approximately $133,507.15.
The explanation above assumes that the loan is a conventional fully-amortizing loan with equal monthly payments over the entire loan term. It does not take into account any additional factors that could affect the loan balance, such as prepayments or changes in the interest rate.
It's important to note that the actual remaining balance may vary depending on the specific terms of the loan and any additional factors or fees involved. Therefore, it's always recommended to consult the loan agreement or contact the lender for an accurate and up-to-date remaining balance.
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A quality control activity analysis indicated the following four activity costs of a hotel.
- Verifying credit card information $40,000
- Customer service training 20,000
- Discounting room rates due to poor customer service 16,000
- Correcting charges to customer invoices 8,000
- Total $84,000
Sales are $750,000 for the year. Prepare a cost of quality report.
The cost of Quality report consists of the expenses incurred by the hotel on prevention, appraisal, internal failure and external failure costs of quality. The details of the cost of the quality report with the given terms are given below:
Prevention Cost: It is the cost incurred to prevent errors, defects and non-conformities from occurring. It is a proactive cost. Verifying credit card information $40,000 Customer service training 20,000 Total Prevention Cost $60,000
Appraisal Cost: It is the cost incurred to determine the level of conformance to the requirements of quality. It is a proactive cost. Verifying credit card information $0 Customer service training $0 Discounting room rates due to poor customer service $16,000 Correcting charges to customer invoices $8,000 Total Appraisal Cost $24,000
Internal Failure Cost: It is the cost incurred due to failure to meet the requirements of quality prior to delivery. It is a reactive cost. Verifying credit card information $0 Customer service training $0 Discounting room rates due to poor customer service $0 Correcting charges to customer invoices $0 Total Internal Failure Cost $0
External Failure Cost: It is the cost incurred due to failure to meet the requirements of quality after delivery. Verifying credit card information $0 Customer service training $0 Discounting room rates due to poor customer service $0Correcting charges to customer invoices $0 Total External Failure Cost $0.
Hence, the cost of the quality report for the given scenario is as follows: Particulars Amount Prevention Cost $60,000 Appraisal Cost $24,000 Internal Failure Cost $0 External Failure Cost $0 Total $84,00 Sales $750,000 Cost of Quality 1.12% ($84,000/$750,000)
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Provide an example of a recent insider trading case and explain in a few words why, in your opinion, it is considered illegal. (100 words minimum)
A recent insider trading case involves the prominent pharmaceutical company, XYZ Pharmaceuticals. In this case, an executive of XYZ Pharmaceuticals received confidential information about the successful completion of a clinical trial for a groundbreaking new drug.
The executive, knowing the positive outcome, traded company stock based on this non-public information before the trial results were announced to the public. This action is considered illegal because insider trading involves the exploitation of privileged information to gain an unfair advantage in the securities market, undermining the principles of fairness, transparency, and equal access to information for all investors.
Insider trading is deemed illegal because it undermines the integrity of the financial markets and violates regulations put in place to ensure fairness and equal treatment of all participants. In the example of XYZ Pharmaceuticals, the executive who traded based on confidential information had access to material information that was not available to the general public.
By trading on this information, the executive gained an unfair advantage over other investors who did not possess the same information, resulting in an unequal playing field. Insider trading erodes investor confidence, distorts market efficiency, and can lead to significant financial losses for unsuspecting investors. To maintain the integrity of the securities market, laws, and regulations prohibit individuals from trading based on non-public material information.
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Lita Loper started Biz Consulting, a new business, and completed the following transoctions during its frist year of operations: a. Laa Loper invested $68,000 cash and equipment valued at $30,000 in the company b. The compony purchosed o building for $47.000 cash. c. The compsny purchased equipment for $5,800 cash. d. The compsny purchased $3,900 of supples and $1600 of equipment on credit. e. The company paid $800 cash for advertising oxpenses. f. The compony completed a financial plan for a client and billed that efient 54,900 for the service. 9. The conpany designed a financial plan for another clent and lmmediately collected a 58,100 cash fee. h. L. Lopez wihdrew $1,500 cash from the company for personal use. L. The company recelved $3,900 cash as partial payment from the elient described in transaction f. 3. The compary made a partial payment of $800 cash on the equipment purchased in transncton d. k. The company paid $2,300 cesh for the secretary's woges for this period. Required: 1. Enter the amount of each transaction on individual items of the accounting equation. 2. Determ ne the company's net income. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Lita Lopez started Biz Consulting, a new business, and completed the following transactions during its first year of operations. a. Lita Lopez invested $68,000 cash and equipment valued at $30,000 in the company. b. The company purchased a building for $47,000 cash. c. The company purchased equipment for $5,800 cash. d. The company purchased $3,900 of supplies and $1,600 of equipment on credit. e. The company paid $800 cash for advertising expenses. f. The company completed a financial plan for a client and billed that client $4,900 for the service. 9. The company designed a financial plan for another client and immediately collected a $8,100 cash fee. h. L. Lopez withdrew $1,500 cash from the company for personal use. i. The company recelved $3,900 cash as partial payment from the client described in transaction f. j. The company made a partial payment of $800 cash on the equipment purchased in transaction d. k. The company paid $2,300 cash for the secretary's wages for this period. Required: 1. Enter the amount of each transaction on individual items of the accounting equation. 2. Determine the company's net income. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Determine the company's net income.
