The quantity theory of money (QTM) is based on the equation MV = PY, where M is the nominal money supply, V is the velocity of money, P is the price level, and Y is the level of output (or real GDP). The quantity theory of money assumes that velocity is constant, but suppose we relax this assumption and assume that velocity is positively related to the price level in the following manner: V = P^α, where 0 < α < 1.
Let's explore the implications of this assumption and its relationship to inflation. We can calculate the velocity of money by rearranging the equation V = PY/M to get V = PY/M. In this case, we can write:
P^(1-α)Y/M = AP/P, which simplifies to P^(1-α)Y = A
Multiplying both sides by P^(α-1), we get:
P^αY = AP^(α-1)M
From this equation, we can observe the relationship between α and inflation.
- When α > 1, prices increase faster than the rate at which the velocity of money increases. This implies that as prices rise, the velocity of money fails to keep pace, resulting in inflation.
- When α < 1, the velocity of money increases faster than prices. In this case, as the velocity of money increases more rapidly, it outpaces the rise in prices, leading to a decrease in inflation or even deflation.
- When α = 1, the velocity of money and prices increase at the same rate. This scenario represents a stable inflation rate, where the growth in prices matches the growth in the velocity of money.
In conclusion, by relaxing the assumption of constant velocity in the quantity theory of money, we can consider a positive relationship between velocity and the price level using the equation V = P^α. The value of α determines the relationship between inflation and the velocity of money. When α > 1, inflation occurs as prices rise faster than the velocity of money. When α < 1, the velocity of money increases faster than prices, leading to a decrease in inflation or even deflation. Finally, when α = 1, both the velocity of money and prices increase at the same rate, resulting in a stable inflation rate.
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a key part of evidence-based leadership or management is to:
A key part of evidence-based leadership or management is to make decisions and take actions based on reliable and valid evidence rather than relying solely on intuition or personal opinions.
Evidence-based leadership involves systematically gathering and evaluating relevant data, research findings, and best practices to inform decision-making and drive organizational success. It emphasizes the importance of using objective and verifiable information to support strategic planning, problem-solving, and performance improvement.
By embracing evidence-based practices, leaders and managers can:
1. Enhance Decision-Making: By using evidence, leaders can make more informed and rational decisions, reducing the influence of biases and increasing the likelihood of positive outcomes. They can weigh various s, evaluate potential risks, and select the most effective strategies based on the available evidence.
2. Improve Problem-Solving: Evidence-based management involves analyzing data and research to understand the root causes of problems and identify evidence-supported solutions. This approach allows leaders to address challenges effectively and implement interventions that have a higher probability of success.
3. Drive Innovation and Continuous Improvement: By leveraging evidence, leaders can identify emerging trends, industry best practices, and innovative approaches to enhance organizational performance. They can use evidence to inform the development of new products, services, or processes, fostering a culture of continuous learning and improvement.
4. Foster Accountability and Transparency: Evidence-based leadership promotes transparency and accountability by requiring leaders to justify their decisions and actions based on credible evidence. This approach enhances trust among stakeholders and encourages a culture of openness and data-driven decision-making.
To practice evidence-based leadership, leaders and managers need to develop skills in data analysis, critical thinking, and research literacy. They should encourage a culture that values evidence and invest in resources for data collection, analysis, and research. Collaborating with experts, conducting pilot studies, and engaging in continuous evaluation can further strengthen the evidence-based approach.
Overall, evidence-based leadership empowers leaders and managers to make informed decisions, improve organizational performance, and achieve sustainable results based on a foundation of reliable evidence and research.
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This week, we learned about the importance of adjusting entries.
For this discussion question, please do the following: Provide one
example of an adjusting entry with amounts. The example should be
pr
Adjusting entries are journal entries made at the end of an accounting period to Conditional probability unrecognized income or expenses for the period. Adjusting entries ensure that the financial statements accurately reflect the company's financial position.
An example of an adjusting entry is depreciation. Depreciation is the reduction in the value of an asset over time. As an asset is used, it loses its value, and this loss in value is recorded as depreciation expense. Suppose a company purchased a delivery truck for $40,000 and expects it to last for five years.
The company can use the straight-line method to calculate depreciation, which means that the depreciation expense for each year will be ($40,000 - $0) / 5 = $8,000. At the end of the first year, the company will need to make an adjusting entry to record the depreciation expense for the year. The entry would Depreciation expense $8,000 Accumulated depreciation $8,000The depreciation expense account is debited for $8,000 to record the expense, and the accumulated depreciation account is credited for $8,000 to record the reduction in the value of the truck. This adjusting entry ensures that the company's financial statements accurately reflect the value of the truck after one year of use.
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Explain why financial managers must be concerned with taxation,
and list some of the most elements of the current tax law.
Please include reference(s) used to obtain answer.
Financial managers must be concerned with taxation because taxation significantly affects a company’s financial statements decision reporting. Companies must pay taxes on their income and are expected to comply with a range of tax laws and regulations, including federal, state, and local tax laws.
Taxation significantly affects how companies calculate profits and how much money they have to invest, spend, or save.Some of the most important elements of the current tax law are:Tax rates: the percentage of income that must be paid in Tax Standard deduction: a fixed dollar amount that reduces.
The amount of income that is subject to taxesItemized deductions: deductions that taxpayers can take for expenses like mortgage interest, charitable contributions, and medical expensesDepreciation: the tax benefit for businesses that allows them to reduce the value of assets over timeCorporate tax rates: the percentage of income that corporations must pay in taxesTax credits: reductions in tax liability for taxpayers who meet certain requirements for activities like education or energy savingsReference: Gitman, L. J., Juchau, R., Flanagan, J., & Pinto, J. (2015). Principles of managerial finance (7th ed.). Pearson Australia.
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Samuel Gumede earns £39,000 a year working for a building company as a project manager. He is considering the possibility of leaving the company and starting his own business. To do this, he will have to use all his £60,000 savings that are currently invested at an interest rate of 2%. He estimates that the annual profit from his own business will be £50,000. Other relevant costs in starting his own business amount to £1,750. Required: Using the information above, calculate the net relevant benefit of Samuel starting his own business. (4 marks)
Given: Samuel Gumede earns £39,000 a year working for a building company as a project manager.
