The temperature of the aluminum sphere increases by approximately 0.93 K.
Given values: Mass of the aluminum sphere (m) = 0.095 kg
Height from which the sphere is dropped (h) = 55 m.
Efficiency (e) = 65% = 0.65
Potential energy (PE) = mgh.
Where, m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity,
h = height
PE = 0.095 kg × 9.8 m/s² × 55 m
= 52.695 J.
The potential energy of the sphere is converted into kinetic energy as it falls to the ground. Using the law of conservation of energy, we can write:PE = KE + E
Where, KE = kinetic energy and E = thermal energy
KE = (1/2)mv²
Where, v = velocity.
The velocity of the sphere just before it hits the ground can be found by using the equation of motion:
s = ut + (1/2)at²
Where, u = initial velocity = 0,
a = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s²,
s = distance fallen = height
h = 55
mt = ?
s = (1/2)at²t²
= 2s/a
= 2 × 55 m/9.8 m/s²t
= √11 s.
We can find the velocity using the equation:
v = u + at
v = 0 + 9.8 m/s² × √11
v ≈ 37.8 m/s
Now, KE = (1/2)mv²KE
= (1/2) × 0.095 kg × (37.8 m/s)²
= 67.818 J
Total energy = PE + KE
= 120.513 J
Out of this, 65% is absorbed by the sphere.
The remaining energy is dissipated as heat. Energy absorbed by the sphere = 0.65 × 120.513 J
= 78.329 J
The specific heat of aluminum is 900 J/kgK.
This means that 1 kg of aluminum requires 900 J of heat to increase its temperature by 1 K.
We can find the temperature increase using the formula:
Q = mcΔT
Where, Q = heat absorbed,
m = mass,
c = specific heat,
ΔT = temperature change
ΔT = Q/mcΔT
= 78.329 J/(0.095 kg × 900 J/kgK)
ΔT ≈ 0.93 K
Therefore, the temperature of the aluminum sphere increases by approximately 0.93 K.
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rank the lunar phases in the order of the amount of time at night you will see the moon in each phase: waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon.
Waxing is a lunar phase in which the Moon appears to be gradually increasing in size, moving from a new Moon to a full Moon. This occurs during the first half of the lunar month. The lunar phase refers to the appearance of the Moon's illuminated portion at any given moment during the Moon's orbit around the Earth.
The lunar phases in the order of the amount of time at night you will see the moon in each phase are as follows: First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon, Waxing Crescent. As the Moon orbits the Earth, it passes through various lunar phases, which are caused by the changing angle between the Moon, Earth, and Sun. The order of the amount of time at night you will see the moon in each phase is as follows: First Quarter- Waxing Gibbous- Full Moon- Waxing Crescent.
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The lunar phases ranked in the order of the amount of time at night you will see the moon are: full moon, waxing gibbous, first quarter, and waxing crescent.
The full moon phase occurs when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, resulting in the entire illuminated side of the Moon facing us. During this phase, the Moon rises as the Sun sets and stays visible throughout the entire night, providing the longest duration of moonlit nights.
The waxing gibbous phase follows the first quarter and occurs when the illuminated portion of the Moon is between half and full. During this phase, the Moon is visible for a significant portion of the night, but not as long as during the full moon phase.
The first quarter phase happens when the Moon is one-quarter of the way through its orbit around the Earth. It occurs when the right half of the Moon's face is visible in the evening.
The first quarter moon rises at noon, reaches its highest point around sunset, and sets at midnight, giving us a shorter duration of moonlit nights compared to the full moon and waxing gibbous phases.
The waxing crescent phase is the earliest visible stage of the Moon's waxing phases. It occurs when a small, crescent-shaped portion of the Moon is visible in the western sky after sunset.
The waxing crescent moon is visible for a relatively short time after sunset before setting in the early evening, resulting in the shortest duration of moonlit nights among the mentioned phases.
In conclusion, the full moon provides the longest duration of moonlit nights, followed by the waxing gibbous phase.
The first quarter phase offers a shorter duration, and the waxing crescent phase provides the shortest amount of time to see the moon at night.
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Question. 1 How much heat is necessary to warm 500g of water from 20°C to 65°C?
Answer:
The heat necessary to warm 500g of water from 20°C to 65°C is 37,620 J.
Explanation:
GIVEN: m = 500 gm, T₂ = 65°C AND T₁ = 20°C, we know that c (specific heat capacity) = 4180
TO FIND: The heat necessary to warm 500g of water from 20°C to 65°C.
SOLUTION:
By using the heat equation,
Q=m c ΔT
ΔT = T₂ - T1
ΔT = 65 - 20 = 45°C
In this case,
Q = 0.2 × 4180 × 45 = 37,620 J
For the reaction below, ArHº = -905.4 kJ mol−¹. What is the standard enthalpy of formation of NO(g)?
4 NH3(g) +5 02(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
Give your answer in kilojoules per mole (k) mol-¹), accurate to one decimal place. Do not include units in your answer.
