A mutagen is tested to see if it can create colonies on a basic medium devoid of histidine, beginning with a hisG mutant strain of bacteria. This test is known as the basic Ames test for mutagenesis (option - d).
Why is histidine used in the Ames test?A thin layer of histidine is added to the agar plate with the bacteria. This tiny amount of histidine in the growth medium enables the bacteria to grow initially and give themselves the chance to mutate.
A popular technique is the Ames test, which uses bacteria to determine whether a specific chemical can result in DNA mutations in the test organism. To evaluate the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds, a biological assay is officially used.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the x and y chromosomes differ immensely in their gene content. as such, sex-linked traits are (almost) always on the ___chromosome.
The x and y chromosomes vary immensely in their gene content material. as such, sex-linked traits are (nearly) continually at the X chromosome.
The X and Y chromosomes are called intercourse chromosomes. these chromosomes comprise the genes on the way to determine whether or not the offspring can be male or woman.
Linked genes are genes that can be inherited collectively with the other gene(s) because they're placed on the same chromosome. intercourse-related genes are located at the intercourse chromosome (X or Y). Expression of those alleles is associated with the chromosomal sex of the person.
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The x and y chromosomes differ immensely in their gene content. as such, sex-linked traits are always on the x chromosome.
The X and Y chromosomes additionally called the sex chromosomes, determine the organic intercourse of a person: women inherit an X chromosome from the father for a XX genotype, while males inherit a Y chromosome from the father for an XY genotype (mothers most effective bypass on X chromosomes).
Sex-linked traits, as associated with genetics, refer to characteristics (or trends) that can be motivated by means of genes carried at the sex chromosomes. In human beings, the term regularly refers to tendencies or problems encouraged via genes at the X chromosome, as it contains many extra genes than the smaller Y chromosome.
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molecular data lends itself to distance-based phylogenetic methods because it is relatively simple to count up differences between sequences that have been
Distance-based approaches build trees depending on how different the two sequences are from one another. They need substantially less computing than character-based approaches and are often correct since they count mutations.
Such information is used by molecular phylogeny to create a "relationship tree" which depicts the likely evolution of distinct creatures. Sanger sequencing was developed in 1977, making it feasible to separate and recognize these chemical sequence. A matrix with pairwise distances was initially used to analyze phenetic data before being used to non-parametric distance techniques in phylogeny. The result of balancing these distances is a tree ( with informative sequence lengths). In the relatively young field of molecular phylogeny, evolutionary connections, histories, and in some cases even functions are inferred via the comparative examination of the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of proteins, as well as their structural characteristics.
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compensates for any deviation between the actual value and the set point. in body temperature regulation in mammals, this function is carried out by
This function is carried out by brain and nervous system .
Define set point?
The set point is not fixed value but fluctuates in response to internal and external factors .
nervous system is responsible for the regulation and maintaining the constant body temperature , with the help of receptors .
If receptors detect any kind of drop in body temperature and send this information to the brain . Then brain process the information and send impulses to effector organs to carry out responses which increases body temperature and these responses helps in restoring the optimum temperature.
Hence , the function is carried out by the brain and nervous system.
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sexual selection in males usually results in an increased ability to for mates, whereas sexual selection in females usually involves a mate with the best fitness
Disparities in mate attraction that alone account for differences in reproductive success An important aspect of evolutionary biology is sexual selection. The nature and scope of sexual selection, however, have been debatable since Darwin first proposed the idea of it.
Recent debate has brought the fundamental topic of what sexual selection actually is back into focus. Incorporating female-female reproductive rivalry into sexual or natural selection is one example of this.
Sex roles are determined by differences in gametes: men generate significantly more plentiful, smaller, motile gametes whereas females produce relatively fewer, more nutritious, often non-motile gametes. There will be an excess of male gametes that will not fertilize any eggs since just one gamete of each kind is necessary to generate a child.
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When training all major muscle groups in a single strength-training workout, a person should complete.
Weight training is a common type of strength training for developing the strength, size of skeletal muscles and maintenance of strength
How does weight training occurs ?
I think the answer is large muscle group exercises before small group exercises. In most training of muscles, the high intensity exercises are done before low intensity exercises.The small joint exercises before the large joint exercises and finally the large muscle groups before the small muscle groups.Strength training should target the major muscle groups: chest, back, legs, shoulders, biceps, triceps, and the trunk/core.The correct way to develop overall growth of muscles is to work on every body parts in a required manner.
