In the DNA isolation process, ice cold 95% ethanol is used to break down the protein complexes and allow the DNA molecules to easily precipitate.
What is separation and isolation of DNA fragments?
The cutting of DNA by restriction endonucleases results in the fragments of DNA. These fragments can be separated by a technique known as gel electrophoresis. Since, DNA fragments are negatively charged molecules they can be separated by forcing them to move towards the anode under an electric field through a medium/matrix. The most commonly used matrix is agarose which is a natural polymer extracted from sea weeds. The DNA fragments separate (resolve) according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. Hence, the smaller the fragment size, the farther it moves.The separated DNA fragments can be visualised only after staining the DNA with a compound known as ethidium bromide followed by exposure to UV radiation (you cannot see pure DNA fragments in the visible light and without staining). We can see bright orange coloured bands of DNA in a ethidium bromide stained gel exposed to UV light. The separated bands of DNA are cut out from the agarose gel and extracted from the gel piece. This step is known as elution. The DNA fragments purified in this way are used in constructing recombinant DNA by joining them with cloning vectors.To learn more about DNA isolation process: https://brainly.com/question/18316109
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Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal or optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance according to ________ theory
Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal or optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance according to arousal theory.
How are organisms motivated ?
Animals are highly clever, can read body language, and have personalities. They are driven by physiological requirements including thirst, hunger, sex, company, air, and rest.
Hunger, thirst, the search for pleasure, and the avoidance of suffering are examples of biological reasons. The ambitious idea of Clark Hull was an early attempt to define how these drives influence animal behavior. Hull adapted the idea of biological regulation or homeostasis.
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Branches of the pudendal nerve are anesthetized during childbirth before the doctor performs a/an?
Before a doctor conducts an episiotomy during delivery, branches of the pudendal nerve are put under anesthesia.
What is meant by an episiotomy?
During delivery, the membrane between the vaginal entrance and the anus is sliced, or an episiotomy is performed. The perineum is the name of this region.An episiotomy was long believed to lessen the severity of vaginal tearing after delivery. An incision was thought to heal more effectively than a spontaneous rip. Additionally, it was believed that the operation would aid in preserving the pelvic floor's supporting muscles and connective tissue.However, current evidence indicates that frequent episiotomies may not actually be effective in preventing these issues.Learn more about episiotomy here:
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Briefly describe two ways that a cytosolic protein (fully translated) can be targeted to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane.
Through secretory pathway or cytosolic protein through cytosolic pathway.
The cytosol consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as proteins). The majority of these non-protein molecules have a molecular mass of less than 300 Da. Membrane proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by two highly conserved parallel pathways. The well-studied co-translational pathway uses signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor for targeting and the SEC61 translocation for membrane integration.
However, mRNAs that encode cytosolic proteins can also be translated by ER-bound ribosomes. Thus, a large fraction of the proteome can be translated by ER-associated ribosomes. Such a diverse and selective translation of mRNAs redefines this ubiquitous organelle as a primary site of proteome synthesis in the cell.
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A total of _____ amino acids compose the majority of protein in living things and nine are _____ to human
A total of 20 amino acids compose the majority of protein in living things and nine are essential to human.
All living organisms, from bacteria to people, depend on amino acids for survival. The same 20 types of amino acids are present in all living things. Only 21 amino acids are required by the human body to create all the proteins required for growth and function. Your body can create thousands of different types of proteins with only the same 21 amino acids because they can be ordered in a wide variety of ways.The body is unable to produce essential amino acids. They must therefore originate from food. Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are the nine essential amino acids.learn more about amino acids here: https://brainly.com/question/1201532
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The _____________ did not believe in the afterlife or the resurrection of the body.
The Sadducees did not believe in the afterlife or the resurrection of the body.
