The recent case of Exxon's investors, led by a hedge fund called Engine No. 1, successfully replacing three directors on the board of Exxon in an effort to push the energy giant to reduce its carbon footprint is an example of shareholder activism.
Shareholder activism is an approach used by shareholders of a corporation to influence its behavior by exercising their rights as owners.
This approach is aimed at achieving positive outcomes for society and the environment and is based on the idea that corporations have a responsibility to consider the impact of their actions on the environment, society, and other stakeholders.
Shareholder activism can take many forms, including proxy voting, filing resolutions, and engaging in dialogue with management. In this case, Engine No. 1 used its power as a shareholder to nominate directors to the board who would prioritize environmental concerns and push for a reduction in Exxon's carbon footprint.
The success of this approach demonstrates the power of shareholders to effect change and hold corporations accountable for their impact on the environment and society.
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You read in The Wall Street Journal that 30-day T-bills are currently vielding 6.0%. Your brother-in-law, a broker at Safe and Sound Securities, has given you the following estimates of drent interest rate premiums:
Inflation premium-3.25%
Liquidity premium - 1.2%
Maturity risk premium 1.70%
Default risk premium - 2.30%
On the basis of these data, what is the real risk-free rate of return? Round your answer to two decimal places.
On the basis of these data, the real risk-free rate of return is given as 2.75%.
How to solve for the real risk-free rate of returnTo calculate the real risk-free rate of return, we need to subtract the inflation premium from the yield of the 30-day T-bills.
Given:
30-day T-bill yield = 6.0%
Inflation premium = 3.25%
Real risk-free rate of return = 30-day T-bill yield - Inflation premium
Real risk-free rate of return = 6.0% - 3.25%
Real risk-free rate of return = 2.75%
Therefore, the real risk-free rate of return is 2.75%.
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For this discussion, you are to choose one of the links below:
The link I chose was: Can Reading Make You Happier? By Ceridwen Dovey (Can Reading Make You Happier? | The New Yorker)
Directions: Please post a summary of what you learned from the link I choose. I need a paragraph long, if anyone knowledgable. Be detailed. I would really appreciate it. I do really need the help. THANK YOU! Please do this correctly.
The author begins by describing her own experience of using books as a coping mechanism during a time of emotional distress, and then delves into the scientific evidence that supports the notion that reading can indeed make us happier.
Dovey cites various studies that have shown how reading can reduce stress levels, improve empathy and social skills, boost creativity and imagination, and even help us to live longer. She also highlights the therapeutic value of bibliotherapy, a form of treatment that involves using books as a tool to heal emotional and mental health issues.
The article is not only informative, but it is also persuasive, making a compelling case for why reading should be an essential part of our daily lives. Overall, is a well-written and thought-provoking piece that is definitely worth reading for anyone who wants to understand the many benefits of this timeless activity.
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In each case below, discuss whether or not the firm may be managing earnings and framing investor perceptions to be OVERLY optimistic about the firm’s prospects. What would be the explanation for your assessment? In parts c) and d) make an assessment of likely Price / reported earnings ratios for the two firms.
Sally’s Grills: year ending December 31 (GAAP Earnings)
2020 2021
Sales 2000 2320
COGS 1700 2003
Gross profit 300 317
Administrative expense 80 94
Advertising Expense 20 17
EBIT 200 206
Taxes 50 52.5
Net Income 150 153.5
Average Shares for year 100 102.3
EPS (rounded) 1.50 1.50
Accounts Receivable 200 380
Inventory 200 228
Sally’s Grills announced a flat earnings per share on a 16% increase in revenues for the year ending December 31, 2021. Sally’s sells outdoor grills in the upper Midwest and attributed the increase in sales to strong Christmas sales. Sally is ecstatic with the results in that she has entered into a 10-B-5 plan filed with the SEC to sell off 20,000 shares of her stock in each of the next three months. Sally’s Grill also attached the following GAAP vs non-GAAP earnings table. Share based compensation (after-tax) that is part of Administrative expenses was added back to income since they were non-cash expenses.
Non-GAAP reconciliation of earnings (EPS)
2020 2021
GAAP Net Income 150 152.5
After-tax share-based compensation adjustment 5 5.1
NON-GAAP Income 155 157.6
NON-GAAP EPS 1.55 1.55 (rounded)
Assessment of Sally’s Grills earnings (is earnings management likely?)
Sandy’s Furniture – year ending December 31 (GAAP Earnings)
2020 2021
Sales 1000 1120
COGS 850 950
Gross Profit 150 170
Administrative Expense 40 45
Advertising Expense 10 12
Loss on sale of property 0 12
EBIT 100 101
Taxes 75 75
Net Income 75 76
Shares 100 100
EPS .75 .75
Accounts Receivable 100 112
Inventory 100 110
Sandy’s Furniture announced flat earnings per share for 2021 despite a 12% sales increase. CEO Sandy Winters said that the year was actually quite solid and that earnings would have been almost $0.84 cents per share instead of 75 cents per share if not for a loss arising from the sale of the old Sandy’s distribution and manufacturing center that resulted in an almost 9 cents after taxes loss per share ($9 million after-tax). The sale arose after the structure was deemed inadequate for capacity and due to its poor proximity to the new interstate link in North Carolina. Sally says we view this is a one-time hit to earnings and are encouraged by expanding sales and expanding profits independent of the unusual loss item. Sandy’s also reported Non-GAAP earnings below:
2020 2021
Sandy’s GAAP earnings 0.75 0.75
After-tax loss 0.00 0.09
Non-GAAP earnings 0.75 0.84
a) Sally's Grills:
In the case of Sally's Grills, it appears that the firm may be managing earnings and framing investor perceptions to be overly optimistic about the firm's prospects. Several factors contribute to this assessment:
Flat earnings per share (EPS): Despite a 16% increase in revenues, Sally's Grills announced a flat EPS for the year ending December 31, 2021. This means that the company did not generate additional profit from the revenue growth, which is unusual.
Increase in sales attributed to strong Christmas sales: Sally's Grills attributes the increase in sales to strong Christmas sales. This explanation may be an attempt to frame the increase in sales as a short-term boost rather than a sustainable growth trend.
SEC 10-B-5 plan to sell off stock: Sally, the owner of Sally's Grills, has entered into a 10-B-5 plan with the SEC to sell off 20,000 shares of her stock in each of the next three months. This indicates that she may be taking advantage of the current positive investor perceptions to unload her shares.
Non-GAAP reconciliation of earnings: The company provides a non-GAAP reconciliation of earnings, where after-tax share-based compensation adjustment is added back to income. This adjustment can inflate the earnings and present a more positive picture of the company's financial performance.
Overall, these factors suggest that Sally's Grills may be managing earnings and framing investor perceptions to be overly optimistic. By maintaining a flat EPS despite revenue growth, attributing the sales increase to a specific event, and using non-GAAP measures, the company may be trying to create a favorable impression of its performance.