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Which coronary artery is most responsible for supplying blood to the myocardial tissue of the left atrium?.
Left main coronary artery (LMCA) is most responsible for supplying blood to the myocardial tissue of the left atrium.
The heart muscle receives blood from the coronary arteries. The heart muscle need oxygen-rich blood in order to operate, just like all other bodily components do. Blood that lacks oxygen must also be transported away. Outside of the heart, the coronary arteries encircle the organ. To supply blood to the heart muscle, tiny branches pierce the skin.
The left main and right coronary arteries are the two major coronary arteries.
coronary artery on the left (LMCA). The left side of the heart muscle is supplied with blood through the left major coronary artery (the left ventricle and left atrium). The branches of the left major coronary:
Blood is supplied to the front of the left side of the heart by the left anterior descending artery, which arises from the left coronary artery.
The left coronary artery's circumflex artery splits off and surrounds the heart muscle. The outside and back of the heart both receive blood from this artery.
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Forensic scientist samantha monzon is collecting physical evidence at a crime scene where someone was murdered. What does this process most likely involve?.
Forensic scientists typically use a variety of methods and tools to collect physical evidence from crime scenes.
What do you mean by Forensics?
Forensics is the use of scientific evidence in court to argue a case. During a case investigation, various forensic materials are used to give evidence for the case. These factors could include DNA analysis, handwriting samples, blood splatter analysis, pathology, and ballistics.
Forensic Biology is the use of biological science processes and principles generally in a medico-legal context. Forensic biologists examine cellular and tissue samples, as well as physiological fluids, that are important to a legal investigation.
The process that Forensic scientist Samantha Monzon used can involve photographing the scene, collecting and preserving biological evidence, such as blood and hair samples, and using various tools, such as tweezers and scalpels, to collect trace evidence. Forensic scientists may also use chemical tests to detect the presence of gunpowder residue or other substances. In addition, they may use fingerprint powder to detect fingerprints and other impressions left at the scene.
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What is the reflection of Buddhism?.
Buddhism is the religion put form of Buddha which states that a man can attain the path of enlightenment by destroying all the causes of sufferings like greed, hatred, or delusion.
Buddhism is considered to be one of the largest religion of the world. It is derived from the teachings of Buddha. It teaches humans to leave the sufferings of life and walk in the path of enlightenment. The religion is believed to be originated around 2500 years ago.
Enlightenment is also referred to as 'nirvana' in Buddhism. It is the stage where a person leaves the cycle of birth and rebirth. He/ She understands the true meaning of life and therefore gets an escape from the rebirth.
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list the three primary types of human activities (agriculture, development, and industrial growth) that have affected regional and global environments. for each, give one benefit and one environmental cost.
Agriculture;
Disadvantage: effects on fresh water and fertile soilAdvantage: food productionDevelopment;
Disadvantage: waste productionAdvantage: improved living standardsIndustrial development;
Disadvantage: Energy consumptionAdvantage: Modern conveniencesHow human activities are affecting regional and global environments?Humanity is currently facing problems such as air, water and soil pollution, irrational agricultural systems and deforestation. As a result, the number of available natural resources is decreasing. Another negative impact of human activity is the process of global warming and global climate change. The impact of human activity on land and water can have severe impacts on ecosystems. There are many problems facing ecosystems such as climate change, ocean acidification, habitat loss, eutrophication, stormwater runoff, air pollution, pollutants and invasive species.
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Which of these is the primary site of protein synthesis mitochondria?.
Ribosomes, are the sites of protein synthesis.
The molecule found inside cells that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism to develop and function. This knowledge can be passed on from one generation to the next thanks to DNA molecules. Purine-pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs, including adenine (A) coupled with thymine (T) and guanine (G) paired with cytosine (C), form the double-stranded helix that makes up DNA (C). Likewise known as deoxyribonucleic acid.
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The tata box is a sequence with a __________ that allows for the binding of __________ and __________.
What are the 5 stages of mitosis and what happens in each stage?.
There are five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Final physical cell division after telophase, cytokinesis is frequently regarded as the sixth stage of mitosis with Centrosomes.
1. Mitosis begins with the prophase.
Chromosomes gather and are made visible.
Centrosomes are the origin of spindle fibres.