The Sadducees did not believe in resurrection of the dead, but believed (contrary to the claim of Josephus) in the traditional Jewish concept of Sheol for those who had died. Resurrection is the belief that after death one's departed soul will be restored, or resurrected, to a bodily life in heaven. Whereas the Sadducees denied the existence or influence of angels. In relation to salvation, only the Temple rituals were of benefit.
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Removal of all or part of the seminal vesicle is called? orchiectomy. vesiculectomy. epididymectomy. prostatectomy. seminectomy.
Removal of all or part of the seminal vesicle is called vesiculectomy.
What happens if seminal vesicle is removed?Surgery can affect ejaculation in different ways such as if surgery removes the seminal vesicles, a person can not make semen. Surgery also damage the nerves that come from the spine that control emission. Vesiculectomy is the surgical removal of a seminal vesicle while on the other hand, orchiectomy is the surgical removal of one or both testicles. The surgery to remove the epididymis is called an epididymectomy.
So we can conclude that Removal of all or part of the seminal vesicle is called vesiculectomy.
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When is cell-to-cell communication particularly important in regulating gene expression?
Answer:
during embryonic development
Explanation:
Cell-to-cell communication is particularly important in regulating gene expression during the embryonic development.
Cells in the developing embryo are constantly communicating with their neighbors. The molecules used by them in sending and receiving signals are crucial for normal embryogenesis. Various intracellular signaling pathways have been discovered, some of which are activated in response to secreted growth factors.
However, a few important signaling pathways are used often during embryonic development to regulate various cellular processes that shape the developing embryo.
Embryonic development is marked by the thorough regulation of cellular functioning so that the cells proliferate, migrate, differentiate, and form tissues at the correct place and time. These processes are genetically controlled and depend both on the history of cells, their lineage, as well as on the activities of signaling pathways, which coordinate the cell interactions leading to organogenesis.
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The cornea:________
a. is highly vascular.
b. is part of the focusing system of the eye.
c. is white like the rest of the sclera.
d. maintains the shape of the eye.
e. does not contain connective tissue.
The cornea (d) is part of the focusing system of the eye.
What is cornea?
The part of the eye that is a transparent avascular tissue that acts as a structural barrier and protects the eye against infections.The cornea is horizontally oval, measuring 11–12 mm horizontally and 9–11 mm vertically. The average corneal horizontal diameter is 11.71 ± 0.42 mm. The corneal diameter ranged from 11.04–12.50mm in males and 10.7–12.58mm in females. The limbus is widest in superior and inferior cornea. Cornea is convex and aspheric. The anterior curvature is 7.8 mm and posterior curvature is about 6.5 mm.It provides proper anterior refractive surface for the eye. Cornea contributes to two-third of the refractive power of the eye. Cornea contributes to about 40–44 D of refractive power and accounts for approximately 70% of total refraction. The refractive index of cornea is 1.376.To learn more about cornea: https://brainly.com/question/6848649
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When an individual is able to discern tat a given stimulus is not the conditioned stimulus and therefore does not perform the conditioned response this is called_________?
A Final statement or concluding statement
When an individual is able to discern tat a given stimulus is not the conditioned stimulus and therefore does not perform the conditioned response this is called Discrimination.
Give Examples of Stimulus Discrimination:Researchers coupled the taste of meat with the sight of a circle in one well-known experiment on classical conditioning, and dogs learnt to salivate in reaction to the presentation of a circle.
The dogs, however, salivated when they observed an ellipse or an oval form, according to the researchers.
As the dogs encountered more and more trials in which they did not taste meat when they saw the ellipse, they gradually learned to distinguish between the two identical stimuli.
They would salivate when they saw a circle, but not when they saw an ellipse.
Marketers employ stimulus discrimination in consumer behavior to help customers distinguish their items as unique from similar ones.
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What is the immediate source of the energy used to synthesize atp by oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells?
What is the immediate source of the energy used to synthesize atp by oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells? The inner mitochondrial membrane's proton-motive force.
What is eukaryotic cells?