Assessment of likely Price/Reported Earnings (P/E) ratio: Given the questionable nature of the earnings management and the possibility of overly optimistic investor perceptions, it is likely that the Price/Reported Earnings (P/E) ratio for Sally's Grills will be higher than it should be. Investors may be willing to pay a premium for the stock based on the reported earnings, assuming that the company's prospects are better than they actually are.
b) Sandy's Furniture:
In the case of Sandy's Furniture, it does not appear that the firm is managing earnings and framing investor perceptions to be overly optimistic about the firm's prospects. The assessment is as follows:
Flat earnings per share (EPS): Sandy's Furniture announced flat EPS for 2021 despite a 12% increase in sales. The CEO acknowledges the loss arising from the sale of the old distribution and manufacturing center, and attributes the lower EPS to this one-time loss. This explanation is plausible and does not appear to be an attempt to manipulate investor perceptions.
Non-GAAP earnings reconciliation: The company provides non-GAAP earnings information, including the after-tax loss from the sale of the old center. By including this loss as a separate item, the company is transparent about the impact it had on earnings. This transparency supports the notion that the company is not trying to overstate its performance.
Based on these factors, it seems that Sandy's Furniture is not engaging in earnings management or framing investor perceptions to be overly optimistic. The CEO's explanation for the lower EPS due to the one-time loss appears reasonable, and the inclusion of non-GAAP earnings information adds transparency to the financial reporting.
Assessment of likely Price/Reported Earnings (P/E) ratio: The likely Price/Reported Earnings (P/E) ratio for Sandy's Furniture would depend on how investors interpret the one-time loss from the sale of the old center. If investors consider it a temporary setback and believe in the company's expanding sales and profits, the P/E ratio may remain relatively stable or even increase. However, if investors view the loss as recurring or indicative of underlying issues, the P/E ratio may be negatively affected.
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There are several levels of economic activity and they include primary, secondary, tertiary, qustomary and above. Calegonzesconomic activities based on the scenario below:
A retailer who decides on best place to display the new shipment of shoes in their store represents ________ of level economic activity A worker who takes part in the manufacturing process of shoes is considered to belong to ______ of economic activity level
The retailer who decides on the best place to display the new shipment of shoes in their store represents the tertiary level of economic activity. The worker who takes part in the manufacturing process of shoes is considered to belong to the secondary level of economic activity.
What are economic activities?Economic activities are any activity that produces goods or services for the purpose of generating income.
Economic activities can be categorized into five levels or sectors: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary.
Primary Level of Economic ActivityThis is the first level of economic activity, which involves raw materials extraction. Agriculture, mining, and fishing are examples of primary economic activities.
Secondary Level of Economic ActivityThis level of economic activity focuses on the transformation of raw materials into finished products. Manufacturing and construction are examples of secondary economic activities
.Tertiary Level of Economic ActivityThe tertiary level of economic activity involves the provision of services to the public. Salespeople, consultants, and healthcare professionals are examples of people working in tertiary economic activities
Quaternary and Quinary Levels of Economic ActivityThese levels of economic activity include activities related to information and knowledge. Research and development, media, and government agencies are examples of economic activities at this level.
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Which of the following activities would be considered an operation?
a.)Convert empty area of schoolyard into a new playground
b.)Prepare agendas for monthly faculty meetings
c.)Update a classroom into a computer lab
d.)Organize a fundraiser for new science textbooks
The activity which would be considered as an operation is "Update a classroom into a computer lab."
So, the answer is C.
An operation is a process, technique or method that converts inputs into useful outputs. It's a sequence of steps that transforms raw materials into finished goods, or a process that delivers a service to clients.
For instance, manufacturing a car, building a bridge, preparing a pizza, and processing loan applications are all examples of operations.Updating a classroom into a computer lab is considered an operation since it is a process that transforms raw materials into finished goods, such as the conversion of a classroom into a computer lab that provides a service to clients (students).
Thus, the correct answer is option C, i.e., Update a classroom into a computer lab.
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Which of the following is not considered a viable long-term source of bank liquidity? 1. Short-term Treasury securities 2. Federal funds sold 3. Cash 4. High quality short-term municipal securities
it's essential to understand what bank liquidity is. Bank liquidity refers to the bank's capacity to meet its cash and collateral obligations as they come due. To ensure that a bank can do this, banks must have a diverse mix of funding sources to maintain enough liquidity at all times.
The following is not considered a viable long-term source of bank liquidity: High-quality short-term municipal securities are not a viable long-term source of bank liquidity because banks use them for short-term cash flow management rather than long-term investments. Municipal securities provide banks with high-quality credit risk, high yields, and they are taxable, which may be advantageous to banks with significant taxable income. However, bank treasurers must not use municipal securities to fulfill long-term funding requirements. The cash obtained from municipal securities can be used to fund investment purchases, such as longer-term bonds or loans. Since municipal securities are not considered a long-term source of liquidity for banks, banks cannot depend on them to maintain liquidity for extended periods. In conclusion, high-quality short-term municipal securities are not a viable long-term source of bank liquidity.
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On the London Metals Exchange, the price for copper to be delivered in one year is $5,860 a ton. (Note: Payment is made when the copper is delivered.) The risk-free interest rate is 2.00% and the expected market return is 9%.
a. Suppose that you expect to produce and sell 11,000 tons of copper next year. What is the PV of this output? Assume that the sale occurs at the end of the year. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer in millions rounded to 2 decimal places.)
b-1. If copper has a beta of 1.29, what is the expected price of copper at the end of the year? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
b-2. Assume copper has a beta of 1.29. What is the certainty-equivalent end-of-year price?
a. The present value of the output is approximately $63.17 million.
b. The expected price of copper at the end of the year is approximately $6,501.73 per ton.
c. The certainty-equivalent end-of-year price is approximately $6,372.50 per ton.
a. To calculate the present value (PV) of the output, we need to discount the future cash flow (sale of copper) by the risk-free interest rate.
PV = Future Cash Flow / (1 + Risk-Free Interest Rate)^n
Where:
Future Cash Flow = Expected sales of copper (11,000 tons) * Future price of copper ($5,860 per ton)
Risk-Free Interest Rate = 2.00%
n = Number of years until the sale occurs (1 year)
PV = (11,000 tons * $5,860) / (1 + 0.02)^1
PV = $64,460,000 / 1.02
PV ≈ $63,166,666.67
The present value of the output is approximately $63.17 million.
b-1. To calculate the expected price of copper at the end of the year, we can use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM):
Expected Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * (Expected Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)
Where:
Risk-Free Rate = 2.00%
Beta = 1.29
Expected Market Return = 9%
Expected Return = 2.00% + 1.29 * (9% - 2.00%)
Expected Return ≈ 2.00% + 1.29 * 7%
Expected Return ≈ 2.00% + 9.03%
Expected Return ≈ 11.03%
The expected price of copper at the end of the year is approximately 11.03% higher than the current price.
Expected Price = Current Price * (1 + Expected Return)
Expected Price = $5,860 * (1 + 0.1103)
Expected Price ≈ $5,860 * 1.1103
Expected Price ≈ $6,501.73
The expected price of copper at the end of the year is approximately $6,501.73 per ton.
b-2. The certainty-equivalent end-of-year price is the risk-free price that an investor would find equally attractive to the uncertain end-of-year price with risk. Since the risk-free interest rate is 2.00%, the certainty-equivalent price can be calculated by discounting the expected price of copper at the end of the year using the risk-free interest rate.