Nucleolus dissolves as nuclear envelope disintegrates.
2. Second stage of mitosis known as prometaphase.
Chromosomes continue to compact.
At the centromeres, kinetochores are visible.
Centrosomes travel in the direction of their opposite poles as mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores.
3. Metaphase is the third mitotic division.
The mitotic spindle has reached its full size, the centrosomes are at the poles of the cell, and the chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate. Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fibre that originates from the opposing poles. In the middle is each chromosome.
4. Anaphase is the fourth stage of mitosis.
Previously joined together by cohesin proteins, sister chromatids (now known as chromosomes) split and are drawn in opposing directions.
Non-kinetochore spindle fibres lengthen as the cell does.
5. The fifth stage of mitosis is called telophase.
The nuclear envelope material that surrounds each set of chromosomes decondenses as the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles.
6. The sixth and last stage of mitosis is cytokinesis.
Animal cells: the daughter cells are divided by a cleavage furrow.
A cell plate separates the daughter cells in plant cells.
the splitting of the cytoplasm into the two distinct daughter cells.
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true/false: there are 3 primary ossification centers in the typical vertebra; 1 for the vertebral body and 2 for the posterior arch.
Primary ossification centres in total three centres for ossification yes it is true statement
There are three ossification centres per vertebra, with the exception of coccygeal vertebrae: one in the body of the vertebra and one in either neural arch [1-3, 12, 21]. Beginning as early as week 8 in the axis, the first vertebral body ossification centres form in the arches of the upper cervical vertebrae, and they then advance caudally.
A primary ossification centre is the source of intramembranous and endochondral ossification. As its name suggests, the primary ossification centre is the point at which bone tissue begins to ossify. Primary ossification centres are typically located in the body of irregular bones or in the diaphysis of long bones.
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the brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves, except the group of answer choices phrenic. ulnar. median. musculocutaneous. radial.
The brachial plexus gives rise to ulnar, median, musculocutaneous and radial nerves, except the phrenic muscles. Hence the phrenic nerve is not a branch of the brachial plexus.
The phrenic nerve is a nerve that originates in the neck and passes down through the chest to innervate the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and is responsible for helping us to breathe. The phrenic nerve is responsible for providing motor innervation to the diaphragm, which means that it helps to control the contraction of the diaphragm muscle. The phrenic nerve also provides sensory innervation to the diaphragm, which means that it helps us to feel when the diaphragm is contracting.
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Which statements about the regulation of transcription initiation in these genes are true?
Control elements C, D, and E are distal control elements for the imaginin gene.
The fantasin gene will be transcribed at a high level when activators specific for control elements A, B, and C are present in the cell.
Both the fantasin gene and the imaginin gene will be transcribed at high levels when activators specific for control elements A, B, C, D, and E are present in the cell.
When activators specific for regulatory elements A, B, C, D, and E are present in the cell, both the fantasin gene and the imaginin gene will be transcribed at high levels.
What is combinatorial regulation of gene elements?Combinatorial regulation is when many genes are regulated by a variety of transcription factors, each of which must be present in a particular combination in order to activate the gene begin superscript at 5, comma at 5, and end superscript at 6. For instance, a gene may only be expressed in the absence of repressor C and in the presence of activators A and B. Different informational sources can be combined into a single result when multiple transcription factors are used to regulate a gene. If Only skin cells have Activator A. Only cells getting "divide now!" signals (growth factors) from neighbors activate Activator B. When the DNA of a cell is damaged, repressor C is created. In this scenario, the gene would only be "turned on" in skin cells with undamaged, healthy DNA that are receiving division signals. This pattern of regulation might make sense for a gene involved in cell division in skin cells.
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some birds evolve adaptations that include losing the ability to fly. explain how a species of bird on a remote island could lose the ability to fly over time.
On the secluded island, some birds have evolved adaptations that include losing their flight. This occurred as a result of the lack of predators and the accessibility of food. Flying wasn't necessary.
The inclination to alter one's qualities to better suit one's environment is known as adaptation. These adjustments can be temporary or permanent. Sometimes, adaptation entirely transforms an animal's traits.
As there was no need to fly in this situation, the bird lost its capacity to fly. Given the island's isolation, the bird might not have any predators. Additionally, there was a plentiful supply of their food.