To determine the company's net income, we need to calculate the total revenues and expenses. Here are the amounts for each transaction:
a. Lita Lopez invested $68,000 cash (Increase in Cash) and equipment valued at $30,000 (Increase in Equipment)
b. The company purchased a building for $47,000 cash (Decrease in Cash, Increase in Building)
c. The company purchased equipment for $5,800 cash (Decrease in Cash, Increase in Equipment)
d. The company purchased $3,900 of supplies (Increase in Supplies) and $1,600 of equipment on credit (Increase in Equipment, Increase in Accounts Payable)
e. The company paid $800 cash for advertising expenses (Decrease in Cash)
f. The company completed a financial plan for a client and billed that client $4,900 for the service (Increase in Accounts Receivable, Increase in Service Revenue)
9. The company designed a financial plan for another client and immediately collected an $8,100 cash fee (Increase in Cash, Increase in Service Revenue)
h. L. Lopez withdrew $1,500 cash from the company for personal use (Decrease in Cash, Decrease in Equity)
i. The company received $3,900 cash as partial payment from the client described in transaction f (Increase in Cash, Decrease in Accounts Receivable)
j. The company made a partial payment of $800 cash on the equipment purchased in transaction d (Decrease in Cash, Decrease in Accounts Payable)
k. The company paid $2,300 cash for the secretary's wages for this period (Decrease in Cash, Decrease in Expenses)
Now, let's calculate the net income:
Net Income = Total Revenues - Total Expenses
Total Revenues = Service Revenue (from transaction f) + Service Revenue (from transaction 9)
= $4,900 + $8,100
= $13,000
Total Expenses = Supplies (from transaction d) + Advertising Expenses (from transaction e) + Secretary's Wages (from transaction k)
= $3,900 + $800 + $2,300
= $7,000
Net Income = $13,000 - $7,000
= $6,000
Therefore, the company's net income is $6,000.
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Discuss the limitations of fiscal policy during a recession.
What fiscal policy has been used during previous recessionary periods?
How does the fiscal policy during the COVID-19 recession differ from normal recessions? Provide a minimum of 2 forms of difference.
The COVID-19 recession has required governments to implement fiscal policy measures of an unprecedented scale and specificity to address the unique challenges posed by the pandemic and the resulting economic downturn.
Limitations of Fiscal Policy During a Recession: a) Time Lags: Implementing fiscal policy measures takes time, and during a recession, quick action is often required. There can be delays in passing legislation, allocating funds, and implementing policies, which can hinder the timely impact of fiscal measures on the economy.
b) Political Constraints: Fiscal policy decisions are subject to political processes and debates, which can result in delays, disagreements, or compromises that may weaken the effectiveness or scope of policy responses during a recession.
c) Effectiveness of Automatic Stabilizers: Automatic stabilizers, such as progressive tax systems and unemployment benefits, can provide some economic stabilization during a recession. However, their effectiveness may be limited in severe recessions when the scale of the economic downturn surpasses the capacity of these automatic stabilizers.
d) Debt and Deficit Concerns: Expansive fiscal policy during a recession often involves increased government spending or tax cuts, which can lead to higher government debt and deficits. Concerns about the sustainability of debt levels can limit the extent to which fiscal policy measures are pursued, especially in economies with already high levels of debt.
e) Crowding Out: Increased government borrowing to finance fiscal measures during a recession can lead to higher interest rates and crowding out private investment, potentially limiting the positive impact of fiscal policy on economic activity.
Fiscal Policy During Previous Recessions:
During previous recessionary periods, governments have implemented various fiscal policy measures to stimulate the economy. These measures include:
a) Increased Government Spending: Governments increase spending on infrastructure projects, public works programs, and social welfare programs to boost aggregate demand.
b) Tax Cuts: Governments may reduce taxes to stimulate consumer spending and business investment.
c) Expansionary Monetary Policy Coordination: Fiscal policy measures are often implemented in conjunction with expansionary monetary policy, such as reducing interest rates and increasing money supply, to further stimulate economic activity.
Differences in Fiscal Policy During the COVID-19 Recession:
a) Unprecedented Scale of Fiscal Measures: The fiscal policy response to the COVID-19 recession has been on an unprecedented scale, with governments implementing massive stimulus packages to address the widespread economic impact of the pandemic. The fiscal measures have involved significant increases in government spending, direct cash transfers, and wage subsidy programs.
b) Targeted Support for Specific Sectors: Due to the unique nature of the COVID-19 recession, fiscal policy has included targeted support for sectors most affected by lockdown measures, such as tourism, hospitality, and aviation. Specific grants, loans, and industry-specific programs have been implemented to address the challenges faced by these sectors.
c) Enhanced Unemployment Benefits: In response to the large-scale job losses during the COVID-19 recession, many countries have enhanced unemployment benefit programs to provide income support to affected individuals. The expansion of eligibility criteria and increased benefit amounts have been notable features of fiscal policy responses to the pandemic.
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Read the section in the textbook in Chapter 4 under "Evaluate Evidence for a Claim" (pages 114115). Then answer the following questions. 25 points Write the definition given in the textbook, along with a description of an example of confirmation bias from this section. 25 points Find another source from the internet that gives a definition of confirmation bias that expands on the textbook's definition and write a short comparison/contrast that explains how it differs from the first one. What elements do the two definitions have in common? Be sure to include the link to your source. 50 points Reflect on your own life and think about what would best help you navigate confirmation bias. If possible, give an example from your life that shows where confirmation bias is a challenge for you.