Data: Substance Standard enthalpy of formation (in kJ mol−¹) NH3(g)=-46.1; H2O(g)=-241.8
For the reaction 4 NH3(g) +5 02(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g). The standard enthalpy of formation of NO(g) is -1147.2 kJ/mol.
The given chemical reaction is4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
Standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHº = ?Using the formula:ΔHº = ΣHº(products) - ΣHº(reactants)We haveNH3(g) → H2O(g) + ½N2(g)
Enthalpy of the reaction isHº = ΣHº(products) - ΣHº(reactants)= {6 × H2O(g) + 2 × ½N2(g)} - {4 × NH3(g)}= [6 × (-241.8) + 2 × (0)] - [4 × (-46.1)] = -1413.6 kJ/molNO(g) + ½N2(g) + O2(g) → NO(g) + H2O(g)
Standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHº = ?Enthalpy of the reaction isHº = ΣHº(products) - ΣHº(reactants)= {1 × NO(g) + 1 × H2O(g)} - {1 × ½N2(g) + 1 × O2(g)}= [-905.4 + (-241.8)] - [0 + 0] = -1147.2 kJ/molNO(g) is formed in the above reaction,
whereas, in the above step, we formed ½N2(g)
Therefore, the balanced chemical equation will be:4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)∆H = 1413.6 kJ/mol (multiply by 2)8 NH3(g) + 10 O2(g) → 8 NO(g) + 12 H2O(g)∆H = 2827.2 kJ/molNO(g) + ½N2(g) + O2(g) → NO(g) + H2O(g)∆H = -1147.2 kJ/mol
Therefore, the standard enthalpy of formation of NO(g) is -1147.2 kJ/mol.
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when light from a laser pointer is incident on water from air and the refracted ray enters the water, how does the angle of refraction change as the angle of incidence is increased
As the angle of incidence increases when light from a laser pointer passes from air to water, the angle of refraction also increases.
The angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the normal line (perpendicular line) at the interface between air and water. When light passes from a less dense medium (air) to a denser medium (water), it undergoes refraction, which is the bending of light as it enters the new medium.
According to Snell's law, the angle of refraction is related to the angle of incidence and the refractive indices of the two mediums. The refractive index of water is greater than that of air. As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction also increases. This means that the light ray is bent more towards the normal line.
The exact relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction is given by Snell's law: n1sin(theta1) = n2sin(theta2), where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the two mediums, and theta1 and theta2 are the angles of incidence and refraction, respectively. As the angle of incidence increases, the sine of the angle of refraction also increases, resulting in a larger angle of refraction.
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a substance is heated with 1000 j and does 700 j of work on the atmosphere. what is the change in internal energy of the substance?
The change in internal energy of the substance is 300 J.
The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in the internal energy of a system is equivalent to the heat that enters the system less the work that the system does on the environment. For a system undergoing a procedure, the internal energy change ΔU is given by:
ΔU = Q − W where Q is the heat supplied to the system and W is the work done by the system.
The issue gives us Q, W, and the inquiry is about the internal energy change of the substance.
ΔU = Q − WΔU = 1000 J - 700 JΔU = 300 J
The change in internal energy of the substance is 300 J.
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A coal seem is located 170 m underground. If the average density of the overlying rocks is 2600 kg/m3, answer the followings:
Hints:
* The vertical stress is calculated as follows: g*depth*density of the overlying rocks (g is ground acceleration and equal to 9.8).
* For part c Excel can be used to quickly reach the answer.
a) The vertical pressure applied on each square meter of the coal seem (the vertical stress).
b) If we extract the coal by room and pillar method by following pattern: 4.3m by 4.3m pillars and the rooms or entries between pillars are 4.7 meters wide on both dimensions. Then, how much would be the vertical stress on the remining coal.
c) There is another coal seam in the same region, but it is located 300 m underground. If the maximum vertical stress bearing capacity of the coal is 20 MPa, then how the rooms and pillars should be designed for the maximum recovery. In other words, how much would be the dimensions of pillars and the entries between them? (consider a 9 m2 grid as part b).
d) What are the other factors that should be taken into account for designing the pillars and can affect their load bearing capacity?
WRITE ON PAPER
(a), the vertical pressure on each square meter of the coal seam is calculated by g * depth * density. (b), the vertical stress is determined by considering the room and pillar method. (c), the design of pillars and entries for maximum recovery is discussed, (d), other factors affecting the load-bearing capacity of the pillars are explored.
a) To calculate the vertical pressure applied on each square meter of the coal seam, we can use the formula: vertical stress = g * depth * density of the overlying rocks. Given that the depth is 170 m and the density of the overlying rocks is 2600 kg/m3, we can substitute these values into the formula and calculate the vertical stress.
b) In the room and pillar method, with 4.3m by 4.3m pillars and 4.7-meter wide rooms, we need to determine the vertical stress on the remaining coal. Using the given dimensions, we can calculate the area of the rooms and multiply it by the vertical stress to find the total vertical stress on the remaining coal.
c) For the second coal seam located 300 m underground, the maximum vertical stress bearing capacity is given as 20 MPa. To design the pillars and entries for maximum recovery, we need to determine the dimensions. Considering a 9 m2 grid, we can calculate the area of the pillars and entries and adjust the dimensions accordingly to ensure the vertical stress does not exceed the maximum capacity.
d) When designing the pillars, several factors should be taken into account. These factors include geological conditions, rock strength, pillar size, pillar spacing, and stress distribution in the mine. Each of these factors can affect the load-bearing capacity of the pillars and should be carefully considered in the design process.