He is considering the possibility of leaving the company and starting his own business. To do this, he will have to use all his £60,000 savings that are currently invested at an interest rate of 2%. He estimates that the annual profit from his own business will be £50,000.
Other relevant costs in starting his own business amount to £1,750.Formula to calculate the net relevant benefit= Benefit - Opportunity cost - Costs= £50,000 - (£60,000 x 0.02) - £1,750= £50,000 - £1,200 - £1,750= £46,050The net relevant benefit of Samuel starting his own business is £46,050.
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Use following information for questions 1-4. Consider a market with two computer manufacturers, Banana and Avocado. In the following WWDC22 event, each firm can choose either to launch a new product or stay with the old model. If both firms launch new products, the payoffs are -20 to each firm. If Banana chooses the new model and its opponent chooses the old, the payoffs are 100 for Banana and 20 for Avocado. If Avocado chooses the new model and Banana chooses the old, the payoffs are 10 for Banana and 60 for Avocado. Both firms get a payoff of 40 if they stay with the old. As a result, the payoffs are given by the following unfinished table. The first payoff is for Banana. Avocado Old New Old Blank 1 Blank 2
Banana New Blank 3 Blank 4
Which of the following is correct for the missing payoff blanks 1-4?
100,20; -20,-20; 40,40; 60,10 10,60; 40,40; 20,100; -20,-20 40,40; 10,60; 100,20; -20,-20 100,20; -20,-20; 10,60; 40,40 40,40; 60,10; 20,100; -20,-20 Question 2 The two firms are simultaneously deciding their strategies, which of the following accurately describes the Nash Equilibrium/Equilibria (NE) of the game? NE={10,60) NE-(Old, New)
NE={New, Old), NE-(old, New) None of the other answers is correct NE={100,20). NE-10.60) Question 3 Now consider the game when Banana is the market leader and chooses New or Old first, Avocado observes its opponent before deciding either New or Old. In this game, which of the following is true? In subgame perfect equilibrium Banana chooses to develop new products. Banana has a second-mover advantage. Avocado has a first-mover advantage. None of the other answers is correct. In subgame perfect equilibrium Banana chooses to stay with old products. Question 4 Now consider the game when Avocado chooses New or Old first, Banana observes its opponent before deciding either New or Old. In this game, which of the following is true? Avocado has a second-mover advantage. In subgame perfect equilibrium Avocado chooses to develop new products. None of the other answers is correct. Banana has a first-mover advantage. In subgame perfect equilibrium Avocado chooses to stay with old products.
Answer 1: For the missing payoff blanks 1-4, the correct answer is 40,40; 10,60; 100,20; -20,-20.
Answer 2: Both firms can't get better outcomes by choosing different strategies if they have reached the NE.
Answer 3: The correct answer is "In subgame perfect equilibrium Banana chooses to stay with old products."
Answer 4: The correct answer is "In subgame perfect equilibrium Avocado chooses to develop new products."
Explanation:
Answer 1: For the missing payoff blanks 1-4, the correct answer is 40,40; 10,60; 100,20; -20,-20. This is because the payoffs are as follows:
If both firms stay with the old, they each get a payoff of 40. So the blank spaces in the first row should be filled with 40,40.
If Banana chooses the new model and Avocado stays with the old model, Banana gets a payoff of 100 and Avocado gets a payoff of 20. So blank 1 should be filled with 100 and blank 2 should be filled with 20.
If Avocado chooses the new model and Banana stays with the old model, Banana gets a payoff of 10 and Avocado gets a payoff of 60. So blank 3 should be filled with 10 and blank 4 should be filled with 60.
If both firms choose to launch new products, they each get a payoff of -20. So blank 4 should also be filled with -20.
Answer 2: The Nash Equilibrium (NE) of the game is NE = {10, 60}. The NE strategy combination is (Old, New). Both firms can't get better outcomes by choosing different strategies if they have reached the NE.
Answer 3: When Banana is the market leader and chooses New or Old first, Avocado observes its opponent before deciding either New or Old, in subgame perfect equilibrium Banana chooses to stay with old products.
Therefore, the correct answer is "In subgame perfect equilibrium Banana chooses to stay with old products."
Answer 4: When Avocado chooses New or Old first, Banana observes its opponent before deciding either New or Old, in subgame perfect equilibrium Avocado chooses to develop new products.
Therefore, the correct answer is "In subgame perfect equilibrium Avocado chooses to develop new products."
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A company sells a plant asset which originally cost $366000 for $123000 on December 31, 2021. The Accumulated Depreciation account had a balance of $144000 after the current year's depreciation of $31000 had been recorded. The company should recognize a O $99000 gain on disposal. O $68000 loss on disposal. O $99000 loss on disposal. O $243000 loss on disposal.
Answer: 185,000$
Explanation:
The company incurred a loss of $99,000 on the disposal of the plant asset. Answer: C $99000 loss on disposal after the current year's depreciation.
Given that a company sells a plant asset which originally cost $366,000 for $123,000 on December 31, 2021. The Accumulated Depreciation account had a balance of $144,000 after the current year's depreciation of $31,000 had been recorded, the company should recognize a $99,000 gain on disposal.
What is Depreciation? Depreciation is an accounting term that refers to the decline in value of an asset due to wear and tear, obsolescence, or other factors. In accounting, depreciation is used to account for the value of long-term assets over time. Depreciation is important because it helps to allocate the cost of an asset over its useful life.How to
Calculate Depreciation? The amount of depreciation can be calculated using the following formula:
Depreciation = (Cost of Asset - Salvage Value) / Useful Life.
In the given problem, we are given the original cost, accumulated depreciation, and the current year's depreciation of the asset. The company sells the plant asset for $123,000, and we need to find out the gain or loss on disposal. Given: Original cost of the asset = $366,000. Accumulated Depreciation = $144,000. Current year's depreciation = $31,000Sale price of the asset = $123,000. Calculation:
Book Value = Cost of the asset - Accumulated Depreciation Book Value
= $366,000 - $144,000
Book Value = $222,000The book value of the asset at the time of disposal was $222,000. The sale price of the asset was $123,000.Therefore, the company incurred a loss of $99,000 on the disposal of the plant asset. Answer: C $99000 loss on disposal.