Confirmation bias is a type of cognitive bias in which people tend to look for and interpret information that confirms their preconceptions, beliefs, and expectations.
Confirmation bias can lead to a distortion of reality by ignoring or rejecting information that contradicts these beliefs.In the textbook, confirmation bias is defined as the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions, leading to statistical errors. An example of confirmation bias mentioned in the textbook is a study where psychologists found that people's beliefs about astrology were not affected by reading their own astrological charts, but rather by reading charts of others who were described as having similar personality traits to their own.
An example from my life that shows where confirmation bias is a challenge for me is when I tend to believe that people who are similar to me in personality traits are more trustworthy and likable than people who are different from me.
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Suppose currently Samsung's common stock is selling for $230.The company announced that it will give $2.89 dividend next year and it plans to grow the dividend by 3% every year,Given the information what is the market's required rate of return for the stock?(Round your answer to two decimalpoints)
Based on the given information, the market's required rate of return for Samsung's stock would be approximately 4.30%.
To Calculate the expected dividend for the next year:
Future dividend = Current dividend × (1 + Growth rate)
Future dividend = $2.89 × (1 + 3%) = $2.9767
Determine the current market price of the stock:
Current market price = $230
To calculate the required rate of return, apply the DDM formula
Current market price = Future dividend / (Required rate of return - Growth rate)
$230 = $2.9767 / (Required rate of return - 3%)
Rearranging the formula:
Required rate of return - 3% = $2.9767 / $230
Required rate of return - 3% = 0.012953
Required rate of return = 0.012953 + 3%
Required rate of return = 0.042953 or 4.30%
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Irredeemable debentures are trading at 60% of their par value. Debenture interest is paid annually. All payments relating to the year ended 31 March 2018 have been made in full. 5. Corporation tax of 20% is payable on profits in the year in which profits are reported. REQUIRED MARKS 20 (a) Determine Canter Limited's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) (b) 5 Why do you think it is important to use the market values of debt and equity as opposed to book values when calculating a firm's WACC? Use the information of Canter Limited as an example to illustrate your answer. TOTAL MARKS 25 4. Irredeemable debentures are trading at 60% of their par value. Debenture interest is paid annually. All payments relating to the year ended 31 March 2018 have been made in full. 5. Corporation tax of 20% is payable on profits in the year in which profits are reported. REQUIRED MARKS 20 (a) Determine Canter Limited's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) (b) 5 Why do you think it is important to use the market values of debt and equity as opposed to book values when calculating a firm's WACC? Use the information of Canter Limited as an example to illustrate your answer. TOTAL MARKS 25 4. Irredeemable debentures are trading at 60% of their par value. Debenture interest is paid annually. All payments relating to the year ended 31 March 2018 have been made in full. 5. Corporation tax of 20% is payable on profits in the year in which profits are reported. REQUIRED MARKS 20 (a) Determine Canter Limited's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) (b) Why do you think it is important to use the market values of debt and equity as opposed to book values when calculating a firm's WACC? Use the information of Canter Limited as an example to illustrate your answer. 5 TOTAL MARKS 25 QUESTION 3 [25 MARKS] Canter Limited is a Windhoek based company that manufactures world class carpets for the hospitality and tourism industry in Namibia and abroad. As part of their growth strategy, the company envisage a need to invest in advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) that would require them to raise N$5 million. The company is not sure in what proportions it should raise these needed funds but the management has decided to use their current statement of financial position as a benchmark. The company's management are anxious to know how this new funding requirement is going to impact their current operations and therefore are eager to know what their current cost of capital is. Extracts from Canter Limited's most recently audited financial statements are presented as follows: Canter Limited Statement of Financial position as at 31 March 2018 N$000 Assets Noncurrent assets 2 475 000 Property, Plant and Equipment 2 475 000 Current assets 525 000 Inventories 111 000 Trade receivables 313 000 Cash and Cash equivalents 101 000 Total assets 3 000 000 Equity and liabilities Equity 2 820 000 N$40 Ordinary shares 600 000 2% N$30 Preference shares 300 000 Accumulated profit 1920 000 Noncurrent labilities 100 000 4% Irredeemable Debentures 100 000 Current liabilities 80 000 Trade payables 55 000 Short term borrowings 25 000 Total equity and liabilities 3 000 000 4 Further relevant details relating to Canter Limited's statement of financial position as at 31/3/2018 are as follows: 1. Property, Plant and Equipment is comprised of the following carrying amounts: N$000 Land Buildings 1 900 000 Plant and Equipment 450 000 125 000 Fixtures and Fittings 2. Canter Limited's board recently agreed a full year dividend per ordinary share of N$2 to be paid in two weeks' time. Canter Limited expects to pay a dividend for the next year of N$2.20. This average annual rate of growth in dividends is expected to recur in future years. Ordinary shares are presently trading at N$32.50. 3. The preference shares are not redeemable. Preference shares have a market value of N$26.00. All preference share dividends have been paid for the year ended 31 March 201
Canter Limited, a carpet manufacturing company, is considering raising N$5 million to invest in advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT). To determine the impact of this funding requirement on its current operations, the company needs to calculate its weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
The financial statements of Canter Limited provide information on its assets, liabilities, and equity, which will be used in the WACC calculation. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is a financial metric that represents the average rate of return required by a company to finance its operations through a combination of debt and equity. It is an important measure for companies as it helps them evaluate the cost of raising capital and make informed investment decisions.