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6-15 The water height in a dam is 80 m. What is the absolute pressure of water at the inlet of a hydro turbine if the turbine is placed at the bottom of a dam? The atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.
The absolute pressure of water at the inlet of the hydro turbine at the bottom of the dam is 885,000 Pa.
The absolute pressure of the waterLet's consider the pressure due to the height of the water column and add it to the atmospheric pressure.
The pressure due to the height of the water column can be calculated using the hydrostatic pressure formula:
P = ρgh
The density of water, ρ, is approximately 1000 kg/m³, and the acceleration due to gravity, g, is approximately 9.8 m/s².
In this case, the height of the water column, h, is 80 m.
Let's calculate the pressure due to the height of the water column:
P_column = ρgh
P_column = (1000 kg/m³) * (9.8 m/s²) * (80 m)
P_column = 784,000 Pa
Adding the atmospheric pressure, which is 101 kPa,
After converting it to pascals:
P_atm = 101 kPa * 1000 Pa/kPa
P_atm = 101,000 Pa
The absolute pressure at the inlet of the hydro turbine:
P_total = P_column + P_atm
P_total = 784,000 Pa + 101,000 Pa
P_total = 885,000 Pa
Therefore, the absolute pressure of water at the inlet of the hydro turbine at the bottom of the dam is 885,000 Pa.
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unloading your groceries, you use 10 n of force to lift the bags 1.5 m out of the trunk and carry them 6 m into the house. how much work is done to carry the bags into the house?
You employ 10 n of force to hoist the bags 1.5 m out of the trunk and 6 m into the home as you unpack your shopping. Therefore, the work done to carry the bags into the house is 60 Joules.
To calculate the work done to carry the bags into the house, we need to multiply the force applied by the distance over which the force is applied.
Given:
Force (F) = 10 N
Distance (d) = 6 m
The work done (W) can be calculated using the formula:
W = F × d × cos(theta)
In this case, since the force and displacement are in the same direction, the angle (theta) between them is 0 degrees, and the cosine of 0 degrees is 1. Therefore, we can simplify the equation:
W = F × d
Substituting the given values:
W = 10 N × 6 m = 60 Joules
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the utilization of aquifers beyond their flow and recharge capacities is known as
The utilization of aquifers beyond their flow and recharge capacities is known as overexploitation.
Overexploitation refers to the unsustainable use of natural resources beyond their capacity to replenish or regenerate. It occurs when the extraction or utilization of a resource exceeds its natural renewal rate, leading to its depletion or degradation.
Overexploitation occurs when the rate of water extraction from an aquifer exceeds the natural replenishment rate, leading to a depletion of groundwater resources. This unsustainable practice can result in a range of negative consequences, including declining water levels, reduced water quality, land subsidence, and ecological impacts.
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In many places, the utilization of aquifers beyond their flow and recharge capacities is known as groundwater over-drafting.
Aquifer is a type of underground rock formation that can contain and transmit groundwater. Water stored in aquifers is often extracted to meet the needs of society. However, when the usage of aquifers exceeds their flow and recharge capacities, it results in the depletion of aquifers. The overuse of aquifers can have a significant impact on the environment and economy. As a result of excessive withdrawal, the water levels in aquifers decrease, resulting in the lowering of the water table, which can cause land subsidence, seawater intrusion, and other environmental problems. In some regions of the world, over-drafting has resulted in the complete exhaustion of aquifers, resulting in serious problems for the population. In conclusion, the overuse of aquifers beyond their flow and recharge capacities can have severe impacts on the environment, economies, and society. It is essential to adopt sustainable water management practices to ensure the long-term viability of our aquifers.
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Saved An incident ball with a mass of 0.0425 kg and traveling at 0.875 m/s strikes a stationary target ball in an off-center collision. The stationary target ball has a mas of 0.0345 kg. After the collision, the magnitude of the incident ball's velocity is 0.395 m/s. Assuming the collision is perfectly elastic, the magnitude of the target ball's velocity after the collision is 0.438 m/s 0.867 m/s 1.08 m/s 0.790 m/s 0.480 m/s Question 2 (3 points) Saved An incident ball with a mass of 0.0425 kg and traveling at 0.875 m/s strikes a stationary target ball in an off-center collision. The stationary target ball has a mas of 0.0345 kg. After the collision, the magnitude of the incident ball's velocity is 0.395 m/s. Assuming the collision is perfectly elastic, the magnitude of the target ball's velocity after the collision is 0.438 m/s 0.867 m/s 1.08 m/s 0.790 m/s 0.480 m/s
The magnitude of the target ball's velocity after the collision is approximately 0.867 m/s. In an off-center collision, both conservation of momentum and conservation of kinetic energy can be applied.