Any cell or creature with a distinct nucleus is said to be a eukaryote. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, which houses the well-defined chromosomes (bodies holding the genetic material), is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Organelles such as mitochondria (cellular energy exchangers), the Golgi apparatus (a secretory device), the endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like structure of membranes within the cell), and lysosomes are also present in eukaryotic cells (digestive apparatus within many cell types). The absence of mitochondria and a nucleus in red blood cells, as well as the oxymonad's lack of mitochondria, are a few examples of exceptions to this rule.
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What percentage of interstitial fluid is collected by a normally functioning lymphatic system?
Approximately 90% of the fluid that leaves the capillary is returned. The 10% that does not return is absorbed into the interstitial fluid that surrounds the tissue cells.
What is Lymphatic System?The lymphatic system serves three primary purposes. For starters, it returns extra interstitial fluid to the blood. Approximately 90% of the fluid that leaves the capillary is returned.
The 10% that does not return is absorbed into the interstitial fluid that surrounds the tissue cells. Small protein molecules may "leak" through the capillary wall and raise the interstitial fluid's osmotic pressure. This further inhibits the return of fluid into the capillaries, and fluid tends to accumulate in the tissue spaces.
How much fluid does the lymphatic system drain?After delivering nutrients to the body's cells and tissues and collecting waste products, approximately 17 liters are returned to circulation via veins. The remaining three liters seep through the capillaries and into the tissues of your body.
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____ is a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight without detectable disease of the eye
Amblyopia, optic neuritis is a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight without detectable disease of the eye.
Partial blindness means you have very limited vision. Complete blindness means you cannot see anything and do not see light. Decreased vision in one or both eyes without detectable anatomic damage in the eye or your vision.
Temporary vision loss (total or partial) can also be the result of migraine headaches, sickle cell anemia, also referred to as sickle cell disease (inherited blood condition) acute angle-closure glaucoma (sudden rise in eye pressure).Types of vision loss include central vision loss or difficulty seeing things in the center of vision. Peripheral vision loss, or difficulty seeing things out of the corner of the eyes.
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What does the fossil trace golf course in golden, colorado, have to do with mineral resources?what does the fossil trace golf course in golden, colorado, have to do with mineral resources?
Fossil trace golf course is a prehistoric club with a massive remnants of clay mining equipment can be seen throughout the layout designed by renowned architect Jim Engh.
what is fossil trace golf course?A club with ancient history and remnants of clay mining equipment.
Each piece is of rich history of the property and save the memories of many award winning golf players.
It was established in July 2003 in the Colorado City of Golden which was actually opened 64-million years
Fossil Trace Golf Club is widely called as one of Denver’s top golf course.
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Which protein does not belong in a thin filament? which protein does not belong in a thin filament? tropomyosin actin myosin troponin
Myosin protein does not belong in a thin filament.
What is myosin?Myosin are a class of motor proteins well recognized for their functions in the contraction of muscles and a variety of other eukaryotic motility processes. They are ATP-dependent and in charge of motility based on actin. By Wilhelm Kuhne, the first myosin was identified in 1864.Myosin, the first molecular motor, is a protein that converts ATP-derived chemical energy into mechanical energy to generate force and movement.A fibrous globulin found in muscles that may divide ATP and interacts with actin to generate actomyosin during muscle contraction.Each type of muscle tissue contains the proteins myosin and actin. Thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments combine to create muscle contractions and movement.The molecular motor known as myosin transforms the chemical energy supplied by ATP into mechanical energy.Learn more about myosin here:
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Hybridomas, which produce monoclonal antibodies, are made by fusing cells of the immune system with.
Specific monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells, which form when B lymphocytes and myeloma cells combine.
