One fundamental objective of current systematics is to use scientific names solely for monophyletic groupings of species.
A monophyletic group of species has a single common ancestor and also includes all descendants of that common ancestor.
In a phylogenetic tree, a monophyletic group includes a node and all descendants of that node and is represented by both nodes and terminal taxa.
Broadly speaking, monophyletic taxa are taxa that contain groups of organisms descended from a single ancestor, while polyphyletic taxa consist of unrelated organisms descended from multiple ancestors.
An ancestor and all of its descendants comprise a monophyletic group. This is identified by the presence of a shared unique feature (sinapomorphy). Each family tree contains as many monophyletic groups as there are ancestors.
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The illustration shows a model of a chloroplast.
Chloroplast diagram
Which label points to the part of a chloroplast where the Calvin cycle happens?
A.
1
B.
2
C.
3
D.
4
its letter B!-> 2 because other supporters also say it's 2 so trust the community and pick b
Answer:
D
Explanation:
2. What is the overall impact to and consequences of the invasion on the biodiversity of the ecosystem?
The composition and framework of natural communities around the world are under threat from invasive species on a growing basis.
Impact The ecological and evolutionary integrity of natural ecosystems has been significantly compromised by biological invasion, which will impair the ecosystems' capacities and frequently result in natural disasters.Industries, towns, and indigenous cultures that depend on the nation's natural resources are destroyed by invasive species that outcompete local plants and animals. Additionally, they damage streams' quality, which reduces recreational options and harms the water supply.Biological invasions are among the most significant ecological disturbances that endanger native biodiversity. The global structure and function of ecosystems will be significantly impacted by an anticipated rise in the rate of species extinction.For more information on invasive species kindly visit to
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what proportion of the f2 offspring would you expect to show the dominant phenotype at any 4 of the 7 traits (and the recessive phenotype at the others)? g
The dominant trait appears three times as frequently as the recessive trait in the F2 generation, which always produces a 3:1 ratio.
The F2 genotype is what?Because two heterozygous parents were crossbred, the F2 generation is more varied. The genotype distribution of the F2 generation is as follows: 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive, and 25% homozygous dominant.
What does it mean to be a human F2 generation?Second filial generation, or F2 generation, is the term used to describe a group of people who were conceived as a result of interbreeding and intermarriage among family members. The children of a genetically distinct pair of persons are referred to as the first filial generation.
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consider the nadh formed during glycolysis. what is the final acceptor for its electrons during fermentation? what the final acceptor for its electrons during aerobic respiration?
In fermentation, the final electron acceptor for NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) produced during glycolysis is an organic molecule such as pyruvate or lactate.
This allows the cell to generate a small amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation, but does not allow for the complete oxidation of glucose to [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] and [tex]H_{2}O[/tex].
During aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor for NADH is molecular oxygen ([tex]O_{2}[/tex]) in the electron transport chain, which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here, the electrons from NADH are transferred along a series of electron carriers and eventually reduced to water, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation, and it allows the cell to obtain much more energy from glucose than it could through fermentation alone.
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Why there can be side effects in using antibiotics?
There can be side effects in using antibiotics because antibiotics are powerful drugs that work by killing bacteria or slowing their growth.
Are antibiotics totally free from generating side effects?No, they are not. While they are generally safe and effective in treating bacterial infections, they can sometimes cause side effects. Some common side effects of antibiotics include:
Nausea and vomiting: Antibiotics can cause digestive upset, including nausea and vomiting.
Diarrhea: Some antibiotics can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the gut, leading to diarrhea.
Allergic reactions: In rare cases, people may have an allergic reaction to antibiotics, which can range from mild skin rashes to severe breathing difficulties.
Yeast infections: Antibiotics can kill the "good" bacteria that normally keep yeast levels in check, leading to overgrowth of yeast and a subsequent infection.
Drug interactions: Antibiotics can interact with other medications, potentially making them less effective or causing adverse reactions.
Nerve damage: In rare cases, certain antibiotics (such as metronidazole) can cause peripheral neuropathy, a condition characterized by damage to the nerves in the arms and legs.
It's important to remember that these side effects are generally rare and most people do not experience them. If you do experience side effects from antibiotics, it's important to talk to your doctor, who may be able to adjust your treatment.
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How is the morphological species concept different from the phylogenetic species concept?
There are two alternative approaches to define what a species is: morphological species concept and phylogenetic species concept. A species is defined by its physical or morphological qualities, such as size, coloring, or other visible properties, according to the morphological species concept.