Certainty-Equivalent Price = Expected Price / (1 + Risk-Free Interest Rate)
Certainty-Equivalent Price = $6,501.73 / (1 + 0.02)
Certainty-Equivalent Price ≈ $6,501.73 / 1.02
Certainty-Equivalent Price ≈ $6,372.50
The certainty-equivalent end-of-year price is approximately $6,372.50 per ton.
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Having evaluated its inventory management system your company is considering changing its terms of trade to encourage more potential customers to do business with your company, rather than your competitors. Until now its terms of trade have been strictly cash-only. You have been asked to look at the value of offering terms of 1/20 Net 60 EOM. Your company currently turns over 5,200 units of inventory per annum at a selling price of $1,000 per unit and variable operating costs of $500 per unit. Your research indicates that this change in credit terms will likely result in a 20% increase in sales and that all customers will take the extended credit terms rather than pay early, resulting in an average collection period of 60 days. Unfortunately the resultant increase in account receivables may also result in bad-debts equal to 10% of the annual average account receivables balance. Your company’s opportunity cost is 20%.
It appears that offering credit terms of 1/20 Net 60 EOM will have a positive NPV and is therefore a profitable decision for the company.
Based on the given information, let's calculate the incremental revenue and incremental costs associated with the change in credit terms.
First, let's calculate the current annual revenue generated by the company:
Current Annual Revenue = Selling price per unit x Number of units sold
Current Annual Revenue = $1,000 x 5,200
Current Annual Revenue = $5,200,000
Now, let's calculate the current annual operating costs of the company:
Current Annual Operating Costs = Variable operating cost per unit x Number of units sold
Current Annual Operating Costs = $500 x 5,200
Current Annual Operating Costs = $2,600,000
Therefore, the current annual profit of the company is:
Current Annual Profit = Current Annual Revenue - Current Annual Operating Costs
Current Annual Profit = $5,200,000 - $2,600,000
Current Annual Profit = $2,600,000
Now, let's evaluate the impact of offering credit terms of 1/20 Net 60 EOM.
The new sales volume can be calculated as follows:
New Sales Volume = Current Sales Volume x (1+ Increase in Sales %)
New Sales Volume = 5,200 x (1 + 20%)
New Sales Volume = 6,240
The selling price per unit and variable operating cost per unit will remain the same, so the new annual revenue and operating costs can be calculated as follows:
New Annual Revenue = Selling price per unit x New Sales Volume
New Annual Revenue = $1,000 x 6,240
New Annual Revenue = $6,240,000
New Annual Operating Costs = Variable operating cost per unit x New Sales Volume
New Annual Operating Costs = $500 x 6,240
New Annual Operating Costs = $3,120,000
Therefore, the new annual profit of the company is:
New Annual Profit = New Annual Revenue - New Annual Operating Costs
New Annual Profit = $6,240,000 - $3,120,000
New Annual Profit = $3,120,000
Next, let's calculate the incremental investment in accounts receivable due to the change in credit terms:
Incremental Investment in Accounts Receivable = (Current Annual Credit Sales x Average Collection Period) - (New Annual Credit Sales x Average Collection Period)
Incremental Investment in Accounts Receivable = (($5,200,000 - ($5,200,000 x 1%)) x 0 days) - (($6,240,000 - ($6,240,000 x 1%)) x 60 days)
Incremental Investment in Accounts Receivable = ($5,147,999 x 0) - ($6,177,599 x 60/365)
Incremental Investment in Accounts Receivable = -$1,012,933
Since the customers will take the extended credit terms rather than pay early, bad debts equal to 10% of the average account receivables balance will be incurred. Therefore, the incremental bad debt expense can be calculated as follows:
Incremental Bad Debt Expense = (Average Account Receivables Balance x 10%) - (Current Annual Credit Sales x 1%)
Incremental Bad Debt Expense = (($5,147,999 + $6,177,599) / 2 x 10%) - ($5,200,000 x 1%)
Incremental Bad Debt Expense = ($560,189.90) - ($52,000)
Incremental Bad Debt Expense = $508,189.90
Finally, let's calculate the incremental cash inflows and outflows associated with the change in credit terms:
Incremental Cash Inflows = Incremental Profit + Current Annual Credit Sales x 1%
Incremental Cash Inflows = $520,000 + $52,000
Incremental Cash Inflows = $572,000
Incremental Cash Outflows = Incremental Investment in Accounts Receivable + Incremental Bad Debt Expense
Incremental Cash Outflows = -$1,012,933 + $508,189.90
Incremental Cash Outflows = -$504,743.10
Therefore, the net present value (NPV) of offering credit terms of 1/20 Net 60 EOM can be calculated using the following formula:
NPV = (Incremental Cash Inflows - Incremental Cash Outflows) / (1 + Opportunity Cost)^n
Where n is the number of years. Assuming a one-year time horizon, the NPV can be calculated as follows:
NPV = ($572,000 - $504,743.10) / (1 + 20%)^1
NPV = $67,256.90
Based on this analysis, it appears that offering credit terms of 1/20 Net 60 EOM will have a positive NPV and is therefore a profitable decision for the company.
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Which statements about service accounts are most accurate ? Each correct answer represents a complete solution . Choose two .
Service accounts are accounts that are established by an organization to be used by its services. These accounts are employed by system services, scheduled tasks, and other types of services.
The service accounts are accounts that are established by an organization to be used by its services. The following are some of the most accurate statements about service accounts:
1. Service accounts are employed by system services, scheduled tasks, and other types of services, and are frequently configured with least privileges to restrict the scope of what the service can access or modify.
Service accounts are frequently utilized in a variety of settings to provide access to network resources. These accounts are used to give services and other processes the permissions required to function, and they are frequently configured with minimal privileges to restrict the scope of what they can access or modify.
2. Service accounts do not require a password, and they are never locked out or expired, nor can they be used to log in to the system.
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Which of the following statements about legal aid is true? O A person qualified for legal aid may still pay legal costs. O A person must repay all benefits received from legal aid. O Anyone can use legal aid. O Legal aid helps with any kind of legal problem. Any business can use legal aid. Submit
Legal aid refers to a free legal service provided to people who cannot afford to pay for their legal representation. Legal aid services are offered by law firms, nonprofits, and other organizations to those who cannot afford to pay for legal services.
Legal aid is designed to assist individuals, families, and businesses with legal problems that may have a significant impact on their lives. However, the legal aid is subject to some conditions. The statement that is true about legal aid is "A person qualified for legal aid may still pay legal costs."Legal aid is not free for everyone. In most cases, it is given only to those who are in need and have an insufficient income or a low-income job. The person may still have to pay some of the costs even though they qualify for legal aid. The legal aid may cover some legal costs, but not all, so the recipient of the service may still have to pay some fees.The repayment of the benefits received from legal aid is not required. However, if an individual receives compensation after the trial, then a portion of that compensation may be used to reimburse the legal aid provider, but the amount will not exceed the amount received in legal aid. Legal aid is not available for every type of legal problem. The availability of legal aid services varies depending on the specific legal issue. For example, legal aid may not be available for civil litigation cases involving non-essential legal services or criminal cases involving minor offenses. Legal aid is not available for any business, only for individuals, families, and groups that are unable to pay for legal services.