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the market for school teachers appears to be very competitive, but similar to nursing, many cities have only a few employers. most regions have one or two school districts that employ the majority of teachers. how can monopsony power within school districts contribute to lower wages?
a. many areas have few schools, so school districts can pay teachers lower wages knowing there are limited opportunities at other schools.
b. some areas have few schools, so unions can pay teachers lower wages knowing there are limited opportunities at other schools.
c. some areas have many schools, so school districts can pay teachers higher wages knowing there are limited opportunities at other schools.
d. school districts cannot pay efficiency wages due to union interference.
The correct answer is: option a. Many areas have few schools, so school districts can pay teachers lower wages knowing there are limited opportunities at other schools. In this way monopsony power contribute to lower wages.
In a monopsony market structure where there are only a few employers, such as school districts in many cities, the lack of competition gives the employer (school district) significant bargaining power over the employees (teachers). This monopsony power allows the school districts to pay lower wages to teachers because they know that there are limited job opportunities available at other schools in the area. Teachers may have fewer options for alternative employment, leading to less bargaining power and allowing school districts to offer lower wages.
Option b is incorrect because it mentions unions paying lower wages, but the scenario described does not mention unions having the power to set wages.
Option c is incorrect because having many schools in an area would create more competition among school districts, potentially leading to higher wages to attract and retain teachers.
Option d is not relevant to the given scenario and does not address the impact of monopsony power on wages.
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5. An advantage of a family business is that because key employees are related and trust one another, a firm can spend less on systems designed to reduce theft and to monitor employees' work habits. A
While it is true that a family business may benefit from the trust among key employees who are related, it does not necessarily mean that the firm can spend less on systems designed to reduce theft and monitor employees' work habits.
Trust alone cannot guarantee the prevention of theft or ensure optimal work habits. Implementing systems and controls to monitor and protect the business is essential regardless of family relationships.
In fact, family businesses may face unique challenges when it comes to issues such as nepotism, conflicts of interest, and informal decision-making processes. These challenges highlight the importance of having proper systems in place to maintain transparency, accountability, and fair practices.
Furthermore, reducing theft and monitoring work habits are crucial aspects of managing any business, regardless of family involvement. Implementing appropriate systems and processes can help deter misconduct, ensure compliance with regulations, and maintain a productive and ethical work environment.
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Vertical analysis is a tool to evaluate individual financial
statement items or groups of items in terms of a specific base
amount.
True
False
True. The given statement "Vertical analysis is a tool to evaluate individual financial statement items or groups of items in terms of a specific base amount" is true.
Vertical analysis;
Vertical analysis is a financial statement analysis technique that assesses each item's value in financial statements as a percentage of a base amount. The vertical analysis approach compares all of the items on the same financial statement and expresses each one as a percentage of a single metric, such as net sales or total assets.
It allows analysts to evaluate and compare financial statements from several years, companies, or industries more easily.The vertical analysis involves calculating and evaluating the percentages of key financial statement line items over the period. This includes calculating the percentages of each item on the income statement as a percentage of net sales and the percentages of each item on the balance sheet as a percentage of total assets.
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A firm practices the pure chase strategy. Production last quarter was 1000. Demand over the next four quarters is estimated to be 900, 700, 1000, and 1000. Hiring cost is $20 per unit, and firing cost is $5 per unit. Over the next year, the sum of hiring and layoff costs will be
Hiring costs occur when the demand exceeds the previous quarter's production, while layoff costs occur when the demand is lower. By considering the hiring cost per unit and the layoff cost per unit, the total sum of hiring and layoff costs for the next year can be determined.
Using the pure chase strategy, the hiring and layoff costs can be calculated based on the estimated demand for the next four quarters. The production last quarter was 1000 units. Let's analyze the demand for each quarter and determine the adjustments required.
In the first quarter, the demand is 900 units, and the previous quarter's production was 1000 units. As the demand is lower than the previous production, there is no need for any layoffs, resulting in zero layoff costs.
In the second quarter, the demand is 700 units, and the previous quarter's production was 900 units. Therefore, 200 units need to be laid off, resulting in a layoff cost of $5 per unit. The total layoff cost for this quarter is $5 multiplied by 200 units, which amounts to $1000.
In the third quarter, the demand is 1000 units, and the previous quarter's production was 700 units. Hence, 300 units need to be hired, incurring a hiring cost of $20 per unit. The total hiring cost for this quarter is $20 multiplied by 300 units, which amounts to $6000.
In the fourth quarter, the demand is also 1000 units, and the previous quarter's production was 1000 units. No adjustments in workforce are required, resulting in zero hiring or layoff costs.
To determine the total sum of hiring and layoff costs for the next year, we sum up the costs incurred in each quarter. In this case, the total sum is $1000 (layoff cost in Q2) + $6000 (hiring cost in Q3) = $7000.
Therefore, the sum of hiring and layoff costs for the next year, considering the estimated demand and the pure chase strategy, is $7000.
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David has decided to incorporate his Mexican Restaurant business which he has run previously as sole trader. After careful consideration with you, he has set up a limited liability company called Mexican Cantina Ltd in which he is the sole shareholder with 10,000 fully paid-up shares at $1 per share. He is also joint director of Mexican Cantina Ltd with his wife Claire.
Required:
What is the maximum liability which Julian is personally liable as a shareholder of Mexican Cantina Ltd? (2 marks)
Explain the legal principle which limits the personal liability of Julian as a shareholder of Mexican Cantina Ltd. Which legal case established this legal principle? (5 marks)
The maximum liability that Julian (David) is personally liable for as a shareholder of Mexican Cantina Ltd is limited to the amount he has invested in the company, which is $10,000 (10,000 shares at $1 per share). In other words, his liability is limited to the value of his shares.
The legal principle that is at play hereThe legal principle that limits the personal liability of Julian as a shareholder of Mexican Cantina Ltd is known as limited liability. This principle states that the liability of shareholders in a limited liability company is limited to the amount they have invested or agreed to contribute to the company.
The case that established this legal principle is known as Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd. In this landmark case in 1897, the House of Lords (UK) ruled that a company is a separate legal entity from its shareholders. This means that the debts and liabilities of the company are not the personal debts and liabilities of its shareholders. The decision in this case confirmed the concept of limited liability and established it as a fundamental principle of company law.
The Salomon case set a precedent that has been followed by legal systems in various jurisdictions around the world. It provides a strong legal basis for shareholders to invest in companies without being personally liable for the company's debts and obligations beyond their shareholdings.