The phylogenetic species concept, in contrast, categorizes species according to their genetic relatedness and evolutionary history. Morphological species concept idea holds that individuals with the same morphological characteristics are thought to belong to the same species, whilst those with differing characteristics are thought to belong to separate species. The phylogenetic species idea states that a species is a collection of creatures that have a common ancestor and are distinguished from other collections by a particular set of evolutionary events or traits. Molecular markers that are used to infer evolutionary connections may include different DNA sequences, patterns of genetic variation, or other molecular characteristics.
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which best describes how atp synthase converts the potential energy of the proton gradient to the chemical energy of atp?
Option C is correct. Kinetic energy from the proton flux is converted into rotational kinetic energy in the F0 subunit. Rotation of the F0 subunit results in rotation of the F1 subunit, which can catalyze ATP synthesis.
What is ATP synthase?ATP synthase is an inner membrane-located mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate. It is driven by the flow of protons through a gradient caused by electron transfer from chemically positive protons to the negative side.
How does ATP synthase work?ATP synthase is a complex that utilizes the proton potential generated by the action of the mitochondrial electron transport system. It transports protons along the gradient and uses energy to complete the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
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Which of the following BEST describes how ATP synthase converts the potential energy of the proton gradient to the chemical energy of ATP? Do protons flow through the F0 or F1?
A. Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is stored in a new electrochemical gradient within the F0 subunit. The potential energy of the electrochemical gradient, in turn, is converted to kinetic energy in the F1 subunit and used to catalyze ATP synthesis.
B. The flow of protons through the F0 subunit oxidizes the F1 subunit, which allows ADP to be reduced to ATP.
C. Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of rotation of the F0 subunit; the rotation of the F0 subunit leads to rotation of the F1 subunit, which can then catalyze ATP synthesis.
D. None of the other answer options is correct.
E. The flow of protons through the F0 subunit reduces the F1 subunit, which allows ADP to be oxidized to ATP.
please help...i am literally crying of frustration that i dont understand...
Pyruvic acid forms lactic acid in the absence of oxygen in skeletal muscles, it is called anaerobic respiration.
What is anaerobic respiration?Anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration that does not require oxygen or takes place in a lack of oxygen. It gives short-term energy and produces only 2 ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Without the use of oxygen, glucose is broken down during anaerobic cellular respiration. The chemical process gives the cell glucose energy. Lactic acid, which can cause excruciating muscle cramps, is created during fermentation instead of carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in skeletal muscles.
Pyruvate oxidizes NADH to produce lactic acid, which regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to swiftly produce additional ATP.
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What type of epithelial tissue is skin exposed to friction and has a protective function?
The type of epithelium known as stratified squamous epithelium typically performs protective roles, such as preventing pathogens from penetrating underlying tissue and/or preventing water loss.
The skin's epidermis, or top layer, is on the whole made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells.The epidermis and dermis are the two layers that make up the skin. The layer immediately underneath the dermis, known as the hypodermis, is now classified as superficial fascia rather than skin. The stratified squamous epithelium that covers the skin's epidermis is necessary for it to shield the body from harm and resist friction. Therefore, 3. stratified squamous epithelium is the right response. The epithelia to which the other three responses are referring serve very different purposes than friction resistance, hence they are incorrect. columnar pseudostrategization
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What is the organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts function to transform solar light energy into sugars that may be used by cells. It converts solar energy into chemical energy similarly to a solar panel.
How does photosynthesis work?The process through which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunshine into oxygen and sugar-based energy is known as photosynthesis.
Who made photosynthesis possible?Jan Ingenhousz was a Dutch-born British paediatrician and scientist who passed away in Bowood, Wiltshire, England on September 7, 1799. He is best known for discovering the photosynthesis process which allows green plants to absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen when exposed to sunlight.
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Which conditions produce the smallest and largest ocean waves?
Choose the two correct answers.
Responses
strong winds that blow for short periods of time over great distances
weak winds that blow for long periods of time with a long fetch
strong winds that blow for short periods of time with a short fetch
strong winds that blow for long periods of time over small distances
weak winds that blow for short periods of time with a short fetch
strong winds that blow for a long time over a great distance
strong winds that blow for short periods of time over small distances
The condition that generates the smallest and largest ocean waves should be:
a. Strong winds that blow for a longer time
b. The weak wind blows for a shorter time.