How are hybridoma cells produced and give rise to monoclonal antibodies?Hybridoma or phage-display technology can be used to make monoclonal antibodies. In order to elicit an immunological response, a mouse is first immunized using a specific antigen in hybridoma technique. In hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) media, B cells from the spleen of the immunized mice are isolated and united with myeloma cells that have undergone immortalization. Myeloma cells are specifically chosen to be HAT-sensitive and non-antibody secreting. Hybridomas, the resulting fusion product, secrete antibodies and are immortal.
Unfused B cells also perish since they are not immortal and cannot survive in the HAT mixture with unfused myeloma cells. Then, these hybridomas are diluted into single cell wells and put through an antibody screening process. These cloned B cells generate particular monoclonal antibodies.
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What interventions could increase monogamy among meadow voles?
Answer choices:
Introduction of a viral vector that upregulates spontaneous vasopressin release
Introduction of an oxytocin-like drug
Introduction of a viral vector that increases oxytocin receptor density in the reward pathway
Introduction of an oxytocin blocker
Upregulation of vasopressin and oxytocin in the spinal cord using a microcatheter
Upregulation of vasopressin and oxytocin in the spinal cord using microcatheter interventions could increase monogamy among meadow voles. the correct answer is option(e).
In contrast to non-monogamy, monogamy is a type of dyadic interaction in which an individual has only one partner during their lifespan or, alternatively, just one partner at any given moment. The phrase is also used to describe how some animals behave in social situations, specifically the status of having just one mate at any given time.
Inhibitory interneurons may be activated by oxytocin and vasopressin across subcortical and possibly cortical networks, including reward pathways, to moderate their effects. Brain areas that are important for maintaining behavioral and physiological equilibrium are where oxytocin and AVP are largely produced. These two peptides are produced by several cells in distinct areas of the brain, including the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the hypothalamus.
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Which condition would most likely lead to an increase in the frequency of an altruistic behavior in a population?.
The beneficiaries of the behavior are related to the individual performing it. Groups that differ in terms of altruistic and selfish genotypes have differential reproduction or survival.
What is Altruistic behavior ?Altruism is the practise of acting in a way that benefits another person at the expense of oneself. Giving someone else your lunch, for instance, is altruistic since it satisfies their need while also leaving you hungry.
Nepotistic altruism, reciprocal altruism (or mutualism), group-based altruism, and moral altruism are the four categories of altruism.
Along with cortical areas like the medial prefrontal cortex and the temporoparietal junction, the desire to act altruistically is linked to higher activity in limbic areas like the nucleus accumbens and anterior cingulate cortex.Learn more about Altruistic behavior here:
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What is the name of the selective agent present in mitis-salivarius agar?
a. tellurite
b. phenol red
c. neutral red
d. eosin
a. Tellurite, is a selective agent which is present in mitis-salivarius agar.
Mitis Salivarius Agar with Tellurite (MSAT) is a type of an enriched selective medium which has application in the isolation of Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and the other oral Enterococci and Streptococci which are found in different clinical specimens.
Peptones are a source of nitrogen, carbon, vitamins etc. and are added to the MSAT. Potassium tellurite and crystal violet are selective agents and can inhibit the growth of most gram negative bacilli and also the most gram positive bacteria excluding Streptococci.
Hence, option a. is the correct option.
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The aymara indians, who live in the mountains of bolivia, have become biologically adapted to their environment by being:________
The Aymara Indians, who live in the mountains of Bolivia, have become biologically adapted to their environment by being: short-legged and barrel-chested and surviving on lower oxygen content.
Anthropologists have routinely characterized the Aymara of the altiplano (high Andean plateau) around Lake Titicaca in southern Peru as almost pathologically inflexible and fatalistic. Yet during the last few decades, these people, who live in a flood and drought-prone region at an altitude of 12,500 ft., have shown a remarkable ability to adapt to a challenging environment
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The arm bones of a whale, bat, bird, and human are all examples of _______________ structures.
Homologous structures
The limbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats are examples of homologous structures. All of these structures—arm, leg, flipper, and wing—are supported by the same type of bone structure. Divergent evolution leads to homologies.