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Research of two other Standards relevant to the meat industry that could be added to the governance document.
food standards,
meat processing,
meat standards/eating quality
hygienic production and transportation of meat and meat products for human consumption
Animal Welfare standards
Two other relevant standards that could be added to the governance document for the meat industry are:
Food Safety Management Systems: This standard focuses on ensuring the safety and quality of food products, including meat and meat products. It provides guidelines and requirements for establishing and implementing a comprehensive food safety management system, including principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). This standard helps to address risks and hazards associated with meat production, processing, and distribution, ensuring that appropriate controls and measures are in place to protect consumer health.
Sustainability and Environmental Standards: With increasing concerns about the environmental impact of meat production, incorporating sustainability and environmental standards into the governance document is crucial. These standards address issues such as water and energy conservation, waste management, greenhouse gas emissions, and responsible land use. By including sustainability and environmental considerations in the governance document, the meat industry can demonstrate its commitment to environmentally responsible practices and work towards mitigating its ecological footprint.
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1 Introduce a Japanese product invention or idea that has gone globalWas it successful or a failure in the 2nd country? Why? 50 words 2. Introduce a foreign product that Japan has imported. Was it successful or a failure, and why? 50 words 3. Include an image of at least one of those produkts. Don't forget to cite it.
1. One Japanese product that has gone global is the Toyota Prius, a hybrid electric vehicle first introduced in Japan in 1997.
The Prius has been successful in many countries around the world due to its fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness. However, it faced some challenges in the United States when it was first introduced due to American consumers' preference for larger cars and lack of familiarity with hybrid technology.
Despite this, the Prius has become increasingly popular in the US and other countries as concern for the environment and fuel economy has grown.
2. One foreign product that Japan has imported is Coca-Cola, which was introduced in Japan in 1957. Coca-Cola has been very successful in Japan due to its iconic branding and popularity as a refreshing beverage. However, there has been some controversy over Coca-Cola's high sugar content and negative health effects.
In response, Coca-Cola Japan has introduced a variety of low-sugar and sugar-free options to cater to health-conscious consumers.
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One Japanese product invention that has gone global is the Nintendo Switch, a hybrid gaming console.
A foreign product that Japan has imported successfully is the iPhone by Apple Inc.
Nintendo Switch has been highly successful in the second country, with worldwide sales surpassing 85 million units. Its success can be attributed to its innovative design, versatility, and a strong lineup of games appealing to a wide audience.
The iPhone has gained significant popularity in Japan, becoming one of the leading smartphone brands in the country. Its success can be attributed to its advanced features, user-friendly interface, and strong marketing strategies employed by Apple.
Citation for the Nintendo Switch image:
Image source: Nintendo
Website: https://www.nintendo.com/switch/
Citation for the iPhone image:
Image source: Apple Inc.
Website: https://www.apple.com/iphone/
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For each question, state (1) one test of controls procedure you could use to find out
whether the control technique was really functioning and (2) what error or fraud could occur if the question were answered "no" or if you found the control was not effective.
a) Are the duties of the accounts receivable bookkeeper separate from all cash
functions?
b) Are voucher packages marked upon payment?
c) Are sales invoices checked for the accuracy of quantities billed and prices used?
d)Are invoices matched to receiving reports and purchase orders?
One test of controls procedure to determine whether the control technique was really functioning or not would be to obtain a copy of the company’s organizational chart.
Furthermore, the internal audit department should interview the bookkeeper of the accounts receivable to determine whether the person has any involvement in cash handling and cash posting activities. If the answer is negative, the control function is working properly.
It would be difficult to detect the misuse of cash and the embezzlement of funds, for example, if there is no segregation of duties.
b) To identify if the control method is working, the test of controls procedure would be to trace random voucher packages that have been marked with payment approval by a supervisor to verify that each voucher has been marked upon payment.
The existence of these markings should be confirmed with the accounts payable supervisor. If there is no marking present on the voucher packages, errors, and frauds such as an improper payment, the misapplication of discounts, or duplicated payments can occur. Such problems could go unnoticed for an extended period, and financial statements will be misstated.
c) One test of controls procedure to find out if the control technique was really functioning or not would be to choose random sales invoices and inspect them for the accuracy of quantities billed and prices used. This test of control ensures that there is a control to reduce the likelihood of errors in billing or pricing.
d) The test of controls procedure that can be used to identify whether the control technique was really functioning or not would be to randomly check invoices and then trace them to receiving reports and purchase orders.
If the test reveals that invoices were matched with receiving reports and purchase orders, then the control function is functioning properly.
If the invoices are not matched with receiving reports and purchase orders, then there may be a risk of incorrect payments being made, there is a risk of errors such as overpayment, duplication of payments, or payment without goods received, which can have a significant impact on financial statements.
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According to Ariana, "Many people view corporations as evil and the enemy, but they really work toward sustainability". Why do you think Ariana make that comment and what did she refer to? What in your view is the relation between this observation and the sustainability goals of a business, observed by Ariana?
Question 2
There is conflict between the imperatives of technology on the one side and the needs of people on the other. Explain the problems posed by this ambiguity of ethics.
Question 3:
With reference to the image below, critically analyze the issue of sustainability in business and the ethics of ecology
Causes of Environmental Problems:
Population growth
unsustainable resource use
Poverty
Excluding environmental costs from market prices
Trying to manage nature without knowing enough about it.
As per Ariana, believes in the way as many people believe that corporations are selfish and interested in making a profit, regardless of environmental or social costs involved.
She is referring to the fact that many businesses are, in fact, trying to move toward more sustainable practices to protect the environment and ensure the longevity of their operations. The relation between this observation and the sustainability goals of a business observed by Ariana is that she believes corporations are making an effort towards sustainability.
The conflict between the imperatives of technology on the one side and the needs of people on the other poses the following problems:
Unemployment and Underemployment:
While technology is meant to improve efficiency, it often replaces human workers, resulting in unemployment and underemployment. This contributes to poverty and social instability.
Poor health: The use of technology can cause health problems such as eye strain, headaches, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Ethical Issues: The design and use of technology can have ethical implications. For example, the use of social media and facial recognition technology can be a violation of privacy if the data collected is not used appropriately.Inequality: The cost of technology is often high, making it difficult for low-income people to afford it. This contributes to inequality and social division.