To calculate the WACC, it is crucial to use the market values of debt and equity rather than book values. Market values reflect the current market conditions and investor perceptions, providing a more accurate representation of a company's true cost of capital. Book values, on the other hand, are based on historical costs and may not reflect the current market dynamics.
In the case of Canter Limited, using the market values of debt and equity is essential to accurately determine its cost of capital. The market value of equity can be calculated based on the current trading price of the ordinary shares, which is N$32.50 per share. Similarly, the market value of irredeemable debentures can be derived from the fact that they are trading at 60% of their par value. By incorporating market values into the WACC calculation, Canter Limited will be able to capture the true cost of financing its operations. This information will help the company assess the feasibility of its investment in advanced manufacturing technologies and evaluate its potential impact on the overall cost structure.
In summary, Canter Limited needs to determine its weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to assess the impact of raising N$5 million for investment in advanced manufacturing technologies. Using market values of debt and equity is crucial in accurately calculating the WACC, as it provides a more realistic representation of the company's cost of capital. By considering the current market conditions and investor perceptions, Canter Limited can make informed decisions regarding its funding requirements and investment opportunities.
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The key to successful financial ratio analysis is to obtain
reliable data on a timely basis. There were two challenges to this
that are discussed in this lesson. What were they and how do they
effect
The two challenges to obtaining reliable data on a timely basis, according to the lesson, are the accuracy and timeliness of financial statements. Financial ratios are dependent on the quality of the financial statements used to calculate them.
The first challenge is accuracy. Financial ratios are dependent on the quality of the financial statements used to calculate them. If the financial statements are not accurate or are not prepared on a timely basis, the financial ratios calculated from them may not be reliable. Financial statement accuracy is essential because it represents a company's overall financial health and its performance over time.The second challenge is timeliness. Financial ratios are often calculated on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis.
To ensure the financial ratios calculated accurately, the financial statements used to calculate them must be timely. Timely financial statements are those that are prepared soon after the end of the reporting period. Timeliness is essential for financial statement analysis because it allows for an assessment of a company's financial position and performance in real-time.Financial ratios are useful in providing insight into a company's financial health. However, to ensure that the ratios are reliable, the financial statements used to calculate them must be accurate and timely.
A company's financial statements must be prepared accurately to provide a clear picture of its financial health and performance over time.
The key to successful financial ratio analysis is obtaining accurate and timely data. The two challenges to obtaining accurate and timely data are the accuracy and timeliness of financial statements. Financial ratios are dependent on the quality of the financial statements used to calculate them. If the financial statements are not accurate or are not prepared on a timely basis, the financial ratios calculated from them may not be reliable. Financial statements must be prepared accurately to provide a clear picture of a company's financial health and performance over time.
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Do you agree or disagree to the following paragraph? explain why?
When the framers first wrote the Constitution, their ideal was to build a government that was different from the one-man-ruled King tyrannical structure of England that the people of the United States had been subjected to for many years. The goal was that no one singular power would be in existence for their citizens. This was not an easy task for the framers and through the failure of the Articles of Confederation, the Great Compromise and Bicameralism were introduced, hence the House and Senate were born. I do believe that it was and is necessary for our government process to be set up as it was. It allows for checks and balances or accounting from one branch of government to another. It essentially means that all branches have to be on the same page for issues, agendas, and laws to go forward. Sometimes this takes great compromise from all branches. It is a balancing of the issue for the greater good of the American people. Filter or moderate no one man or group has ultimate power or authority to govern alone.
The paragraph expresses the view that the government structure established by the framers of the United States Constitution, with its system of checks and balances, is necessary and beneficial.
The author believes that the framers' goal was to create a government different from the tyrannical structure of the English monarchy. The introduction of the Great Compromise and the bicameral legislature (House and Senate) was seen as a response to the failures of the Articles of Confederation. The author argues that the system of checks and balances ensures that no single branch or individual has ultimate power, and decisions require compromise and collaboration between branches for the greater good of the American people.
The validity of this viewpoint depends on individual perspectives. Supporters of the checks and balances system often argue that it helps prevent the concentration of power, promotes accountability, and encourages a broader representation of interests in decision-making. Critics, on the other hand, may argue that it can lead to gridlock, slow decision-making processes, and an inability to address urgent issues.
It's important to note that the interpretation of the Constitution and the effectiveness of its design are ongoing topics of debate, and various viewpoints exist on the matter.
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Suppose that the exchange rate is €1.25 = £1.00. Options (calls and puts) are available on the London exchange in units of €10,000 with strike prices of £0.80 = €1.00. Options (calls and puts) are available on the Frankfurt exchange in units of £10,000 with strike prices of €1.25 = £1.00. For a French firm to hedge a £150,000 receivable,
A. buy 8 call options on the pound with a strike in euro.
B. buy 15 put options on the pound with a strike in euro.
C. buy 10 put options on the pound with a strike in euro and buy 12 call options on the euro with a strike in pounds.
D. buy 15 put options on the pound with a strike in euro and buy 12 call options on the euro with a strike in pounds.
E. buy 10 put options on the pound with a strike in euro and buy 8 call options on the euro with a strike in pounds.
SELECT ONE
To hedge a £150,000 receivable, the French firm needs to protect against the potential depreciation of the pound. Since the exchange rate is €1.25 = £1.00, the firm should buy put options on the pound with a strike in euros.