As a result, certain birds on the lonely island have evolved adaptations that include losing their ability to fly. Due to the availability of food and the absence of predators, this happened. There was no need to fly.
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5. what would happen if all of the bird types in this activity flew to an island where no birds had been before and the only food available was rice? which birds would be most successful? which birds would be least successful?
There were two options available to the birds. They can either starve or adjust by eating the rice. Eventually, if they wanted to survive and prosper, they would have to adapt; otherwise, they would simply become extinct.
The number of each type of bird beak also changes when the type of food available in a particular habitat changes, since birds with beaks that are better matched to the available food eventually consume more successfully.
The most successful terrestrial vertebrate group includes birds, which are members of the Aves class. There are about 10,000 species of live birds in 28 orders spread throughout practically the whole planet.
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the two major macromolecules that are used for use as sources of energy during the absorptive state are
Two major macromolecules that are used for use as sources of energy during the absorptive state are glucose and triglycerides.
Macromolecules are very large molecules that are important for biophysical processes such as proteins and nucleic acids. It is made up of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Many macromolecules are polymers of small molecules known as monomers.
Blood sugar or glucose is the primary sugar withinside the blood. It is obtained from the food you eat and is your body's primary source of energy.The blood carries glucose to each cell of the body for use as energy.Diabetes is a disease in which blood sugar levels are too high.
Triglycerides are a form of fat (lipid) located withinside the blood.When you eat, your body converts calories that it doesn't need to use immediately into triglycerides. Triglycerides are stored in fat cells.The hormone then releases triglycerides during meals for energy.
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you infect a 10 ml bacterial culture with 103 bacteriophage g what is the average burst size for this phage
The average burst size for the given phage is 120. The typical quantity of freshly created virus particles that are discharged from one infected cell after a lytic cycle of infection.
What is bacterial culture ?It is a technique which enables the controlled multiplication of bacterial cells in or on a culture medium under a scientific setting. The precise circumstances needed for ideal reproduction will vary depending on the type of bacteria being targeted.
What is bacteriophage?Bacteriophages are a particular class of virus that attack bacteria. In fact, because bacteriophages kill their host cells, the word "bacteriophage" literally means "bacteria eater." Every bacteriophage consists of a nucleic acid molecule encased in a protein framework. In order to infect the host cell, a bacteriophage must first adhere to a susceptible bacterium.
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when maxxam took over pacific lumber and began cutting down huge swaths of precious redwood forest, one of the justifications offered was--
One of the justifications offered was More jobs were produced by the increasing logging.
Maxxam Corporation purchased the redwood forest from Pacific Lumber in 1985. By claiming that more tree cutting would result in more jobs being available, Maxxam doubled the rate of redwood cutting.
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the interaction of many different protein factors to stimulate or repress transcription forms a complex called:
The interaction of many different protein factors to stimulate or repress transcription forms a complex called combinatorial control.
Transcription is the process of imitating a sector of DNA into RNA. The sections of DNA written out into RNA fragments that can encrypt proteins are pronounced to produce mediator RNA. Other portions of DNA are reproduced into RNA particles named non-systematized RNAs. mRNA contains only 1–3% of total RNA samples.
Combinatorial deoxyribonucleic acid rule supplies a device by which almost limited numbers of copy determinants can control the verbalization of a much best number of genes accompanying beautifully brought into harmony worldly and relating to space patterns. Combinatorial control is important for transcription. It should clarify that an important machine of fundamental eukaryotic transcriptional management is combinational control.
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gluts are integral membrane proteins that assist in the facilitated diffusion of glucose into and out of cells. what reaction in glycolysis prevents glucose from being transported back out of the cell?
In glycolysis, hexokinase dephosphorylation prevents the transport of glucose back out of the cell.
How hexokinase dephosphorylation prevents the transport of glucose back out of the cell?With the help of ATP, hexokinase dephosphorylates glucose, resulting in a nonpolar glucose molecule that cannot pass through the hydrophilic region of the plasma membrane.
When glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase utilising ADP, a polar glucose molecule is produced that cannot pass through the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane.
The nonpolar glucose molecule produced by hexokinase's dephosphorylation of glucose using ADP is unable to pass the hydrophilic region of the plasma membrane.
Using ATP, hexokinase converts glucose to a polar form that cannot pass through the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane.
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the krebs cycle consists of many small steps, each catalyzed by an enzyme. what is another name for the krebs cycle?