The sustainability in business and the ethics of ecology can be analyzed critically based on the following points:
Population growth: The growing human population puts pressure on natural resources, which can lead to environmental problems and reduced sustainability. For example, the overconsumption of resources like water and fossil fuels can contribute to climate change and other environmental issues.
Unsustainable resource use: Many businesses rely on unsustainable resources to fuel their operations, such as fossil fuels. This has negative environmental consequences and can lead to long-term sustainability issues.
Poverty: Poverty is often associated with environmental problems because it is difficult for low-income people to access resources in a sustainable way. Poverty can lead to overfishing, deforestation, and other environmental problems.
Excluding environmental costs from market prices: Many businesses do not account for the environmental costs of their operations in the price of their products. This can lead to overconsumption and waste, contributing to environmental problems.Trying to manage nature without knowing enough about it: Many businesses try to manage nature without a proper understanding of the ecosystem or the implications of their actions. This can lead to unintended consequences and negative environmental impacts.
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Indicate the market structure that best describes an industry with the following characteristics:
• HHI = 0.125
• C4 = 0.00005
• Differentiated product
A) Perfect Competition
B) Monopolistic Competition
C) Oligopoly
D) Monopoly
Monopolistic competition is the market structure that best describes an industry with the given characteristics. (Option B)
Monopolistic competition refers to a market where multiple firms offer differentiated products, meaning each firm has some control over the price of its product. In this market structure, there is a relatively large number of firms competing for customers, but the products they offer are not identical.
The provided characteristics support the identification of monopolistic competition. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of 0.125 indicates a moderate level of market concentration, suggesting that the industry has several competing firms. The Concentration Ratio (C4) of 0.00005, which measures the market share of the four largest firms, also suggests a fragmented market with a large number of firms.
Additionally, the mention of differentiated products further aligns with monopolistic competition. Differentiation allows firms to create unique product attributes or branding to attract customers and establish a degree of market power. Therefore, based on the given characteristics, monopolistic competition is the most suitable market structure for the described industry.
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Which of the following statement is INCORRECT O Fixed costs per unit change inversely with the level of production. The direct/indirect cost classification depends on the choice of the cost object O Variable costs change, in total, in proportion to changes in the related level of activity or volume of output produced O Inventoriable costs are treated as expenses of the accounting period in which they are incred 13 Sevind Question 7 Which of the following approach used to dispose under allocated or overallocated overheads through inventory, and cost of goods sold? O The proration approach O The adjusted allocation-rate approach Write-off approach O Cost accumulation approach
Solution 1:
The correct option is: D) Inventoriable costs are treated as expenses of the accounting period in which they are incurred.
Explanation:
Inventoriable costs, also known as product costs, are costs associated with the production of goods. They include direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. These costs are not immediately expensed but are instead capitalized as part of the inventory. They become expenses only when the inventory is sold and recognized as the cost of goods sold.
Solution 2:
The correct approach is: A) The proration approach.
Explanation:
The proration approach is used to allocate the underallocated or overallocated overheads proportionally across inventory and cost of goods sold based on a predetermined ratio. This approach ensures a more accurate distribution of the overhead costs.
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a. Is the idea of a perfect order in logistics a realistic operational performance goal? Discuss. (2 marks)
b. Discuss the implications of DIFOT (Deliveries in Full, on Time) to warehouse management. What are its limitations? (3 marks)
A. The idea of a perfect order in logistics, where every order is delivered accurately, on time, and in perfect condition, is an ambitious operational performance goal.
B. DIFOT (Deliveries in Full, on Time) is a key performance metric used in warehouse management to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of order fulfillment.
A. The idea of a perfect order in logistics, where every order is delivered accurately, on time, and in perfect condition, is an ambitious operational performance goal. While it may be challenging to achieve consistently in practice, it can still be a valuable goal to strive for.
A perfect order ensures customer satisfaction, enhances the company's reputation, and strengthens customer loyalty. It can lead to improved operational efficiency, reduced costs, and increased competitiveness. However, achieving a perfect order requires coordination and collaboration among various stakeholders in the supply chain, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and transportation providers. It also requires effective inventory management, accurate forecasting, efficient order processing, and reliable delivery mechanisms.
While aiming for a perfect order is desirable, it may not always be realistic due to various factors beyond the control of a single organization, such as unforeseen disruptions, external market conditions, or human errors. Setting unrealistic expectations can lead to frustration and disappointment. Therefore, it is important for companies to strike a balance between striving for perfection and acknowledging the limitations and challenges inherent in logistics operations.
B. DIFOT (Deliveries in Full, on Time) is a key performance metric used in warehouse management to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of order fulfillment. It measures the percentage of orders that are delivered to customers without shortages or damages, and within the agreed-upon delivery time frame.
DIFOT has several implications for warehouse management. Firstly, it emphasizes the importance of accurate inventory management and stock availability. Warehouse managers need to ensure that inventory levels are maintained to meet customer demand and avoid stockouts. Efficient order picking and packing processes are crucial to achieve full order fulfillment.
Secondly, DIFOT highlights the significance of reliable transportation and logistics networks. Warehouse managers need to work closely with transportation providers to ensure timely deliveries and minimize delays. Effective coordination and communication between the warehouse and transportation teams are essential.
However, DIFOT has its limitations. It does not consider the speed or efficiency of order processing within the warehouse. It focuses solely on the final delivery performance and may overlook potential inefficiencies or delays that occur earlier in the supply chain. Additionally, DIFOT may not account for situations beyond the control of the warehouse, such as adverse weather conditions or disruptions in the transportation network.
In conclusion, DIFOT is a valuable metric for warehouse management to monitor order fulfillment performance. However, it should be complemented with other performance indicators to gain a comprehensive understanding of overall operational efficiency and identify areas for improvement.
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State Probability ABC, Inc.
Boom .25 .15
Normal .50 .08
Slowdown .15 .04
Recession .10 -.03
What is the expected return?
What is the variance?
What is the standard deviation?
Expected return is the weighted average of all possible returns, with the weights being the probability of each return. Expected Return is calculated as follows;
E(R) = (0.25*0.15) + (0.50*0.08) + (0.15*0.04) + (0.10*-0.03) = 0.12 or 12%.