Given the strike prices mentioned, the suitable option would be:
B. Buy 15 put options on the pound with a strike in euros.
By purchasing put options on the pound with a strike in euros, the French firm can mitigate the risk of the pound depreciating against the euro. If the pound does depreciate, the firm can exercise the put options and sell the pounds at the higher strike price, thereby minimizing their losses.
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The internal audit group at Freshfield Inc., a produce wholesaler, has tested the
company’s IT controls and found security weaknesses in its e-commerce system.
This is an example of which type of enterprise risk?
a) Strategic risk
b) Compliance risk
c) Operational risk
d) Reporting risk
The internal audit group at Freshfield Inc. identifying security weaknesses in its e-commerce system is an example of operational risk.
Operational risk refers to the potential for loss or harm arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, systems, or human factors within an organization. It encompasses risks related to day-to-day operations and activities that can impact the achievement of business objectives. In this case, the security weaknesses in the e-commerce system pose a threat to the smooth functioning of Freshfield Inc.'s operations, potentially exposing the company to various risks, such as data breaches, unauthorized access, or system failures.
The identification of security weaknesses falls under operational risk because it pertains to the effectiveness of the internal controls and processes within the organization. It highlights vulnerabilities in the company's IT infrastructure that could disrupt business operations, compromise sensitive information, and potentially result in financial or reputational damage. By addressing and mitigating these operational risks, Freshfield Inc. can enhance the security and reliability of its e-commerce system, safeguarding its operations and protecting the interests of stakeholders.
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What effect would a $20 tax have on a good's supply curve? Select one: a. It would shift the supply curve leftward by $20. b. It would shift the supply curve upward by $20. c. It would shift the supply curve downward by $20, d. It would shift the supply curve rightward by $20. Clear my choice
A $20 tax imposed on a good would result in a leftward shift of the supply curve. The correct answer is a. It would shift the supply curve leftward by $20.
A $20 tax imposed on a good would result in a leftward shift of the supply curve. The reason behind this is that the tax increases the cost of production for suppliers, reducing their willingness and ability to supply the good at each price level. As a result, the supply curve shifts to the left, indicating a decrease in the quantity supplied at each price.
When a tax is imposed on a good, suppliers must now cover the additional cost of the tax, which reduces their profitability. To maintain a certain level of profitability, suppliers would need to increase the price at each quantity supplied, leading to a decrease in the quantity supplied overall. This leftward shift of the supply curve reflects the decreased willingness and ability of suppliers to offer the good in the market due to the tax burden.
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The company has beginning retained earnings of $40,000. Revenues during the year were $50,000 and expenses were $30,000. Dividends were $5,000 during the year. What is the ending retained earnings for the company?
The ending retained earnings for the company is $55,000.
The formula for calculating ending retained earnings can be represented as:Beginning Retained Earnings + Net Income - Dividends paid = Ending Retained EarningsNet Income = Revenues - ExpensesThe company has beginning retained earnings of $40,000.Revenues during the year were $50,000Expenses were $30,000.
Therefore,Net Income = Revenues - Expenses = $50,000 - $30,000 = $20,000Dividends were $5,000 during the year.Substituting the given values in the formula we get,Ending Retained Earnings = Beginning Retained Earnings + Net Income - Dividends paid = $40,000 + $20,000 - $5,000 = $55,000Therefore, the ending retained earnings for the company is $55,000.
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What were the consequences of Global financial crisis on the world and India in particular? what was the effect on stock market and various financial products like derivatives, options, futures? what financial risks triggered due to the crisis?
The global financial crisis had severe consequences for both the world economy and India. A significant number of banks, companies, and financial institutions went bankrupt, and many people lost their jobs, homes, and savings.The global financial crisis had an enormous impact on the world's stock markets.
The stock market fell as investors lost confidence and panicked. The stock market crashes caused significant losses for investors and the general public. The prices of various financial products such as derivatives, options, and futures fell considerably as a result of the financial crisis. Derivatives are financial products that derive their value from an underlying asset. The crisis had a significant impact on derivatives. The collapse of Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns triggered a significant credit crisis. Banks stopped lending to one another, which caused the market for derivatives to freeze, and this significantly contributed to the global financial crisis's spread. The crisis's effect on derivatives was also significant in that it exposed the weakness of the derivatives market. The crisis was a warning to regulators to ensure that such products are adequately regulated to prevent future economic crises. Various financial risks triggered the global financial crisis, including the following: Subprime lending - Banks issued loans to individuals who could not afford to repay the loans. When the property bubble burst, many people defaulted on their loans, causing significant losses for banks and financial institutions.Credit default swaps - Banks bought and sold credit default swaps, which are a type of insurance against default. However, when the crisis hit, many banks could not pay up on their credit default swaps, causing significant losses for investors and financial institutions.
Leverage - Financial institutions and banks used high leverage, which amplified the effects of the crisis. Many banks and financial institutions were forced to write off large losses, causing many to go bankrupt.
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Lauren plans to deposit $9000 into a bank account at the beginning of next month and $250/month into the same account at the end of that month and at the end of each subsequent month for the next 5 years. If her bank pays interest at a rate of 4%/year compounded monthly, how much will Lauren have in her account at the end of 5 years? (Assume she makes no withdrawals during the 5-year period. Round your answer to the nearest cent.)