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is at the center of cellular metabolism, playing a prominent role in both the process of energy production and in biosynthesis.
Krebs cycle The Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is one of the most important reaction sequences in biochemistry. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle, is the main source of energy for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration. The cycle harnesses the available chemical energy of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) into the reducing power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
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from the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of glycolysis.
In a linear metabolic process involving enzyme-catalyzed reactions, known as glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate when oxygen is present or into two molecules of lactate when oxygen is not present.
Net Input: ADP, NAD⁺, Glucose
Net Output: ATP, NADH and Pyruvate,
not input or output: O₂, CO₂, coenzyme A and acetyl CoA
Anaerobic glycolysis, the latter route, is thought to be the first mechanism to have arisen in nature that produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In the majority of cells, glycolysis turns glucose into pyruvate, which mitochondrial enzymes then oxidize to produce carbon dioxide and water. However, due to the absence of mitochondria in some cells, most notably adult red blood cells, glycolysis serves as the only method of ATP synthesis. Glycolysis is the only method available to cells for converting glucose into ATP in the absence of oxygen. Lactic acidosis, a potentially fatal disease, is brought on by anaerobic glycolysis' excessive lactic acid generation. Numerous cancer cells have an incredibly high glycolytic enzyme capability. Cancer cells use glycolysis to make a large portion of their ATP even when oxygen is present.
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HeEeLllpp 8.Carbon atoms are important for all of the following reasons except
Carbon atoms are important for all the given reason except that: (d) they can form ionic bonds.
Carbon is the element in periodic element with atomic number 6. It is the most occurring element on Earth. A carbon atom forms stable covalent bonds with other elements. Carbon can also form 4 covalent bonds with itself, a property known as catenation.
Ionic bonds are the non-covalent bonds that are weaker than the covalent bonds. This bond is formed between two charged atoms instead of neutral atoms. The atoms involved in this bond generally have high electronegativity differences. Here, the atoms are transferred to more electronegative atom.
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What is the ID4T instruction model?.
The instructional design for teachers (ID4T) model is a powerful strategy for planning student learning that is perfectly suited to a nursing education environment.
The format and technique of delivery of a lesson are referred to as instructional models. Traditional instructional models like lectures and "I do, we do, you do" environment still have a role in the classroom, but they should generally be utilised less frequently if the objective is to actively involve students in standards-based teaching. A strategy instructional model is the ideal to employ when teaching new concepts to kids since it takes into account each student's potential level and ensures that regardless of level, all students will eventually develop a new, improved version of themselves.
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at the capillaries, leaves red blood cells to supply the tissues and enters the circulation to be removed.
At the capillaries oxygen leaves red blood cells to supply the tissues and carbon dioxide enters the circulation to be removed.
Blood that leaves the capillary and arrives the small venules. These venules gradually become larger vessels called as veins. The vena cava are the two largest veins that carry blood into the right upper chamber of the heart .
A junction of tiny blood vessels are termed as capillaries that forms very small arterial branches to very small veins. The capillaries have very thin walls, and through them, nutrients and oxygen are delivered to the cells. Generally the Waste products are brought into the capillaries. After the capillaries release oxygen and other substances from blood into body tissues.
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A shorthand representation of this process is: ATP - ADP + Phosphoric Acid + E.
What does the E mean in the equation above represent?
Answer:
it is energy
Explanation:
it means energy
which event does not take place before the start of mitosis? view available hint(s)for part a which event does not take place before the start of mitosis? dna is replicated. the parent cell grows. the nuclear envelope disintegrates. organelles proliferate.
What are the 3 elements of gene expression?.
The 3 elements of gene expression: Regulation of transcription can be broken down into three main routes of influence;
genetic (direct interaction of a controlling factor with the gene), modulation interaction of a controlling factor with the transcription machinery, and epigenetic (non-sequence changes in DNA structure that influence transcription).
Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), except for some viruses, which have genes that include a carefully associated compound called ribonucleic acid (RNA). A DNA molecule consists of two chains of nucleotides that wind approximately every different to resemble a twisted ladder.
Gene expression is the system of turning on a selected gene to begin making messenger RNA. The messenger RNA can then perform intended jobs inside the cell, such as forming proteins. Gene expression controls both whether or not the messenger RNA is made, as well as how a whole lot of messenger RNA is made at that time.
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