Hence, the expected return is 12%.
b. VarianceVariance is the measure of the spread of the distribution, which gives the idea about the dispersion of returns of the distribution. It is calculated by finding the weighted average of the squared deviations from the expected return and is represented by σ2.
The variance is calculated as follows; Variance (σ2) = (0.25*(0.15-0.12)2) + (0.50*(0.08-0.12)2) + (0.15*(0.04-0.12)2) + (0.10*(-0.03-0.12)2)= 0.00214.
Hence, the variance is 0.00214.
c. Standard DeviationStandard deviation is the square root of the variance. It measures the deviation of the returns from the expected return. It is represented by σ.
The standard deviation is calculated as follows; Standard Deviation (σ) = √0.00214 = 0.046.
Hence, the standard deviation is 0.046.
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When a lessee makes periodic cash payments for an operating lease, which of the following accounts is increased?
a. Rent Expense
b. Leased Equipment
c. Capital Lease Obligation
d. Interest Expense
When a lessee makes periodic cash payments for an operating lease, the account that is increased is Rent Expense.
For an operating lease, the lessee makes periodic cash payments to the lessor as rent for using the leased asset. These cash payments are recorded as Rent Expense in the lessee's financial statements. Rent Expense represents the cost incurred by the lessee for using the leased asset during the lease period.
The other options mentioned in the question, Leased Equipment, Capital Lease Obligation, and Interest Expense, are related to different types of leases or financing arrangements. In an operating lease, the lessee does not record the leased asset (Leased Equipment) as an asset on its balance sheet. Similarly, Capital Lease Obligation and Interest Expense are associated with capital leases, which are different from operating leases.
Therefore, when a lessee makes periodic cash payments for an operating lease, the Rent Expense account is increased to reflect the cost of renting the asset during the lease period.
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Apple Inc offers teaching and gudance or how to use their products through their seal location, in ongegrig website to her cuoren about a pridact or so well as an ordine support The by Apps incef Oamer va Ob po & Moving to anumer question will save this response DEM SER EE
Apple Inc. offers teaching and guidance on how to use their products through their website.
They have a dedicated support page that offers information on how to use their products and services as well as how to troubleshoot common issues. Apple's support page offers various resources such as video tutorials, user manuals, and community forums, all of which help customers better understand their products.
Customers can also contact Apple support via phone, email, or live chat to receive personalized assistance.Apple's website serves as a one-stop-shop for all things Apple-related. Customers can browse the latest products and services, learn about the latest technology, and even buy products directly from the website. Apple's website is designed to be user-friendly and easy to navigate, making it easy for customers to find what they're looking for.
The website is updated regularly to reflect the latest products and services, ensuring that customers always have access to the most up-to-date information.To conclude, Apple's website serves as an excellent resource for customers looking to learn more about Apple's products and services. The website is designed to be user-friendly and easy to navigate, making it easy for customers to find what they're looking for.
Apple's commitment to customer support is evident in their dedication to providing customers with personalized assistance through their support page and customer service options.
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2. Al Raud Company is a leading company which produces home appliances. There are five products in the company’s product line. The company’s products are Air Conditioner, Fridge, Washing Machine, Vacuum Cleaner and Cooking range. For proper coordination and better customer services, the company has created five different departments; each department takes care of all the activities related with each type of product.
A) Identify and explain the type of organizational structure in Al Raud Company. (3 marks)
The type of organizational structure in Al Raud Company can be identified as a functional structure.
In a functional structure, an organization is divided into different departments based on specialized functions or activities. In this case, Al Raud Company has created five different departments, each responsible for a specific type of product: Air Conditioner, Fridge, Washing Machine, Vacuum Cleaner, and Cooking range.
The functional structure allows for efficient coordination and better customer service because each department focuses on its respective product line and can develop expertise and knowledge specific to that product. This structure promotes specialization and allows employees within each department to become experts in their area, leading to higher efficiency and effectiveness in dealing with product-related activities.
Each department in Al Raud Company is responsible for activities such as product design, production, marketing, sales, and customer support for their specific product. This division of labor allows employees to concentrate on their specialized tasks and enhances their ability to provide excellent service and support to customers.
Overall, the functional structure in Al Raud Company helps facilitate coordination, expertise development, and efficient management of product-related activities. It ensures that each product line receives dedicated attention and specialized expertise, ultimately contributing to better customer satisfaction and organizational success.
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Adjustment for supplies Obj 3 ✓a. $2.250 Answer each of the following independent questions concerning supplies and the adjustment for supplies. (a) The balance in the supplies account, before adjustment at the end of the year, is $3,175. What is the amount of the adjust- ment if the amount of supplies on hand at the end of the year is $925? (b) The supplies account has a balance of $600, and the supplies expense account has a balance of $1,850 at December 31, 2011. If 2011 was the first year of operations, what was the amount of supplies purchased during the year? E3-9 Adjustment for prepaid insurance Obj 3 The prepaid insurance account had a balance of $10,800 at the beginning of the year. The account was increased for $7,200 for premiums on policies purchased during the year. What is the adjustment required at the end of the year for each of the following independent situations: (a) the amount of unexpired insurance ap- plicable to future periods is $8,000, (b) the amount of insurance expired during the year is $12,675? For (a) and (b), indicate each account affected, whether the account is increased or decreased, and the amount of the increase or decrease. E3-10 The balance in the unearned fees account, before adjustment at the end of the Adjustment for unearned fees year, is $27,300. What is the adjustment if the amount of unearned fees at the Obj 3 end of the year is $14,650? Indicate each account affected, whether the account is increased or decreased, and the amount of the increase or decrease. E3-11 Adjustment for unearned For the year ending June 30, 2008, Microsoft Corporation reported short-term unearned revenue of $13,397 million. For the year ending June 30, 2008, Microsoft also reported total revenues of $60,420 million. (a) Assuming that revenue Obj 3 116 Chapter 3 Microsoft recognized $3,000 million of unearned revenue as revenue during the year, what entry for unearned revenue did Microsoft make during the year? Indicate each account affected, whether the account is increased or decreased, and the amount of the increase or decrease. (b) What percentage of total revenues is the short-term unearned revenue as of June 30, 2008? Round to one decimal place.
The price a company or organization pays to buy and keep the goods needed for its operations is referred to as a supply expense. Among the consumable products needed to support daily activities are office supplies, printer ink, cleaning agents, maintenance equipment, and other consumables.