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1) Name at least two ways in which you believe you can use internal control and cash in accounting for your future career as a nurse or HSA major
2) two ways you have likely developed in which you like to prepare for an exam. What methods or approaches do you like to implement and how does this contribute to your overall outcome?
Two ways in which I can use internal control and cash accounting in my future career as a nurse or HSA major are managing patient billing and ensuring financial accuracy of medical expenses.
As a nurse or HSA major, managing patient billing and ensuring financial accuracy of medical expenses is a critical aspect of the job. With a strong understanding of internal control and cash accounting, I can effectively manage patient billing procedures, ensure timely payments, and reduce errors in financial reporting.
Additionally, I can ensure that medical expenses are properly recorded and tracked, helping to minimize waste and optimize overall financial performance.
In terms of preparing for exams, I typically like to implement two different approaches. The first is to review class notes and study guides, focusing on key concepts and important details.
I also like to create flashcards or other study aids to help reinforce my knowledge and retention of information. The second approach I like to implement is to practice problem-solving and critical thinking skills through practice exams and sample questions.
This approach helps me to better understand how concepts can be applied in real-world scenarios, and also helps to build my confidence and reduce test anxiety. By combining these two approaches, I am able to effectively prepare for exams and achieve strong academic outcomes.
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QUESTION FIVE a) Consider a position consisting of a K100, 000 investment in asset A and a K100, 000 investment in asset B. Assume that the daily volatilities of both assets are 1% and that the coefficient of correlation between their returns is 0.3. What are the five-day 97% VaR and ES for the portfolio? [7 Marks] b) Consider a company for which working capital is K180,000, total assets are K680,000, earnings before interest and taxes is K70,000, sales are K2,210,000, the market value of equity is K390,000, total liabilities is K250,000, and retained earnings is K310,000. 1. Compute these ratios using the Altman Z-score: X₁, X2, X3, X4, and X5. [5 Marks] II. Assess the credit risk (z-score) of a potential borrowing firm and interpret the score. [5 Marks] Explain in detail the four pillars of Basel II Accord [8 Marks] [TOTAL 25 MARKS]
The Basel II Accord was designed to enhance risk management practices in the banking industry, improve the stability of financial systems, and promote a level playing field for international banks.
a) To calculate the five-day 97% Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) for the portfolio consisting of assets A and B, we need to consider their volatilities and the correlation between their returns.
Given:
Investment in asset A: K100,000
Investment in asset B: K100,000
Daily volatilities of both assets: 1%
Correlation coefficient between their returns: 0.3
First, let's calculate the combined portfolio volatility (σp) using the formula:
σp = √(wA^2 × σA^2 + wB^2 × σB^2 + 2 × wA × wB × ρAB × σA × σB)
Where:
wA = Weight of asset A in the portfolio = K100,000 / (K100,000 + K100,000) = 0.5
wB = Weight of asset B in the portfolio = K100,000 / (K100,000 + K100,000) = 0.5
σA = Volatility of asset A = 1%
σB = Volatility of asset B = 1%
ρAB = Correlation coefficient between returns of asset A and B = 0.3
σp = √(0.5^2 × 0.01^2 + 0.5^2 × 0.01^2 + 2 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.3 × 0.01 × 0.01)
Next, let's calculate the five-day 97% VaR (Value at Risk) for the portfolio:
VaR = σp × Z × √(n)
Where:
Z = Z-score corresponding to the confidence level of 97%, which is approximately 1.88
n = Number of days (five-day period) = 5
VaR = σp × 1.88 × √(5)
Finally, let's calculate the Expected Shortfall (ES) for the portfolio using the formula:
ES = VaR / (1 - α)
Where:
α = Confidence level (1 - 0.97) = 0.03
ES = VaR / 0.03
Calculate the values using the given formulas and substitute the values:
a) Five-day 97% VaR for the portfolio:
VaR = σp × 1.88 × √(5)
b) Expected Shortfall (ES) for the portfolio:
ES = VaR / 0.03
b) To assess the credit risk of the potential borrowing firm using the Altman Z-score, we need to calculate the Z-score using the given financial information. The Altman Z-score is calculated as follows:
Z = 1.2X₁ + 1.4X₂ + 3.3X₃ + 0.6X₄ + X₅
Where:
X₁ = Working Capital / Total Assets
X₂ = Retained Earnings / Total Assets
X₃ = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) / Total Assets
X₄ = Market Value of Equity / Total Liabilities
X₅ = Sales / Total Assets
Substitute the given values to calculate X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, and X₅.
II. Once you have the Z-score, you can interpret the credit risk of the potential borrowing firm. The higher the Z-score, the lower the credit risk, indicating a healthier financial condition. On the other hand, a lower Z-score indicates higher credit risk and potentially financial distress. The Z-score provides a quantitative measure to assess the likelihood of bankruptcy or financial stability for the firm.
c) The four pillars of the Basel II Accord are:
Minimum Capital Requirements: This pillar establishes the minimum capital requirement for banks and other financial institutions based on the risks they undertake. It categorizes risks into credit risk, operational risk, and market risk and specifies the amount of capital that must be held to cover these risks.
Supervisory Review Process: This pillar emphasizes the importance of an ongoing supervisory review of a bank's capital adequacy and risk management processes. It requires banks to conduct their own internal assessments of risks and ensure that their capital is sufficient to support those risks.
Market Discipline: This pillar encourages transparency and disclosure by banks. It aims to promote market discipline by providing stakeholders with information about a bank's risk profile, capital adequacy, and risk management practices. The disclosure of such information helps market participants make informed decisions and exert market discipline on banks.
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EOQ Adjustment . Co = The Sawtooth Model Adjusted – In-Transit Inv D = 3,600 units C. = $200 C; = 25% U = $100 Q = 240 units 360 days per year Rail: In-Transit: 8 days; $3 per hundred pounds Motor: In-Transit: 6 days; $4 per hundred pounds Assumptions: Same mount of 240 units; 100 Ibs/ unit; In-Transit Carrying Cost = 10%. Should we choose rail or motor
the rail transportation option has a lower total cost compared to motor transportation. Thus, we should choose rail as the preferred transportation option.
To determine the optimal transportation option, we need to compare the total cost of transportation for both rail and motor options.
Rail Transportation:
In-Transit Time: 8 days
Transportation Cost: $3 per hundred pounds
To calculate the transportation cost for rail, we need to find the weight of 3,600 units, given that each unit weighs 100 lbs.
Weight of 3,600 units = 3,600 units * 100 lbs/unit
= 360,000 lbs
Transportation cost for rail = (Transportation cost per hundred pounds) * (Weight of units in hundreds of pounds)
Transportation cost for rail = $3 * (360,000 lbs / 100 lbs)
= $10,800
Motor Transportation:
In-Transit Time: 6 days
Transportation Cost: $4 per hundred pounds
Transportation cost for motor = (Transportation cost per hundred pounds) * (Weight of units in hundreds of pounds)
Transportation cost for motor = $4 * (360,000 lbs / 100 lbs) = $14,400
Next, let's calculate the carrying cost for both options:
Carrying Cost = In-Transit Inventory * Carrying Cost Rate * Unit Cost
In-Transit Inventory = Q * D = 240 units * 360 days = 86,400 units
Carrying Cost for Rail = 86,400 units * 10% * $100 = $864,000
Carrying Cost for Motor = 86,400 units * 10% * $100 = $864,000
Now, let's calculate the total cost for both options by adding the transportation cost and carrying cost:
Total Cost for Rail = Transportation Cost for Rail + Carrying Cost for Rail
Total Cost for Rail = $10,800 + $864,000 = $874,800
Total Cost for Motor = Transportation Cost for Motor + Carrying Cost for Motor
Total Cost for Motor = $14,400 + $864,000 = $878,400
Based on the calculations, the total cost for rail transportation is $874,800, while the total cost for motor transportation is $878,400. Therefore, the rail transportation option has a lower total cost compared to motor transportation. Thus, we should choose rail as the preferred transportation option.