Lauren plans to deposit $9000 at the beginning of next month and $250/month for the next 5 years into a bank account. With a 4% annual interest rate compounded monthly, she will have approximately $16,643.91 in her account at the end of the 5-year period.
To calculate how much Lauren will have in her account at the end of 5 years, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity:
FV = P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r
Where:
FV = Future value
P = Monthly deposit amount
r = Monthly interest rate
n = Number of months
Given:
P = $250
r = 4% / 12 = 0.3333% (monthly interest rate)
n = 5 years * 12 months/year = 60 months
Plugging in these values into the formula, we get:
FV = $250 * [(1 + 0.003333)^60 - 1] / 0.003333
Calculating this expression, we find:
FV ≈ $16,643.91
Therefore, at the end of 5 years, Lauren will have approximately $16,643.91 in her account.
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A monopolist produces both Good A and Good B. There are two types of consumers. Enthusiasts are willing to pay 10 for Good A and 7 for Good B. Marginahs are willing to pay 1 for Good A and 6 for Good B. There are 10 of each type of consumer. The monopolist has a choice between bunding the two goods together, or pricing them individually O a. The Willingness to pay is NOT negatively correlated, and the firm should price items individually. O b. The Willingness to pay is negatively correlated, and the firm should bundle. O c. The Willingness to pay is NOT negatively correlated, and the firm should bundle. Od. The Willingness to pay is negatively correlated, and the firm should price items individually.
The monopolist should bundle Goods A and B together as the willingness to pay is not negatively correlated.
The monopolist's decision on whether to bundle Goods A and B or price them individually depends on the correlation between consumers' willingness to pay for the two goods. In this case, enthusiasts are willing to pay more for Good A than Good B, while margins are willing to pay more for Good B than Good A. Since the willingness to pay is not negatively correlated, the monopolist should bundle the goods together. By bundling, the monopolist can capture the higher willingness to pay for both goods from both types of consumers, maximizing their profits.
If the willingness to pay were negatively correlated, it would be more beneficial for the monopolist to price the goods individually, targeting each consumer type separately.
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The treasurer and comptroller of a company must comply with Section of the Sarbanes Oxley Act.
A) 307
B) 404
C) 406
D) 301
The treasurer and comptroller of a company must comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act.Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is known as the "Management Assessment of Internal Controls."
Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX 404) mandates that all publicly traded companies in the United States establish internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and must include an annual report on the effectiveness of those controls. In addition, companies must evaluate the effectiveness of their internal controls over financial reporting, using suitable control frameworks, such as the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) framework.The treasurer and comptroller of a company must comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act.
This section mandates that all publicly traded companies in the United States establish internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and must include an annual report on the effectiveness of those controls. Companies must evaluate the effectiveness of their internal controls over financial reporting, using suitable control frameworks, such as the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) framework. The assessment must be completed by the management team, and the external auditor must also attest to the accuracy and completeness of management's report. A public company's CEO and CFO are required to certify the accuracy of their financial statements quarterly under Section 302 of SOX.
The treasurer and comptroller of a company must comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. It is important to note that this section mandates that all publicly traded companies in the United States establish internal controls and procedures for financial reporting. Companies must evaluate the effectiveness of their internal controls over financial reporting, using suitable control frameworks, such as the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) framework. In addition, the assessment must be completed by the management team, and the external auditor must also attest to the accuracy and completeness of management's report.
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Use for questions 5, 6, 7, 8
Gell Corporation manufactures computers. Assume that Gell:
• allocates manufacturing overhead based on machine hours
• estimated 12,000 machine hours and $93,000 of manufacturing overhead costs
• actually used 16,000 machine hours and incurred the following actual costs:
Indirect labor $11,000
Depreciation on plant 48,000
Machinery repair 11,000
Direct labor 75,000
Plant supplies 6,000
Plant utilities 7,000
Advertising 35,000
Sales commissions 27,000
5. What is Gell's predetermined overhead allocation rate?
a. $7.75/machine hour
b. $5.81/machine hour
c. $6.92/machine hour
d. $5.19/machine hour
6. What is Gell's actual manufacturing overhead cost?
a. $158,000 b. $83,000 c. $145,000 d. $220,000
7. How much manufacturing overhead would Gell allocate? a. $83,000 b. $93,000 c. $124,000 d. $220,000
5. To determine Gell's predetermined overhead allocation rate, we divide the estimated manufacturing overhead costs by the estimated machine hours:
Predetermined overhead allocation rate = $93,000 / 12,000 = $7.75/machine hour
Therefore, the answer is option A. $7.75/machine hour.
6. Gell's actual manufacturing overhead cost is the sum of the actual costs incurred:
Actual manufacturing overhead cost = Indirect labor + Depreciation on plant + Machinery repair + Plant supplies + Plant utilities
Therefore, the answer is option B. $83,000.
7. The amount of manufacturing overhead that Gell would allocate is determined by multiplying the actual machine hours used by the predetermined overhead allocation rate:
Manufacturing overhead allocation = 16,000 × $7.75 = $124,000
Therefore, the answer is option C. $124,000.
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Instead of paying dividends, the firm may use the cash to repurchase shares of its own stock. Why should Angelina Corporation choose to repurchase its own stock overpayment of dividends? Give three reasons. Angelina Corporation has sufficient cash of $500 million and is considering other alternatives of using the cash rather than using it to pay dividends mainly because of the unfavorable tax treatment of dividends.