(a) Adjustment for supplies Account Affected: Supplies, Supplies Expense Amount: Supplies: Decrease by $2,250; Supplies Expense: Increase by $2,250. Since the amount of supplies on hand at the end of the year is $925, the adjustment required is: $3,175 - $925 = $2,250.The adjustment for supplies will reduce the balance of the Supplies account and increase the Supplies Expense account by $2,250.
(b) The supplies account has a balance of $600, and the supplies expense account has a balance of $1,850 at December 31, 2011.The amount of supplies purchased during the year can be determined using the following formula: Beginning Balance + Purchases - Ending Balance = Supplies Used $600 + Purchases - $1,850 = Supplies Used Supplies Used = $750. The amount of supplies purchased during the year was $750.
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The current price of gold is $500 per ounce. Assume that you initiate a short position in 10 gold futures contracts at this price on June 10th. The initial margin is 100$ and the maintenance margin is 85$. Given that the evolution of gold prices Question 5 continues.../ Page 4 of 9 ..../Question 5 continued over the next five days is 475$, 510$, 515$, 530$ and 490$ respectively, compute the margin account assuming that you meet all margin calls. (Construct a table that explains what cash flows occur at the end of each day for the short position is taken).
The margin account assuming that you meet all margin calls is $500 on June 15th.
How to find?To calculate the margin account assuming that you meet all margin calls, the cash flows that occur at the end of each day for the short position should be calculated.
Here is a table that explains what cash flows occur at the end of each day for the short position taken:
Day Price Change Price Gain/Loss on 10.
Contracts, Initial Margin Amount Withdrawn/Added to the Margin Account, Balance
June 10th $500—-$0-$1,000 $1,000
June 11th $475-$25-$2,500-$1,500-$500
June 12th $510 $10+$1,000+$500-$500
June 13th $515 $15+$1,500+$500$0
June 14th $530 $30+$3,000+$1,000 $1,000
June 15th $490-$10-$1,000-$500 $500.
Thus, the margin account assuming that you meet all margin calls is $500 on June 15th.
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Please answer each part of the question and number your answer.
1. In your own words, (a) what is an RFP and how does it relate to the (b) IT Budgeting Process and (c) Application Portfolio Management? (About 5 to 6 good sentences.)
2. Explain how Application Portfolio Management and the IT budgeting process should be interrelated in light of the Continental Airline Case? (Do not say that budgets fund APMs; that is a given.) (About 3 to 4 good sentences)
(a) An RFP, or Request for Proposal, is a document typically issued by a company or organization to solicit bids from potential vendors or service providers.
It outlines the specific requirements, objectives, and scope of a project or procurement, inviting interested parties to submit their proposals. The RFP serves as a formal communication tool that helps the company gather detailed information about potential solutions, pricing, and capabilities from various vendors.
(b) The IT Budgeting Process is the strategic planning and allocation of financial resources within an organization for IT-related projects, initiatives, and operations. In relation to the RFP, the IT Budgeting Process is influenced by the proposals received through the RFP. Evaluating and selecting the most suitable vendor or solution from the RFP responses can impact the allocation of funds in the IT budget. The budgeting process takes into consideration the estimated costs, benefits, and priorities identified in the RFP responses to make informed decisions about resource allocation.
(c) Application Portfolio Management (APM) involves the assessment, analysis, and management of an organization's portfolio of applications. It aims to optimize the application landscape by evaluating the value, cost, and risks associated with each application. In relation to the RFP, APM can be impacted by the outcomes of the RFP process. If the RFP seeks to replace or introduce new applications, the APM strategy needs to consider the potential impact on the existing application portfolio, including costs, integration requirements, and alignment with business objectives.
Application Portfolio Management and the IT budgeting process should be interrelated to ensure effective decision-making and alignment with business goals. In the Continental Airline Case, interrelation is crucial as it helps prioritize investments and optimize the application landscape. By aligning APM with the IT budgeting process, the company can identify legacy or redundant applications that can be retired or consolidated, freeing up resources for more strategic initiatives.
The IT budgeting process should consider the insights and analysis provided by APM to make informed decisions about resource allocation. APM helps identify the value, risks, and costs associated with each application, enabling budget planners to prioritize investments based on strategic objectives, such as improving customer experience or enhancing operational efficiency.
Additionally, the IT budgeting process should provide sufficient funding to support the recommendations and initiatives identified through APM. While budgets may not directly fund APM efforts, they should allocate resources for application rationalization, modernization, or replacement projects identified through APM analysis.
In summary, integrating Application Portfolio Management and the IT budgeting process ensures that investments are aligned with business objectives and resources are allocated effectively to optimize the application landscape. This interrelation allows for strategic decision-making and maximizes the value derived from IT investments.
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QUESTION 1
Ziyad bought a car for RM198,000. He made a 10% down payment and
financed the balance through a bank for 9 years. The interest rate
charged was 4.5% compounded monthly.
a) Calculate the mon
The monthly payment for the car loan can be calculated using the following formula:
M = P [i(1+i)^n] / [1-(1+i)^n]
where:
M = monthly payment
P = the loan amount (RM198,000 in this case)
i = the monthly interest rate (4.5% / 12 = 0.0375)
n = the total number of monthly payments (360 months in a 9-year loan)
Plugging in the values, we get:
M = 198,000 [0.0375(1+0.0375)^360] / [1-(1+0.0375)^360]
M = 198,000 [11.9225] / [1.02598]
M = 1,868.50
So the monthly payment for the car loan would be RM1,868.50.
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You Are Working As The Audit Partner Of Acc. Pot Ltd. You Have Been Actively Involved In The Reviewing And Checking The Inventory Of The Client, Tipper Ltd. Tipper Ltd Inventory Constitutes A Large Proportion Of The Financial Statements As The Company Deals With Buying And Selling Retail Products Such As Groceries. You Have Already Done, Audit Planning, Risk
You are working as the audit partner of Acc. Pot Ltd. You have been actively involved in the reviewing and checking the inventory of the client, Tipper Ltd. Tipper Ltd inventory constitutes a large proportion of the financial statements as the company deals with buying and selling retail products such as groceries. You have already done, audit planning, risk assessment as well as the necessary audit procedures in order to obtain audit evidence that you will use in formulating the audit opinion. It is now the end of the audit if Tipper Ltd and your supervisor require you to draft the audit report for his review. Required: Briefly explain the contents of an audit report to be submitted to your supervisor.