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What issues must marketers overcome in order to gain consumers'
attention? How can they overcome these challenges? Provide an
example.
Marketers face several challenges in gaining consumers' attention. Some of these challenges include:
1. Information overload: Consumers are bombarded with a vast amount of information and advertising messages every day, making it difficult for marketers to stand out.
To overcome this challenge, marketers can use creative and attention-grabbing tactics. For example, they can employ storytelling techniques, create visually appealing content, or leverage the power of humor to capture consumers' attention. An example of this is the "Dollar Shave Club" video advertisement, which went viral due to its humorous and engaging content.
2. Short attention spans: Consumers' attention spans have decreased, and they often quickly move on from one piece of content to another.
To address this challenge, marketers can focus on creating concise and impactful messages. Using bold headlines, compelling visuals, and concise copy can help grab consumers' attention in a short span of time. An example of this is the "Got Milk?" campaign, which featured simple yet attention-grabbing visuals and concise messaging.
3. Ad avoidance: Many consumers actively try to avoid traditional advertising, such as ad-blockers or skipping commercials.
To overcome ad avoidance, marketers can explore alternative channels and tactics to reach consumers. This can include influencer marketing, content marketing, native advertising, or interactive experiences that provide value to consumers rather than intrusive advertisements. Red Bull's content marketing strategy is a prime example, where they create and distribute high-quality content related to extreme sports and lifestyle, attracting their target audience without relying heavily on traditional advertising.
4. Consumer skepticism: Consumers have become more skeptical of marketing messages and may be hesitant to trust brand claims.
To address consumer skepticism, marketers need to focus on building trust and credibility. This can be achieved through transparency, social proof, customer testimonials, and by providing accurate and reliable information. Brands like Patagonia have successfully overcome skepticism by showcasing their commitment to social and environmental responsibility through transparent practices and ethical campaigns.
By understanding and addressing these challenges, marketers can enhance their strategies to capture consumers' attention and build meaningful connections with their target audience.
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Content which is picked up and displayed by a third party is called: A) Shared media B) Paid media C) Earned media D) Owned media
The content that is picked up and displayed by a third party is called earned media. When you want to learn about the different types of media in marketing, you must remember the following information:
Owned media: refers to any digital channel or online presence that a brand owns and has full control over, such as a website, blog, or social media page. Any content posted on these channels is owned by the brand.
Shared media: refers to any content that is shared or reposted by users on social media or other online platforms. User-generated content, viral content, and influencer content are examples of shared media.
Paid media: refers to any content that a brand pays to promote or distribute, such as social media ads, display ads, and sponsored content. Companies pay for exposure on various platforms and channels to drive traffic, increase engagement, and generate leads.
Earned media: refers to any content that is created by someone else but promotes your brand. It could be news coverage, reviews, social media shares, or even word-of-mouth recommendations. It's usually the result of your brand's exceptional service or high-quality products. Earned media is a free, effective way to build your brand and reputation.
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The process that adapts employees to the organisation's culture is known as ____________.
The process that adapts employees to the organization's culture is known as Onboarding. What is Onboarding Onboarding is the process of training and welcoming newly recruited employees into a firm or organization and helping them get accustomed to the firm's culture, policies, and procedures.
Onboarding is an ongoing procedure that spans the initial few months of a new hire's employment, but it generally lasts longer than that. The goal of onboarding is to provide new hires with the necessary tools to thrive in their new job while also promoting the organization's culture.
The goal of onboarding is to provide new hires with the necessary tools to thrive in their new job while also promoting the organization's culture.of training and welcoming newly recruited employees into a firm or organization and helping them get accustomed to the firm's culture, policies, and procedures.
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Barans Realty Co. pays weekly salaries of $8,125 on Friday for a five-day workweek ending on that day. Journalize the necessary adjusting entry assuming that the accounting period ends on Tuesday.
Baran's Realty Co. pays weekly salaries of $8,125 on Friday for a five-day workweek ending on that day. Journalize the necessary adjusting entry assuming that the accounting period ends on Tuesday.
A weekly salary of $8,125 is paid on Friday. The week ends on Friday. The accounting period, however, ends on Tuesday (2 days before the end of the week). The salaries for the two days need to be accrued. The calculation of the accrued salaries for 2 days is:
S alary per day = $8,125 / 5 days = $1,625 Accrued salaries for 2 days = $1,625 x 2 = $3,250The necessary adjusting entry is:
Debit Salary Expense $3,250 Credit Salaries Payable $3,250
Explanation: Accrued salaries are used when a company owes employees payment for work that is done but has not yet been paid. An adjusting entry must be made to record the amount of unpaid salaries at the end of the accounting period.
Hence, the entry for the Baran's Realty Co. should be: Debit Salary Expense for $3,250CreditSalaries Payable for $3,250 Therefore, the company needs to record the salaries expense for $3,250 and increase the salaries payable by $3,250.
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Bentley Inc. (the lessor) leases an asset to Haley Corp. (the lessee) for four years. Data relating to this lease are provided below. Assume this lease is a capital lease in all parts below. Answer the following questions for Bentley Inc. (the Lessor). 1. Lease is signed on 1/1/1 2. Lease term: 4 years 3. Remaining useful life of leased asset as of 1/1/1: 5 years 4. Cost of leased asset to lessor (less than FMV of leased asset): $35,000 5. Expected fair market value of leased asset on 12/31/4: $1,000 6. Expected fair market value of leased asset on 12/31/5: $6,000 7. Incremental borrowing rate and rate implicit in lease: 10% 8. Actual fair market value of leased asset on 12/31/4: $8,000 9. Actual fair market value of leased asset on 12/31/5: $5,000 10. Payments of $20,000 are to be made at the end of each year. Executory costs represent $2,000 of the $20,000 payment. 11. The lease contains a guaranteed residual value on 12/31/4 of $4,000. What is the lease receivable balance on 1/1/1? PV of MLPs (i= %, n= PV of UGRV = Lease Receivable= 0) pmt= , FV=
To calculate the lease receivable balance on 1/1/1, we need to determine the present value of the minimum lease payments (MLPs) and the present value of the unguaranteed residual value (UGRV).