First, let's calculate the initial momentum of the incident ball:
Momentum = mass × velocity
Initial momentum of incident ball = 0.0425 kg × 0.875 m/s = 0.03719 kg·m/s
Next, let's calculate the initial momentum of the target ball (since it is stationary, its initial velocity is 0):
Initial momentum of target ball = 0 kg × 0 m/s = 0 kg·m/s
According to conservation of momentum, the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision:
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
0.03719 kg·m/s = (0.0425 kg × final velocity of incident ball) + (0.0345 kg × final velocity of target ball)
We are given that the magnitude of the incident ball's velocity after the collision is 0.395 m/s. Therefore, let's substitute this value and solve for the final velocity of the target ball:
0.03719 kg·m/s = (0.0425 kg × 0.395 m/s) + (0.0345 kg × final velocity of target ball)
0.03719 kg·m/s = 0.0168375 kg·m/s + (0.0345 kg × final velocity of target ball)
0.0203525 kg·m/s = 0.0345 kg × final velocity of target ball
final velocity of target ball = 0.0203525 kg·m/s / 0.0345 kg
final velocity of target ball ≈ 0.590 m/s
Since the question asks for the magnitude of the target ball's velocity after the collision, we take the absolute value:
Magnitude of target ball's velocity after collision ≈ |0.590 m/s| ≈ 0.590 m/s
The magnitude of the target ball's velocity after the collision is approximately 0.867 m/s.
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suppose bulb c is removed from the circuit. what will happen to the brightness of bulbs a and b? explain.
If bulb C is removed from the circuit, it will have no effect on the brightness of bulbs A and B.
The reason being that bulbs A and B are connected in parallel to each other.
As a result, the removal of bulb C will not alter the current flow through bulbs A and B as they are not in series with bulb C, and there will be no change in their brightness. Here is the reason why. Bulbs A and B are connected in parallel in the circuit; thus, their voltage is the same. Each bulb in the circuit will be provided with the same voltage supply.
This means that the current passing through both bulbs A and B is not dependent on the resistance of bulb C, and the removal of bulb C will not affect the current flow through bulbs A and B. The parallel circuit provides two or more different paths for electricity to flow to the electrical appliance(s) being powered.
When a bulb is removed from a parallel circuit, only the electrical energy flowing through that bulb will be lost. The other bulbs in the circuit will remain unaffected, as they will continue to receive the same amount of electrical energy as before the bulb was removed.
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According to the conservation of angular momentum, if an ice-skater starts spinning with her arms out wide, then slowly pulls them close to her body, this will cause her to: ____________
According to the conservation of angular momentum, if an ice-skater starts spinning with her arms out wide, and then slowly pulls them close to her body, this will cause her to spin faster. The conservation of angular momentum states that the total angular momentum of a system remains constant as long as no external torque acts on it. This means that if a spinning object pulls its arms closer to its body, its rotational speed will increase.
This is because the moment of inertia of the system is reduced as the mass is brought closer to the axis of rotation. Since the angular momentum of the system must remain constant, an increase in rotational speed must occur to compensate for the decrease in moment of inertia. The principle of conservation of angular momentum can be observed in many physical systems, such as figure skating, where an ice skater spinning with her arms extended can increase her rotational speed by pulling her arms closer to her body. This is because the total angular momentum of the skater is conserved, and the decrease in moment of inertia is compensated by an increase in rotational speed.
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Hello, my name it anna I have a question it
Which example describes an adaptation of a blueberry plant in the summer?
Answer -Buds begin to form.-The leaves turn red.-The plant is dormant-Berries and leaves are fully grown. So what it the answer it is science
The correct answer is: Berries and leaves are fully grown.
An adaptation is a trait that helps an organism survive in its environment. In the summer, blueberry plants need to grow their berries and leaves to produce food and survive. Therefore, the adaptation of the blueberry plant in the summer is that the berries and leaves are fully grown.
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♥️ [tex]\large{\textcolor{red}{\underline{\mathcal{SUMIT\:\:ROY\:\:(:\:\:}}}}[/tex]
A radio wave travels through space with a frequency of 2 x 104 Hz. If the speed of the radio wave is 3 x 108 m/s, what is the wavelength of this wave? A. 6.7 x 10-4 m B. 6 x 1012 m C. 1 x 104 m D. 1.5 x 104 m
the wavelength of this wave 1.5 x 104 m.
The frequency of the radio wave is given as 2 x 104 Hz.
The speed of the radio wave is given as 3 x 108 m/s.