An audit report is a formal document prepared by the audit partner or auditor summarizing the findings, conclusions, and opinions reached during the audit process. It provides an objective assessment of the financial statements and the effectiveness of internal controls within the organization. The contents of an audit report typically include the following:
Title and Addressee: The report begins with a title that clearly indicates it is an audit report. The addressee is usually the company's management, board of directors, or shareholders.
Introductory Paragraph: This section identifies the financial statements that were audited, including the period covered by the audit.
Management's Responsibility: The audit report explains that management is responsible for preparing and presenting the financial statements and for implementing internal controls to prevent and detect fraud and error.
Auditor's Responsibility: This section describes the auditor's responsibility, which is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on the audit conducted. It also explains that the audit was performed in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards.
Opinion on the Financial Statements: The auditor expresses an opinion on the fairness of the financial statements. This opinion can be unqualified (clean opinion), qualified (with specific reservations), adverse (materially misstated), or a disclaimer (unable to express an opinion).
Basis for Opinion: The audit report provides information on the audit procedures performed, including testing of accounting records, gathering evidence, and evaluating the accounting principles used. It also highlights any limitations or restrictions encountered during the audit process.
Other Reporting Responsibilities: In some cases, the audit report may include additional sections related to reporting on specific matters, such as internal controls over financial reporting or compliance with laws and regulations.
Signature and Date: The report is signed by the audit partner or auditor responsible for the engagement, along with the date of completion.
It's important to note that the specific format and wording of an audit report may vary depending on the jurisdiction and applicable reporting standards. The report should be clear, concise, and objective, providing stakeholders with a reliable assessment of the financial statements and the audit conducted.
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A first-responder, who goes to the scene of a traffic accident nearly every week, will tend to overestimated the probability of being in an accident, because she can think of many examples of accidents
a. Stereotyping
b. Representativeness
c. Intuition
d. Availability
The answer is d. Availability Explanation:The availability heuristic is a psychological tool that we use to assess how common or how likely something is. It is also known as the availability bias or the availability heuristic, and it is used in both social psychology and cognitive psychology.
In general, the availability heuristic works by relying on the information that is immediately available or easily accessible to us.In the question, the given situation is of a first responder who goes to the scene of a traffic accident almost every week and is expected to overestimate the probability of being in an accident. The reason behind this is that the person can easily recall the examples of accidents they have witnessed, which is an example of the availability heuristic.
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.Gregory Ltd uses the ageing of accounts receivable method for estimating doubtful debts. The balance of the Allowance for Doubtful Debts account on 1 July 2020 had a credit balance of $9,300. The company is registered for goods and services tax (GST). GST rate is 10%.
All transactions below relate to Gregory Ltd’s uncollectable accounts for the financial year ended 30 June 2021.
July 18
Wrote off the $495 account of B. Betty as uncollectable.
Oct. 19
Re-established the account of C. Casy and recorded the collection of $2,530 in full payment of his account, which had been written off previously.
Jan. 31
Received 20% of the $2,200 balance owed by D. Delois and wrote off the remainder as uncollectable.
June 30
The estimate of uncollectable accounts is based on an ageing of accounts receivable and $18,260 of the accounts receivable as at 30 June was estimated to be uncollectable.
Gregory Ltd has a receivable balance of $650,000 on the 30 June 2021. All Accounts Receivable figures are GST Inclusive.
REQUIRED:
Prepare journal entries for each of the transactions/events above. Narrations are not required for journal entries.
Show the Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet) extract for accounts receivable as at 30
The journal entries for each transaction/event are as follows:
July 18:
Bad Debts Expense $495
Allowance for Doubtful Debts $495
Oct. 19:
Allowance for Doubtful Debts $2,530
Accounts Receivable $2,530
Jan. 31:
Cash $440 ($2,200 x 20%)
Bad Debts Expense $1,760 ($2,200 x 80%)
Allowance for Doubtful Debts $2,200
June 30:
Allowance for Doubtful Debts $18,260
Accounts Receivable $18,260
Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet) extract for accounts receivable as at 30 June:
Accounts Receivable $650,000
Less: Allowance for Doubtful Debts $21,545 ($9,300 + $2,530 + $2,200 + $18,260)
Net Accounts Receivable $628,455
The net accounts receivable balance is calculated by subtracting the allowance for doubtful debts from the accounts receivable balance. This reflects the estimated amount that is expected to be collected after considering the potential uncollectable accounts.
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Samsung Corporation produces a single product. The standard costs for one sit of its products s Direct materials (6 pounds at 50.50 per pound) Direct labor (2 hours at $10 per hour) 33 Variable manufacturing overhead (2 hours at $5 per hour) 10 During November, 8,000 units were produced. The costs associated with November operations we fines $21,600 Material purchased (36,000 pounds at $0.60 per pound) Material used in production (28,000 pounds) Direct labor (18,400 hours at $9.75 per hour) Variable manufacturing overhead incurred 20 179,400 110,400 hp tanracturing overhead incurred 110,400 What is the variable overhead efficiency variance for the product for November? O$ 12,000 Unfavorable O$ 12,000 Favorable O$ 18,400 Unfavorable O$ 18,400 Unfavorable
The variable overhead efficiency variance for the product for November is $18,400 unfavorable. Variable overhead efficiency variance is a method of calculating the difference between the actual number of direct labor hours used in production and the number of direct labor hours expected to be used in production, multiplied by the standard variable overhead rate per hour, which is the expected variable overhead per direct labor hour.
The formula for calculating the variable overhead efficiency variance is:
VOEV = (AH – SH) x SR, where VOEV is the variable overhead efficiency variance, AH is the actual number of direct labor hours used in production, SH is the standard number of direct labor hours expected to be used in production, and SR is the standard variable overhead rate per hour.
Given that, the variable overhead efficiency variance for the product for November is $18,400 unfavorable.
Here's the calculation:
SH = 8,000 × 2 = 16,000 hours
AH = 18,400 hours
SR = $5 per hour
VOEV = (AH – SH) × SR= (18,400 – 16,000) × $5= $2,400 × $5= $18,400 unfavorable
Hence, the variable overhead efficiency variance for the product for November is $18,400 unfavorable.
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