Given data:
Lease term: 4 years
Remaining useful life of leased asset as of 1/1/1: 5 years
Cost of leased asset to lessor: $35,000
Expected fair market value of leased asset on 12/31/4: $1,000
Expected fair market value of leased asset on 12/31/5: $6,000
Incremental borrowing rate and rate implicit in lease: 10%
Actual fair market value of leased asset on 12/31/4: $8,000
Actual fair market value of leased asset on 12/31/5: $5,000
Payments: $20,000 per year with $2,000 representing executory costs
Guaranteed residual value on 12/31/4: $4,000
First, we calculate the present value of the MLPs:
PV of MLPs = Payment × Present Value of Annuity Factor
Since the payments are $20,000 per year for 4 years, and the discount rate is 10%, the present value of the annuity factor (PVAF) can be calculated using the formula:
PVAF = (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / rwhere r is the discount rate and n is the number of periods. Using the given data, we have:
r = 10%
n = 4PVAF = (1 - (1 + 0.10)^(-4)) / 0.10
Next, we calculate the present value of the unguaranteed residual value:
PV of UGRV = Residual Value / (1 + r)^n
For the guaranteed residual value on 12/31/4 of $4,000, the present value would be:
PV of UGRV = $4,000 / (1 + 0.10)^4
Finally, we can calculate the lease receivable balance on 1/1/1:
Lease Receivable = PV of MLPs + PV of UGRV
Summing up the calculations, we can determine the lease receivable balance on 1/1/1.
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Consider a healthcare setting with which you are familiar. It may be one in which you currently or previously worked, or are acquainted with as a patient. Identify one area that you feel utilizing Lean Management System (LMS) and/or Lean Six Sigma (LSS) would be beneficial. Explain why you chose this area, as well as what outcome you hope the application might achieve.
Healthcare organizations are consistently exploring ways to improve patient outcomes and optimize their operations. The Lean Management System (LMS) and Lean Six Sigma (LSS) methodologies are recognized approaches in helping healthcare providers make sustainable improvements that directly affect patient care.
One area of healthcare that could benefit from using LMS and LSS is the Patient Intake Process.
Patient intake is an important process in healthcare.
It is the initial point of contact between patients and healthcare providers. It is the foundation for all the care that the patient receives during their stay at a healthcare facility.
This process is significant, but it can often be a frustrating and stressful experience for the patient, resulting in a negative impression of the healthcare provider and, ultimately, an unsatisfactory outcome.
The goal of utilizing LMS and LSS in the patient intake process would be to remove waste from the process, thereby improving the quality of the patient experience.
Some benefits of utilizing LMS and LSS in the patient intake process are:
Improve Patient Experience - Reduce the time it takes to register patients by streamlining the process, resulting in less wait time and reducing patient frustration and anxiety.
Reduce Costs - Reduce the need for excessive documentation and data input by optimizing the registration process and reducing the need for administrative staff.
Improve the Quality of Care - Provide more accurate data to the healthcare team, resulting in more informed decisions about the patient's care.
Lower Staff Turnover - Improve the work environment for staff and increase their job satisfaction by streamlining the patient intake process.
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Basis Risk
Assume the 3-month LIBOR rate was 3.20% and the 3-month T-Bill rate was 3.0% when the loan was disbursed. The spread is given as follows:
a. Spread =( 2.20% ).
b. if the 3-month LIBOR rate increases to 4.10% while 3-month T-Bill rates increase to 4.20%, the spread changes into ( 1.90% ).
When the 3-month LIBOR rate increases to 4.10% and the 3-month T-Bill rates increase to 4.20%, the spread changes to 1.90%. The basis risk in this case is 0.3%.
Basis Risk refers to the risk that the investment's hedging instrument (such as a future contract) will not move in the opposite direction to the underlying asset. Basis risk arises due to the asset and hedge not always having a perfectly inverse correlation. Therefore, the investor may not be perfectly hedged and may incur losses in the underlying asset.
The basis risk is the risk that the investment's hedging instrument (such as a future contract) will not move in the opposite direction to the underlying asset. Basis risk arises because the asset and hedge do not always have a perfectly inverse correlation. As a result, the investor may not be perfectly hedged and may incur losses in the underlying asset.
In the scenario given,
Spread at loan disbursement is = 2.20%
When the 3-month LIBOR rate increases to 4.10% and the 3-month T-Bill rates increase to 4.20%, the spread changes to 1.90%.
Therefore, the basis risk is 0.3%.
This is calculated as the difference between the spread at loan disbursement and the spread when the LIBOR rate increases to 4.10% and T-bill rate increases to 4.20%.
Mathematically,
Basis Risk = Spread at loan disbursement - Spread when LIBOR rate increases to 4.10% and T-bill rate increases to 4.20% = 2.20% - 1.90% = 0.30%.
Therefore, the basis risk in this case is 0.3%.
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FILL THE BLANK. Security market line (SML) assume that the risk free rate RF, is currently 6% and that the market return RM, is currently 13%
Calculate the market risk premium
Given the previous data, calculate the required return on asset A having a beta of 0.3 and asset B having a beta of 1.5.
The market risk premium is ___%
If the beta of asset A is 0.3 the required return for asset A is ___%
If the beta of asset B is 1.5 the required return for asset B is ___%
The market risk premium is 7%.
The required return for asset A is 8.1%.
The required return for asset B is 16.5%.
To calculate the market risk premium, subtract the risk-free rate from the market return:
Market Risk Premium = Market Return - Risk-Free Rate
Market Risk Premium = 13% - 6%
Market Risk Premium = 7%
The market risk premium is 7%.
To calculate the required return on asset A and asset B, we can use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM):
Required Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * Market Risk Premium
For asset A with a beta of 0.3:
Required Return for Asset A = 6% + 0.3 * 7%
Required Return for Asset A = 6% + 2.1%
Required Return for Asset A = 8.1%
The required return for asset A is 8.1%.
For asset B with a beta of 1.5:
Required Return for Asset B = 6% + 1.5 * 7%
Required Return for Asset B = 6% + 10.5%
Required Return for Asset B = 16.5%
The required return for asset B is 16.5%.
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LIST AND EXPLAIN THE REASONS WHY FIRMS MUST COMPETE IN A VOLATILE ENVIRONMENT
In today's economic landscape, businesses operate in a volatile environment characterized by constant changes in consumer demands, supplier costs, and regulatory standards. Competing in this environment is essential for firms to survive and thrive.
Here are the reasons why businesses must compete in a volatile environment:
1. Remaining relevant: Businesses need to adapt to changing consumer preferences and technological advancements to stay relevant. Failure to do so can lead to obsolescence and business failure. Competing allows firms to meet evolving customer needs and remain in the market.
2. Attracting customers: Increased competition necessitates businesses to compete for customers. They must differentiate themselves by offering unique products, excellent customer service, and competitive prices. By doing so, they can attract and retain customers and stay ahead of their competitors.
3. Increasing profits: Competing in a volatile environment provides opportunities for businesses to increase their profits. By offering innovative products or services that stand out, businesses can differentiate themselves and charge premium prices. This allows them to improve profit margins and reinvest in their operations.
4. Creating sustainability: Adapting to changing consumer preferences and regulatory standards is crucial for creating a sustainable business. By staying attuned to market changes and adjusting their strategies, businesses can ensure long-term profitability and success.
Competing in a volatile environment is essential for businesses to remain relevant, attract customers, increase profits, and create sustainable operations. This requires businesses to be agile, innovative, and responsive to change. Successful businesses in a volatile environment are those that embrace adaptation, continuously monitor market conditions, and are willing to take calculated risks to stay ahead of the competition. By doing so, they position themselves for long-term success in a rapidly changing business landscape.