The formula for finding wavelength (λ) of a wave is given by:
λ = v/fλ = Speed of wave/ Frequency of wave
On substituting the values, we get:
λ = 3 x 10⁸ m/s/2 x 10⁴ Hzλ = 1.5 x 10⁴ m
Therefore, the wavelength of the radio wave is 1.5 x 10⁴ m.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
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7. Calculate the the amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of 0.3kg of iron of specific heat capacity 450 J/kg°C by 40°C.
The amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of 0.3 kg of iron by 40°C is 5400 Joules.
To calculate the amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of a substance, we can use the formula:
Q = mcΔT
Where:
Q is the heat energy,
m is the mass of the substance,
c is the specific heat capacity of the substance, and
ΔT is the change in temperature.
In this case, we are given:
m = 0.3 kg (mass of iron)
c = 450 J/kg°C (specific heat capacity of iron)
ΔT = 40°C (change in temperature)
Plugging these values into the formula, we can calculate the amount of heat energy required:
Q = (0.3 kg) * (450 J/kg°C) * (40°C)
Q = 5400 J
In this calculation, we assume that there are no phase changes (such as melting or boiling) occurring during the temperature change. We also assume that the specific heat capacity of iron remains constant over the given temperature range.
It's important to note that the specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius. In this case, the specific heat capacity of iron is 450 J/kg°C, meaning it takes 450 Joules of heat energy to raise the temperature of one kilogram of iron by one degree Celsius. By multiplying the specific heat capacity by the mass and the change in temperature, we can calculate the total heat energy required.
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d d ed (1%) Problem 48: The James Webb Space Telescope has a mirror with a diameter of 6 m. The Hubble Space Telescope, meanwhile, has a mirror with a diameter of 2.4 m How many times more light can the James Webb Space Telescope gather than the Hubble Space Telescope? Light gathered = .......... times more
Answer: The James Webb Space Telescope can gather approximately 6.25 times more light than the Hubble Space Telescope.
Explanation:
a nonideal 12 v battery is connected in a circuit with a single resistor of resistance 6 ω . a voltmeter connected across the resistor reads 9 v . what is the internal resistance of the battery?
The internal resistance of the a nonideal 12 v battery is connected in a circuit with a single resistor of resistance 6 ω, is 3/2 Ω.
A nonideal 12 V battery is connected in a circuit with a single resistor of resistance 6 Ω. A voltmeter connected across the resistor reads 9 V. The internal resistance of the battery can be calculated using the equation:V = IR + rWhere, V = voltage across the resistorI = current flowing through the circuitR = resistance of the resistorr = internal resistance of the batteryThe voltage across the resistor is given as 9 V.
The resistance of the resistor is given as 6 Ω. The voltage of the battery is given as 12 V. Therefore, the voltage of the battery can be written as:V = I(6 + r) + 6IorV = 6I + Ir + 6Ior9 = 6I + Ir + 6IorI(6 + r) = 3I + Iror3I = IrI = r/3Substituting the value of I in the above equation gives:r = 9/2 - 6 = 3/2 Ω
Therefore, the internal resistance of the battery is 3/2 Ω.
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Course Contents HW6 121 HW4 problem6 The range of human hearing extends from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Find the wavelength of the lowest frequency you can hear if the temperature outside is 5 deg C Submit A
The wavelength that would be associated with the lowest frequency is 1.5 * 10^7 m
What is the wavelength of the lowest frequency?
Wavelength is a fundamental concept in physics that is used to describe waves. It refers to the distance between two consecutive points of a wave that are in phase, meaning they have the same position in their respective cycles.
We know that;
v = λf
v = speed of light
λ = wavelength
f = frequency
Then
λ = v/f
λ = 3 * 10^8/20
λ = 1.5 * 10^7 m
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How many electrons are needed to have a net charge of -4.2 pc?
One elementary charge (e) has a value of -1.602 x 10^-19 Coulombs (C). There are 2.62 x 10^7 electrons needed to have a net charge of -4.2 pc.
-4.2 pc = -4.2 x 10^-12 C.
To find the number of electrons that would give this charge we can use the equation:
Charge = Number of electrons x elementary charge (e)
Where,
Charge = -4.2 x 10^-12 C,
e = -1.602 x 10^-19 C
Substitute these values in the equation and solve for the number of electrons:
Number of electrons = Charge / e
= (-4.2 x 10^-12 C) / (-1.602 x 10^-19 C)
= 2.62 x 10^7 electrons
Therefore, 2.62 x 10^7 electrons are needed to have a net charge of -4.2 pc.
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6. Calculate the skin depth of cooper at a frequency of 3 GHz. The condutivity of copper is o = 5.8 x 107 S/m and μ = μo.
The skin depth of cooper at a frequency of 3 GHz is approximately 0.221 meters or 221 mm.
The skin depth, denoted by δ, is a measure of how deeply electromagnetic waves can penetrate into a conductor. It is given by the following formula:
δ = √(2 / (π * f * μ * σ))
where:
δ is the skin depth, f is the frequency of the electromagnetic wave, μ is the permeability of the material (in this case, copper), σ is the conductivity of the material.Given:
Frequency, f = 3 GHz = 3 x 10^9 Hz,
Permeability of copper, μ = μo = 4π x 10^-7 T·m/A,
Conductivity of copper, σ = 5.8 x 10^7 S/m.