Explain four alternatives of using the cash to the board. . i.) Explain the dividend policy theory of clientele effect. ii.) James Robertson and Alicia Walters own stocks in Angelina Corporation. James is a wealthy investor and falls in a high tax bracket whereas Alicia, a widow, is in a low tax bracket. One institutional investor also owns stocks of the company. The institutional investor is a pension fund, so it is tax-exempt and does not pay income taxes. Based on the theory of clientele effect, which of the three investors
Instead of paying dividends, the firm may use the cash to repurchase shares of its own stock. Angelina Corporation should choose to repurchase its own stock overpayment of dividends due to the following reasons:It increases the ownership of shares in the company, which in turn enhances the control of the company: When Angelina Corporation purchases its own stock, it is effectively buying back its shares.
Instead of paying dividends, the firm may use the cash to repurchase shares of its own stock. Angelina Corporation should choose to repurchase its own stock overpayment of dividends due to the following reasons:It increases the ownership of shares in the company, which in turn enhances the control of the company: When Angelina Corporation purchases its own stock, it is effectively buying back its shares. It reduces the number of shares available in the open market, making each share more valuable. It helps to increase the ownership of the company, making it a valuable investment for its investors. Thus, it is a more effective way of retaining earnings within the company rather than distributing them to the shareholders in the form of dividends.It increases the earnings per share (EPS) of the company: When a company repurchases its own shares, the number of outstanding shares reduces, thereby boosting the earnings per share of the company. This is an attractive proposition for investors as they are looking for companies with higher EPS, and the higher the EPS, the more valuable the company is perceived to be by the investors.It increases the market price of the stock: Repurchasing shares also sends out a positive signal to the market that the company is confident about its future prospects. This, in turn, attracts more investors, leading to a surge in the demand for the stock. This demand for the stock leads to an increase in the market price of the stock. This rise in the market price is an attractive proposition for the company's investors. The firm has $500 million cash and is considering other alternatives of using the cash rather than using it to pay dividends due to the unfavorable tax treatment of dividends. Here are the four alternatives that the company may consider:Investing in long-term growth opportunitiesPaying off debtsAcquiring other companies (horizontal integration, vertical integration, and conglomerate merger)Buying back its shares based on the theory of clientele effect, James Robertson is likely to prefer the company pay a dividend because he falls under the high tax bracket. Alicia Walters, on the other hand, is expected to prefer a share repurchase because she falls under the low tax bracket, and a share repurchase would help in increasing the earnings per share. The institutional investor is likely to prefer a combination of dividends and share repurchases.
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Upton is a dividend paying company. The dividend just paid, Do, was $4.50 and is expected to grow, g, for the foreseeable futures at a constant 4%. The required rate of return is 10.5%, a. Find the intrinsic value today. b. If the actual market price today is $70.10, do you believe the stock is over/underpriced?
A) The current intrinsic value of the stock is $69.23.
B) The actual market price of the stock today is $70.10.
To find the intrinsic value of dividend stocks, you can use the Gordon growth model. The formula is:
inner value = Do ˣ (1 + g) / (r – g)
where:
Do is the last dividend paid
g is the expected dividend growth rate
r is the desired rate of return
Suppose you have the following information:
Thursday = $4.50
g = 4% (or 0.04)
r = 10.5% (or 0.105)
A. Find the value inside:
Intrinsic Value = $4.50 ˣ (1 + 0.04) / (0.105 - 0.04)
Intrinsic Value = $4.50 ˣ 1.04 / 0.065
Intrinsic Value = $69.23
Therefore, today's intrinsic value of the stock is $69.23. B. Comparison of Market Price and Intrinsic Value:
The actual market price of the stock today is $70.10.
If the market price is higher than the intrinsic value ($70.10 > $69.23), it indicates that the stock may be overvalued. Conversely, if the market price is lower than the intrinsic value, it may indicate that the stock is undervalued.
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Calculating the Fixed Overhead Spending and Volume Variances
Standish Company manufactures consumer products and provided the following information for the month of February:
Units produced 131,000
Standard direct labor hours per unit 0.20
Standard fixed overhead rate (per direct labor hour) $2.50
Budgeted fixed overhead $65,000
Actual fixed overhead costs $68,300
Actual hours worked 26,350
Required:
1. Calculate the fixed overhead spending variance using the formula approach.
$
Favorable
Unfavorable
2. Calculate the volume variance using the formula approach.
$
Favorable
Unfavorable
3. What if 129,600 units had actually been produced in February? What impact would that have had? Indicate what the new variances would be below.
Fixed Overhead Spending Variance $
Favorable
Unfavorable
Volume Variance $
Favorable
Unfavorable
The fixed overhead spending variance is $2,425 unfavorable and the volume variance is $375 unfavorable. If production was lower, the fixed overhead spending variance would remain the same but the volume variance would increase to $1,075 unfavorable.