The faster the wind, the longer it blows, or the farther it can blow uninterrupted, the bigger the waves. Therefore, a wave's size depends on wind speed, wind duration, and the area over which the wind is blowing (the fetch).
what is the correct order for the breakdown and disposal of heme?
The correct order for the breakdown and disposal of heme is as follows:
Heme -> biliverdin -> bilirubin -> bilirubin diglucuronide -> urobilinogen -> stercobilin/urobilin.
1. Heme is broken down into biliverdin by the enzyme heme oxygenase.
2. Biliverdin is then converted into bilirubin by the enzyme biliverdin reductase.
3. Bilirubin is then transported to the liver, where it is conjugated with glucuronic acid to form bilirubin diglucuronide.
4. Bilirubin diglucuronide is then excreted into the bile and stored in the gallbladder.
5. When the gallbladder contracts, bile is released into the small intestine, where bilirubin diglucuronide is broken down by intestinal bacteria into urobilinogen.
6. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the bloodstream and excreted in the urine, while the rest is converted into stercobilin and excreted in the feces.
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What other types of evidence or features might be used to ascertain whether the tree of life is best represented according to the three-domain or the eocyte hypothesis? Select all that apply.
a. cell biology b. the type of chromatin organisation c. DNA sequence data d. the fossil record RNA structure data
Other types of evidence include data on DNA sequences, the fossil record, and cell biology.
Data from additional types of creatures, such as viruses and archaea, whose genomes have been sequenced, but which were not originally considered in the initial research that led to the tree of life hypothesis. To identify which theory best matches the evidence, statistical analyses of the new data are performed. In order to identify which of the several ideas is better in line with our present understanding of evolutionary biology, they should be compared. Comparison of the various hypothese to identify which is more economical and yields the most precise results. In order to identify which explanation best fits the fossil record, various ideas are compared. comparison of the many hypotheses to see which fits the genetic records of diverse animals the best.
The complete question is :
What other types of evidence or features might be used to ascertain whether the tree of life is best represented according to the three-domain or the eocyte hypothesis? Select all that apply.
a. cell biology
b. the type of chromatin organisation
c. DNA sequence data
d. the fossil record RNA structure data
e. the phylogenetic relationships between organisms
f. gene expression data
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What is the ureters function in osmoregulation aswell when there’s too little water and too much water
Answer:
Osmoregulation is the control of water levels and mineral ions (salt) in the blood. Water levels and mineral ions in the blood are controlled to keep the concentrations the same inside the cells as around them. This protects cells by stopping too much water from entering or leaving them by osmosis.
Answer:
The ureters play a role in osmoregulation by transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder. In situations where there is too little water, the kidneys conserve water by producing a concentrated urine, which is then transported to the bladder by the ureters. On the other hand, in situations where there is too much water, the kidneys produce a dilute urine, which is also transported to the bladder by the ureters. By regulating the volume and concentration of urine, the ureters help the body maintain a proper balance of water and electrolytes.
Explanation:
Tell me if you still confus:)
ALLEN
Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration.a. Both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the oxygen necessary to sustain life. b. Both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the heat necessary to sustain life. c. Both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the sugars that will be "burned" to fuel the energy of life. d. Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP
Both consumers and producers generate ATP through a process known as cellular respiration to provide energy for their metabolic processes (adenosine triphosphate).
The respiration of cellsCellular respiration, which is how cells release energy, involves the breakdown of organic molecules like glucose to fuel cellular activities including growth, mobility, and reproduction.In the cells of consumers, such as animals, cellular respiration occurs to break down the organic molecules they consume, such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, into smaller molecules that can be used to make ATP.Using this energy to power cellular processes allows the animal to maintain its body temperature, movement, and other functions.In the cells of producers like plants, cellular respiration also occurs in addition to photosynthesis.Therefore, both consumers and producers engage in cellular respiration as a vital means of generating energy and engaging in their metabolic activities.Cellular respiration is therefore a crucial activity in the functioning of living beings.learn more about cellular respiration here
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by the year 1600, it was already widely accepted that fossils are the remains of past life. True/False?
1) the process of reading energy from food is called
2) the energy released during respiration is called
3) during anaerobic respiration glucose are broken is called
4) in plants the end products anaerobic are
5) the site of aerobic respiration
1. The process of obtaining energy from food is called cellular respiration.
2. The energy released during respiration is called chemical energy.
3. During anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into pyruvate in a process called glycolysis.
4. In plants, the end products of anaerobic respiration are lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.
5. The site of aerobic respiration is the mitochondria.
What is respiration?Respiration is described as a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.