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CHAPTER CASE 4.1 ( p.133)
Home Depot’s Supply Chain Transformation
1. What are the key strategic and operational benefits of The Home Depot’s RDC and omni-channel supply chain strategies?
2. What are some of the challenges that you feel may need to be addressed as implementation of these strategies continues to move forward?
3. Which of the approaches to network design discussed in this chapter would be of greatest help to The Home Depot?
1. Key strategic and operational benefits of The Home Depot's RDC (Rapid Deployment Center) and omni-channel supply chain strategies such as Improved inventory management, Faster and more efficient fulfillment, Enhanced customer experience , Cost savings and efficiency gains.
2. Some of the challenges that may need to be addressed as implementation of these strategies continues include
Integration of systems and processes, Operational complexities, Workforce training and adaptation.
3.The approach to network design that would be of greatest help to The Home Depot is the hub-and-spoke model.
1. Key strategic and operational benefits of The Home Depot's RDC (Rapid Deployment Center) and omni-channel supply chain strategies inlcude-
a) Improved inventory management: The RDC strategy allows for centralized inventory management, reducing the risk of stockouts and improving product availability. It enables efficient replenishment and distribution of products to stores, ensuring that the right products are in the right place at the right time.
b) Faster and more efficient fulfillment: The omni-channel strategy enables customers to shop seamlessly across different channels, including online, in-store, and mobile. This improves customer convenience and satisfaction. Additionally, it allows for various fulfillment options such as ship-from-store and buy-online-pickup-in-store (BOPIS), which enhance speed and efficiency in order fulfillment.
c) Enhanced customer experience: The combination of RDC and omni-channel strategies enables Home Depot to provide a seamless and consistent customer experience across different touchpoints. Customers can browse products, compare prices, and make purchases through various channels, and have the flexibility to choose their preferred fulfillment method.
d) Cost savings and efficiency gains: The RDC strategy helps in consolidating inventory and reducing storage costs. It also optimizes transportation by consolidating shipments to stores, resulting in lower transportation costs. The omni-channel strategy improves overall supply chain efficiency by utilizing store networks for fulfillment, reducing the need for separate fulfillment centers.
2. Some of the challenges that may need to be addressed as implementation of these strategies continues include:
a) Integration of systems and processes: Implementing an omni-channel supply chain requires seamless integration of various systems and processes, such as inventory management, order management, and fulfillment. Ensuring smooth data flow and coordination between different channels can be complex and may require significant investment in technology infrastructure.
b) Operational complexities: Fulfilling orders through multiple channels and providing options like BOPIS can introduce operational complexities, including inventory accuracy, order picking efficiency, and managing customer expectations for fulfillment speed. These challenges need to be carefully managed to avoid potential bottlenecks or customer dissatisfaction.
c) Workforce training and adaptation: The shift towards an omni-channel supply chain may require additional training and adaptation for employees. They need to be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to handle tasks related to online orders, in-store fulfillment, and customer service across various channels.
3. The use of Rapid Deployment Centers (RDCs) as centralized hubs for inventory storage and distribution aligns with the hub-and-spoke concept. The RDCs serve as central points for receiving, storing, and replenishing inventory, while the stores act as spokes that receive products from the RDCs. This model allows for efficient inventory management, optimized transportation, and improved product availability in stores. It also enables better coordination and control over the supply chain network, reducing the complexity associated with managing multiple nodes and channels.
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Tax Rate Please refer to the following tax schedule. Taxable Income $ 0-50,000 $ 50,001-75,000 15% 25% 34% $ 75,001-100,000 $100,001-335,000 39% If the Card Depot Inc. had $300,000 of taxable income last year selling greeting cards, what was the average tax rate? What was the marginal tax rate? a. AVERAGE TAX RATE= 39.0 %, MARGINAL TAX RATE= 39% b. AVERAGE TAX RATE = 33.4%, MARGINAL TAX RATE=39% c. AVERAGE TAX RATE= 33.4%, MARGINAL TAX RATE= 34% d. AVERAGE TAX RATE= 35.8%, MARGINAL TAX RATE=34% bod I
The average tax rate and marginal tax rate for Card Depot Inc. with a taxable income of $300,000, would be 33.4% and 39%. The correct answer is b.
The average tax rate is the total amount of tax paid divided by the taxable income. It represents the overall tax burden on the taxpayer. It is calculated by dividing the total tax paid by the taxable income and expressing it as a percentage.
The marginal tax rate, on the other hand, is the tax rate applied to the next additional dollar of taxable income. It represents the rate at which the tax liability increases as income increases.
Thus, the ideal selection is option b.
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You want to earn a return of 6% on each of two stocks, A and B. Each of the stocks is expected to pay a dividend of $2 in the upcoming year. The expected growth rate of dividends is 3% for stock A and 3% for stock B. Using the constant-growth DDM, the intrinsic value of stock A _________.
A. will be less than the intrinsic value of stock B
B. will be higher than the intrinsic value of stock B
C. will be the same as the intrinsic value of stock B
D. he answer cannot be determined from the information given.
The intrinsic value of stock A will be higher than the intrinsic value of stock B. We can observe that the intrinsic value of both stocks is the same. Therefore, the correct option is (C) will be the same as the intrinsic value of stock B.
The formula to calculate intrinsic value is given by: V0 = D1 / (k - g)
Where:V0 = Intrinsic value D1 = Expected dividend one year from now k = Required rate of return g = Expected growth rate
Using the given data for both the stocks and the formula, we can calculate the intrinsic values of both stocks as follows:For stock A:V0 = $2 x (1 + 3%) / (6% - 3%) = $68.97For stock B:V0 = $2 x (1 + 3%) / (6% - 3%) = $68.97
We can observe that the intrinsic value of both stocks is the same. Therefore, the correct option is (C) will be the same as the intrinsic value of stock B.
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At the beginning of the year, Learer Company's manager estimated total direct labor cost to be $2,515,000. The manager also estimated the following overhead costs for the year.
Indirect labor $560,700
Rent on factory building 141,000
Factory utilities 157,000
Depreciation-Factory equipment 481,500
Repairs expense-Factory equipment 61,500
Indirect materials 106,300
Total estimated overhead costs $1,509,000
For the year, the company incurred $1,524,500 of actual overhead costs. It completed and sold five jobs with the following direct labor costs: Job 201, $605,500; Job 202, $564,500; Job 203, $299,500; Job 204, $717,500; and Job 205, $315,500. In addition, Job 206 is in process at the end of the year and had been charged $18,500 for direct labor. No jobs were in process at the beginning of the year. The company's predetermined overhead rate is based on a percent of direct labor cost. Required 1-a. Determine the predetermined overhead rate for the year. 1-b. Determine the overhead applied to each of the six jobs during the year. 1-c. Determine the over- or underapplied overhead at the year-end
1-a. To determine the predetermined overhead rate for the year, we need to calculate the percentage of overhead costs in relation to the estimated total direct labor cost.