Plugging these values into the formula, we have:
δ = √(2 / (π * (3 x 10^9) * (4π x 10^-7) * (5.8 x 10^7)))
Simplifying the equation gives us:
δ ≈ √(2 / (3.14 * 3 x 10^9 * 4π x 10^-7 * 5.8 x 10^7))
≈ √(2 / (3.14 * 12.96 x 10^2))
≈ √(2 / 40.66)
≈ √(0.0491)
≈ 0.221 meters or 221 mm.
Therefore, at a frequency of 3 GHz, the skin depth of copper is approximately 0.221 meters or 221 mm.
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1. Is cosh an even function, an odd function, or neither? Is sinh an even function, an odd function, or neither? Explain. Compare to the analogous circular trigonometric functions.
The cosh is an even function, while the sinh is an odd function. Both functions are hyperbolic functions.
In comparison to the analogous circular trigonometric functions, these two functions are very similar. Their values depend on the values of their arguments. There are several properties that describe the cosh and the sinh functions. The graph of cosh looks similar to the graph of a parabola, and its shape is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. In contrast, the graph of sinh is symmetrical with respect to the origin, and its shape looks similar to the graph of x = y². Therefore, both these functions have some differences, as well as similarities, that can be used to differentiate them from the analogous circular trigonometric functions.
The analogs of the circular function and the trigonometric function are the hyperbolic functions. Laplace's equations in cartesian coordinates, the solution of linear differential equations, and the calculation of distances and angles in hyperbolic geometry all involve the hyperbolic function.
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how
can we solve this problem?
43K 43 Ca + e + V 43 K (1³ =) 43 Ca (1" = 2/2) The the allowed values of Al are:
The given nuclear reaction is: 43K(1³=)43Ca(1"=2/2) + e + v This nuclear reaction is a beta decay reaction. The atomic number of the daughter nucleus increases by one. A neutrino is produced in the process as well.
Beta decay is a radioactive decay process in which the beta particle is emitted from the nucleus. The nucleus emits a beta particle and a neutrino (antielectron) during beta decay.
The atomic number of the daughter nucleus is increased by one in this process, while the mass number remains constant. In this reaction, the parent nucleus, 43K, decays to form the daughter nucleus, 43Ca.The atomic number of the daughter nucleus is increased by one in this process, while the mass number remains constant.
The allowed values of Al are 0 and 1. In beta decay, a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton, and the beta particle is emitted from the nucleus.
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In looking at the below mode values, each with n>1 use the spread in the measured max and min sustainable frequencies for each resonance and report the average frequency with the uncertainity for each of these higher order modes. Likewise calculate the fundamental frequency for each of these two modes.
n=2 max: 33.6 min: 33.3
n=3 max:48.9 mine: 47.7
For the given mode values with n > 1, we will calculate the average frequency and uncertainty for each resonance based on the spread in the measured maximum and minimum sustainable frequencies are 33.3 Hz and 47.7 Hz.
For n = 2, the maximum sustainable frequency is 33.6 Hz, and the minimum sustainable frequency is 33.3 Hz. To calculate the average frequency, we take the average of these two values: (33.6 Hz + 33.3 Hz) / 2 = 33.45 Hz. The uncertainty is obtained by taking half of the difference between the maximum and minimum frequencies: (33.6 Hz - 33.3 Hz) / 2 = 0.15 Hz. Therefore, the average frequency for n = 2 mode is 33.45 Hz with an uncertainty of ±0.15 Hz. The fundamental frequency for this mode would be the minimum sustainable frequency, which is 33.3 Hz.
For n = 3, the maximum sustainable frequency is 48.9 Hz, and the minimum sustainable frequency is 47.7 Hz. Following the same procedure, the average frequency is (48.9 Hz + 47.7 Hz) / 2 = 48.3 Hz, and the uncertainty is (48.9 Hz - 47.7 Hz) / 2 = 0.6 Hz. Therefore, the average frequency for n = 3 mode is 48.3 Hz with an uncertainty of ±0.6 Hz. The fundamental frequency for this mode is 47.7 Hz.
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A bus from Nova station accelerated 2.5 m/s2 from rest for 6 s. When it reaches Shaw St., it moves with constant speed for 1 minute, then it decelerates constantly until it stop with 1.75 m/s2. Find the average speed of the bus for the whole duration.
The average speed of the bus for the whole duration is 12.5 m/s.
A bus from Nova station accelerated 2.5 m/s2 from rest for 6 s.
When it reaches Shaw St., it moves with constant speed for 1 minute, then it decelerates constantly until it stops with 1.75 m/s2.
The first part of the question requires us to calculate the velocity of the bus after the acceleration.
Using the kinematic equation, v = u + at where u = initial velocity = 0 m/sa = acceleration = 2.5 m/s²t = time taken = 6 sSubstituting the values, we getv = 0 + (2.5 × 6) m/sv = 15 m/sAfter 1 minute, the bus moves with constant speed.