What are Homologous structures ?Homologous structures are those that share a fundamental structure but serve distinct purposes.
Divergent evolution is an evolutionary trend in which species with similar ancestry gradually diverge over the course of an evolutionary time period as a result of differential selection pressure.Predation, food supplies, and competition for mates are a few examples of these stressors.Learn more about Homologous structures here:
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The ________ of a mole should not be irregular, nor should it blur into nearby normal tissue.
The border of a mole should not be irregular, nor should it blur into nearby normal tissue.
What is a mole?A mole is a benign growth on the skin caused due to the clustering of melanocytes.It is a non cancerous growth of pigment producing skin cells (melanocytes).The melanocytes provide color to the skin and eyes as they secrete a substance called melanin.Mostly the moles are round, harmless but always note for changes like change in size, shape, texture of the mole as it may be an indication of melanoma (skin cancer) which require removal of the mole.A mole is usually dark in color and arises from the skin.A mole is also known as beauty mark, birth mark or nevus.Some moles are present at birth while others develop over time (acquired).Learn more about moles here:
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If you sorted 200 flies by eye color and body color, how many whole flies out of that 200 would you expect to exhibit each of the four phenotypes?
9:3:3:1 is the ratio.
From the given data,
We have a 9.8 two, ratio since we have 49/5, 15/5, 18/5, and 5/5.
This ratio resembles nine a little bit, which is what we inferred from the opposition's score.
When the two relevant genes exhibit independent assortment, this is the result. Therefore, the chromosomes/genes are not connected.
We are finally getting a ratio of 9:3:3:1
In flies, two possible outcomes for the body color phenotype is black and brown.
Whereas in eye color we have white eye and red eye.
Here, white eye is recessive and red eye is dominant
What does the independent assortment law entail? According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, the alleles of two or more distinct genes are independently selected into gametes. In other words, an allele for one gene does not affect the allele for another gene that a gamete acquires.Where can I find independent assortment?Meiosis I of gamete production, when homologous pairs line up in random orientations at the center of the cell as they prepare to split, provides the physical foundation for the law of independent assortment.
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The __________ of the medulla oblongata send(s) sympathetic signals to arteriolar smooth muscle, helping to maintain peripheral resistance.
The baroreceptors of the medulla oblongata send(s) sympathetic signals to arteriolar smooth muscle, helping to maintain peripheral resistance
What is the medulla oblongata?The medulla oblongata is that part of the brain which controls involuntary actions.
Involuntary actions are actions we can't control.
Some common examples of involuntary actions are:
SneezingSweatingCoughingBlinking of the eyesPeristalsisConstriction and dilation of the blood vesselsSo therefore, the baroreceptors of the medulla oblongata send(s) sympathetic signals to arteriolar smooth muscle, helping to maintain peripheral resistance
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The density of cristae is higher in mitochondria of the cell with higher rates of?
The density of cristae is higher in the mitochondria of the cell with higher rates of respiration.
The folds found inside the inner mitochondrial membrane are called mitochondrial cristae.
These folds provide a larger surface area where chemical processes, like redox reactions, can occur.
Due to the fact that the ETC enzymes are encased in the inner mitochondrial membrane, an increase in surface area through the production of many cristae may result in higher rates of respiration.
The inner membrane is folded into cristae to boost the mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP.
These folds enable the mitochondrion to contain many more ATP synthase and electron transport chain enzymes.
Hence, the density of cristae is higher in the mitochondria of the cell with higher rates of respiration.
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A 36-year-old client is prescribed digoxin for heart failure. what are two (2) contraindications for the use of digoxin?
Acute myocardial infarction, digoxin is contraindicated in patients with ventricular fibrillation or in patients with a known hypersensitivity to digoxin.
Digoxin is a type of therapy which has no effect on mortality in heart failure .It is useful for maintaining clinical stability and exercise capability in patients with symptomatic heart failure. DIgoxin is helpful during severe heart failure , cardiomegaly and third heart sound .