Predetermined Overhead Rate = Estimated Overhead Costs / Estimated Total Direct Labor Cost
Estimated Overhead Costs = $1,509,000
Estimated Total Direct Labor Cost = $2,515,000
Predetermined Overhead Rate = $1,509,000 / $2,515,000
Predetermined Overhead Rate ≈ 0.5996 or 59.96% (rounded to two decimal places)
The predetermined overhead rate for the year is approximately 59.96%.
1-b. To determine the overhead applied to each of the six jobs during the year, we need to multiply the direct labor cost of each job by the predetermined overhead rate.
Job 201:
Overhead Applied = Direct Labor Cost (Job 201) * Predetermined Overhead Rate
Overhead Applied = $605,500 * 0.5996
Overhead Applied ≈ $363,413 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
Job 202:
Overhead Applied = Direct Labor Cost (Job 202) * Predetermined Overhead Rate
Overhead Applied = $564,500 * 0.5996
Overhead Applied ≈ $338,391 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
Job 203:
Overhead Applied = Direct Labor Cost (Job 203) * Predetermined Overhead Rate
Overhead Applied = $299,500 * 0.5996
Overhead Applied ≈ $179,634 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
Job 204:
Overhead Applied = Direct Labor Cost (Job 204) * Predetermined Overhead Rate
Overhead Applied = $717,500 * 0.5996
Overhead Applied ≈ $430,502 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
Job 205:
Overhead Applied = Direct Labor Cost (Job 205) * Predetermined Overhead Rate
Overhead Applied = $315,500 * 0.5996
Overhead Applied ≈ $189,159 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
Job 206 (In Process):
Overhead Applied = Direct Labor Cost (Job 206) * Predetermined Overhead Rate
Overhead Applied = $18,500 * 0.5996
Overhead Applied ≈ $11,073 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
1-c. To determine the over- or underapplied overhead at the year-end, we need to compare the actual overhead costs incurred with the overhead applied to all the jobs.
Total Overhead Applied = Overhead Applied (Job 201) + Overhead Applied (Job 202) + Overhead Applied (Job 203) + Overhead Applied (Job 204) + Overhead Applied (Job 205) + Overhead Applied (Job 206)
Total Overhead Applied = $363,413 + $338,391 + $179,634 + $430,502 + $189,159 + $11,073
Total Overhead Applied ≈ $1,512,172 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
Over- or Underapplied Overhead = Actual Overhead Costs - Total Overhead Applied
Over- or Underapplied Overhead = $1,524,500 - $1,512,172
Over- or Underapplied Overhead ≈ $12,328 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
At the year-end, there is an overapplied overhead of approximately $12,328.
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Best Buy’s 2022 net income was $2,454,000. It paid dividends of $688,000 in 2022.
What was the firm's dividend payout ratio? What was its plowback ratio?
Helios Technologies has paid a fixed annual dividend of $0.36 for the past eleven years.
What is the name of this type of dividend policy?
Earlier this month, Amazon completed a 20:1 stock split. If you owned 500 shares
before the split, how many shares do you own now?
The type of dividend policy where a company pays a fixed annual dividend for a prolonged period is known as a stable dividend policy. Best Buy's dividend payout ratio for 2022 was approximately 28.1%.
The dividend payout ratio is a measure that indicates the proportion of a company's earnings that is paid out as dividends to shareholders. It is calculated by dividing the dividends paid by the net income. In this case, Best Buy's dividend payout ratio is $688,000 divided by $2,454,000, which equals approximately 28.1%. This means that Best Buy distributed 28.1% of its net income as dividends in 2022.
The plow-back ratio, also known as the retention ratio, represents the proportion of earnings that a company reinvests back into the business rather than distributed as dividends. It can be calculated by subtracting the dividend payout ratio from 100%. In this case, the plow back ratio for Best Buy is approximately 100% - 28.1% = 71.9%. This indicates that Best Buy retained about 71.9% of its net income for reinvestment and growth purposes.
Moving on to Helios Technologies, the type of dividend policy where a company pays a fixed annual dividend for an extended period, such as eleven years in this case, is called a stable dividend policy. With a stable dividend policy, the company aims to provide a predictable and consistent income stream to its shareholders by maintaining the same dividend amount over an extended period, regardless of variations in earnings or other factors.
Finally, regarding the Amazon stock split, a 20:1 split means that for every share owned before the split, an investor receives twenty shares after the split. Therefore, if you owned 500 shares before the split, you would now own 500 multiplied by 20, which is 10,000 shares.
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You’ve been assigned to read an article entitled: " Managing
Oneself by Peter F. Drucker". Using your own words, explain the
learned lessons that can be beneficial to any senior manager.
"Managing Oneself" by Peter F. Drucker is an article that offers lessons that can be beneficial to senior managers.
Here are some of the lessons that one can learn from this article:
1. Recognize Your Strengths and Weaknesses: One of the first lessons that can be learned from the article is the importance of knowing your strengths and weaknesses. Knowing your strengths can help you to take advantage of your abilities while knowing your weaknesses can help you to work on them.
2. Take Responsibility for Your Career: Senior managers need to take responsibility for their career. They need to decide what they want to achieve in their career and work towards that goal. They should also look for opportunities to improve their skills and knowledge
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Review the assigned reading carefully. Choose any product/brand of your choice that is being operated in Malaysia and analyze its segmentation, targeting, and positioning strategies in the guidance of the reading. Answer the following questions: 1. Describe how the company employs segmentation strategies based on four of the key characteristics of useful segmentation described in Section 2.1: identifiable, accessible, stable, and actionable. 2. Discuss the company's target selection based on the three criteria discussed in section 2.3: segment characteristics, competition, and company fit. 3. Explain how this brand is using promotional strategies to communicate value proposition and attract customers? The answers must be in detail and should provide a comprehensive application of the knowledge gained through the reading. It is expected that you will apply the knowledge to solve the questions instead of just providing the summary.
Segmentation Strategies: Café Deluxe segments customers by demographics, psychographics, and behavior. They may segment customers based on age, income, lifestyle, and preferences.
What is segmentation?By understanding these characteristics, Café Deluxe can target marketing to each segment. The company ensures accessible marketing to reach their target segments. Café Deluxe will analyze customer channels and locations.
They use social media, local ads, and collaborations with influencers to reach their target audience. They can implement targeted marketing activities based on identified segments. They customize their offerings to cater to each segment's needs and preferences.
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Suppose that the market for kebabs in Sydney is in a long-run competitive equilibrium with 1,000 shops each selling 100 kebabs per day at a price of $8 each. A. Illustrate the market equilibrium using a graph for the entire market & one for a typical shop in the market. B. Suppose that there is a large increase in the number of burrito shops in Sydney. Use your graphs to illustrate the short-run effect of this change on the equilibrium price and quantity of kebabs sold in Sydney as well as on the profit of a typical kebab shop. C. Next, use the graphs to show how each of these variables will be affected in the long run.
In the short run, the increase in burrito shops in Sydney would result in a decrease in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibrium quantity of kebabs.
This is because the increase competition from burrito shops leads to a larger supply of food options, including kebabs. As a result, kebab shops may experience a decrease in their individual profits due to lower prices and potentially higher costs to compete. However, in the long run, the market will adjust to the increased competition, leading to a new equilibrium with lower prices and higher quantities. Kebab shops would need to adapt their strategies to remain competitive and maintain profitability.
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