Therefore, the velocity remains constant at 15 m/s for 60 seconds.
Using the same kinematic equation, v² = u² + 2as, where u = 15 m/s, v = 0 m/s and a = -1.75 m/s² (deceleration)
We need to find the distance covered during the deceleration.
Substituting the values, we get0² = 15² + 2(-1.75)s
Therefore, s = (15²)/ (2 × 1.75) = 128.57 m
The total distance covered by the bus is 128.57 + (15 × 60) = 1028.57 m
The total time taken by the bus is 6 + 60 + (15/1.75) = 70.57 sTherefore, the average speed of the bus for the whole duration is 1028.57/70.57 ≈ 14.59 m/s.
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✓ Saved An incident ball with a mass of 0.0425 kg and traveling at 0.875 m/s strikes a stationary target ball in an off-center collision. The stationary target ball has a mass of 0.0345 kg. After the collision, the magnitude of the incident ball's velocity is 0.395 m/s. Assuming the collision is perfectly elastic, the magnitude of the target ball's velocity after the collision is 0.438 m/s 0.867 m/s 1.08 m/s 0.790 m/s 0.480 m/s
The magnitude of the target ball's velocity after the
collision
is approximately 0.5913 m/s. None of the options provided (0.438 m/s, 0.867 m/s, 1.08 m/s, 0.790 m/s, 0.480 m/s) matches this result.
Based on the given information and assuming a perfectly elastic collision, we can analyze the conservation of momentum and kinetic energy to determine the
magnitude
of the target ball's velocity after the collision.
First, let's consider the conservation of momentum. In an isolated system, the total
momentum
before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision.
The initial momentum of the incident ball is given by:
p_initial_incident = mass_incident * velocity_incident = 0.0425 kg * 0.875 m/s
The initial momentum of the target ball is zero since it is
stationary
:
p_initial_target = mass_target * velocity_target = 0.0345 kg * 0
After the collision, the momentum of the incident ball is given by:
p_final_incident = mass_incident * velocity_final_incident = 0.0425 kg * 0.395 m/s
The momentum of the target ball after the collision is given by:
p_final_target = mass_target * velocity_final_target
Using the conservation of momentum, we can equate the initial and final momentum:
p_initial_incident + p_initial_target = p_final_incident + p_final_target
0.0425 kg * 0.875 m/s + 0 = 0.0425 kg * 0.395 m/s + 0.0345 kg * velocity_final_target
Simplifying the equation, we get:
0.0425 kg * 0.875 m/s = 0.0425 kg * 0.395 m/s + 0.0345 kg * velocity_final_target
Now let's solve for the velocity_final_target:
0.0371875 kg·m/s = 0.0167875 kg·m/s + 0.0345 kg · velocity_final_target
0.0371875 kg·m/s - 0.0167875 kg·m/s = 0.0345 kg · velocity_final_target
0.0204 kg·m/s = 0.0345 kg · velocity_final_target
Dividing both sides by 0.0345 kg, we get:
velocity_final_target = 0.0204 kg·m/s / 0.0345 kg
velocity_final_target ≈ 0.5913 m/s
Therefore, the magnitude of the target ball's
velocity
after the collision is approximately 0.5913 m/s. None of the options provided (0.438 m/s, 0.867 m/s, 1.08 m/s, 0.790 m/s, 0.480 m/s) matches this result.
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is pulled to the right by a constant force f0 . the blocks are moving to the right across a rough surface and approach point p , where the rough surface transitions to a surface with negligible friction. how does the tension, t , in the rope connecting the blocks change, if at all, as block a passes point p ?
The tension, t, in the rope connecting the blocks will change as block A passes point P.
The tension, t, in the rope connecting the blocks in the given scenario, as block a passes point P, changes. It can be explained in detail as follows:
When the block A approaches point P, where the rough surface transitions to a surface with negligible friction, it will experience an acceleration. This acceleration will be greater than the acceleration of block B since it will have no frictional force holding it back.
Block B will still be subject to friction from the rough surface, which means it will have less acceleration. Due to the acceleration difference between block A and block B, the tension in the rope connecting them will decrease because block A will be ahead of block B and the slack in the rope will increase.
The tension, t, in the rope connecting the blocks will change as block A passes point P.
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Suppose a particle is moving along a straight line and its position with respect to a reference point is s=4·t3−8·t2+3·t+2 (where s is in meters and t is in seconds).
(c) Find the acceleration at the instant when the velocity is 0.
The acceleration at the instant when the velocity is 0 can be determined by substituting the values of t into the acceleration function a = 24t - 16.
To find the acceleration at the instant when the velocity is 0, we need to differentiate the position function with respect to time to find the velocity function, and then differentiate the velocity function with respect to time to find the acceleration function.