Digoxin can't be useful if the pateint have ventricular fibrillation, it is ab arrhythmia that starts from ventricle is called ventricular fibrillation. Digoxin is also called as digitalis , helps in injured or weekend heart pump more efficiently and strengthen the force of heart muscles contractions , helps restore a normal , steady heart rhythm, and improve blood circulation.
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Bowing to your opponent before a jiu jitsu match would be considered a ________ movement.
Answer:
voluntary, you did it by will
Explanation:
When is the genome of hiv transcribed and translated to produce new rna genomes, as well as proteins necessary for the assembly of new virions?
The HIV genome transcribs and translats to produce new rna genomes and the proteins required for the construction of new virions once the viral RNA has been transcribed into host DNA and integrated into a chromosome.
Stages of HIV Life Cycle:
When surface of the host cell and HIV merge, the virus's genome and proteins are subsequently transported into the cell via a capsid. The HIV protein known as reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA as the capsid shell breaks down. The viral DNA is carried across the nucleus, where it is incorporated into the host's DNA by the HIV protein. Multiple copies of fresh HIV RNA are created from multiple copies of HIV DNA by the host's regular transcription machinery. While the cell uses other copies of the RNA to create new HIV proteins, some of this RNA becomes the genome of a new virus. A new, immature HIV emerges when the fresh viral RNA and HIV proteins reach the cell's surface. The HIV protein known as protease cleaves freshly generated polyproteins to create a fully infectious virus after the virus is finally expelled from the cell.Learn more about the Viral replication with the help of the given link:
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In 2008, which country's greenhouse gas emissions surpassed those of the united states?
China's greenhouse gas emissions surpassed those of the united states.
Due to rising energy consumption brought on by an expanding economy, China has surpassed the United States as the largest emitter of carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas. The United Kingdom was the leading emitter of CO2 in 1850, with emissions about six times higher than those of the United States, which came in second.
The final three countries on the list of top emitters were France, Germany, and Belgium. China was the world's top emitter in 2011, followed by the US, India, Russia, and Japan. It's interesting to note that while being the second-largest emitter in the world in both years, the United States' emissions in 2011 were 266 times more than those in 1850.
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Repressible operons require that ______ binds to the repressor protein before it can bind to the operator.
Repressible operons require that the a product binds to the repressor protein before it can bind to the operator.
The repressor binds to the operator gene and prevents it from initiating the synthesis of the protein called for by the operon. The presence or absence of certain repressor molecules determines whether the operon is off or on. A repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers. A DNA-binding repressor blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus preventing transcription of the genes into messenger RNA. The repressor protein works by binding to the promoter region of the gene(s), which prevents the production of messenger RNA (mRNA)
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Why are the exact timing and nature of anagenesis and cladogenesis difficult to infer from the fossil record?
We cannot infer exact timing and nature of anagenesis and cladogenesis from fossil record because,
There are gaps in the fossil record because it is difficult to achieve the conditions needed for fossilization.In comparison to species in other habitats, creatures that dwell where sediment is actively being deposited (such as beaches and wetlands) are more likely to become fossilized. Some organisms are more likely to decompose slowly and leave fossils behind, such as those with hard features like bones or shells.What is anagenesis? One taxon replaces another without branching in a single lineage as a result of evolutionary change is known as anagenesis.What is cladogenesis?The process by which a higher taxon or new group of animals emerges through evolutionary divergence like branching from an ancestor is known as cladogenesis.What is fossil record?Paleontologists, archaeologists, and geologists use the fossil record to put significant occurrences and species in the right geologic epoch. It is based on the Law of Superposition, according to which the lower layers of undisturbed rock sequences are older than the upper levels.The preserved remnants or traces of extinct animals, plants, and other species are known as fossils.This is because they demonstrate that earlier life on Earth was distinct from the species present now, fossils are crucial pieces of evidence for evolution.
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