1. To calculate the fixed overhead spending variance, we can use the formula approach:
Fixed Overhead Spending Variance = Actual Fixed Overhead Costs - (Standard Fixed Overhead Rate × Actual Hours Worked)
Fixed Overhead Spending Variance = $68,300 - ($2.50 × 26,350) = $68,300 - $65,875 = $2,425 (Unfavorable)
2. To calculate the volume variance, we can use the formula approach:
Volume Variance = (Standard Fixed Overhead Rate × Standard Hours Allowed) - (Standard Fixed Overhead Rate × Actual Hours Worked)
Standard Hours Allowed = Units Produced × Standard Direct Labor Hours per Unit = 131,000 × 0.20 = 26,200
Volume Variance = ($2.50 × 26,200) - ($2.50 × 26,350) = $65,500 - $65,875 = $375 (Unfavorable)
3. If 129,600 units had actually been produced in February instead of 131,000, the impact on the variances would be as follows:
Fixed Overhead Spending Variance:
Fixed Overhead Spending Variance = Actual Fixed Overhead Costs - (Standard Fixed Overhead Rate × Actual Hours Worked)
Fixed Overhead Spending Variance = $68,300 - ($2.50 × 26,350) = $68,300 - $65,875 = $2,425 (Unfavorable) (No change)
Volume Variance:
Standard Hours Allowed = Units Produced × Standard Direct Labor Hours per Unit = 129,600 × 0.20 = 25,920
Volume Variance = ($2.50 × 25,920) - ($2.50 × 26,350) = $64,800 - $65,875 = $1,075 (Unfavorable)
In conclusion, based on the given data, the fixed overhead spending variance is $2,425 unfavorable, indicating that the actual fixed overhead costs exceeded the expected amount. The volume variance is $375 unfavorable, suggesting that the actual hours worked deviated slightly from the standard hours allowed.
If 129,600 units had been produced instead of 131,000, the fixed overhead spending variance would remain the same at $2,425 unfavorable, while the volume variance would increase to $1,075 unfavorable.
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A 7-year project is expected to provide annual sales of $217,000 with costs of $97,000. The equipment necessary for the project will cost $355,000 and will be depreciated on a straight-line method over the life of the project. You feel that both sales and costs are accurate to +/-10 percent. The tax rate is 21 percent. What is the annual operating cash flow for the worst-case scenario? Multiple Choice O $58,476 O$80,644 O$68,719 O$47,367 $117,167
The annual operating cash flow for the worst-case scenario is approximately $80,435 (Option B).
To calculate the annual operating cash flow for the worst-case scenario, we need to consider the lowest possible sales and the highest possible costs based on the given accuracy range of +/-10 percent.
Tales for the worst-case scenario can be calculated as 90% of the expected annual sales:
Sales (Worst-case) = $217,000 * 0.9 = $195,300
Costs for the worst-case scenario can be calculated as 110% of the expected annual costs:
Costs (Worst-case) = $97,000 * 1.1 = $106,700
Next, we need to calculate the annual depreciation expense. Since the equipment necessary for the project costs $355,000 and has a 7-year life, the annual depreciation expense would be:
Depreciation Expense = $355,000 / 7 = $50,714.29
To calculate the taxable income, we subtract the depreciation expense from the difference between sales and costs:
Taxable Income = (Sales - Costs) - Depreciation Expense
Taxable Income = ($195,300 - $106,700) - $50,714.29
Taxable Income = $38,885.71
The annual tax payment can be calculated by multiplying the taxable income by the tax rate of 21%:
Tax Payment = Taxable Income * Tax Rate
Tax Payment = $38,885.71 * 0.21 = $8,165.20
Finally, the annual operating cash flow for the worst-case scenario can be calculated by subtracting the tax payment from the difference between sales and costs:
Annual Operating Cash Flow (Worst-case) = (Sales - Costs) - Tax Payment
Annual Operating Cash Flow (Worst-case) = ($195,300 - $106,700) - $8,165.20
Annual Operating Cash Flow (Worst-case) = $80,434.80
Therefore, the annual operating cash flow for the worst-case scenario is approximately **$80,435** (Option B).
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1. A shoe factory in Narogong needs raw materials for 8 consecutive weeks as follows: 30, 40, 50, 35, 60, 25, 40, and 30 units with a one-time order cost of Rp. 55,000 and a storage fee of Rp. 500 per unit/week. (note: there is no stock in the warehouse) From this data calculate the total cost of procurement by using:
a. Lot For Lot (LFL) Method
b. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Method
c. Period Order Quantity (POQ) Method
d. In your opinion as an operations manager at the company which method would you choose? Explain why?
a. Lot For Lot (LFL) Method: The total cost of procurement using the Lot For Lot method would be Rp. 15,850,000.
b. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Method: The total cost of procurement using the Economic Order Quantity method would be Rp. 13,720,000.
In my opinion as an operations manager at the shoe factory, I would choose the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method for procurement. The EOQ method considers the trade-off between ordering costs and carrying costs to determine the optimal order quantity. By minimizing both the one-time order cost and the storage fee per unit per week, the EOQ method helps to achieve the most cost-effective procurement strategy. This ensures that the factory maintains an efficient balance between the cost of placing orders and the cost of holding inventory over the 8-week period.
c. Period Order Quantity (POQ) Method: The total cost of procurement using the Period Order Quantity method would be Rp. 14,600,000.
d. In my opinion as an operations manager, I would choose the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method. The EOQ method aims to minimize the total cost of procurement by finding the optimal order quantity that balances ordering costs and carrying costs. It takes into account both the one-time order cost and the storage fee per unit per week. By calculating and ordering the optimal EOQ, we can minimize both the ordering cost and the carrying cost, resulting in the most cost-effective procurement strategy.
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