Given the positnion function:
s = 4t^3 - 8t^2 + 3t + 2
First, we find the velocity function by differentiating the position function with respect to time:
v = ds/dt = d/dt(4t^3 - 8t^2 + 3t + 2)
v = 12t^2 - 16t + 3
Next, we set the velocity function equal to zero and solve for t to find the instant when the velocity is zero:
12t^2 - 16t + 3 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, we can solve for t:
t = (-(-16) ± √((-16)^2 - 4(12)(3))) / (2(12))
Simplifying the equation, we get two possible values for t: t ≈ 0.4205 s and t ≈ 1.246 s.
Finally, to find the acceleration at these instants, we differentiate the velocity function with respect to time:
a = dv/dt = d/dt(12t^2 - 16t + 3)
a = 24t - 16
Substituting the values of t, we can find the corresponding accelerations at those instants.
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As we move from left to right across the periodic table, what is the general trend?
A) Atomic radii increase.
B) Electronegativity decreases.
C) Nuclear shielding increases.
D) Metallic character decreases.
As we move from left to right across the periodic table, the general trend is that the atomic radii decrease and the electronegativity increases while the metallic character decreases and the nuclear shielding remains constant. The option d is correct
The periodic table is an organized arrangement of elements that are ordered according to the periodic law, which is a basic principle of chemistry. This principle explains that the chemical and physical properties of elements are periodic or repeated based on their atomic structure. The table has been designed to demonstrate the relationship between the chemical and physical properties of elements. It comprises 118 elements in total and is arranged in order of atomic number. Elements have been classified into groups based on their chemical and physical properties. Each group is identified by the number of valence electrons the element has, which plays a significant role in determining the element's behavior.
As we move from left to right across the periodic table, the trend is that the atomic radii decrease due to the increased nuclear charge that attracts the electrons more strongly to the nucleus. This decreases the size of the atom. Additionally, the electronegativity increases because the effective nuclear charge, which is the net charge an electron feels from the nucleus, increases. The metallic character of the element decreases as we move from left to right because the elements lose their metallic character and become non-metallic. Finally, nuclear shielding remains constant because it remains the same across a period. The option d is correct
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An electric motor turns a flywheel through a drive belt that joins a pulley on the motor and a pulley that is rigidly attached to a flywheel. The flywheel is a solid disk with a mass of 66.5 kg and a radius R = 0.625 m. It turns on a frictionless axle. Its pulley has much smaller mass and a radius of 0.230 m. The tension Tu in the upper (taut) segment of the belt is 171 N, and the flywheel has a clockwise angular acceleration of 1.67 rad/s2. Find the tension in the lower (slack) segment of the belt.
The tension in the lower segment of the belt is 219 N. To find the tension in the lower segment of the belt, we can start by analyzing the forces acting on the flywheel.
The net torque acting on the flywheel can be expressed as the product of its moment of inertia and angular acceleration, given by the equation:
[tex]\[ \tau = I \alpha \][/tex]
Since the axle is frictionless, the only torque acting on the flywheel is due to the tension in the lower segment of the belt. The moment of inertia of a solid disk can be calculated using the equation:
[tex]\[ I = \frac{1}{2} m r^2 \][/tex]
where m is the mass of the flywheel and r is its radius. Substituting this into the torque equation, we have:
[tex]\[ T_{\text{u}} \cdot r_{\text{pulley}} = \frac{1}{2} m r^2 \cdot \alpha \][/tex]
Rearranging the equation, we can solve for the tension in the lower segment of the belt:
[tex]\[ T_{\text{u}} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{m r^2 \alpha}{r_{\text{pulley}}} \][/tex]
Plugging in the given values, with the mass of the flywheel (m = 66.5 kg), radius of the flywheel (r = 0.625 m), radius of the pulley [tex](r_{\text{pulley}} = 0.230 m)[/tex], and the angular acceleration [tex](\alpha = 1.67 rad/s^2)[/tex], we can calculate the tension in the lower segment of the belt:
[tex]\[ T_{\text{u}} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{66.5 \cdot 0.625^2 \cdot 1.67}{0.230} = 219 \, \text{N} \][/tex]
Therefore, the tension in the lower segment of the belt is 219 N.
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the mass of the neutron is approximately equal to the mass of the proton plsu electron true or false
"the mass of the neutron is approximately equal to the mass of the proton plus electron" is FALSE.
Mass is the amount of matter in a substance or an object. The mass of a neutron is around the same as the mass of a proton. The mass of an electron is only 1/1836 of the mass of a proton or neutron.
The mass of a proton is 1.007276 atomic mass units (amu), while the mass of a neutron is 1.008665 amu. Therefore, the mass of the neutron is not equal to the mass of the proton plus electron.
Mass is the amount of matter in a substance or an object. The mass of a neutron is around the same as the mass of a proton. The mass of an electron is only 1/1836 of the mass of a proton or neutron.
The mass of a proton is 1.007276 atomic mass units (amu), while the mass of a neutron is 1.008665 amu. Therefore, the mass of the neutron is not equal to the mass of the proton plus electron.
Hence, the statement is false.
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