The mitochondria is the primary location for the production of ATP through the process of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells.
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True or false? Genetic drift is more significant in small populations.
True. Smaller populations experience greater genetic drift.
Owing to stochastic sampling error, smaller populations typically lose their genetic diversity less quickly than larger populations (i.e., genetic drift). The reason for this is that tiny populations make it more likely for some gene variants to be lost through random chance. A mutation's frequency in a population may shift randomly from one generation to the next due to the population's limited size. This phenomenon is known as genetic drift. Small, reproductively phenotypic traits may experience rapid changes in gene frequencies due to unique conditions that are completely unrelated to mutation and natural selection. Only random variables can explain these fluctuations.
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Are the apical plasma membrane of simple squamous epithelial cells are often folded into microvilli?
Simple squamous cells frequently fold their apical plasma membranes into microvilli, which expands their absorption surface area.
What is called plasma?The majority of your blood is plasma. It accounts for more than half (about 55%) of the entire material. When the blood is divided into its component parts, plasma, a pale yellow liquid, appears. Plasma carries water, salts, and enzymes. About 92% of plasma is water. Along with albumin, gamma globulin, and anti-hemophilic factor, it also contains 7% essential proteins, as well as 1% of mineral salts, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, and vitamins.
What is plasma used for?Donations of blood plasma are put to significantly more specialized uses than ordinary blood donations. Plasma donations are most frequently used in patients with liver or clotting factor abnormalities, adults or children with cancer, and those who have undergone severe trauma, burns, or shock.
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enzymes are consumed in chemical reactions and cannot be used again.true/false
Answer:
false
Explanation:
still can use again
Fill in the blank.In the CNS, _____ are cells that line the fluid-filled cavities and which produce, transport, and circulate the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Ependymal cells are the cells that line the fluid-filled cavities and create, transport, and circulate the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system (CNS).
The fluid that covers the brain and spinal cord is created, moved, and circulated by ependymal cells, which line the fluid-filled cavities in the central nervous system (CNS).
The spinal cord and brain are both parts of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to respiration, heart rate, hormones, and body temperature, it also regulates everything else, including thought, movement, and emotion.
Because it integrates information from every part of the body and organizes movement throughout the entire organism, the CNS is referred to be "central."
A brief description of the CNS is given on this page. The various cell types that are involved, various brain regions, spinal circuitry, and potential impacts of illness and damage on the CNS are all examined.
skin cellular structure Ependymal cells line the cavities of the CNS. Ependymal cells create the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and they also act as crucial barriers between the CSF and the extracellular space of the brain.
The choroid plexus epithelial cells create the majority of the CSF that hydrates the ventricles, spinal cord, and subarachnoid spaces.
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What is meant by metastases?
Metastases are the cancer cells that have spread from a primary tumour to various parts of the body. It happens when cancer cells separate from the main tumour, move via the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and develop secondary tumors in different organs.
One of the main causes of cancer-related fatalities is metastases, a dangerous cancer complication. Cancer cells can invade nearby lymph nodes, blood arteries, and organs to enter the lymphatic system and circulation.
The cancer cells can move to far-off organs and tissues once they are in the circulation or lymphatic system, where they can grow new tumours.
When cancer cells migrate straight to other organs, such as when breast cancer spreads to the lungs or prostate cancer spreads to the bones, metastases can also develop.
Often more aggressive than original tumours, metastatic cancers are more challenging to treat. Typically, chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery are used in conjunction for treatment.
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Ms. Sadler’s biology class was investigating the effect of different concentrations of NaCl on the appearance of red blood cells. The cells were examined under a compound microscope within seconds of mixing a drop of the blood cell sample with different solutions. The cells on one of the slides burst immediately.
What is the nature of the solution that caused the red blood cells to burst, and why did this happen?
A
The solution was isotonic to the red blood cells, and the water in the solution diffused into the cells, causing the them to burst.
B
The solution was hypotonic to the red blood cells, and the water in the solution diffused into the cells, causing the them to burst.
C
The solution was hypotonic to the red blood cells, and the salt in the cells diffused out, causing the cells to burst.
D
The solution was isotonic to the red blood cells, and the salt diffuses in, causing the cells to burst.
Option C is Correct. The red blood cells were hypotonic to the solution, and as a result of the salt in the cells diffusing out, the cells burst. is the composition of the fluid, and what led to the rupture of the red blood cells.
What effect of various concentrations was MS Sadler's biology class examining?Different NaCI (salt) concentrations were studied in Sadler's biology class to see how they affected the appearance of red blood cells. Within seconds after combining a drop of the blood cell sample with various solutions, the cells were viewed using a compound microscope.
The appearance of red blood cells in various NaCl concentrations was studied in Ms. Sadler's biology class. With the use of a compound microscope, the cells were analyzed.
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Answer:
B The solution was hypotonic to the red blood cells, and the water in the solution diffused into the cells, causing the them to burst.
Explanation:
GL !!
marine debris mostly originates from oceangoing ships. T/F
Answer:
false
Explanation:
most of the debris is from plastic being dumped into the ocean. A million tons of debris are dumped into the ocean each year and they float in the water.
if a plant species self-pollinates frequently what would you expect to happen to the frequency of the deleterious recessive a allele in the population over evolutionary time?
If a plant species self-pollinates frequently, the frequency of the deleterious recessive allele in the population over evolutionary time should decrease.
Frequent self-pollination can result in inbreeding depression brought on by the manifestation of deleterious recessive mutations or lower species health brought on by the breeding of closely related individuals. This is why many flowers that might self-pollinate have a built-in mechanism to prevent it, or at the very least make it a secondary option. Thus, the frequency decreases.
Self-pollination is a kind of pollination in which pollens from the anther arrives at the stigma of the another or same flower on the same plant body. When the anthers arrive at the stigma of the same flower, it is called autogamy. Or when they arrive at a different flower of the same plant, then it is called geitonogamy.
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which two systems circulate absorbed nutrients to cells in the body? [hint: one for fats; one for amino acids and carbohydrates]
The two systems that circulate absorbed nutrients to cells in the body are the Lymphatic system and the Circulatory system.
Lymphatic system - This system primarily circulates absorbed fats and fat-soluble vitamins to cells in the body.
After fats are absorbed by the intestines, they are packaged into structures called chylomicrons and transported into the lymphatic vessels, which eventually drain into the bloodstream.
Circulatory system - This system circulates absorbed amino acids and carbohydrates to cells in the body.
After being digested by the intestines, amino acids, and carbohydrates are then transported to the liver for processing via the hepatic portal vein.
From there, the nutrients are distributed to cells throughout the body via the circulatory system.
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which structure of the eye is the most sensitive but contains no blood vessels? retina | pupil | cornea | transparant capsule
Serial dilutions can be used to estimate the total number of bacterial cells in a solution, including living and dead cells. (True/False)
The total number of bacterial cells in a solution, including living and dead cells, can be calculated via serial dilutions. incorrect because since serial dilutions are employed to determine the microbe concentration.
The sample is diluted and plated to obtain a sufficient number of colonies to count as it is typically hard to count the number of microorganisms in a sample. The number of colonies, or Colony Forming Units, is a good indicator of the quantity of viable microorganisms because each colony on an agar plate theoretically developed from a single microbe. Since we diluted and distributed the plate, they only identified 7 viable cells in the culture, which means they only discovered living cells in the culture.
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Select the correct answer.
Sonar stands for *sound navigation and ranging." what assumption was proved wrong after the invention of sonar?
O A.
The age of the ocean floor is variable.
O B.
The ocean floor is featureless. iS
• C.
The ocean floor is changing.
• D.
The ocean floor is denser than continental crust.
The correct answer is B. The ocean floor is featureless. The invention of sonar proved this assumption to be wrong as sonar technology allows for mapping of the ocean floor and has revealed that it is not featureless but rather has a complex topography with mountains, valleys, and other features.
The levels of classification, from broadest to most specific, include: _____
They are, from most broad to most specific, Domains, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, & Species. In the modern classification system, there are eight basic levels.
What is phylum and examples?Phylum is a taxonomic rank in biological categorization, particularly for animals, that comes after Kingdom and before Class. Division is the corresponding rank in plants. The Class Mammalia (mammals), Class Aves (birds), Class Ascidiacea (sea squirts), and other classes are included in the Phylum Chordata. Phylum Chordata is one of the main categories in biological classification, ranking above the Class and below the Kingdom. Compare division sense 8.
How many Phylums are there?Later, the term was modified to phylum. About 35 animal phyla, 12 plant phyla, and 7 fungal phyla exist. The links between the roughly 34 phyla that make up the bacteria, including the archaea, are not as well understood.
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